SPEECH ACTS BY GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF NORTH SUMATERA IN TELEVISED POLITICAL DEBATES.
SPEECH ACTS BY THE GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF
NORTH SUMATERA IN TELEVISED POLITICAL
DEBATES
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
VIDYA DWI AMALIA ZATI
Registration Number: 8116111022
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
SPEECH ACTS BY THE GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF
NORTH SUMATERA IN TELEVISED POLITICAL
DEBATES
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
VIDYA DWI AMALIA ZATI
Registration Number: 8116111022
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Dwi Amalia Zati, Vidya. Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North
Sumatera in Televised Political Debates. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2014
This research deals with speech act used in televised political debates. The
objectives of the research were to describe the types of speech acts used in
televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, to derive the
dominant type of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor
candidates of North Sumatera and to elaborate the way of five governor
candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. This
research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative research. The data of
this study were the utterances of five governor candidates of North Sumatera in
televised political debates, those are Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji
Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne. The findings show that
there were only four types of speech acts used in televised political debates, Debat
Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera
Utara, they were assertives, directives, commissives and expressives. The
dominant type of speech acts used in both televised political debates was
assertives, with 82 utterances or 51.6% in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and
36 utterances or 41.37% in Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. The
way of governor candidates of North Sumatera used speech acts in televised
political debates is in direct speech acts, they spoke straight to the point and
clearly in order to make the other candidates and audiences understand their
utterances.
ABSTRAK
Dwi Amalia Zati, Vidya. Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North
Sumatera in Televised Political Debates. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2014
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam debat politik di
televisi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan jenis tindak tutur
yang digunakan dalam debat politik calon-calon gubernur Sumatera Utara di
televisi, untuk memperoleh tipe dominan dari tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam
debat politik calon-calon gubernur Sumatera Utara di televisi dan untuk
menjelaskan cara kelima calon gubernur Sumatera Utara menggunakan tindak
tutur dalam debat politik di televisi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan
penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah ucapan dari lima
calon gubernur Sumatera Utara dalam debat-debat politik di televisi, yaitu Debat
Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara
di TVOne. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada 4 jenis tindak tutur yang
digunakan dalam debat politik di televisi, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan
Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara, yaitu assertives, directives,
commissives and expressives. Jenis tindak tutur yang dominan digunakan dalam
kedua debat politik tersebut adalah assertives, dengan 82 ucapan atau 51.6%
dalam Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan 36 ucapan atau 41.37% dalam Uji
Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. Cara calon-calon gubernur
Sumatera Utara menggunakan tindak tutur dalam debat politik di televisi adalah
dengan tindak tutur langsung, mereka berbicara langsung pada intinya dan dengan
jelas dengan tujuan untuk membuat calon lainnya dan penonton mengerti ucapan
mereka.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all the praise, honor and power belong to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, mercy and endless love, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. In writing this thesis, the writer was helped by many
beloved people and therefore the writer would like to express her greatest
gratitude to :
1. Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, her first thesis advisor and Prof. Dr. Lince
Sihombing, M.Pd, her second thesis advisor for their guidance, advices,
suggestions, affection and patience in supervising and guiding the writer to
finish this thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the Head of English Applied Linguistics
Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the secretary of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program for the assistance in providing the
academic administration while the writer studied in the faculty, especially
in the process of completing this thesis.
3. Her thesis examiners, Prof.Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D, Prof.Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum for the valuable
advices and suggestions.
4. All of her lecturers in English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have taught and guided her during the academic year at the faculty.
5. The Head and the employees of TV One, for providing an opportunity for
iii
the writer to conduct the research on TV One and helping her in the
administration.
6. Her beloved parents, her mother Hj. Chairul Yaumiah Aman, S.E, her
father Prof. Dr. H. Zainuddin, M.Pd and her beloved brothers Muhammad
Rizqi Zati S.E, S.Pd, M.Si and Muhammad Nugraha Zati for their prayers,
attention, support, affection and unconditional love. It means a lot for the
writer.
7. Her extended family, H.R.Ahmad Aman family, (Almh) Hj. Choribah
Aman, dr. Hj. Chairul Bariah Aman, dr. Lindayanti, Wardatul Fuadi, S.Pd,
S.Sos.i and Fahmi Marzuki S.Pd.i for the support, prayers, help and love.
8. Her beloved friends, Khairun Niswa, S.Pd., M.Hum., Sutarsih, S.Pd., Ika
Lestari, S.S., M.Hum., Febrika Dwi Lestari, S.S., M.Hum., Cynthia
H.Meylinda, S.S., and Mirna Handani, S.Pd. and her classmates, English
Applied Linguistics XX-A for the prayer, support, love, laughs and
friendship.
9. Bang Farid, who has helped her in providing the academic administration.
10. Those whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
support. Thanks for everything. May Allah bless us. Amin.
Medan, 12 Maret 2014
Vidya Dwi Amalia Zati
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidates of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Table 4.2. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 39
Table 4.3. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 41
Table 4.4. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 43
Table 4.5. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 45
Table 4.6. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 47
Table 4.7. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 49
Table 4.8. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Table 4.9. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 54
Table 4.10. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera
in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara ............................................ 56
Table 4.11. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara ........ 58
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... i
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………... iii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………... vii
List of Graphics…………………………………………………………………viii
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
1.1. The Background of the Study .................................................. 1
1.2. The Problem of the Study ....................................................... 5
1.3. The Objective of the Study ..................................................... 6
1.4. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ 6
1.5. The Significance of the Study .................................................. 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................. 8
2.1. Pragmatics ............................................................................... 8
2.2. Speech Acts ............................................................................. 10
2.3. The Elements of Speech Acts .................................................. 13
2.3.1 . Locutionary Act.. .......................................................... 13
2.3.2. Illocutionary Act... ........................................................ 14
2.3.3. Perlocutionary Act ........................................................ 15
2.4. Types of Speech Acts .............................................................. 16
2.4.1. Assertives ..................................................................... 16
2.4.2. Directives ..................................................................... 17
2.4.3. Commissives ................................................................ 18
2.4.4. Declaratives .................................................................. 18
v
2.4.5. Eipressives... ................................................................ 19
2.5. The Way of Performing Speech Acts ....................................... 20
2.5.1 Direct Speech Acts ......................................................... 21
2.5.2 Indirect Speech Acts ...................................................... 21
2.6. Public Speaking ....................................................................... 22
2.6.1. Debate ........................................................................... 23
2.7. TvOne …………….. ............................................................... 25
2.8. The Previous Study.................................................................. 26
2.9.
Conceptual Framework .......................................................... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLONY ...................................... 30
3.1. Research Design ...................................................................... 30
3.2. The Source of Data and Data ................................................... 30
3.3. The Technique for Collecting Data ......................................... 31
3.4. The Technique for Analyzing Data .......................................... 31
3.5.
Trustworthiness ...................................................................... 32
CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINNS .................... 35
4.1. The Data and Data Analysis..................................................... 35
4.2. Findings .................................................................................. 59
4.3. Discussions ............................................................................. 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUNNESTIONS ............................ 63
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................. 63
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................. 64
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 65
APPENDICES
.......................................................................................... 69
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidates of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Table 4.2. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 39
Table 4.3. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 41
Table 4.4. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 43
Table 4.5. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 45
Table 4.6. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 47
Table 4.7. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 49
Table 4.8. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Table 4.9. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 54
Table 4.10. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara ............................ 56
Table 4.11. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara ........ 58
vii
LIST OF NRAPHICS
Page
Graphic 4.1. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Graphic 4.2. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 39
Graphic 4.3. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 42
Graphic 4.4. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 44
Graphic 4.5. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 46
Graphic 4.6. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 48
Graphic 4.7. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Graphic 4.8. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 52
Graphic 4.9. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 56
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendii 1. Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara on TVOne ........................... 69
Appendii 2. Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne ....... 104
Appendii 3. The Profile of governor and vice governor candidates
of North Sumatera ...................................................................... 120
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara on TVOne ........................... 69
Appendix 2. Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne ....... 104
Appendix 3. The Profile of governor and vice governor candidates
of North Sumatera ...................................................................... 120
LIST OF GRAPHICS
Page
Graphic 4.1. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Graphic 4.2. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 39
Graphic 4.3. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 42
Graphic 4.4. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 44
Graphic 4.5. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 46
Graphic 4.6. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 48
Graphic 4.7. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Graphic 4.8. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 52
Graphic 4.9. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 56
CHAPTER I
INTRODECTION
1.1
The Background of the Study
The primary function of language is for communication. Cobley (2001:5)
elaborates communication as a form of semiosis which is concerned with the
exchange of any messages whatsoever; from the molecular code and the
immunological properties of cells all the way through to vocal sentences.
Communication deals with the process of exchanging information, ideas,
thoughts, feelings and emotions through conversation, speech, debate, signals,
writing or behavior. In communication process, a sender (encoder) encodes a
message and then using a medium or channel sends it to the receiver (decoder)
who decodes the message.
Language is used in many aspects of communication; one of them is in
politics. Beard (2000:2) states study the language of politics is important because
it helps the language users to understand how language is used by those who wish
to gain power, those who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep
power. Moreover, language has been a powerful tool in the hands of political
leaders. They manipulate this language becomes the tool to suit their purposes.
Since politics is basically about struggling to control power, it is only through
language that such could be accomplished, thereby making language a very strong
political weapon.
Language of politics is essential in the implementation of successful
democratic rule in any country. Ayeomoni and Akinkuolere (2012:461) observes
that language is the conveyer belt of power, it moves people to vote, debate or
revolt and it is therefore a central explanation of political stability or polarization.
Language is essential to politicians. Beard (2000:3) elaborates that politician is a
practitioner of the art of politics, essential to the working of human society. The
language of politics provides the opportunity for politicians to explore the
resources available through language to manipulate words to suit their intentions.
Hence, language could be regarded as the vehicle of politics. The candidates of
governor and vice governor are also politicians, because politics is the practice to
influence other people to achieve and exercise positions of governance. Most
activities performed by the politicians are done through the language, such as
speech, debate, campaign, inauguration, governance, rally, election, etc.
In recent years, political debates between candidates of governor and vice
governor become one of the interesting television programs in several private
television station in Indonesia, such as TV One. These program are also used as a
venue for campaigning by the candidates of governor and vice governor to inform
the work plans they will do for the next five years if they win the election. Each
couple of candidates is given the opportunity to deliver the political speech about
the visions and missions if they are elected become the next governor and vice
governor. The primary purposes of political debates are to influence, educate,
inform, persuade, incite or entertain people. Making an argumentation in debating
is a vital part of the politician’s role in announcing policy and persuading people
to agree with it. Several speeches and debates are made to address the people to
pre-election especially at campaign for general election.
The general election of governor and vice governor is a part of democratic
systems where people elect the future leaders directly since Indonesia is also a
democratic country, it applies this system of election. North Sumatra, one of the
provinces of Indonesia had just held the election of new governor and vice
governor for the next five years on 7th March 2013. There were five couples
candidates of governor and vice governor of North Sumatera fought to win for this
position at that time, they were (1) Gus Irawan Pasaribu and Soekirman, (2)
Effendi MS Simbolon and Jumiran Abdi, (3) Chairuman Harahap and Fadly
Nurzal, (4) Amri Tambunan and Rustam Effendy Nainggolan, (5) Gatot Pujo
Nugroho and Tengku Erry Nuradi. Those five couples are equally compete in
gaining public support to vote them in order to get a position as governor and vice
governor. The support that citizens have for the candidates will be determined by
what they say and how they say it for success to be achieved whether in
campaign, candidacy, programmes or policies. One of the ways to gain public
support is by informing the visions and missions to public. Every candidate may
have different point of view about another candidates’ visions and missions,
through debate they can tell what they feel about another candidates’ work plans.
Nowadays television becomes one of the media to introduce the candidates’
visions and missions to public through their television program. The citizens can
determine and evaluate the candidates by watching their performance in debating
on the television programs.
Abuya (2012:8) emphasizes the fact that no matter how good a candidate’s
manifesto is, no matter how superior political thoughts and ideologies of a
political party may be, these can only be expressed and further translated into
social actions for social change and social continuity through the facilities
provided by language. Therefore, no matter what is achieved in politics, whether
to convince, persuade, entertain, promise, enlighten or inform the people about the
political messages, language serves as the link to people’s hearts in politicking to
increase the number of votes. Most politicians are unaware of the fact that there is
a link between what is said, what is meant, and the action conveyed by what is
said in speech. Actually political leaders even ordinary people need to learn about
what power used behind this language, especially language of politics, which in
turn leads them to gain the position of leader. One of theory that can support
language user to understand about it is speech acts.
Josiah and Johnson (2012:262) states that speech acts is a process in which
a person uses an utterance to perform an act such as stating a fact, stating an
opinion, confirming or denying something, making a prediction or a request,
asking a question, issuing an order, giving a permission, giving a piece of advice,
making an offer, making a promise, thanking somebody or condoling somebody.
The choice of speech acts theory as the linguistic framework for the analysis of
governor candidates of North Sumatera’s televised political debates is premised
on the fact that candidates perform various actions through the use of words and
when utterances are made, a particular act is performed as well.
Indeed, speech act theory concerns the pragmatics of human language, i.e.
how language actually is used by humans in daily life. A speech act is an act that
a speaker performs when making an utterance. Ayeomoni and Akinkuolere
(2012:463) say that speech acts fall into three classes, which are locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. A locutionary act is an act of saying
something that is the act of producing an utterance. The illocutionary act is the
statement made or uttered, it refers to the social act performed by the speaker
while the perlocutionary act is the effect of the speaker’s utterance on the hearer.
It brings about an effect upon the beliefs, attitudes or behaviors of the addressee.
So by using speech acts in analyzing the candidates’ televised political
debates, people will know comprehensively about what is actually the meaning of
candidates’ utterances in debating, by analyzing the types of speech acts they use,
such as state what the speakers believe (assertives), express what the speaker
wants (directives), express what the speaker intends by committing themselves to
do some future actions (commissives), express the psychological states that the
speaker feels, such as statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow
(expressive) and a declaration (declarative).
1.2
The Problems of the Study
The study is based on the following research questions:
1. What types of speech acts are used in televised political debates of
governor candidates of North Sumatera?
2. What is the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera?
3. How do the governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in
televised political debates?
1.3
The Objectives of the Study
In relation of the problems, the objectives of study are:
1. to describe the types of speech acts used in televised political debates of
governor candidates of North Sumatera.
2. to derive the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera.
3. to elaborate the way of the governor candidates of North Sumatera use
speech acts in televised political debates.
1.4
The Scope of the Study
This study will investigate speech acts used by the governor candidates of
North Sumatera in televised political debates on TvOne. The main aspects will be
observed is the types of speech acts, those are assertives, directives, commissives,
expressives and declarative and the way of the governor candidates of North
Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates.
1.5
The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and
practically:
1.
Theoretically, this research is expected to be able to give contribution for
the sociolinguistics research through speech acts about how to use
locutionary act in communication that can lead to have the intended
perlocutionary effectively to the listeners.
2.
Practically, the findings of the study are expected to be able to use as a
model to identify the successful speech acts used for social interaction in
formal situation, particularly for political speech.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This study was concerned on speech acts used in televised political debates
of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara
and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. It was aimed at describing
the types of speech acts, the most dominant type and the way of the governor
candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. After
analyzing the data, some conclusions can be stated as the following:
1.
There are only four types of speech acts were used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV
One, those are assertives, directives, commissives and expressives.
2.
Assertive is the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV
One. The percentage of assertive in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara is
51,6% while in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara is 41,37%.
3.
The way of governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in both
televised political debates, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik
Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV One is in direct speech acts. The
governor candidates of North Sumatera perform direct speech acts, because
they want their utterances can be understood clearly by other governor
candidates and audiences.
5.2. Suggestions
The suggestions are as the following:
1. It is suggested for other researchers to study about the language of politics
used in debates, speeches or campaign to analyze the utterance of the
politicians.
2. It is suggested for other researchers who want to elaborate the study about
speech acts to do research in other research fields, such as law, teaching
and learning and so on.
3. It is suggested for the students who want to study about the theory of
speech acts in utterances or social interaction to apply in other fields, such
as in speech, entertainment and so on.
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461-468
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NORTH SUMATERA IN TELEVISED POLITICAL
DEBATES
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
VIDYA DWI AMALIA ZATI
Registration Number: 8116111022
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
SPEECH ACTS BY THE GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF
NORTH SUMATERA IN TELEVISED POLITICAL
DEBATES
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
VIDYA DWI AMALIA ZATI
Registration Number: 8116111022
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2014
ABSTRACT
Dwi Amalia Zati, Vidya. Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North
Sumatera in Televised Political Debates. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2014
This research deals with speech act used in televised political debates. The
objectives of the research were to describe the types of speech acts used in
televised political debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, to derive the
dominant type of speech acts used in televised political debates of governor
candidates of North Sumatera and to elaborate the way of five governor
candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. This
research was conducted by applying descriptive qualitative research. The data of
this study were the utterances of five governor candidates of North Sumatera in
televised political debates, those are Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji
Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne. The findings show that
there were only four types of speech acts used in televised political debates, Debat
Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera
Utara, they were assertives, directives, commissives and expressives. The
dominant type of speech acts used in both televised political debates was
assertives, with 82 utterances or 51.6% in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and
36 utterances or 41.37% in Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. The
way of governor candidates of North Sumatera used speech acts in televised
political debates is in direct speech acts, they spoke straight to the point and
clearly in order to make the other candidates and audiences understand their
utterances.
ABSTRAK
Dwi Amalia Zati, Vidya. Speech Acts by the Governor Candidates of North
Sumatera in Televised Political Debates. English Applied Linguistics Study
Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2014
Penelitian ini berkaitan dengan tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam debat politik di
televisi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan jenis tindak tutur
yang digunakan dalam debat politik calon-calon gubernur Sumatera Utara di
televisi, untuk memperoleh tipe dominan dari tindak tutur yang digunakan dalam
debat politik calon-calon gubernur Sumatera Utara di televisi dan untuk
menjelaskan cara kelima calon gubernur Sumatera Utara menggunakan tindak
tutur dalam debat politik di televisi. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menerapkan
penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah ucapan dari lima
calon gubernur Sumatera Utara dalam debat-debat politik di televisi, yaitu Debat
Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara
di TVOne. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada 4 jenis tindak tutur yang
digunakan dalam debat politik di televisi, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan
Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara, yaitu assertives, directives,
commissives and expressives. Jenis tindak tutur yang dominan digunakan dalam
kedua debat politik tersebut adalah assertives, dengan 82 ucapan atau 51.6%
dalam Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara dan 36 ucapan atau 41.37% dalam Uji
Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. Cara calon-calon gubernur
Sumatera Utara menggunakan tindak tutur dalam debat politik di televisi adalah
dengan tindak tutur langsung, mereka berbicara langsung pada intinya dan dengan
jelas dengan tujuan untuk membuat calon lainnya dan penonton mengerti ucapan
mereka.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, all the praise, honor and power belong to Allah SWT, for
giving the writer blessing, mercy and endless love, especially in the process of
accomplishing this thesis. In writing this thesis, the writer was helped by many
beloved people and therefore the writer would like to express her greatest
gratitude to :
1. Prof. Dr. Sumarsih, M.Pd, her first thesis advisor and Prof. Dr. Lince
Sihombing, M.Pd, her second thesis advisor for their guidance, advices,
suggestions, affection and patience in supervising and guiding the writer to
finish this thesis.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., the Head of English Applied Linguistics
Study Program and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the secretary of English
Applied Linguistics Study Program for the assistance in providing the
academic administration while the writer studied in the faculty, especially
in the process of completing this thesis.
3. Her thesis examiners, Prof.Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D, Prof.Dr. Busmin
Gurning, M.Pd and Dr. Anni Holila Pulungan, M.Hum for the valuable
advices and suggestions.
4. All of her lecturers in English Applied Linguistics Study Program who
have taught and guided her during the academic year at the faculty.
5. The Head and the employees of TV One, for providing an opportunity for
iii
the writer to conduct the research on TV One and helping her in the
administration.
6. Her beloved parents, her mother Hj. Chairul Yaumiah Aman, S.E, her
father Prof. Dr. H. Zainuddin, M.Pd and her beloved brothers Muhammad
Rizqi Zati S.E, S.Pd, M.Si and Muhammad Nugraha Zati for their prayers,
attention, support, affection and unconditional love. It means a lot for the
writer.
7. Her extended family, H.R.Ahmad Aman family, (Almh) Hj. Choribah
Aman, dr. Hj. Chairul Bariah Aman, dr. Lindayanti, Wardatul Fuadi, S.Pd,
S.Sos.i and Fahmi Marzuki S.Pd.i for the support, prayers, help and love.
8. Her beloved friends, Khairun Niswa, S.Pd., M.Hum., Sutarsih, S.Pd., Ika
Lestari, S.S., M.Hum., Febrika Dwi Lestari, S.S., M.Hum., Cynthia
H.Meylinda, S.S., and Mirna Handani, S.Pd. and her classmates, English
Applied Linguistics XX-A for the prayer, support, love, laughs and
friendship.
9. Bang Farid, who has helped her in providing the academic administration.
10. Those whose name cannot be mentioned one by one for their help and
support. Thanks for everything. May Allah bless us. Amin.
Medan, 12 Maret 2014
Vidya Dwi Amalia Zati
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidates of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Table 4.2. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 39
Table 4.3. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 41
Table 4.4. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 43
Table 4.5. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 45
Table 4.6. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 47
Table 4.7. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 49
Table 4.8. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Table 4.9. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 54
Table 4.10. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera
in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara ............................................ 56
Table 4.11. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara ........ 58
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
Abstract ………………………………………………………………………... i
Acknowledgement……………………………………………………………... iii
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………... vii
List of Graphics…………………………………………………………………viii
List of Appendices……………………………………………………………... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................... 1
1.1. The Background of the Study .................................................. 1
1.2. The Problem of the Study ....................................................... 5
1.3. The Objective of the Study ..................................................... 6
1.4. The Scope of the Study ............................................................ 6
1.5. The Significance of the Study .................................................. 6
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ............................................. 8
2.1. Pragmatics ............................................................................... 8
2.2. Speech Acts ............................................................................. 10
2.3. The Elements of Speech Acts .................................................. 13
2.3.1 . Locutionary Act.. .......................................................... 13
2.3.2. Illocutionary Act... ........................................................ 14
2.3.3. Perlocutionary Act ........................................................ 15
2.4. Types of Speech Acts .............................................................. 16
2.4.1. Assertives ..................................................................... 16
2.4.2. Directives ..................................................................... 17
2.4.3. Commissives ................................................................ 18
2.4.4. Declaratives .................................................................. 18
v
2.4.5. Eipressives... ................................................................ 19
2.5. The Way of Performing Speech Acts ....................................... 20
2.5.1 Direct Speech Acts ......................................................... 21
2.5.2 Indirect Speech Acts ...................................................... 21
2.6. Public Speaking ....................................................................... 22
2.6.1. Debate ........................................................................... 23
2.7. TvOne …………….. ............................................................... 25
2.8. The Previous Study.................................................................. 26
2.9.
Conceptual Framework .......................................................... 28
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLONY ...................................... 30
3.1. Research Design ...................................................................... 30
3.2. The Source of Data and Data ................................................... 30
3.3. The Technique for Collecting Data ......................................... 31
3.4. The Technique for Analyzing Data .......................................... 31
3.5.
Trustworthiness ...................................................................... 32
CHAPTER IV DATA, DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINNS .................... 35
4.1. The Data and Data Analysis..................................................... 35
4.2. Findings .................................................................................. 59
4.3. Discussions ............................................................................. 60
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUNNESTIONS ............................ 63
5.1. Conclusions ............................................................................. 63
5.2. Suggestions ............................................................................. 64
REFERENCES .......................................................................................... 65
APPENDICES
.......................................................................................... 69
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.1. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidates of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Table 4.2. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 39
Table 4.3. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 41
Table 4.4. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 43
Table 4.5. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 45
Table 4.6. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 47
Table 4.7. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 49
Table 4.8. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Table 4.9. Types of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 54
Table 4.10. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara ............................ 56
Table 4.11. Speech acts used by all governor candidates of North
Sumatera in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara ........ 58
vii
LIST OF NRAPHICS
Page
Graphic 4.1. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Graphic 4.2. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 39
Graphic 4.3. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 42
Graphic 4.4. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 44
Graphic 4.5. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 46
Graphic 4.6. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 48
Graphic 4.7. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Graphic 4.8. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 52
Graphic 4.9. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara............................................................... 56
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendii 1. Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara on TVOne ........................... 69
Appendii 2. Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne ....... 104
Appendii 3. The Profile of governor and vice governor candidates
of North Sumatera ...................................................................... 120
ix
LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara on TVOne ........................... 69
Appendix 2. Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TVOne ....... 104
Appendix 3. The Profile of governor and vice governor candidates
of North Sumatera ...................................................................... 120
LIST OF GRAPHICS
Page
Graphic 4.1. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 36
Graphic 4.2. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 1 Gus Irawan Pasaribu in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 39
Graphic 4.3. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 42
Graphic 4.4. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 2 Effendi Simbolon in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 44
Graphic 4.5. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 46
Graphic 4.6. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 3 Chairuman Harahap in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 48
Graphic 4.7. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 4 Amri Tambunan in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 51
Graphic 4.8. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara .............................................................................. 52
Graphic 4.9. The percentage of Speech Acts used by governor candidate of North
Sumatera number 5 Gatot Pujo Nugroho in Uji Publik Cagub dan
Cawagub Sumatera Utara ............................................................... 56
CHAPTER I
INTRODECTION
1.1
The Background of the Study
The primary function of language is for communication. Cobley (2001:5)
elaborates communication as a form of semiosis which is concerned with the
exchange of any messages whatsoever; from the molecular code and the
immunological properties of cells all the way through to vocal sentences.
Communication deals with the process of exchanging information, ideas,
thoughts, feelings and emotions through conversation, speech, debate, signals,
writing or behavior. In communication process, a sender (encoder) encodes a
message and then using a medium or channel sends it to the receiver (decoder)
who decodes the message.
Language is used in many aspects of communication; one of them is in
politics. Beard (2000:2) states study the language of politics is important because
it helps the language users to understand how language is used by those who wish
to gain power, those who wish to exercise power and those who wish to keep
power. Moreover, language has been a powerful tool in the hands of political
leaders. They manipulate this language becomes the tool to suit their purposes.
Since politics is basically about struggling to control power, it is only through
language that such could be accomplished, thereby making language a very strong
political weapon.
Language of politics is essential in the implementation of successful
democratic rule in any country. Ayeomoni and Akinkuolere (2012:461) observes
that language is the conveyer belt of power, it moves people to vote, debate or
revolt and it is therefore a central explanation of political stability or polarization.
Language is essential to politicians. Beard (2000:3) elaborates that politician is a
practitioner of the art of politics, essential to the working of human society. The
language of politics provides the opportunity for politicians to explore the
resources available through language to manipulate words to suit their intentions.
Hence, language could be regarded as the vehicle of politics. The candidates of
governor and vice governor are also politicians, because politics is the practice to
influence other people to achieve and exercise positions of governance. Most
activities performed by the politicians are done through the language, such as
speech, debate, campaign, inauguration, governance, rally, election, etc.
In recent years, political debates between candidates of governor and vice
governor become one of the interesting television programs in several private
television station in Indonesia, such as TV One. These program are also used as a
venue for campaigning by the candidates of governor and vice governor to inform
the work plans they will do for the next five years if they win the election. Each
couple of candidates is given the opportunity to deliver the political speech about
the visions and missions if they are elected become the next governor and vice
governor. The primary purposes of political debates are to influence, educate,
inform, persuade, incite or entertain people. Making an argumentation in debating
is a vital part of the politician’s role in announcing policy and persuading people
to agree with it. Several speeches and debates are made to address the people to
pre-election especially at campaign for general election.
The general election of governor and vice governor is a part of democratic
systems where people elect the future leaders directly since Indonesia is also a
democratic country, it applies this system of election. North Sumatra, one of the
provinces of Indonesia had just held the election of new governor and vice
governor for the next five years on 7th March 2013. There were five couples
candidates of governor and vice governor of North Sumatera fought to win for this
position at that time, they were (1) Gus Irawan Pasaribu and Soekirman, (2)
Effendi MS Simbolon and Jumiran Abdi, (3) Chairuman Harahap and Fadly
Nurzal, (4) Amri Tambunan and Rustam Effendy Nainggolan, (5) Gatot Pujo
Nugroho and Tengku Erry Nuradi. Those five couples are equally compete in
gaining public support to vote them in order to get a position as governor and vice
governor. The support that citizens have for the candidates will be determined by
what they say and how they say it for success to be achieved whether in
campaign, candidacy, programmes or policies. One of the ways to gain public
support is by informing the visions and missions to public. Every candidate may
have different point of view about another candidates’ visions and missions,
through debate they can tell what they feel about another candidates’ work plans.
Nowadays television becomes one of the media to introduce the candidates’
visions and missions to public through their television program. The citizens can
determine and evaluate the candidates by watching their performance in debating
on the television programs.
Abuya (2012:8) emphasizes the fact that no matter how good a candidate’s
manifesto is, no matter how superior political thoughts and ideologies of a
political party may be, these can only be expressed and further translated into
social actions for social change and social continuity through the facilities
provided by language. Therefore, no matter what is achieved in politics, whether
to convince, persuade, entertain, promise, enlighten or inform the people about the
political messages, language serves as the link to people’s hearts in politicking to
increase the number of votes. Most politicians are unaware of the fact that there is
a link between what is said, what is meant, and the action conveyed by what is
said in speech. Actually political leaders even ordinary people need to learn about
what power used behind this language, especially language of politics, which in
turn leads them to gain the position of leader. One of theory that can support
language user to understand about it is speech acts.
Josiah and Johnson (2012:262) states that speech acts is a process in which
a person uses an utterance to perform an act such as stating a fact, stating an
opinion, confirming or denying something, making a prediction or a request,
asking a question, issuing an order, giving a permission, giving a piece of advice,
making an offer, making a promise, thanking somebody or condoling somebody.
The choice of speech acts theory as the linguistic framework for the analysis of
governor candidates of North Sumatera’s televised political debates is premised
on the fact that candidates perform various actions through the use of words and
when utterances are made, a particular act is performed as well.
Indeed, speech act theory concerns the pragmatics of human language, i.e.
how language actually is used by humans in daily life. A speech act is an act that
a speaker performs when making an utterance. Ayeomoni and Akinkuolere
(2012:463) say that speech acts fall into three classes, which are locutionary,
illocutionary and perlocutionary acts. A locutionary act is an act of saying
something that is the act of producing an utterance. The illocutionary act is the
statement made or uttered, it refers to the social act performed by the speaker
while the perlocutionary act is the effect of the speaker’s utterance on the hearer.
It brings about an effect upon the beliefs, attitudes or behaviors of the addressee.
So by using speech acts in analyzing the candidates’ televised political
debates, people will know comprehensively about what is actually the meaning of
candidates’ utterances in debating, by analyzing the types of speech acts they use,
such as state what the speakers believe (assertives), express what the speaker
wants (directives), express what the speaker intends by committing themselves to
do some future actions (commissives), express the psychological states that the
speaker feels, such as statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow
(expressive) and a declaration (declarative).
1.2
The Problems of the Study
The study is based on the following research questions:
1. What types of speech acts are used in televised political debates of
governor candidates of North Sumatera?
2. What is the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera?
3. How do the governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in
televised political debates?
1.3
The Objectives of the Study
In relation of the problems, the objectives of study are:
1. to describe the types of speech acts used in televised political debates of
governor candidates of North Sumatera.
2. to derive the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera.
3. to elaborate the way of the governor candidates of North Sumatera use
speech acts in televised political debates.
1.4
The Scope of the Study
This study will investigate speech acts used by the governor candidates of
North Sumatera in televised political debates on TvOne. The main aspects will be
observed is the types of speech acts, those are assertives, directives, commissives,
expressives and declarative and the way of the governor candidates of North
Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates.
1.5
The Significance of the Study
The findings of this study are expected to be useful theoretically and
practically:
1.
Theoretically, this research is expected to be able to give contribution for
the sociolinguistics research through speech acts about how to use
locutionary act in communication that can lead to have the intended
perlocutionary effectively to the listeners.
2.
Practically, the findings of the study are expected to be able to use as a
model to identify the successful speech acts used for social interaction in
formal situation, particularly for political speech.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1. Conclusions
This study was concerned on speech acts used in televised political debates
of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara
and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara. It was aimed at describing
the types of speech acts, the most dominant type and the way of the governor
candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in televised political debates. After
analyzing the data, some conclusions can be stated as the following:
1.
There are only four types of speech acts were used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV
One, those are assertives, directives, commissives and expressives.
2.
Assertive is the dominant type of speech acts used in televised political
debates of governor candidates of North Sumatera, Debat Pemilukada
Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV
One. The percentage of assertive in Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara is
51,6% while in Uji Publik Cagub and Cawagub Sumatera Utara is 41,37%.
3.
The way of governor candidates of North Sumatera use speech acts in both
televised political debates, Debat Pemilukada Sumatera Utara and Uji Publik
Cagub dan Cawagub Sumatera Utara on TV One is in direct speech acts. The
governor candidates of North Sumatera perform direct speech acts, because
they want their utterances can be understood clearly by other governor
candidates and audiences.
5.2. Suggestions
The suggestions are as the following:
1. It is suggested for other researchers to study about the language of politics
used in debates, speeches or campaign to analyze the utterance of the
politicians.
2. It is suggested for other researchers who want to elaborate the study about
speech acts to do research in other research fields, such as law, teaching
and learning and so on.
3. It is suggested for the students who want to study about the theory of
speech acts in utterances or social interaction to apply in other fields, such
as in speech, entertainment and so on.
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