AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ TRANSLATION WORKS OF A BARACK OBAMA’S POLITICAL SPEECH.
An Analysis of Students’ Translation Works of a Barack Obama’s
Political Speech
A Research Paper
Submitted to the English Education Departement of FPBS UPI in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
By
Wulan Nur’azizah 1003144
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE EDUCATION INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
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An Analysis of Students’
Translation Works of a Barack
Obama’s Political Speech
Oleh Wulan Nur’azizah
Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Pendidikan pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra
© Wulan Nur’azizah 2015
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Januari 2015
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian, dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnya tanpa ijin dari penulis.
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PAGE OF APPROVAL
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ TRANSLATION WORKS OF A BARACK OBAMA’S POLITICAL SPEECH
Wulan Nur’azizah 1003144
A Research Paper
APPROVED BY:
Supervisor
Dr. Odo Fadloeli, M. A. NIP. 195408041977021001
Head of English Education Department Faculty of Language and Literature Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121001
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRACT
An Analysis of Students’ Translation Works of A Barack Obama’s Political Speech
This study focused on analyzing the translation strategies used by the students in translating a political speech of Barack Obama, the difficulties faced by them in translating it and the quality of the translation works. This study used a descriptive-qualitative method with document analysis technique, using the theory of translation strategy proposed by Vinay & Darbelnet (in Fawcett, 1997, pp. 34-9; in Bell, 1991, pp. 70-71) and Newmark (1988). This study also used the
NAATI’s assessment method to find out the quality of students’ translation works.
The main data of this study were the students’ translation work of translation students in 8th semester. The findings showed that the students employ nine translating strategies in dealing with the text, there were transposition (49,33%), reduction (14,66), expansion (6,66%), literal/word for word (5%), paraphrase (3,66%), naturalization (3,33%), equivalence (3%), couplets (2,66%), and calque (1,33%). However it was also found some cases mistranslation which reached 10,33%. While in terms of difficulties faced by the students in translating a text, it was done by examining vocabulary problem, lexical problem, and syntactic
problem. In terms of students’ translation quality, it was found that two of three
participants were judged as acceptable translation while the other one was unacceptable. It can be concluded that the students employ several strategies in translating a political speech and the problem faced by them was complicated since political speech was contained sophisticated words and unfamiliar diction, therefore it was affecting the quality of the translation works.
Keywords: Students translation works, translation Strategies, translation difficulties, translation quality, political speech.
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu ABSTRAK
An Analysis of Students’ Translation Works of A Barack Obama’s Political Speech
Penelitian ini fokus kepada analisi strategi penerjemahan yang digunakan mahasiswa dalam menerjemah pidato politik Barack Obama, kesulitan yang dihadapi saat menerjemah dan kualitas dari penerjemahan tersebut. Penelitian inii menggunakan metodologi deskriptif-kualitatif dengan teknik menganalisis dokumen, menggunakan teori strategi penerjemah dari Vinay & Darbelnet dan Newmark. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan metodologi penilaian NAATI untuk mengetahui kualitas hasil penerjemahan mahasiswa di semester ke 8. Penemuan menunjukan bahwa mahasiswa menggunakan sembilan strategi penerjemahan, yaitu transposition (49,33%), reduction (14,66), expansion (6,66%), literal/word for word (5%), paraphrase (3,66%), naturalization (3,33%), equivalence (3%), couplets (2,66%), dan calque (1,33%). Walaupun demikian masih terdapat mistranslation sebanyak 10,33%. Dalam hal kesulitan yang dihadapi oleh mahasiswa, diteliti dengan memeriksa permasalahan kosa kata, permasalahan leksikal, dan permasalahan sintaksis. Dalam hal kualitas penerjemahan mahasiswa, ditemukan dua dari tiga partisipan ditetapkan sebagai penerjemahan yang diterima sedangkan satu lainnya tidak. Dapat disimpulkan, mahasiswa menggunakan beberapa strategi dalam menerjemahkan pidato politik dan kesulitan yang dihadapi cukup rumit mengingat pidato politik memuat kata-kata yang mutakhir dan diksi yang tidak familiar, sehingga mempengaruhi kualitas dari hasil penerjemahan.
Kata kunci : hasil penerjemahan mahasiswa, strategi penerjemahan, kesulitan penerjemahan, kualitas penerjemahan, pidato politik.
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION i
PREFACE ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF CHARTS ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 The Background 1
1.2 Research Question 3
1.3 Aims of the Research 3
1.4 Scope of the Research 3
1.5 Significance of the Research 3
1.6 Clarification of Terms 4
1.7 Organization of the Paper 5
1.8 Concluding Remark 5
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 7
2.1 Definition of Translation 7
2.2 Translation Process 7
2.3 Translation Strategies 8
2.4 Problems in Translation 15
2.5 Quality of Translation 16
2.5.1 Criteria of Good Translation 16
2.5.2 Quality Assessment Translation 17
2.5.3 NAATI’s Assessment Method 18
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
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2.6.1. Stylistic Management in Political Speech 20
2.6.2. Rhetoric and Communication 21
2.7 Barack Obama’s Political Speech 22
2.7.1. Barack Obama 24
2.8 Previous Research 25
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 27
3.1 Purposes of the Study and Research Question 27
3.2 Research Design 27
3.3 Site and Participant 28
3.4 Data Collection 29
3.4.1 Documentation 36
3.4.2 Interview 37
3.5Data Analysis 37
3.5.1 Data From Students’ Translation Works or Document 37
3.5.2 Data from Interview 40
3.6Concluding Remark 40
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 41
4.1 Students’ Translation Strategies 41
4.1.1 Discussion of the Students’ Translation Strategies 42
4.2 Students’ Translation Difficulties 51
4.2.1. Vocabulary Problem 51
4.2.2. Lexical Problem 52
4.2.3. Syntactic Problem 54
4.2.3.1Problem of Word Order 54
4.2.3.2Problem of Grammatical Aspects 55
4.2.4. Data from Interview 56
4.3 Students’ Translation Quality 57
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 76
5.1Conclusions 76
5.2Recommendations 78
BIBLIOGRAPHY 79
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the general description of the research, covering background of the research, research questions, aims of the research, scope of the research, significance of the research, and organization of the paper.
1.1The Background
Translation has important role in human life, especially for Indonesians. It is because there are many information which does not exist in Indonesian but it is presented in foreign languages, particularly in English (Choliludin, 2005, p.1). In Indonesia, some text books, journals, news, movies, even advertisements are addressed in English can be found easily in some areas. This situation may become barrier for Indonesian who wants to get information from particular English text.
Based on that situation, translation plays such crucial role for helping people to get information written in English. Regarding to this, Webber (1984, p.3) says that translation is the process of transposition of a text which is written in a source language into target language. It can be said that translation product help people who do not understand English to get information from the English text.
Unfortunately, people cannot always rely on the translation product since they are still limited. Although translation services are offered by many institutions or individuals, but the cost is quite expensive and the quality is also sometimes unsatisfied. For that reason, to fulfill personal need, actually someone can be translator for her/himself. It is because the translation skills can be learned and trained.
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Basically, according to Catford (1965, p.20) the ability for being translator is comprehending both Source Language (SL) and Target Language (TL) as long as someone can find the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL). However, for the quality of
the translation product, it will be defined by translator’s knowledge about SL and
TL, and also by translator’s skill in putting the knowledge into the practice of analysis, discovery, transfer, and re-expression of the meaning (Choliludin, 2005, p.38). It can be said that educational background related to theory of translation and experiences in translation field determine the quality of translation work.
To train translation skill, it is actually can be started in Junior High School. It is because at that time the students are starting to learn some genre of texts such as descriptive, narrative, procedures and recount. Later, in Senior High School the students learn more complex texts.
English Education Department students who acquired all translation classes are more reliable since they have experiences in translation and master the theory of translation. However, the chosen text is one of the famous political speeches delivered by Barrack Obama which is important to get the actual meaning of the speech for universal understanding.
The students’ translation work is an interesting object for research. Surahman (2013) has conducted research about students’ translation product in
level of Junior High School. Supangkat (2009) has investigated the students’ method, strategies, and difficulties in translating English texts into Indonesian in the level of Senior High School. Different from both studies, this study attempts to explore college students’ translation product. On the other words, the participants of this research are the advanced learners with advanced translating skill of English.
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This research analyzed the documents of students’ translation work to find
out the quality of its translation. The students’ strategies in translating text have been disclosed and also their difficulties have been discussed. The result of the research revealed the potential ability of English Education Department
translating students’ in translating an English text into Indonesian as well as the difficulties faced in their translation activity which can be considered as their weakness in understanding an English text.
1.2Research Questions
According to the background above, there are three research questions to be answered. The research questions are formulated as follows:
1. What are strategies that students apply in translating a political speech? 2. What are difficulties or problems that the students face in translating the
text?
3. What is the quality of the students’ translation product based on NAATI’s assessment method?
1.3Aims of the Research
Based on the Research question above, basically this research has aims to: 1. Identify the strategies used by students in translating an English Political
Speech into Indonesian.
2. Find out the difficulties faced by students in translation activity.
3. Find out the quality of the students’ translation productbased on NAATI’s assessment method.
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
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This research focused on identifying the quality of students’ translation of a political speech. The study was concerned with the strategies used by the students in translating as well as the difficulties faced by them in translation activity.
1.5Significance of the Research
This research is expected to give significant contribution in the field of translation and education.
First of all, perceived from theoretical viewpoint, the study can enrich the literature reference in analysis the skill of English Education Department students who acquired translation class in translating a political speech.
Then, in practical aspect, since the study observed how translating students translate political speech, what strategies they used and reveals some difficulties faced by students in understanding the message, outcomes of the study hopefully give important information for lecturers to conduct best strategy in helping students to improve their performance in translation subject.
1.6Clarification of Terms
In order to avoid misperception about main terms that will be used in the study, the definition of the terms will be elaborated in this section.
a. Translation strategies: strategy used by translator for sentences and smaller unit of language. (Newmark, 1988)
b. Translation problems: difficulties faced by translator in terms of lexical and syntactic problems. (Owji, 2013)
c. Translation Quality: the translation product has two translation standard, accurate with no margin error and expected to be fair copy and clearly legible. (NAATI, 2014)
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
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d. NAATI’s assessment method: assessment tool of the translation product of translator based on error found in translation work.
e. Political speech: in this study, the focus of the speech is on the Barack Obama’s speech on inaugural address taken from http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-obamas-immigration-speech/2014/11/20/14ba8042-7117-11e4-893f-86bd390a3340_story.html f. English Education Students: 8th semester students who already took all
translation classes.
1.7Organization of the Paper
This paper is organized into five chapters and the content of each chapter in the paper is overviewed as follows:
Chapter I Introduction
In this chapter, the general description of the paper is elaborated. It includes background, research question, aims of the study, scopes of the study, significances of the study, clarification of key terms and the organization of the paper.
Chapter II Theoretical Foundation
This chapter contains the related theories from the experts. It covers definition of translation, translation process, strategies or procedures in translation, problems in translation, and previous research.
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This chapter explains methodology of the research that covers purpose of the study and research question, research design, site and participant, data collection, data analysis, and summary of the research methodology.
Chapter IV Findings and Discussion
This chapter, the findings of the research result is presented and discussed. Chapter V Conclusion and Recommendation
This last chapter conveys final conclusion of the study, suggestions as contribution for English department students, and possible issue for further research. Also, references and appendices are attached at the end of the paper.
1.8Concluding Remark
This chapter has elaborated the introduction of the study. It has presented background, research question, aims of the study, scopes of the study, significances of the study, clarification of key terms and the organization of the paper. In next chapter, this paper will discuss the literature review of the study.
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the aspects of methodology of the research which cover purpose study and research questions, research design, site and participant, data collection, data analysis, summary of research methodology.
3.1Purposes of the Study and Research Questions
The purpose of the study are first to identify the strategies used by students in translating and English political speech into Indonesian. Second, to find out the difficulties faced by the students in their translation activity. And third is to find
out the quality of students’ translation works. Actually those purpose are in line with the research questions of this study, “what are strategies that students apply in translating a political speech?”, “what are difficulties or problems that the
students face in translating the text?”, and “what is the quality of the students’
translation product based on NAATI method of assessment?”
3.2Research Design
This research was qualitative case study which investigated students’ translation product. According to Fraenkel & Wallen (2012, p. 426) the research studies that investigate the quality of relationships, activities, situations, or materials are frequently refer to as qualitative research. Sugiyono (2013, p.1) adds the qualitative method is focused on natural object, the main instrument is the researcher, the data are inductive, and the result focuses on the meaning rather than generalization.
This research was descriptive because the researcher analyzes the data descriptively and the presentation of the result was in form of explanation of words which would be supported by data in the tables. Suryana (2010, p. 14) says
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that descriptive study has aim to make a description systematically and accurately which is based on facts about certain object.
Case study was used as the approach of the study. It was because this research was conducted in a translating program which involved students as participants, it meant that the result of this study might be different if it was conducted in other places. Case study comprises just one individual, classroom, school, or program. (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012, p. 434)
3.3Site and Participant
The site of this research was a translating program in English Education Department, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung. This program was chosen because this is the place where the researcher studies. So it helped researcher in arranging the research and collecting the data.
The participants of this research were translation students that have been acquired all translation classes (translation students in 8th semester). There were three main reasons why translating students were chosen as participants. First, there was willingness from the researcher to find out the ability of advanced students of English Department in making translation. Second, through this research some difficulties were found related to translation process which could be considered as their weakness in understanding meaning of a political speech. It is important since political speech has information that should be understood universally. The information about students’ difficulties was an input for lecturers to help their students in understanding a text. Third, the knowledge of translation theory by the translation students was an interesting point since they can apply some strategies which were proposed by the experts.
The research involved 10 students of translation class. This class were chosen as they have been took all the translation classes and learned the theory of translation. However only three students’ translation works were chosen to be analyzed in detail. The three students were from a high achiever, a middle
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An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
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achiever, and a low achiever based on suggestion from the lecturer and consideration from the writer. According to Kothari (2004, p. 59) this kind of sample is called non-probability sampling because they were chosen by the researcher.
3.4Data Collection
The main source of the data of this research was document or students’
translation work and it supported by the data from the interview. So that, this study employed two types of data collection techniques, they were documentation and interview.
The text given to participant was a Barack Obama’s victory speech which was taken from http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/transcript-obamas-
immigration-speech/2014/11/20/14ba8042-7117-11e4-893f-86bd390a3340_story.html. The political speech was chosen because it considered as speech that contain complicated words and important information to understand universally. So they should have good comprehension and interpretation about this text.
The text is as below:
Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama
United States Capitol
11:55 A.M. EST
THE PRESIDENT: Vice President Biden, Mr. Chief Justice, members of the United States Congress, distinguished guests, and fellow citizens:
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Each time we gather to inaugurate a President we bear witness to the enduring strength of our Constitution. We affirm the promise of our democracy. We recall that what binds this nation together is not the colors of our skin or the tenets of our faith or the origins of our names. What makes us exceptional -- what makes us American -- is our allegiance to an idea articulated in a declaration made more than two centuries ago:
“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable
rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
Today we continue a never-ending journey to bridge the meaning of those words with the realities of our time. For history tells us that while these truths may be self-evident, they’ve never been self-executing; that while freedom is a gift from God, it must be secured by His people here on Earth. (Applause.) The patriots of 1776 did not fight to replace the tyranny of a king with the privileges of a few or the rule of a mob. They gave to us a republic, a government of, and by, and for the people, entrusting each generation to keep safe our founding creed.
And for more than two hundred years, we have.
Through blood drawn by lash and blood drawn by sword, we learned that no union founded on the principles of liberty and equality could survive half-slave and half-free. We made ourselves anew, and vowed to move forward together.
Together, we determined that a modern economy requires railroads and highways to speed travel and commerce, schools and colleges to train our workers.
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Together, we discovered that a free market only thrives when there are rules to ensure competition and fair play.
Together, we resolved that a great nation must care for the
vulnerable, and protect its people from life’s worst hazards and
misfortune.
Through it all, we have never relinquished our skepticism of
central authority, nor have we succumbed to the fiction that all society’s
ills can be cured through government alone. Our celebration of initiative and enterprise, our insistence on hard work and personal responsibility, these are constants in our character.
But we have always understood that when times change, so must we; that fidelity to our founding principles requires new responses to new challenges; that preserving our individual freedoms ultimately requires collective action. For the American people can no more meet the demands
of today’s world by acting alone than American soldiers could have met
the forces of fascism or communism with muskets and militias. No single
person can train all the math and science teachers we’ll need to equip our
children for the future, or build the roads and networks and research labs that will bring new jobs and businesses to our shores. Now, more than ever, we must do these things together, as one nation and one people. (Applause.)
This generation of Americans has been tested by crises that steeled our resolve and proved our resilience. A decade of war is now ending.
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possibilities are limitless, for we possess all the qualities that this world without boundaries demands: youth and drive; diversity and openness; an endless capacity for risk and a gift for reinvention. My fellow Americans, we are made for this moment, and we will seize it -- so long as we seize it together. (Applause.)
For we, the people, understand that our country cannot succeed when a shrinking few do very well and a growing many barely make it.
(Applause.) We believe that America’s prosperity must rest upon the
broad shoulders of a rising middle class. We know that America thrives when every person can find independence and pride in their work; when the wages of honest labor liberate families from the brink of hardship. We are true to our creed when a little girl born into the bleakest poverty knows that she has the same chance to succeed as anybody else, because she is an American; she is free, and she is equal, not just in the eyes of God but also in our own. (Applause.)
We understand that outworn programs are inadequate to the needs of our time. So we must harness new ideas and technology to remake our government, revamp our tax code, reform our schools, and empower our citizens with the skills they need to work harder, learn more, reach higher. But while the means will change, our purpose endures: a nation that rewards the effort and determination of every single American. That is what this moment requires. That is what will give real meaning to our creed.
We, the people, still believe that every citizen deserves a basic measure of security and dignity. We must make the hard choices to reduce the cost of health care and the size of our deficit. But we reject the belief
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that America must choose between caring for the generation that built this country and investing in the generation that will build its future. (Applause.) For we remember the lessons of our past, when twilight years were spent in poverty and parents of a child with a disability had nowhere to turn.
We do not believe that in this country freedom is reserved for the lucky, or happiness for the few. We recognize that no matter how responsibly we live our lives, any one of us at any time may face a job loss, or a sudden illness, or a home swept away in a terrible storm. The commitments we make to each other through Medicare and Medicaid and Social Security, these things do not sap our initiative, they strengthen us. (Applause.) They do not make us a nation of takers; they free us to take the risks that make this country great. (Applause.)
We, the people, still believe that our obligations as Americans are not just to ourselves, but to all posterity. We will respond to the threat of climate change, knowing that the failure to do so would betray our children and future generations. (Applause.) Some may still deny the overwhelming judgment of science, but none can avoid the devastating impact of raging fires and crippling drought and more powerful storms.
The path towards sustainable energy sources will be long and sometimes difficult. But America cannot resist this transition, we must lead it. We cannot cede to other nations the technology that will power
new jobs and new industries, we must claim its promise. That’s how we
will maintain our economic vitality and our national treasure -- our forests and waterways, our crop lands and snow-capped peaks. That is how we
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will preserve our planet, commanded to our care by God. That’s what will
lend meaning to the creed our fathers once declared.
We, the people, still believe that enduring security and lasting peace do not require perpetual war. (Applause.) Our brave men and women in uniform, tempered by the flames of battle, are unmatched in skill and courage. (Applause.) Our citizens, seared by the memory of those we have lost, know too well the price that is paid for liberty. The knowledge of their sacrifice will keep us forever vigilant against those who would do us harm. But we are also heirs to those who won the peace and not just the war; who turned sworn enemies into the surest of friends -- and we must carry those lessons into this time as well.
We will defend our people and uphold our values through strength of arms and rule of law. We will show the courage to try and resolve our differences with other nations peacefully –- not because we are naïve about the dangers we face, but because engagement can more durably lift suspicion and fear. (Applause.)
America will remain the anchor of strong alliances in every corner of the globe. And we will renew those institutions that extend our capacity to manage crisis abroad, for no one has a greater stake in a peaceful world than its most powerful nation. We will support democracy from Asia to Africa, from the Americas to the Middle East, because our interests and our conscience compel us to act on behalf of those who long for freedom. And we must be a source of hope to the poor, the sick, the marginalized, the victims of prejudice –- not out of mere charity, but because peace in our time requires the constant advance of those principles that our
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common creed describes: tolerance and opportunity, human dignity and justice.
We, the people, declare today that the most evident of truths –- that all of us are created equal –- is the star that guides us still; just as it guided our forebears through Seneca Falls, and Selma, and Stonewall; just as it guided all those men and women, sung and unsung, who left footprints along this great Mall, to hear a preacher say that we cannot walk alone; to hear a King proclaim that our individual freedom is inextricably bound to the freedom of every soul on Earth. (Applause.)
It is now our generation’s task to carry on what those pioneers
began. For our journey is not complete until our wives, our mothers and daughters can earn a living equal to their efforts. (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until our gay brothers and sisters are treated like anyone else under the law –- (applause) -- for if we are truly created equal, then surely the love we commit to one another must be equal as well. (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until no citizen is forced to wait for hours to exercise the right to vote. (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until we find a better way to welcome the striving, hopeful immigrants who still see America as a land of opportunity -- (applause) -- until bright young students and engineers are enlisted in our workforce rather than expelled from our country. (Applause.) Our journey is not complete until all our children, from the streets of Detroit to the hills of Appalachia, to the quiet lanes of Newtown, know that they are cared for and cherished and always safe from harm.
That is our generation’s task -- to make these words, these rights, these values of life and liberty and the pursuit of happiness real for every
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
American. Being true to our founding documents does not require us to agree on every contour of life. It does not mean we all define liberty in exactly the same way or follow the same precise path to happiness. Progress does not compel us to settle centuries-long debates about the role of government for all time, but it does require us to act in our time. (Applause.)
For now decisions are upon us and we cannot afford delay. We cannot mistake absolutism for principle, or substitute spectacle for politics, or treat name-calling as reasoned debate. (Applause.) We must act, knowing that our work will be imperfect. We must act, knowing that
today’s victories will be only partial and that it will be up to those who
stand here in four years and 40 years and 400 years hence to advance the timeless spirit once conferred to us in a spare Philadelphia hall.
My fellow Americans, the oath I have sworn before you today, like the one recited by others who serve in this Capitol, was an oath to God and country, not party or faction. And we must faithfully execute that pledge during the duration of our service. But the words I spoke today are not so different from the oath that is taken each time a soldier signs up for duty or an immigrant realizes her dream. My oath is not so different from the pledge we all make to the flag that waves above and that fills our hearts with pride.
They are the words of citizens and they represent our greatest hope.
You and I, as citizens, have the power to set this country’s course. You
and I, as citizens, have the obligation to shape the debates of our time -- not only with the votes we cast, but with the voices we lift in defense of our most ancient values and enduring ideals. (Applause.)
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Let us, each of us, now embrace with solemn duty and awesome joy what is our lasting birthright. With common effort and common purpose, with passion and dedication, let us answer the call of history and carry into an uncertain future that precious light of freedom.
Thank you. God bless you, and may He forever bless these United States of America. (Applause.)
END
12:10 P.M. EST
3.4.1 Documentation
To collect the students translation works, the researcher did some steps as follows:
1. Choosing a translating class in last semester. Ten students would be involved in translation activity.
2. Distributing the texts to the ten students by email. They should submitted the result within one week.
3. Collecting the students’ translation works.
3.4.2 Interview
Interview was conducted after all the students work collected. Three of the participants were selected as representatives to be explored in interview session. A semi structure interview was used in the study. The interview was semi-structured
because, “although researchers come to the interview with guiding questions, they
are open to following the leads of informants and probing into areas that arise during interview interactions” (Hatch, 2003, p.94).
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
The interview process was held through chatting in a messenger media with six question delivered to participants. The interview session was conducted
to find out what was actually on participant’s minds – what they thought or how they felt about something (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2012, p.451). Moreover, in this study the interviewers free to answer the question in English or Bahasa Indonesia in order to make participants more comfortable in expressing their opinion regarding translation political speech.
Mainly the focused of the interview was to find out participants’
difficulties or problems in translating activity. Then the data were analyzed by the problems of translation which were stated in chapter II.
3.5Data Analysis
In the study, there were two kinds of data have been analyzed in detail. The first was students’ translation works or documents, and the second was the interview.
3.5.1 Data from Students Translation Works or Documents
The result of students’ translation works were analyzed through translation strategies theory proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet (in Fawcet, 1997, pp. 34-39; in Bell, 1991, pp. 70-71) and Newmark (1988) to determine which one was the most appropriate strategy for each unit translation. Then the result was presented in a table like follow:
Table 3.1 Example Table of the Result of Analyzing the Strategy Used
No Translation Strategy Frequency Percentage (%)
1 Borrowing
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3 Literal Translation 4 Transposition
5 Modulation
6 Equivalence
7 Adaptation
Total
The calculation for the data could be measure by using the following formula: P = F × 100%
N Where:
P = Number of percentage
F = Frequency of strategies or procedures N = Number of whole samples
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Chart 3.1 the Result of Analyzing the Strategy Used
For the quality of students’ translation works, this research adapted NAATI’s method in assessing translation work. In the discussion, it also has been examined by the criteria of good translation works proposed by Larson (1984), Enani (in Abdellah, 2002), Tylter (in Basnett, 2002, p. 69), and Massoud (in Abdellah, 2002).
The maximum score for the translation quality was 100 and it would be deducted by errors found in the translation work. The minimum score was 70. It means that the deduction should not be more than 30 point to get judgment as an acceptable translation. The acceptable and acceptable terms are used instead of pass or fail in this research.
The result of analyzing the quality of students’ translation work would be presented as in the table below:
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Student 1 Student 2 Student 3
Borrowing Calque
Literal Translation Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 3.2 Example Table of the Result of Analyzing the Quality of Students’
Translation Work
Participants Score Acceptable/Unacceptable
1 2 3 Total
3.5.2 Data from Interview
The next analysis of this study was analyzing the interview data. The data recorded in form of chat history were classified and categorized to get information related to the questions. The answer were analyzed through the theory of translation problems proposed by Miremadi in Owji (2013) to determine the difficulties faced by the participants in translating a text as well as through the theory of good translation proposed by Larson (1984), Enani ( in Abdellah, 2002), Tylter (in Basnett, 2002, p. 69) and Massoud ( in Abdellah, 2002).
Actually the process of identification the difficulties or problems has been started since examining the strategies. The data from the interview were as addition to strengthen the findings of difficulties in examining the strategies.
3.6Concluding Remark
This chapter has elaborated design of the research, subject of the research, data collection and data analysis of the study. This research was descriptive
qualitative study which examined students’ translation works. Since the study was
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
which were supported by some statistical data in form of tables and chart. In the next chapter, the findings and discussions of the study will be further discussed.
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76
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
In the previous chapter, the analysis and discussions of the students’ translation works have been presented. This chapter will now present some conclusions and suggestions drawn from the previous chapter. The conclusions are derived from the findings on the data analysis. Whereas the suggestions are going to be drawn to give some inputs for the readers in conducting further studies in this field.
5.1Conclusions
As stated in Chapter I, the study has three purposes to achieve. First, it aimed at investigating the Identify the strategies used by students in translating an English Political Speech into Indonesian. Second, it aimed to find out the difficulties faced by students in translation activity. And the third, it aimed to find out the quality of
the students’ translation productbased on NAATI’s assessment method.
From the findings of the study, it can be concluded that, the strategies used by the students in translating a political speech from the highest to the lowest percentages;
transposition (49,33%), reduction (14,66), expansion (6,66%), literal/word for word (5%), paraphrase (3,66%), naturalization (3,33%), equivalence (3%), couplets (2,66%), and calque (1,33%). It is also found some cases of mistranslation which reached 10,33%.
Transpostion was mostly used translation strategy by the students in translating a text. It is shows that the students recognized well about grammatical rule among Indonesia and English which was different. Reduction strategy also found in students’ translation works. However, the reduction cases happened
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
77
because of their erroneous in translating such as, ignoring article and skipping difficult word.
The third translation strategy which was found in students’ translation works was expansion. Expansion strategy was used by the students when they tried to add some words to delivered clearer information. However, it was still found some additional words that generated new perspective of a thing, which unacceptable in translation.
The forth translation strategy found in students’ translation work was literal translation/word for word. Unfortunately the literal translation cases that generally happened in students’ translation works was the wrong choice of words that create ambiguous meaning. In line with the fifth translation strategy, that was paraphrase. The error was happened because the students added too much information which bothered the original meaning.
The sixth strategy which was found in students’ translation works was naturalization, which has no error since the words that translated with this strategy was adopted by Indonesian. Equivalence translation strategy was used by the students successfully as it was create the accurate meaning of a text. The last two translation strategies used by the students were couplets and calque.
Mistranslation also happened in students’ translation works. The percentage was quite big and it showed that the students did crucial problem in translation. Mistranslation could be wrong translation or wrong interpretation of specific word. However, since the text was a political speech that contained sophisticated words it was a challange for the students to make it perfect.
The next findings was difficulties faced by the students in translating a text. The problems were categorized as vocabulary problem, lexical problem, and syntactic problem. The vocabulary problem faced by the students was generated
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Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
78
the next problem that was lexical problem. It was found that many of the sophisticated words were translated out of context and some of them were wrongly translated.
The next findings was the quality of the students’ translation works. Two of the student translation’s works were categorized as acceptable translation. Since the scores were more than 70. The other one was unacceptable since the score was under 70. The score were 69.5, 75.5 and 88.
5.2Recommendations
This research is actually in form of case study which means that the result of this research cannot be generalized as universal finding. However this research has revealed that the ability of students translation were need to be developed. Though they successfully applied some translation strategies, there were still found some mistake in translating lower frequency words and sophisticated words. So it will be better if there are another studies which examine student’s ability in translating another genre of text.
The problems or difficulties faced by the students in this research can be stated as their weakness in understanding political speech. So the finding of the problems can be an input for the lecturer to help their students in translating high level text. However, this research are limited, the other studies are needed to find out more information about students difficulties in translating high level text.
The quality of the students’ translation works was not really sophisticated, since one of three students’ translation works was judged as unacceptable translation. However it cannot be generalized as offhanded. It would be better if there are another studies which are conducted in different places, different group of participants and different text types.
(34)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdellah, A. S. (2002). What every novice translator should know. Translation
Journal. Vol 7 No. 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/21novice.htm
Ahmad, M. (2011). Students’ strategies in translating an english text into bahasa
indonesia. A Thesis of SPS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation studies. London: Routledge.
Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and translating: theory and practice. London: Longman
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. United States of America: Polity Press.
Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Choliludin. (2005). The technique of making idiomatic translation. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.
Fawcett, P. (1997). Translation and language linguistic theories explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Fraenkell, J. R, & Wallen N. E. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in
(35)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Gerding-Salas, C. (2000). Teaching translation problems and solution. Translation
Journal. Vol 4 No. 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/13edu.htm
Hale, S. B. (2007). Community interpreting. Hampshire: Macmillan Distribution Ltd.
Hariman, R. (1995). Political style the artistry of power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hurtado, A. (2008). The problem of translation in cross-cultural research on emotion concepts (commentary on choi & han). International Journal for
Dialogical Service. Vol. 3, No. 1, 241-248.
Iida, A. (2008). Individual differences in the translation process: differencess in the act of translation between two groups of ESL japanese students.
Translation Journal. Vol. 2 No. 3. Retrieved from www.translationjournal.net/journal/45edu.htm
Inviani, I. T. (2011). An analysis of the students’ translation of an online advertisement in terms of methods and quality. A Paper of English
Education Department of FPBS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Jayanti, I. (2010). An analysis of students’ english indonesian translation of two robert frost’s poetries. A Paper of English Education Department of FPBS
UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques (2nd revised ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-based translation. New York: University of America.
(36)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
McPake, J. & Johnstone, R. (2002). Translating, interpreting and communication
support services across the public sector in scotland. Edinburg: The
Stationery Office Ltd.
NAATI. (2014). Booklet a: accreditation by testing. Retrieved from www.naati.com.au/PDF/Booklets/Accreditation_by_Testing_booklet.pdf Nababan. (2008). Equivalence in translation: some problem-solving strategies.
Retrieved from www.proz.com/doc/2071
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.
Nurjanah. (2012). Analysis of translation strategies and meaning transfer in
translating the four bilingual children storybooks (indonesia-english). A
Paper of English Education Department of FPBS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Ordudari, M. (2007). Translation procedures, strategies and methods. Translation
Journal. Vol 11 No 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm
Owji, Z. (2013). Translation strategies: a review and comparison of theories.
Translation Journal. Vol 17 No 1. Retrieved from www.translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm
Reynolds, G. (2008, September 02). Obama delivers speech like a symphony. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.presentationzen.com/ presentationzen/2008/09/obama-delivers-his-speech-like-a-symphony.html Rice, H, W. (2007). Ralph ellison and the politics of the novel. Plymouth:
(37)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Ritter, K. & Medhurst M. J. (2003). Presidential speech-writing: from the new
deal to the reagan revolution and beyond. Texas : University Press
College Station.
Sheveleva, A. (2012). Lingo-rhetorical and socio-pragmatic peculiarities in political speeches by barack obama. Intercultural Communication Studies. Vol XXI No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/ 2012v21n3/05 Sheveleva.pdf
Sugiyono. (2013). Memahami penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Supangkat. (2009). An investigation of the students’ methods, strategies, and
difficulties in translating english texts into indonesian. A Thesis of SPS
UPI Bandung: Unpublished
Suryana. (2010). Metode penelitian model praktis penelitian kuantitatif dan
kualitatif. Buku Ajar Perkuliahan. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Bandung: Unpublished.
Turner, B. (2010). Error deduction and descriptors- a comparison of two methods of translation test assesment. The International Journal for Translation &
Interpreting. Vol 2, No 1
Utari. 2008. Analyzing the naturalness and accuracy of students’ translation of children’s stories. A Paper of English Education Department of FPBS UPI
Bandung: Unpublished.
Weber. W. K. (1984). Training translation and conference interpreters. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Williams, M. (2009). Translation quality assessment. Mutatis Mutandis. Vol. 2, No 1. 2009. pp. 3-23.
(38)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Yinhua, X. (2011). Equivalence in translation: features and Necessity.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 1 No.10.
Retrieved from www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_11_ Special_Issue_ August_2011/19.pdf
(1)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
78
the next problem that was lexical problem. It was found that many of the sophisticated words were translated out of context and some of them were wrongly translated.
The next findings was the quality of the students’ translation works. Two of the student translation’s works were categorized as acceptable translation.
Since the scores were more than 70. The other one was unacceptable since the score was under 70. The score were 69.5, 75.5 and 88.
5.2Recommendations
This research is actually in form of case study which means that the result of this research cannot be generalized as universal finding. However this research has revealed that the ability of students translation were need to be developed. Though they successfully applied some translation strategies, there were still found some mistake in translating lower frequency words and sophisticated
words. So it will be better if there are another studies which examine student’s
ability in translating another genre of text.
The problems or difficulties faced by the students in this research can be stated as their weakness in understanding political speech. So the finding of the problems can be an input for the lecturer to help their students in translating high level text. However, this research are limited, the other studies are needed to find out more information about students difficulties in translating high level text.
The quality of the students’ translation works was not really sophisticated,
since one of three students’ translation works was judged as unacceptable
translation. However it cannot be generalized as offhanded. It would be better if there are another studies which are conducted in different places, different group of participants and different text types.
(2)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Abdellah, A. S. (2002). What every novice translator should know. Translation
Journal. Vol 7 No. 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/21novice.htm
Ahmad, M. (2011). Students’ strategies in translating an english text into bahasa
indonesia. A Thesis of SPS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Bassnett, S. (2002). Translation studies. London: Routledge.
Bell, R. T. (1991). Translation and translating: theory and practice. London: Longman
Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles an interactive approach to language
pedagogy. New York: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.
Bourdieu, P. (1991). Language and symbolic power. United States of America: Polity Press.
Catford, J. C. (1965). A linguistic theory of translation. London: Oxford University Press.
Choliludin. (2005). The technique of making idiomatic translation. Jakarta: Kesaint Blanc.
Fawcett, P. (1997). Translation and language linguistic theories explained. Manchester: St. Jerome Publishing.
Fraenkell, J. R, & Wallen N. E. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in
(3)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Gerding-Salas, C. (2000). Teaching translation problems and solution. Translation
Journal. Vol 4 No. 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/13edu.htm
Hale, S. B. (2007). Community interpreting. Hampshire: Macmillan Distribution Ltd.
Hariman, R. (1995). Political style the artistry of power. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hurtado, A. (2008). The problem of translation in cross-cultural research on emotion concepts (commentary on choi & han). International Journal for
Dialogical Service. Vol. 3, No. 1, 241-248.
Iida, A. (2008). Individual differences in the translation process: differencess in the act of translation between two groups of ESL japanese students.
Translation Journal. Vol. 2 No. 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/45edu.htm
Inviani, I. T. (2011). An analysis of the students’ translation of an online
advertisement in terms of methods and quality. A Paper of English
Education Department of FPBS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Jayanti, I. (2010). An analysis of students’ english indonesian translation of two
robert frost’s poetries. A Paper of English Education Department of FPBS
UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research methodology: methods and techniques (2nd revised ed.). New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
Larson, M. L. (1984). Meaning-based translation. New York: University of America.
(4)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
McPake, J. & Johnstone, R. (2002). Translating, interpreting and communication
support services across the public sector in scotland. Edinburg: The
Stationery Office Ltd.
NAATI. (2014). Booklet a: accreditation by testing. Retrieved from www.naati.com.au/PDF/Booklets/Accreditation_by_Testing_booklet.pdf Nababan. (2008). Equivalence in translation: some problem-solving strategies.
Retrieved from www.proz.com/doc/2071
Newmark, P. (1988). A textbook of translation. Hertfordshire: Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd.
Nurjanah. (2012). Analysis of translation strategies and meaning transfer in
translating the four bilingual children storybooks (indonesia-english). A
Paper of English Education Department of FPBS UPI Bandung: Unpublished.
Ordudari, M. (2007). Translation procedures, strategies and methods. Translation
Journal. Vol 11 No 3. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/41culture.htm
Owji, Z. (2013). Translation strategies: a review and comparison of theories.
Translation Journal. Vol 17 No 1. Retrieved from
www.translationjournal.net/journal/63theory.htm
Reynolds, G. (2008, September 02). Obama delivers speech like a symphony. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.presentationzen.com/ presentationzen/2008/09/obama-delivers-his-speech-like-a-symphony.html Rice, H, W. (2007). Ralph ellison and the politics of the novel. Plymouth:
(5)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Ritter, K. & Medhurst M. J. (2003). Presidential speech-writing: from the new
deal to the reagan revolution and beyond. Texas : University Press
College Station.
Sheveleva, A. (2012). Lingo-rhetorical and socio-pragmatic peculiarities in political speeches by barack obama. Intercultural Communication Studies. Vol XXI No. 3. Retrieved from http://www.uri.edu/iaics/content/ 2012v21n3/05 Sheveleva.pdf
Sugiyono. (2013). Memahami penelitian kualitatif. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Supangkat. (2009). An investigation of the students’ methods, strategies, and
difficulties in translating english texts into indonesian. A Thesis of SPS
UPI Bandung: Unpublished
Suryana. (2010). Metode penelitian model praktis penelitian kuantitatif dan
kualitatif. Buku Ajar Perkuliahan. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.
Bandung: Unpublished.
Turner, B. (2010). Error deduction and descriptors- a comparison of two methods of translation test assesment. The International Journal for Translation &
Interpreting. Vol 2, No 1
Utari. 2008. Analyzing the naturalness and accuracy of students’ translation of
children’s stories. A Paper of English Education Department of FPBS UPI
Bandung: Unpublished.
Weber. W. K. (1984). Training translation and conference interpreters. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Regents.
Williams, M. (2009). Translation quality assessment. Mutatis Mutandis. Vol. 2, No 1. 2009. pp. 3-23.
(6)
Wulan Nur’azizah, 2015
An analysis of students’ translatron works of a Barack Obama’s political speech
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Yinhua, X. (2011). Equivalence in translation: features and Necessity.
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science. Vol. 1 No.10.
Retrieved from www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_1_No_11_ Special_Issue_ August_2011/19.pdf