The study of translation methods in translating wizardry terms in J.K Rowling`s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret - USD Repository
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THE STUDY OF TRANSLATION METHODS IN TRANSLATING
WIZARDRY TERMS IN J.K ROWLING’S
HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRET
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By:
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI
Student Number: 06 4214 064
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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When life gives you
bite them!
and make a funny face.
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For
My beloved Dad, Mom. and Sandy.
My dear Friends and Colleagues
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for all blessing and guidance before,
during, and until I finished this undergraduate thesis.
I would also like to thank Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., my
advisor, for his patience, guidance, and helps during the writing of this undergraduate thesis,
and to Mrs. Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum, my co-advisor, for reading, correcting, and giving
me essential points in order to make this undergraduate thesis better. And I also like to thank
all my lecturers in English Letters Department for giving me so much knowledge.
My biggest gratitude also goes to my Dad and Mom, the way they encouraged me,
trusted me, and their patience made my fears easier to defeat. To one and my only brother
Sandy, I thank you for your unseen support that can push me to finish this undergraduate
thesis as soon as possible. I always love you with all my heart.
Finally lots of gratitudes to all my friends in English Letters, for “Chatter Box”
(Andry, Shin, Damay, Sela, and Pricil) and all my 2006 friends for their spirits to finish
this undergraduate thesis, it is nice to be their friends. Another gratitude to Pricilla
Anindyta, my partner in crime, thank you for always be there no matter what happened. Last
but not least, I thank you so much Via for all the helps, I mean it. Let’s fight together!
Yemima Anggraeni Pribadi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..........................................................................................................i
APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ..............................................iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ................................................................. v
MOTTO PAGE ..................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ x
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................1
A. Background of the Study .........................................................................1
B. Problem Formulation ...............................................................................5
C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................6
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .....................................................8
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................8
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................10
1. Definition of Translation ....................................................................10
2. Theory of Translation Methods ..........................................................11
3. Translation Process .............................................................................17
C. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................19
D. Research Framework ...............................................................................20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................23
A. Object of the Study .................................................................................23
B. Method of the Study ...............................................................................24
C. Research Procedure ............................................................................... 24
1. Object of Data ...................................................................................24
2. Data Collection ..................................................................................25
3. Data Analysis .....................................................................................25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..............................................................................27
A. Wizardry Terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret.................27
B. Methods Applied in Translating Wizardry Terms...................................30
1. Exoticism ...........................................................................................30
2. Cultural Borrowing ............................................................................34
3. Calque ................................................................................................35
4. Communicative ...................................................................................38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .........................................................................43
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................45
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................47
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ABSTRACT
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI. The Study of Translation Methods in Translating
Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
Translation is not easy, never was, and never will be. There are many methods and
strategies. There are many words, phrases, and sentence that cannot be directly translated.
Strategies and methods are used to deliver the message or idea in order to reach an equivalent
effect for the readers. This research studies the translation methods used by Listiana Srisanti
in translating the wizardry terms in the novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret into
Indonesia version, based on Hervey and Higgins’ translation theories.
The first problem is the data comparison between SL and TL, served side by side.
The second problem analyzed the translation methods used to translate those terms based on
Hervey and Higgins’ translation methods; they are exoticism (9 terms), cultural borrowing (3
terms), calque (4 terms), communicative translation (14 terms), and cultural transplantation
(none).
From the analysis, the most used method is communicative translation. It takes the
highest percentage of 47% of the data. Communicative translation is the most suitable
method to the translate fiction novel, because it is emphasizing more on the meaning. The
form is structured in a way that it is acceptable to the reader. This method helped readers to
understand more of the difficult terms in the novel, since not all terms are familiar in
Indonesian culture.
One method that did not used at all is cultural transplantation method. This method is the
opposite end of level from exoticism, but more like adaptation. This method is not sis for
suitable to use to translate work-fiction because usually adaptation is used for something real,
but in foction novel mostly are unreal, only appear in imagination
To be concluded, the best way to translate work-fiction is to use communicative
translation, because the method works in way that people easily to understand. Moreover, this
method can avoid confusion and misunderstanding the wizardry terms, especially in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secret.
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ABSTRAK
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI. The Study of Translation Methods in Translating
Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Penerjemahan tidak mudah, tidak pernah, dan tidak akan pernah. Ada banyak metode dan
strategi. Banyak kata-kata, frase, dan kalimat yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara
langsung. Strategi dan metode digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan atau ide untuk
mencapai efek yang setara bagi para pembaca. Penelitian ini mempelajari metode
penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh Listiana Srisanti dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah
yang berhubungan dengan ramuan dalam novel fiksi Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia dalam
versi Indonesia, berdasarkan teori penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins'.
Masalah pertama merupakan perbandingan data yang digunakan dalam dua bahasa, Inggris
dan Indonesia, dan disajikan berdampingan.
Masalah kedua menganalisis metode penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan
istilah-istilah sihir tersebut berdasarkan metode penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins’;
yaitu exoticism (9 istilah), cultural borrowing (3 istilah), calque (4 istilah), communicative
translation
(14
istilah),
dan
cultural
transplantation(tidakada)
Dari hasil analisis, metode yang paling banyak digunakan adalah communicative
translation dengan persentase tertinggi 47% dari seluruh data. Communicative translation
adalah metode yang paling sesuai untuk menerjemahkan novel fiksi, karena lebih
menekankan pada makna. Bentuk kalimatnya disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat
diterima oleh pembaca. Metode ini membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami istilah-istilah
asing dalam novel, karena tidak semua istilah tersebut sering digunakan atau akrab dalam
kebudayaan
Indonesia.
Salah satu metode yang tidak digunakan sama sekali adalah metode cultural transplantation.
Metode ini tidak cocok digunakan untuk menerjemahkan karya fiksi karena biasanya metode
ini digunakan untuk sesuatu yang nyata, tetapi dalam karya fiksi sebagian besar hal adalah
hal-hal
hanya
muncul
dalam
imajinasi.
Sebagai kesimpulannya, cara terbaik untuk menerjemahkan karya-fiksi adalah dengan
menggunakan metode communicative, karena metode ini bekerja dengan cara yang efektif
untuk membuat karya terjemahan mudah dipahami pembaca. Selain itu, metode ini dapat
menghindarkan kebingungan pembaca dalam mengartikan istilah sihir, terutama istilah-istilah
yang ada dalam novel Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
In this globalization era, reading is one of the favorite things that is done
by many people. By reading, people can understand many things, many topics,
even many events. Reading also gives special satisfaction to identify things that
they like such as specific information about particular topics or specific story
about something such as literary text without any limitations. However, readers
will find difficulties when they have to read texts in another language different
from their mother tongue.
Translation can be a bridge to connect the reader and the language which is
different from the reader‟s language. Translation has taken a common yet
significant role in literature world. In terms of literature, according to Peter
Newmark (1988), translation is specifically defined as rendering the meaning of a
text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. In terms of
communication, translation can be defined as one type of communication tool that
connects two or more different language and, thus, it connects people with
different language. It is important to have better understanding about translation,
what translation is and what methods are used in translation since nowadays many
texts are translated into some different languages to make the reader understand
those texts in their language.
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When a translator translates a novel into another language, the he has to
know the idea of the story and what the author wants to say through the story. The
most important thing that the translator may not forget is how they deliver the idea
without reducing even more, change the message of the text in the process when
they have to translate it into another language. The translator have to consider the
details, the accuracy, social context, and the target reader of the text.
Nevertheles, producing the closest equilavent effect is not easy at all since
two different languages also have different culture. As an example, the Indonesian
word canting that refers to a tool in making batik will not have the equivalence in
English, because batik and canting are culture-specific terms that exist only in
Indonesia. Translator duty is showing what the source language wants to deliver a
word in the target language as close as possible, both in the matter of message and
understanding of the reader.
There is an interesting issue in translating a text, especially in a fiction text
that is the use of some specific terms. The use of specific terms in some texts can
improve the interesting side of those texts. Specific term is used to mention a term
in other word. Even though specific terms give positive effects for the text, it can
also make the reader confuse because of its unfamiliarity. Sometimes, the term
that is used to explain certain word have no relation with the real meaning of the
word itself. It is interesting to analize why the translator translate a certain word
using the specific term. By knowing the reason, confusing arguments can be
avoided.
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Those reasons above become a major reason why translation method is
conducted in this study. By knowing what kind of method that is suitable with the
process of translating specific terms, readers can get more knowledge about
translation proccess, that there are many ways to translate the unknown terms that
appeared in a fiction. Besides, by understanding the methods which are used in a
text makes readers find what the interesting side of that text is. Translation
methods proposed by Hervey and Higgins are choosen by the writer because they
have several methods that can be used to translate the wizardry terms in J.K
Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret.
In this research, the writer intends to analyse the translation methods that are
applied in the famous novel “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret” in
translating wizardry terms
According to Bloomsbury Journal on July 21, 2009, Harry Potter children‟s
books have been translated into over 40 languages and have sold millions of
copies worldwide. As people know that J.K Rowling is a very creative author, and
with no doubt her words choice are very difficult and sometime unique. She often
used words adapted from many languages and cultures; she even adapted words
from some myth, like Greek and Roman myth. The writer specifically chooses the
second series which is “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret” because the
writer found many new unknown terms related to „wicthcraft stuff‟. That is why
the writer is interested to study about it, to see how far the translation proccess can
go and how the translator used the translation strategies to achieve translation
equivalent.
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Translation becomes really important because it is one of the ways to make
people with different mother language can easily understand and enjoy reading
the text. Translation process and its result prove that language is developed from
time to time. With the right method, the result of translation can be directly
delivered to all people in the world without losing its essence.
The writer is interested in the cultural issues that appear in the book, because
Indonesian culture is not really similar with Western culture so far. There are
some fundamental differences between both cultures, as the example taken from
the book below;
The word broomstick is translated into sapu terbang. Actually the Indonesian
meaning of broomstick is batang sapu, or in English, a broom with a long handle
and small thin stick at the end, or the handle of a broom.
In Indonesian culture, witch stories do not involved flying broomstick as their
transportation, they just disappear then reappear in other place in a blink.
However, in western culture the witches are always traveling with their flying
broomstick, it becomes their characteristic.
The translator chooses to use more general word relating to witches story to
define the meaning of broomstick. The cultural adaptation makes the meaning
changed but make the translation more imaginative.
The phenomena above inspires the writer to analyze the way of translating such
terms in the book using translation strategies.
The writer decided that this topic is worth analyzed because it is important to
understand the origin of the term used in the work of translation. The analysis
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supported by facts of the significant differences between Indonesian cultures with
Western culture. That is why the writer analized further about translation
strategies in translating wizardry terms in the book. The writer hopes that this
research is usefull for those who wanted to learn about translation strategies,
ecpecially for professional translator.
The writer choose to analize translation strategies because producing closest
equivalence in the target language is very important in translation work.
Moreover, by understanding the problem and the strategies in translation, first we
know how a word can mean differently and how a word can make such a
significant change for a sentence or even for the text itself. Second, we can learn
the strategies that are used by professional translators in translating a text,
particularly a fiction novel. Finally, we can understand the text itself better and
avoid misunderstanding on the message of the text.
B. Problem Formulations
This study focuses on two problem formulation as follows:
1. How are the wizardry terms in Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret
translated into Bahasa Indonesia?
2. What methods are applied the most in the translation of special term in
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret?
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C. Objectives of Study
The first research problem is to state the translation of the wizardry terms in
both language, English and Indonesia. This research obejctive is to give exact
comparison between the SL and TL text.
The second research problem is to find out the translation strategies applied in
the Indonesian translation of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. The
research objective is to reveal what strategies are applied due to achieve
equivalent effect in the translation proccess of Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secret from English to Indonesia.
This research will give knowledge to recognize and also to determine the
strategies on translation based on Hervey and Higgins. Furthermore, this research
will be usefull for those who wants to conduct further studies in this field.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid different understanding during reading the paper, the analysis
will provide some definitions of important words used in the analysis. It will help
to make same perception. They are:
1. Translation
Newmark stated that translation is an act of rendering the meaning of a
text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (1988)
2. Translation Method/Strategies
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Krings defines translation strategy as translator's potentially conscious
plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete
translation task (1986:18).
Loescher in his book Translation Performance, Translation Process and
Translation Strategies also says that translation strategy is a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it.
(1991:8).
As it is stated in this definition, the “notion of consciousness” is very important in
distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translator.
3. Wizardry Term
according to The Free Dictionary website, wizardry terms are any term
related to magic, witching, witchcraft, voodoo, enchantment, sorcery, black art,
necromancy, sortilege. (www.thefreedictionary.com/wizardry)
4. Source Language
Newmark in his book A Textbook of Translation said source language is
the language of the text that is to be or has been translated (1988).
5. Target Language
Target language is the language of the translated text (Newmark, 1988).
6. Equivalent Effect
As stated by Newmark equivalent effect is the same effect (or one as close
as possible) on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership
of the original (1988)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
The studies from some sources below will support the analysis especially
to analize the methods used in translation.
1. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter by
Weny Natalia. In her research, Weni Natalia focuses in word formation/
morphological process of the spell words in the novels. She analyzed the use of
any affixes in spell words that mighy be used and especially the process of word
formation. She used the of word and morphology from Andrew CarstairsMcCharty to analized the spell words, and etymology theory by Lyle Campbell.
Since Weni Natalia took almost similar source, the writer find it helpful and and
became more determined to analyze the novel, of course with different topics.
2. A Study on the Translation of Christian related terms in the Constitution of the
Sisters of Notre Dame by Fransisca Margaretha Kuil. In her research, Fransisca
Margaretha Kuil focuses on how the Christian terms in the novel is translated
using Hervey and Higgins‟ method of translation. Their methods are used to find
out what method and how they are applied in the translation of Christian terms.
Fransisca‟s research is very helpful for the writer to analize further about
translation method used in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, because they
both are using translation method from Hervey and Higgins.
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In this present study, the writer analyzes something different. The writer
compares the SL and TL text to find out whether the results of translation of
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret are having equivalent effect or not.
Further, the writer analysed the methods used in translating the wizardry terms
and then clasify them.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Definition of Translation
According to Larson (1984: 3), translation is transferring the meaning of
the source language into the receptor language by going from the form of the first
language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure.
Nida and Taber (1974: 12) define translation as the reproduction in a
receptor languageof the closest natural equivalent of the source message, first in
terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
While Maurits D.S Simatupang, in his book, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan,
stated that translating is transferring the meaning exist in the SL (source language)
to the TL (target language), and make it as natural as possible along with the rules
of the TL (2003: 3).
To analyze what kind of method applied in translating wizardry terms in
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret, the writer will use translation method
from Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins.
According to Joanna Rek-Harrop in her journal, Cross Cultural
Ambiguities , is talking about translations of cultural meaning often used some
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terms:
'cultural
equivalence,'
'cultural
transposition,'
'cultural
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transfer,'
'translational relationships,' and 'cultural adequacy.' The degree to which the
original cultural perspective of the ST is translated faithfully into the TT varies
depends on the method chosen by a translator.
Hervey, Higgins and Haywood in their book Thinking Spanish Translation: A
Course of Translation Method, Spanish to English are suggested a scale of
translation techniques for culture specific concepts:
a) Exoticism or cultural borrowing is when the TT retains the original cultural and
linguistic features of the SL and is therefore the most faithful to the ST cultural
background. The TT might be difficult to understand for public unfamiliar with
the ST culture.
b) Calque is a literally translated fixed expression which often either does not
make logical sense in the TT or its sense is different from the one the ST author
had in mind.
c) Communicative translation uses communicative equivalents predominantly in
terms of fixed expressions.
d) Cultural transplantation is when the ST is fully adapted to the TT audience
often beyond recognition of being a translation itself. (1995: 20)
Proper names is one of wizardry terms features. To translate proper names
there are some methods that can be applied. Based on Behnaz Sanaty Pour‟s
journal about How To Translate Proper Names based on the theories from Hervey
and Higgins‟ book Thinking French Translation (2002) present some strategies
for translating proper names:
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Exoticism: The name should remain unchanged from the SL to the TL. In this
method no cultural transposition is occurred.
Transliteration: The name is shifted to conform to the phonic or graphic rules of
the TL.
Cultural transplantation: The SL name is replaced by the TL name that has the
same cultural connotation as the original one. (http://accurapid.com/journal/2009).
The other features of wizardry terms are alliteration and assonance. In his
journal about Problems of Rendering Linguistic Devices in Rumi's Poetry,
Mahmoud Ordurari states that,
Some cases of translation loss, every so often referred to as
untranslatability, related to formal features of a text, seems to come about
in alliteration, assonance, and ambiguous words. Hervey & Higgins
(1992:76) define alliteration as "the recurrence of the same sound/ letter or
sound/ letter cluster at the beginning of words (for example, 'many mighty
midgets')"; however, when the recurrence of the same sound/ letter or
sound/ letter cluster occurs "within words (for example, 'my crafty history
master's bathtub')", this is called, according to Hervey & Higgins
(1992:76), assonance (original emphasis). (http://accurapid.com/2008)
2. The Theory of Translation Methods
a. Translation method of semantic and communicative translation by Peter
Newmark
According to Peter Newmark, there are two methods of translation, they
are semantic translation and communicative translation. Most of non-literary
writing, journalism, informative article and books, textbook, reports, scientific and
technological writing, non-personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity
notices, and popular fiction represent typical content suitable for communivative
translation. Different with certain topics like philosophical, religious, political,
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scientific, technical and literary, needs to be translated semantically because the
original expression of the content itself (Newmark, 1988, p.44).
Table 2.1. Semantic and Communicative Translation
Semantic Translation
Communicative Translation
Attemps to render, as closely as the Attemps to produce in its readers an effect
semantic and syntactic structures of the as close as possible to that obtained on the
SL.
readers of the original.
Remains within the original culture.
Adapts and makes the thought and cultural
content of the original more accessible to
the readers.
More informative but less effective
Effective in producing the same effect to
the TL readers.
More complex, awkward, detailed, Smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct,
concentrated and pursues the thought- more conventional, more understandable,
processes rather than the intention of the conforms to a particular register of
translitter.
language
Tends to be over-translated
Tends to use universal words than the
original text (under-translated)
Always inferior to its original, since it The translator is trying in his or her own
involves loss of meaning.
language to write a little better than the
original.
Translator has the right to correct and Translator has the right to correct or
improve the logic and its structures.
improve the logic, to replace clumsy with
elegant, or at least functional, syntactic
structures.
Produces an art.
Produces a craft.
Reproduces the full meaning of the Give priority to message.
original, not simply one of its function.
The basic differences beetween communicative and semantic translation
are in the stress on message and meaning, reader and author, utterances and
though-process, last informative and constantive, but this is more about the matter
of emphasis (Newmark, 1981). Newmark also stated that “a translation can be
more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or
sentence can be trated more communicatively or less semantically” (1981, p.40).
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The novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret can be translated using
communicative method but still cannot ignore the original one itself.
b. Translation method of cultural issues by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins
To analyze this research further, some methods from Sandor hervey and
Ian Higgins will be used in this research. This following part will be about the
theory of translation methods by Hervey and Higgins.
Translation is involving the tranposition of thought expressed in one
language by one social group into the appropriate expression of another group. In
the cultural level, the translation should become an immediate effect on the reader
with certain purposes. Hervey and Higgins in their book Thinking of Translation,
a course of Translation Method: French-English, have explained more specific
about translation methods that relate with the cultural term. Since, religion also
involves in cultural term because it has certain belief and tradition.
They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be
alternative to analize SL-biased literal translation. It means that as a translation
tool, cultural transposition can suppres the cultural elements of the source text to
make space for the cultural elements of the target text. They propose some degree
of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the TL and
the target culture in preference to feature with their root in the source culture. The
result is to reduce the „foreigness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents,
it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting.
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a
scale. It starts between the extremes of exiticism which mostly based on source
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culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on the
target culture.
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a
scale. It starts between the extremes of exoticism which mostly based on source
culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on the
target culture.
Figure 2.1. Hervey and Higgins‟ Translation Methods
(Hervey et al, 1992:28)
i. Exoticism
Exoticism is a part of literal translations which has the extreme option in
indicating cultural foreignness in a TL. A TL is translated in exotic manner to
convey the signal of the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. It is a
choice to import the linguistic and cultural features from SL to TL. In this process,
the adaptation is rarely used to maintain the cultural foreignness (1992:30). The
result here is that foreign features remained in the TL. The only possible
advantage of the literal translation is its exoticism, but this advantage is cancelled
by two things: the obscurity of the TL and the lack of contextual meaning.
If there were good reasons for preserving the exoticism, one could diminish these
advantages by indirectly signaling in the TL (1992:32).
ii. Cultural borrowing
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The method is particularly to transfer a SL expression faithfully into the
TL. The translator will choose it when it shows impossible to find a suitable TL
expression of original for translating the SL expression. A vital condition of
cultural borrowing is that the textual context of the TL should make the meaning
of the borrowed expression clear.
Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in text on history or social or political
matters, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of term like „taile‟,
„department‟, or „pra-revolution‟, „parlement‟ and then to use the SL word in the
TT. (1992:31). Furthermore, when the term of SL has already passed into the TL
without significant change of meaning, the constituting standard conventional
equivalents of the SL borrowed. In this case, the translator may use significant
decision of the TL which equivalent to the SL. For example, such expression as
„joie de vivre’, savoir-faire, „sauerkraut‟, „totem‟, taboo‟ can be called as standard
conventional equivalents of the corresponding foreign expression.
iii. Calque
Calque is an expression that consists of TL words and respect TL syntax,
but unidiomatic in the TL because it is copied on the structure of a SL expression.
In essence, calque is a form of literal translation. A good calque manages to
compromise between imitating a SL structure and not offending against the
grammar of the TL. Calquing may also be called a form of cultural borrowing,
although it replaces the verbatim borrowing of expression as a model of SL
grammatical structures. Furthermore, some calqued expressions become standard
TL cultural equivalent of the SL. For example are French „poids moucche‟,
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calqued on English „flyweight‟; French-Canadian „bienvenue‟ calque in English
„you‟re welcome‟. Like all forms of cultural borrowing, calque shows signs of a
certain degree of exoticism, bringing into the TL the cultural foreignness and
strangeness of the source cultures. (1992:33)
iv. Communicative translation
It is different from cultural borrowing since the translator may choose for
ccommunicative translation. This is often necessary to transfer culturally
conventional principle where a literal rendering would be inappropriate. For
example, many proverbs, idioms and clichés have readily expressed
communication equivalents in the TL.
It can be assumed that communicative translation is appropriate in the context
because it render the situational impact with the TL expression (1992:32).
v. Cultural transplantation
Cultural transplantation is the opposite end of level from exoticism which
is the extreme form of all translation, but more like adaptations. The whole part in
SL is transplanted into the rewritten expression of TL.
The theories above are very helpful for the writer to analyze which
strategies are suitable to translate the novel. Using those theories for further
analysis will make the process of determining translation methode used in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secret easier.
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3. Translation Process
“Translation is a craft consisting in the attemp to replace a written message
and or statement in one language by the same message and/or another language.”
(Newmark, 1981, p.7).
However, the work of translating is not as easy as it sounded. Utterance letter
cannot just directly translate a text word by word. There are many considerations
that have to be told of, such as the sturcture, the meaning, the cultural difference,
etc. That is also one part of translation process. Much of the time is spent by the
translator by thinking. In other word, the process of translation is mostly done in
the mind of translator. There are 4 process of translating. They are analyse,
transfer, restructuring, and evaluation.
Figure 2.2. Translation Process
Evaluation and Revision
Original Text of
Source Language
Translation Text of
Target Language
External Process
Analysis
Restructuring
Concept, Meaning,
Message in Source,
Language
Internal process
Transfering
Concept, Meaning,
Message in Target
Language
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In analysis process, a translator analyze understands the Source Language
Text. A translator must analyze and understand the meaningful realtionship
between words, gramatical relation, the meanging of its word or word
combination, textual meaning, and even contextual.
After having completed the process of analysis which involves both grammatical
and semantic aspect of the text, it is essential for the results of the analysis to be
transfered from the Source Language into the Target Language. This transfer
process takes place in a translator‟s.
In restructuring process, a translator finds the essential components of
words, expression, and their sentence structure. Therefore, the content, meaning,
and message of the Source Language can be fully transfered.
After transferring the text into Target Language, the result of translation must be
evaluated and revised, or rechecked of the target text in terms of correctness with
the source text. If a translator feels that there is still awkwardness in the language,
he or she must revise it again.
This theory on translation process is useful for the writter to understand
what is actually going on in the mind of a translator when he or she tries to
identify the problem in the Source Language text and, then, find the strategies to
be applied in the Target Language text.
3.1 Equivalence
The principal purpose of any translation should be to achieve „equivalent
effect‟ i.e. to produce the same effect (or one as close as possible) on the
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readership of the translation as was acquired on the readership of the orgininal
(Newmark, 1981). In doing translation, it is not easy to find an SL word which has
a clear one-to-one equivalent in the TL because of the different cultural
background in both language. Most language are likely to have equivalents for the
more general verb of speech such as say and speak, but many may not have
equivalents for the more specific ones. For example, be my guest, would not be
equivalent if it is translated into Jadilah tamu saya. It would be equivalent if its is
translated into Silahkan. It is translator‟s duty to represent what the Source
Language wants to deliver in the Target Language as equal as possible, both in the
matter of the message and the reader.
Thus, the most important thing in translating a text is transferring the same
mesage as the SL produces. Since both languages, English and Indonesian, have
different cultural background, it is very essential to find the closest equivalent in
the TL, although it does not pay attention on semantic or grammatical aspect.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this paper, the writer discussed two problems related to the theories and
studies by using the translation methods and theories. The first problem
formulation focuses on the comparison between TL and SL text. The aim is to
identify the exact translation of Wizardry terms in Harry Potter‟s second book.
While the second problems in this research focuses on application of Hervey and
Higgins‟ method in translating Wizardry terms from English into Bahasa
Indonesia. Theories related to the study must be used to accomplish the analysis.
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The theories based on Hervey and Higgins‟s translation methods are used to
explain the process of translating wizardry terms. There are 5 methods proposed
by Hervey and Higgins; exoticism, cultural transplantation, cultural borrowing,
communicative translation, and calque. All those methods above are applied in
this undergraduate thesis in order to analized the translation process of translating
wizardry terms from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
D. Research Framework
This research aims to analyze the translation method used to translate
Wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. The research is
started by collecting the Wizardry terms in the novel. From the data collection, the
writer chose some sample for further analysis. The writer took random data to be
analyzed further.
To achieve precise analysis, the research is divided into two parts. The
first section will analyze the translation of wizardry terms in both language,
English and Indonesian.
The results from the first analysis is used as reference for the second analysis
which focuses on the translation method used by Hervey and Higgins. The results
of the second analysis are useful to show what methods are used to translate the
specific terms in the book, as well as the conclusion of this study. Explanation of
the steps of this research will be stated in the following diagram.
Description the steps of this research will be described in the following diagram.
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Figure 2.3. Research Diagram
SL Text
Result: the most suitable method
appropriate to translate the book
Wizardry
terms
Analysis part II
Further analysis of the Wizardry
terms using Hervey and Higgins
theory
Indonesian translation
in TL Text
Collecting 30 data of
Wizardry terms
Analysis Part I
Compared the SL and TL text
side by side and given brief
explanation to the wizardry
terms.
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CHAPTER III
METODHOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
There are two works analyzed in this research. First, is Harry Potter and
The Chamber of Secret by J.K Rowling. It was published by Bloomsbury
Children‟s Book in July 1998 in UK and June 2, 1999 in the USA. This book
received the British Book Awards 1998 Children‟s Book of the Year and was No.
1 in the adult hardback bestseller charts for a month after publication. Harry
Potter and The Chamber of Secret tells about the adventure of Harry Potter in his
second year in Hogwarts Magic School. There are many unique terms that are
rarely used in our daily world.
The second work is Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia, the translated version of
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret, translated by Listiana Srisanti and
published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta in October 1999.
The focus of this analysis is the specific terms appeared in the book. Special term
could be word, phrase, sentence, or even proper name; Moaning Myrtle for an
example. First part of the analysis will be about the comparison between English
and Indonesian version, in order to determined the terms are correctly translated
or not because they were translated into some different ways.
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B. Method of the Study
The writer chose to do study library, because of availabity of the source
data. Firstly the writer collected data from source book which is using English;
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, then searched for the same data from the
same book only in Indonesian version; Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia.
Next, the author divided it into several groups according to the function of those
terms. The writer also use the help of the English language dictionary; Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to compare those terms whether or not they are
accurately translated into Bahasa Indonesia. To check the Indonesian translation,
the writer used the dictionary by Echols and Sadily English-Indonesian
Dictionary and/or Indonesian-English Dictionary.
C. Research Procedure
1. Object of Data
In this undergraduate paper, to analyze the terms will be used qualitative
data from JK. Rowling‟s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, both in English
Version and Indonesian version which translated by Listiana Srisanti, and
published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Taken from Matthew B. Miles and A
Huberman‟s book Qualitative Data Analysis, the qualitative data is usually in the
form of words rather than numbers (1994:1). The writer chose to focused on the
meaning of the specific terms by compared the data in SL and TL text.
The data of wizardry terms consist of words, phrase and some of them are
proper names. The data from SL text are listed and compared with Indonesian
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translation, so the data would be in pair in both language, English and Indonesia.
The data captured in a sentence is stated in complete sentence and then analyzed
to find out the strategies that came along with it.
2. Data collection
The writer chose the data of wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secret as the main source. The data were taken from all pages in
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret from the whole book randomly. The
main data are the unusual words used in most of chapter in the book. All the
wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret both SL and TL are
underlined to help the writer in highlighting the data. Then, the data in the
sentences that have been high-lighted will be listed in a column titled „SL‟.
Another column is provided to list the page number and articles of the data. The
column is divided into three, for numbering, SL data, to TL data.
All the data from SL and TL would be analyzed in the next part. In this way, the
data of SL will be listed in order of alphabet. Then, the TL data will follow the
data of the SL in the next column. This could be useful in the analysis because the
translation of those words and the differences can be seen clearly.
Table 3.1. Example of Data Collection
Code
ST 1/9
ST
He missed the castle, with its
secret passageways and
ghosts, his classes (though
perhaps not Snape, the Potions
master), .....
Code
ST 1/9
TT
Dia merindukan kastinya,
dengan lorong-lorong rahasia
dan hantu-hantunya, pelajaranpelajarannya (walaupun
mungkin tidak merindukan
Snape, guru pelajaran
Ramuannya), ....
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3. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer used some steps. First of all, the writer
listed all specific terms in the SL and TL text in both version to compare. Here,
the writer also consulted Oxford Advance Learner‟s English – English Dictionary
to find the idea that the author tried to deliver.
Then, the writer matched the idea in the Indonesian version by consulting Echols
and Sadily English-Indonesian dictionary, so that it would be easier to compare
the idea of SL text and the TL text. The writer analyzed the SL and TL text by
finding and bold the words, phrases, or sentences..
Next, the data would be analyzed further by finding the translation strategies
applied on them based on Hervey and Higgins‟s theory about translation
strategies.
Next, the data analyzed further by finding the translation startegies applied on
them based on Hervey and Higgins‟ theory about translation strategies. The
analysis result was put in the table below:
Table 3.2. Table for Data Comparison
Code
ST 2/9
ST
... ,Quidditch, the most popular
sport in the wizarding world
(six tall goal posts, four flying
balls, and fourteen players on
broomsticks)
Code
ST 2/10
TT
Quidditch, olahraga paling
populer di dunia sihir, (enam
tiang gawang tinggi, empat
bola terbang, dan empat
belas pemain diatas sa
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THE STUDY OF TRANSLATION METHODS IN TRANSLATING
WIZARDRY TERMS IN J.K ROWLING’S
HARRY POTTER AND THE CHAMBER OF SECRET
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By:
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI
Student Number: 06 4214 064
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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When life gives you
bite them!
and make a funny face.
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For
My beloved Dad, Mom. and Sandy.
My dear Friends and Colleagues
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for all blessing and guidance before,
during, and until I finished this undergraduate thesis.
I would also like to thank Mr. Harris Hermansyah Setiajid, S.S., M.Hum., my
advisor, for his patience, guidance, and helps during the writing of this undergraduate thesis,
and to Mrs. Anna Fitriati S.Pd., M.Hum, my co-advisor, for reading, correcting, and giving
me essential points in order to make this undergraduate thesis better. And I also like to thank
all my lecturers in English Letters Department for giving me so much knowledge.
My biggest gratitude also goes to my Dad and Mom, the way they encouraged me,
trusted me, and their patience made my fears easier to defeat. To one and my only brother
Sandy, I thank you for your unseen support that can push me to finish this undergraduate
thesis as soon as possible. I always love you with all my heart.
Finally lots of gratitudes to all my friends in English Letters, for “Chatter Box”
(Andry, Shin, Damay, Sela, and Pricil) and all my 2006 friends for their spirits to finish
this undergraduate thesis, it is nice to be their friends. Another gratitude to Pricilla
Anindyta, my partner in crime, thank you for always be there no matter what happened. Last
but not least, I thank you so much Via for all the helps, I mean it. Let’s fight together!
Yemima Anggraeni Pribadi
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ..........................................................................................................i
APPROVAL PAGE .............................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN PUBLIKASI ILMIAH ..............................................iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN ................................................................. v
MOTTO PAGE ..................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE ........................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................. viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................ix
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................ x
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................................xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................1
A. Background of the Study .........................................................................1
B. Problem Formulation ...............................................................................5
C. Objectives of the Study ...........................................................................6
D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................6
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .....................................................8
A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................8
B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................10
1. Definition of Translation ....................................................................10
2. Theory of Translation Methods ..........................................................11
3. Translation Process .............................................................................17
C. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................19
D. Research Framework ...............................................................................20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................23
A. Object of the Study .................................................................................23
B. Method of the Study ...............................................................................24
C. Research Procedure ............................................................................... 24
1. Object of Data ...................................................................................24
2. Data Collection ..................................................................................25
3. Data Analysis .....................................................................................25
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..............................................................................27
A. Wizardry Terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret.................27
B. Methods Applied in Translating Wizardry Terms...................................30
1. Exoticism ...........................................................................................30
2. Cultural Borrowing ............................................................................34
3. Calque ................................................................................................35
4. Communicative ...................................................................................38
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .........................................................................43
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..............................................................................................45
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................47
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ABSTRACT
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI. The Study of Translation Methods in Translating
Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. Yogyakarta:
Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2013.
Translation is not easy, never was, and never will be. There are many methods and
strategies. There are many words, phrases, and sentence that cannot be directly translated.
Strategies and methods are used to deliver the message or idea in order to reach an equivalent
effect for the readers. This research studies the translation methods used by Listiana Srisanti
in translating the wizardry terms in the novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret into
Indonesia version, based on Hervey and Higgins’ translation theories.
The first problem is the data comparison between SL and TL, served side by side.
The second problem analyzed the translation methods used to translate those terms based on
Hervey and Higgins’ translation methods; they are exoticism (9 terms), cultural borrowing (3
terms), calque (4 terms), communicative translation (14 terms), and cultural transplantation
(none).
From the analysis, the most used method is communicative translation. It takes the
highest percentage of 47% of the data. Communicative translation is the most suitable
method to the translate fiction novel, because it is emphasizing more on the meaning. The
form is structured in a way that it is acceptable to the reader. This method helped readers to
understand more of the difficult terms in the novel, since not all terms are familiar in
Indonesian culture.
One method that did not used at all is cultural transplantation method. This method is the
opposite end of level from exoticism, but more like adaptation. This method is not sis for
suitable to use to translate work-fiction because usually adaptation is used for something real,
but in foction novel mostly are unreal, only appear in imagination
To be concluded, the best way to translate work-fiction is to use communicative
translation, because the method works in way that people easily to understand. Moreover, this
method can avoid confusion and misunderstanding the wizardry terms, especially in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secret.
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ABSTRAK
YEMIMA ANGGRAENI PRIBADI. The Study of Translation Methods in Translating
Wizardry Terms in J.K Rowling’s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. Yogyakarta:
Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2013.
Penerjemahan tidak mudah, tidak pernah, dan tidak akan pernah. Ada banyak metode dan
strategi. Banyak kata-kata, frase, dan kalimat yang tidak dapat diterjemahkan secara
langsung. Strategi dan metode digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan atau ide untuk
mencapai efek yang setara bagi para pembaca. Penelitian ini mempelajari metode
penerjemahan yang digunakan oleh Listiana Srisanti dalam menerjemahkan istilah-istilah
yang berhubungan dengan ramuan dalam novel fiksi Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia dalam
versi Indonesia, berdasarkan teori penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins'.
Masalah pertama merupakan perbandingan data yang digunakan dalam dua bahasa, Inggris
dan Indonesia, dan disajikan berdampingan.
Masalah kedua menganalisis metode penerjemahan yang digunakan untuk menerjemahkan
istilah-istilah sihir tersebut berdasarkan metode penerjemahan milik Hervey dan Higgins’;
yaitu exoticism (9 istilah), cultural borrowing (3 istilah), calque (4 istilah), communicative
translation
(14
istilah),
dan
cultural
transplantation(tidakada)
Dari hasil analisis, metode yang paling banyak digunakan adalah communicative
translation dengan persentase tertinggi 47% dari seluruh data. Communicative translation
adalah metode yang paling sesuai untuk menerjemahkan novel fiksi, karena lebih
menekankan pada makna. Bentuk kalimatnya disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat
diterima oleh pembaca. Metode ini membantu pembaca untuk lebih memahami istilah-istilah
asing dalam novel, karena tidak semua istilah tersebut sering digunakan atau akrab dalam
kebudayaan
Indonesia.
Salah satu metode yang tidak digunakan sama sekali adalah metode cultural transplantation.
Metode ini tidak cocok digunakan untuk menerjemahkan karya fiksi karena biasanya metode
ini digunakan untuk sesuatu yang nyata, tetapi dalam karya fiksi sebagian besar hal adalah
hal-hal
hanya
muncul
dalam
imajinasi.
Sebagai kesimpulannya, cara terbaik untuk menerjemahkan karya-fiksi adalah dengan
menggunakan metode communicative, karena metode ini bekerja dengan cara yang efektif
untuk membuat karya terjemahan mudah dipahami pembaca. Selain itu, metode ini dapat
menghindarkan kebingungan pembaca dalam mengartikan istilah sihir, terutama istilah-istilah
yang ada dalam novel Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study
In this globalization era, reading is one of the favorite things that is done
by many people. By reading, people can understand many things, many topics,
even many events. Reading also gives special satisfaction to identify things that
they like such as specific information about particular topics or specific story
about something such as literary text without any limitations. However, readers
will find difficulties when they have to read texts in another language different
from their mother tongue.
Translation can be a bridge to connect the reader and the language which is
different from the reader‟s language. Translation has taken a common yet
significant role in literature world. In terms of literature, according to Peter
Newmark (1988), translation is specifically defined as rendering the meaning of a
text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. In terms of
communication, translation can be defined as one type of communication tool that
connects two or more different language and, thus, it connects people with
different language. It is important to have better understanding about translation,
what translation is and what methods are used in translation since nowadays many
texts are translated into some different languages to make the reader understand
those texts in their language.
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When a translator translates a novel into another language, the he has to
know the idea of the story and what the author wants to say through the story. The
most important thing that the translator may not forget is how they deliver the idea
without reducing even more, change the message of the text in the process when
they have to translate it into another language. The translator have to consider the
details, the accuracy, social context, and the target reader of the text.
Nevertheles, producing the closest equilavent effect is not easy at all since
two different languages also have different culture. As an example, the Indonesian
word canting that refers to a tool in making batik will not have the equivalence in
English, because batik and canting are culture-specific terms that exist only in
Indonesia. Translator duty is showing what the source language wants to deliver a
word in the target language as close as possible, both in the matter of message and
understanding of the reader.
There is an interesting issue in translating a text, especially in a fiction text
that is the use of some specific terms. The use of specific terms in some texts can
improve the interesting side of those texts. Specific term is used to mention a term
in other word. Even though specific terms give positive effects for the text, it can
also make the reader confuse because of its unfamiliarity. Sometimes, the term
that is used to explain certain word have no relation with the real meaning of the
word itself. It is interesting to analize why the translator translate a certain word
using the specific term. By knowing the reason, confusing arguments can be
avoided.
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Those reasons above become a major reason why translation method is
conducted in this study. By knowing what kind of method that is suitable with the
process of translating specific terms, readers can get more knowledge about
translation proccess, that there are many ways to translate the unknown terms that
appeared in a fiction. Besides, by understanding the methods which are used in a
text makes readers find what the interesting side of that text is. Translation
methods proposed by Hervey and Higgins are choosen by the writer because they
have several methods that can be used to translate the wizardry terms in J.K
Rowling‟s Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret.
In this research, the writer intends to analyse the translation methods that are
applied in the famous novel “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret” in
translating wizardry terms
According to Bloomsbury Journal on July 21, 2009, Harry Potter children‟s
books have been translated into over 40 languages and have sold millions of
copies worldwide. As people know that J.K Rowling is a very creative author, and
with no doubt her words choice are very difficult and sometime unique. She often
used words adapted from many languages and cultures; she even adapted words
from some myth, like Greek and Roman myth. The writer specifically chooses the
second series which is “Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret” because the
writer found many new unknown terms related to „wicthcraft stuff‟. That is why
the writer is interested to study about it, to see how far the translation proccess can
go and how the translator used the translation strategies to achieve translation
equivalent.
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Translation becomes really important because it is one of the ways to make
people with different mother language can easily understand and enjoy reading
the text. Translation process and its result prove that language is developed from
time to time. With the right method, the result of translation can be directly
delivered to all people in the world without losing its essence.
The writer is interested in the cultural issues that appear in the book, because
Indonesian culture is not really similar with Western culture so far. There are
some fundamental differences between both cultures, as the example taken from
the book below;
The word broomstick is translated into sapu terbang. Actually the Indonesian
meaning of broomstick is batang sapu, or in English, a broom with a long handle
and small thin stick at the end, or the handle of a broom.
In Indonesian culture, witch stories do not involved flying broomstick as their
transportation, they just disappear then reappear in other place in a blink.
However, in western culture the witches are always traveling with their flying
broomstick, it becomes their characteristic.
The translator chooses to use more general word relating to witches story to
define the meaning of broomstick. The cultural adaptation makes the meaning
changed but make the translation more imaginative.
The phenomena above inspires the writer to analyze the way of translating such
terms in the book using translation strategies.
The writer decided that this topic is worth analyzed because it is important to
understand the origin of the term used in the work of translation. The analysis
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supported by facts of the significant differences between Indonesian cultures with
Western culture. That is why the writer analized further about translation
strategies in translating wizardry terms in the book. The writer hopes that this
research is usefull for those who wanted to learn about translation strategies,
ecpecially for professional translator.
The writer choose to analize translation strategies because producing closest
equivalence in the target language is very important in translation work.
Moreover, by understanding the problem and the strategies in translation, first we
know how a word can mean differently and how a word can make such a
significant change for a sentence or even for the text itself. Second, we can learn
the strategies that are used by professional translators in translating a text,
particularly a fiction novel. Finally, we can understand the text itself better and
avoid misunderstanding on the message of the text.
B. Problem Formulations
This study focuses on two problem formulation as follows:
1. How are the wizardry terms in Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret
translated into Bahasa Indonesia?
2. What methods are applied the most in the translation of special term in
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret?
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C. Objectives of Study
The first research problem is to state the translation of the wizardry terms in
both language, English and Indonesia. This research obejctive is to give exact
comparison between the SL and TL text.
The second research problem is to find out the translation strategies applied in
the Indonesian translation of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. The
research objective is to reveal what strategies are applied due to achieve
equivalent effect in the translation proccess of Harry Potter and the Chamber of
Secret from English to Indonesia.
This research will give knowledge to recognize and also to determine the
strategies on translation based on Hervey and Higgins. Furthermore, this research
will be usefull for those who wants to conduct further studies in this field.
D. Definition of Terms
To avoid different understanding during reading the paper, the analysis
will provide some definitions of important words used in the analysis. It will help
to make same perception. They are:
1. Translation
Newmark stated that translation is an act of rendering the meaning of a
text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (1988)
2. Translation Method/Strategies
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Krings defines translation strategy as translator's potentially conscious
plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a concrete
translation task (1986:18).
Loescher in his book Translation Performance, Translation Process and
Translation Strategies also says that translation strategy is a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it.
(1991:8).
As it is stated in this definition, the “notion of consciousness” is very important in
distinguishing strategies which are used by the learners or translator.
3. Wizardry Term
according to The Free Dictionary website, wizardry terms are any term
related to magic, witching, witchcraft, voodoo, enchantment, sorcery, black art,
necromancy, sortilege. (www.thefreedictionary.com/wizardry)
4. Source Language
Newmark in his book A Textbook of Translation said source language is
the language of the text that is to be or has been translated (1988).
5. Target Language
Target language is the language of the translated text (Newmark, 1988).
6. Equivalent Effect
As stated by Newmark equivalent effect is the same effect (or one as close
as possible) on the readership of the translation as was obtained on the readership
of the original (1988)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
The studies from some sources below will support the analysis especially
to analize the methods used in translation.
1. A Morphological Study of Spell Words in J.K Rowling‟s Harry Potter by
Weny Natalia. In her research, Weni Natalia focuses in word formation/
morphological process of the spell words in the novels. She analyzed the use of
any affixes in spell words that mighy be used and especially the process of word
formation. She used the of word and morphology from Andrew CarstairsMcCharty to analized the spell words, and etymology theory by Lyle Campbell.
Since Weni Natalia took almost similar source, the writer find it helpful and and
became more determined to analyze the novel, of course with different topics.
2. A Study on the Translation of Christian related terms in the Constitution of the
Sisters of Notre Dame by Fransisca Margaretha Kuil. In her research, Fransisca
Margaretha Kuil focuses on how the Christian terms in the novel is translated
using Hervey and Higgins‟ method of translation. Their methods are used to find
out what method and how they are applied in the translation of Christian terms.
Fransisca‟s research is very helpful for the writer to analize further about
translation method used in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, because they
both are using translation method from Hervey and Higgins.
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In this present study, the writer analyzes something different. The writer
compares the SL and TL text to find out whether the results of translation of
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret are having equivalent effect or not.
Further, the writer analysed the methods used in translating the wizardry terms
and then clasify them.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Definition of Translation
According to Larson (1984: 3), translation is transferring the meaning of
the source language into the receptor language by going from the form of the first
language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure.
Nida and Taber (1974: 12) define translation as the reproduction in a
receptor languageof the closest natural equivalent of the source message, first in
terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style.
While Maurits D.S Simatupang, in his book, Pengantar Teori Terjemahan,
stated that translating is transferring the meaning exist in the SL (source language)
to the TL (target language), and make it as natural as possible along with the rules
of the TL (2003: 3).
To analyze what kind of method applied in translating wizardry terms in
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret, the writer will use translation method
from Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins.
According to Joanna Rek-Harrop in her journal, Cross Cultural
Ambiguities , is talking about translations of cultural meaning often used some
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terms:
'cultural
equivalence,'
'cultural
transposition,'
'cultural
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transfer,'
'translational relationships,' and 'cultural adequacy.' The degree to which the
original cultural perspective of the ST is translated faithfully into the TT varies
depends on the method chosen by a translator.
Hervey, Higgins and Haywood in their book Thinking Spanish Translation: A
Course of Translation Method, Spanish to English are suggested a scale of
translation techniques for culture specific concepts:
a) Exoticism or cultural borrowing is when the TT retains the original cultural and
linguistic features of the SL and is therefore the most faithful to the ST cultural
background. The TT might be difficult to understand for public unfamiliar with
the ST culture.
b) Calque is a literally translated fixed expression which often either does not
make logical sense in the TT or its sense is different from the one the ST author
had in mind.
c) Communicative translation uses communicative equivalents predominantly in
terms of fixed expressions.
d) Cultural transplantation is when the ST is fully adapted to the TT audience
often beyond recognition of being a translation itself. (1995: 20)
Proper names is one of wizardry terms features. To translate proper names
there are some methods that can be applied. Based on Behnaz Sanaty Pour‟s
journal about How To Translate Proper Names based on the theories from Hervey
and Higgins‟ book Thinking French Translation (2002) present some strategies
for translating proper names:
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Exoticism: The name should remain unchanged from the SL to the TL. In this
method no cultural transposition is occurred.
Transliteration: The name is shifted to conform to the phonic or graphic rules of
the TL.
Cultural transplantation: The SL name is replaced by the TL name that has the
same cultural connotation as the original one. (http://accurapid.com/journal/2009).
The other features of wizardry terms are alliteration and assonance. In his
journal about Problems of Rendering Linguistic Devices in Rumi's Poetry,
Mahmoud Ordurari states that,
Some cases of translation loss, every so often referred to as
untranslatability, related to formal features of a text, seems to come about
in alliteration, assonance, and ambiguous words. Hervey & Higgins
(1992:76) define alliteration as "the recurrence of the same sound/ letter or
sound/ letter cluster at the beginning of words (for example, 'many mighty
midgets')"; however, when the recurrence of the same sound/ letter or
sound/ letter cluster occurs "within words (for example, 'my crafty history
master's bathtub')", this is called, according to Hervey & Higgins
(1992:76), assonance (original emphasis). (http://accurapid.com/2008)
2. The Theory of Translation Methods
a. Translation method of semantic and communicative translation by Peter
Newmark
According to Peter Newmark, there are two methods of translation, they
are semantic translation and communicative translation. Most of non-literary
writing, journalism, informative article and books, textbook, reports, scientific and
technological writing, non-personal correspondence, propaganda, publicity
notices, and popular fiction represent typical content suitable for communivative
translation. Different with certain topics like philosophical, religious, political,
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scientific, technical and literary, needs to be translated semantically because the
original expression of the content itself (Newmark, 1988, p.44).
Table 2.1. Semantic and Communicative Translation
Semantic Translation
Communicative Translation
Attemps to render, as closely as the Attemps to produce in its readers an effect
semantic and syntactic structures of the as close as possible to that obtained on the
SL.
readers of the original.
Remains within the original culture.
Adapts and makes the thought and cultural
content of the original more accessible to
the readers.
More informative but less effective
Effective in producing the same effect to
the TL readers.
More complex, awkward, detailed, Smoother, simpler, clearer, more direct,
concentrated and pursues the thought- more conventional, more understandable,
processes rather than the intention of the conforms to a particular register of
translitter.
language
Tends to be over-translated
Tends to use universal words than the
original text (under-translated)
Always inferior to its original, since it The translator is trying in his or her own
involves loss of meaning.
language to write a little better than the
original.
Translator has the right to correct and Translator has the right to correct or
improve the logic and its structures.
improve the logic, to replace clumsy with
elegant, or at least functional, syntactic
structures.
Produces an art.
Produces a craft.
Reproduces the full meaning of the Give priority to message.
original, not simply one of its function.
The basic differences beetween communicative and semantic translation
are in the stress on message and meaning, reader and author, utterances and
though-process, last informative and constantive, but this is more about the matter
of emphasis (Newmark, 1981). Newmark also stated that “a translation can be
more or less semantic – more or less communicative – even a particular section or
sentence can be trated more communicatively or less semantically” (1981, p.40).
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The novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret can be translated using
communicative method but still cannot ignore the original one itself.
b. Translation method of cultural issues by Sandor Hervey and Ian Higgins
To analyze this research further, some methods from Sandor hervey and
Ian Higgins will be used in this research. This following part will be about the
theory of translation methods by Hervey and Higgins.
Translation is involving the tranposition of thought expressed in one
language by one social group into the appropriate expression of another group. In
the cultural level, the translation should become an immediate effect on the reader
with certain purposes. Hervey and Higgins in their book Thinking of Translation,
a course of Translation Method: French-English, have explained more specific
about translation methods that relate with the cultural term. Since, religion also
involves in cultural term because it has certain belief and tradition.
They mention some various kinds of cultural transposition which can be
alternative to analize SL-biased literal translation. It means that as a translation
tool, cultural transposition can suppres the cultural elements of the source text to
make space for the cultural elements of the target text. They propose some degree
of cultural transposition that involves the choice of features original to the TL and
the target culture in preference to feature with their root in the source culture. The
result is to reduce the „foreigness‟ or the specific term in the TL. In some extents,
it is „naturalizing‟ into the TL and its cultural setting.
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a
scale. It starts between the extremes of exiticism which mostly based on source
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culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on the
target culture.
The various degree of cultural transposition can be visualized as points along a
scale. It starts between the extremes of exoticism which mostly based on source
culture and the other part is cultural transplantation which is mostly based on the
target culture.
Figure 2.1. Hervey and Higgins‟ Translation Methods
(Hervey et al, 1992:28)
i. Exoticism
Exoticism is a part of literal translations which has the extreme option in
indicating cultural foreignness in a TL. A TL is translated in exotic manner to
convey the signal of the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. It is a
choice to import the linguistic and cultural features from SL to TL. In this process,
the adaptation is rarely used to maintain the cultural foreignness (1992:30). The
result here is that foreign features remained in the TL. The only possible
advantage of the literal translation is its exoticism, but this advantage is cancelled
by two things: the obscurity of the TL and the lack of contextual meaning.
If there were good reasons for preserving the exoticism, one could diminish these
advantages by indirectly signaling in the TL (1992:32).
ii. Cultural borrowing
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The method is particularly to transfer a SL expression faithfully into the
TL. The translator will choose it when it shows impossible to find a suitable TL
expression of original for translating the SL expression. A vital condition of
cultural borrowing is that the textual context of the TL should make the meaning
of the borrowed expression clear.
Cultural borrowing will be most frequent in text on history or social or political
matters, where the simplest solution is to give a definition of term like „taile‟,
„department‟, or „pra-revolution‟, „parlement‟ and then to use the SL word in the
TT. (1992:31). Furthermore, when the term of SL has already passed into the TL
without significant change of meaning, the constituting standard conventional
equivalents of the SL borrowed. In this case, the translator may use significant
decision of the TL which equivalent to the SL. For example, such expression as
„joie de vivre’, savoir-faire, „sauerkraut‟, „totem‟, taboo‟ can be called as standard
conventional equivalents of the corresponding foreign expression.
iii. Calque
Calque is an expression that consists of TL words and respect TL syntax,
but unidiomatic in the TL because it is copied on the structure of a SL expression.
In essence, calque is a form of literal translation. A good calque manages to
compromise between imitating a SL structure and not offending against the
grammar of the TL. Calquing may also be called a form of cultural borrowing,
although it replaces the verbatim borrowing of expression as a model of SL
grammatical structures. Furthermore, some calqued expressions become standard
TL cultural equivalent of the SL. For example are French „poids moucche‟,
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calqued on English „flyweight‟; French-Canadian „bienvenue‟ calque in English
„you‟re welcome‟. Like all forms of cultural borrowing, calque shows signs of a
certain degree of exoticism, bringing into the TL the cultural foreignness and
strangeness of the source cultures. (1992:33)
iv. Communicative translation
It is different from cultural borrowing since the translator may choose for
ccommunicative translation. This is often necessary to transfer culturally
conventional principle where a literal rendering would be inappropriate. For
example, many proverbs, idioms and clichés have readily expressed
communication equivalents in the TL.
It can be assumed that communicative translation is appropriate in the context
because it render the situational impact with the TL expression (1992:32).
v. Cultural transplantation
Cultural transplantation is the opposite end of level from exoticism which
is the extreme form of all translation, but more like adaptations. The whole part in
SL is transplanted into the rewritten expression of TL.
The theories above are very helpful for the writer to analyze which
strategies are suitable to translate the novel. Using those theories for further
analysis will make the process of determining translation methode used in Harry
Potter and the Chamber of Secret easier.
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3. Translation Process
“Translation is a craft consisting in the attemp to replace a written message
and or statement in one language by the same message and/or another language.”
(Newmark, 1981, p.7).
However, the work of translating is not as easy as it sounded. Utterance letter
cannot just directly translate a text word by word. There are many considerations
that have to be told of, such as the sturcture, the meaning, the cultural difference,
etc. That is also one part of translation process. Much of the time is spent by the
translator by thinking. In other word, the process of translation is mostly done in
the mind of translator. There are 4 process of translating. They are analyse,
transfer, restructuring, and evaluation.
Figure 2.2. Translation Process
Evaluation and Revision
Original Text of
Source Language
Translation Text of
Target Language
External Process
Analysis
Restructuring
Concept, Meaning,
Message in Source,
Language
Internal process
Transfering
Concept, Meaning,
Message in Target
Language
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In analysis process, a translator analyze understands the Source Language
Text. A translator must analyze and understand the meaningful realtionship
between words, gramatical relation, the meanging of its word or word
combination, textual meaning, and even contextual.
After having completed the process of analysis which involves both grammatical
and semantic aspect of the text, it is essential for the results of the analysis to be
transfered from the Source Language into the Target Language. This transfer
process takes place in a translator‟s.
In restructuring process, a translator finds the essential components of
words, expression, and their sentence structure. Therefore, the content, meaning,
and message of the Source Language can be fully transfered.
After transferring the text into Target Language, the result of translation must be
evaluated and revised, or rechecked of the target text in terms of correctness with
the source text. If a translator feels that there is still awkwardness in the language,
he or she must revise it again.
This theory on translation process is useful for the writter to understand
what is actually going on in the mind of a translator when he or she tries to
identify the problem in the Source Language text and, then, find the strategies to
be applied in the Target Language text.
3.1 Equivalence
The principal purpose of any translation should be to achieve „equivalent
effect‟ i.e. to produce the same effect (or one as close as possible) on the
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readership of the translation as was acquired on the readership of the orgininal
(Newmark, 1981). In doing translation, it is not easy to find an SL word which has
a clear one-to-one equivalent in the TL because of the different cultural
background in both language. Most language are likely to have equivalents for the
more general verb of speech such as say and speak, but many may not have
equivalents for the more specific ones. For example, be my guest, would not be
equivalent if it is translated into Jadilah tamu saya. It would be equivalent if its is
translated into Silahkan. It is translator‟s duty to represent what the Source
Language wants to deliver in the Target Language as equal as possible, both in the
matter of the message and the reader.
Thus, the most important thing in translating a text is transferring the same
mesage as the SL produces. Since both languages, English and Indonesian, have
different cultural background, it is very essential to find the closest equivalent in
the TL, although it does not pay attention on semantic or grammatical aspect.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this paper, the writer discussed two problems related to the theories and
studies by using the translation methods and theories. The first problem
formulation focuses on the comparison between TL and SL text. The aim is to
identify the exact translation of Wizardry terms in Harry Potter‟s second book.
While the second problems in this research focuses on application of Hervey and
Higgins‟ method in translating Wizardry terms from English into Bahasa
Indonesia. Theories related to the study must be used to accomplish the analysis.
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The theories based on Hervey and Higgins‟s translation methods are used to
explain the process of translating wizardry terms. There are 5 methods proposed
by Hervey and Higgins; exoticism, cultural transplantation, cultural borrowing,
communicative translation, and calque. All those methods above are applied in
this undergraduate thesis in order to analized the translation process of translating
wizardry terms from English into Bahasa Indonesia.
D. Research Framework
This research aims to analyze the translation method used to translate
Wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret. The research is
started by collecting the Wizardry terms in the novel. From the data collection, the
writer chose some sample for further analysis. The writer took random data to be
analyzed further.
To achieve precise analysis, the research is divided into two parts. The
first section will analyze the translation of wizardry terms in both language,
English and Indonesian.
The results from the first analysis is used as reference for the second analysis
which focuses on the translation method used by Hervey and Higgins. The results
of the second analysis are useful to show what methods are used to translate the
specific terms in the book, as well as the conclusion of this study. Explanation of
the steps of this research will be stated in the following diagram.
Description the steps of this research will be described in the following diagram.
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Figure 2.3. Research Diagram
SL Text
Result: the most suitable method
appropriate to translate the book
Wizardry
terms
Analysis part II
Further analysis of the Wizardry
terms using Hervey and Higgins
theory
Indonesian translation
in TL Text
Collecting 30 data of
Wizardry terms
Analysis Part I
Compared the SL and TL text
side by side and given brief
explanation to the wizardry
terms.
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CHAPTER III
METODHOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
There are two works analyzed in this research. First, is Harry Potter and
The Chamber of Secret by J.K Rowling. It was published by Bloomsbury
Children‟s Book in July 1998 in UK and June 2, 1999 in the USA. This book
received the British Book Awards 1998 Children‟s Book of the Year and was No.
1 in the adult hardback bestseller charts for a month after publication. Harry
Potter and The Chamber of Secret tells about the adventure of Harry Potter in his
second year in Hogwarts Magic School. There are many unique terms that are
rarely used in our daily world.
The second work is Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia, the translated version of
Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret, translated by Listiana Srisanti and
published by PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama Jakarta in October 1999.
The focus of this analysis is the specific terms appeared in the book. Special term
could be word, phrase, sentence, or even proper name; Moaning Myrtle for an
example. First part of the analysis will be about the comparison between English
and Indonesian version, in order to determined the terms are correctly translated
or not because they were translated into some different ways.
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B. Method of the Study
The writer chose to do study library, because of availabity of the source
data. Firstly the writer collected data from source book which is using English;
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, then searched for the same data from the
same book only in Indonesian version; Harry Potter dan Kamar Rahasia.
Next, the author divided it into several groups according to the function of those
terms. The writer also use the help of the English language dictionary; Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary to compare those terms whether or not they are
accurately translated into Bahasa Indonesia. To check the Indonesian translation,
the writer used the dictionary by Echols and Sadily English-Indonesian
Dictionary and/or Indonesian-English Dictionary.
C. Research Procedure
1. Object of Data
In this undergraduate paper, to analyze the terms will be used qualitative
data from JK. Rowling‟s Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret, both in English
Version and Indonesian version which translated by Listiana Srisanti, and
published by Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Taken from Matthew B. Miles and A
Huberman‟s book Qualitative Data Analysis, the qualitative data is usually in the
form of words rather than numbers (1994:1). The writer chose to focused on the
meaning of the specific terms by compared the data in SL and TL text.
The data of wizardry terms consist of words, phrase and some of them are
proper names. The data from SL text are listed and compared with Indonesian
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translation, so the data would be in pair in both language, English and Indonesia.
The data captured in a sentence is stated in complete sentence and then analyzed
to find out the strategies that came along with it.
2. Data collection
The writer chose the data of wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secret as the main source. The data were taken from all pages in
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret from the whole book randomly. The
main data are the unusual words used in most of chapter in the book. All the
wizardry terms in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secret both SL and TL are
underlined to help the writer in highlighting the data. Then, the data in the
sentences that have been high-lighted will be listed in a column titled „SL‟.
Another column is provided to list the page number and articles of the data. The
column is divided into three, for numbering, SL data, to TL data.
All the data from SL and TL would be analyzed in the next part. In this way, the
data of SL will be listed in order of alphabet. Then, the TL data will follow the
data of the SL in the next column. This could be useful in the analysis because the
translation of those words and the differences can be seen clearly.
Table 3.1. Example of Data Collection
Code
ST 1/9
ST
He missed the castle, with its
secret passageways and
ghosts, his classes (though
perhaps not Snape, the Potions
master), .....
Code
ST 1/9
TT
Dia merindukan kastinya,
dengan lorong-lorong rahasia
dan hantu-hantunya, pelajaranpelajarannya (walaupun
mungkin tidak merindukan
Snape, guru pelajaran
Ramuannya), ....
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3. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the writer used some steps. First of all, the writer
listed all specific terms in the SL and TL text in both version to compare. Here,
the writer also consulted Oxford Advance Learner‟s English – English Dictionary
to find the idea that the author tried to deliver.
Then, the writer matched the idea in the Indonesian version by consulting Echols
and Sadily English-Indonesian dictionary, so that it would be easier to compare
the idea of SL text and the TL text. The writer analyzed the SL and TL text by
finding and bold the words, phrases, or sentences..
Next, the data would be analyzed further by finding the translation strategies
applied on them based on Hervey and Higgins‟s theory about translation
strategies.
Next, the data analyzed further by finding the translation startegies applied on
them based on Hervey and Higgins‟ theory about translation strategies. The
analysis result was put in the table below:
Table 3.2. Table for Data Comparison
Code
ST 2/9
ST
... ,Quidditch, the most popular
sport in the wizarding world
(six tall goal posts, four flying
balls, and fourteen players on
broomsticks)
Code
ST 2/10
TT
Quidditch, olahraga paling
populer di dunia sihir, (enam
tiang gawang tinggi, empat
bola terbang, dan empat
belas pemain diatas sa