APPRAISALS IN EDITORIALS OF THE DAILY KOMPAS.

APPRAISALS IN EDITORIALS OF THE DAILY KOMPAS

A THESIS

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

CORRY ESTER MARGARET SIAGIAN Registration Number : 8116111004

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN MEDAN

ABSTRACT

Nama Corry Ester Margaret Siagian. Registered Number : 8116111004. Appraisals Analysis in Editorials of the Daily KOMPAS. Objective :to describe elements of appraisals in the editorials, to elaborate the manner of use of appraisal in the editorials, and to elaborate the context of use of the appraisals. The instrument of the data collection is documentation

technique from the editorial of the daily KOMPAS published from April to June 2013 within

the topic education in Indonesia. The data from the three editorials analyzed by Miles and Huberman (1994) data analysis with the procedures, namely, data reduction, data display, and conclusions/verification. The results of the study are: Attitude (Affect:Dissatisfied, Insecure, Disinclination, Unhappy), (Judgement (Tenacity (-);Veracity (-), Normality (-); Propriety (+) (once); Maintenance (-), Quality (-)), (Appreciation (Impact (-), Balance (-), Quality (-), Meaning(-),Meaning (+) , Maintenance (+),Maintenance(-), ( twice ), Complexity (-), Maintenance(-)), Engagement (Proclaim Concur :Affirmative , Disclaim Counter Concession, Proclaim Correliative Structure, Attribution, Attribution Knowledge, Proclaim Projection, Entertaint, Disclaim Negation, Counter Expectation, Entertaint : Rhetorical, Deny : Negation), Graduation : (Force: ( Number ); Quality (High), Quality (Low), Quality (Modality :Middle), Time, Methapor)), Focus ( Sharpen and Soft ) .The realization of appraisal are : the writer appraises carefully, The writer gives appraisal by supporting with the facts or some supporting opinion(argumentative), plays the scales of his appraisal , stands in the middle while giving his appraisal (independent), and the reason of the use of appraisal is dealt with the context of situation( egalitarian period ), the context of culture ( Javanese culture and the culture of the readership), and the ideology of KOMPAS that is Humanism Trance dental.

ABSTRAK

Nama Corry Ester Margaret Siagian. NPM 8116111004. Appraisals Analysis in Editorials of the Daily KOMPAS. Penelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan piranti appraisal dalam tajuk rencana, mengelaborasi keberadaan appraisal dalam tajuk rencana dan menjelaskan konteks penggunaan piranti appraisal tersebut. Instrumen penngumpulan data

menggunakan teknik dokumentasi, data diambil dari tajuk rencana KOMPAS yang

dipublikasikan sejak April sampai Juni dengan topik “Pendidikan di Indonesia”. 3 rajuk rencana dianalisa berdasarkan teknik analisa data Miles dan Huberman (1994) dengan

mengikuti prosedur analisa data, data reduction ( pengurangan data ), data display (

penampilan data ), dan conclusions ( kesimpulan )/ verification ( verifikasi). Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: Sistem Apprisal dalam tajuk rencana adalah : Attitude (Affect:Dissatisfied, Insecure, Disinclination, Unhappy), (Judgement (Tenacity );Veracity ), Normality ); Propriety (+) (once); Maintenance ), Quality )), (Appreciation (Impact (-), Balance (-(-), Quality (-(-), Meaning(-(-),Meaning (+) , Maintenance (+(-),Maintenance(-(-), ( twice ), Complexity (-), Maintenance(-)), Engagement (Proclaim Concur :Affirmative , Disclaim Counter Concession, Proclaim Correliative Structure, Attribution, Attribution Knowledge, Proclaim Projection, Entertaint, Disclaim Negation, Counter Expectation, Entertaint : Rhetorical, Deny : Negation), Graduation : (Force: ( Number ); Quality (High), Quality (Low), Quality (Modality :Middle), Time, Methapor)), Focus ( Sharpen and Soft ), Penulis menyampaikan penilaiannya dengan hati-hati, argumentatif, menaikkan dan menurunkan skala penilaian dan independen. Alasan realisasi appraisal seperti yang telah disebutkan sebelumnya dipengaruhi oleh konteks situasi, konteks budaya, dan idiologi Koran

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost the writer will thank Almighty GOD, the compassionate, the almighty Merciful, who kindly helped her to complete her thesis.

The success of this thesis is attributed to the extensive support and assistance from the writer’s great supervisors, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof.Dr.Busmin Gurning,M.Pd. She would like to express her grateful gratitude and sincere appreciation to them for their guidance, valuable advise, supervision, encouragement and kindness to her throughout this study.

The writer’s sincere thanks also goes to her thesis reviewers: Prof.Dr. Berlin Sibarani,M.Pd, Dr. Didik Santoso, M.Pd, Dr. I Wayan Dirgayasa Tangkas, M.Hum for their encouragement and insightful comments. She does thanking them for the kindness in examining the research work and providing suggestions for improvement.

This thesis is given as tribute to her late father and mother,She thanks God for being their daughter.

Very special thanks to Haris Pulo Pardamean, he’s been a father figure to her and had never made her feel that her father is not with her by providing her the advice at times.

This thesis is dedicated to her family Frida Simanjuntak, Suzie Siagian, Ricardo, Dewi, Santy, Minister, Andreas and Grace for being there always as the driving force and positive energy during the entire period of her study.

She offers her sincere gratitude to Franky, She does thanking him for many great things that she have learnt and experienced in life because of him, especially in learning and experiencing about love in life.

She is extremely grateful to all the worthy University of Darma Agung members, the leaders , Rector and his vice rectors, for allowing and supporting her during her study.

She will never forget to thank Tiopan Manihuruk, Indrawaty Sitepu, Esni Naibaho,dr.Tumiar Siahaan and Aunty Pinondang, dr. Pitah Haloho, dr.Dorna Silaban and Brother Dedy, Asron Gultom, Ida Solfa, Erny, Ita, Eva, Vera, Yanti, and all her brothers and sisters in Christ in UKM KMK USU and PERKANTAS Ministry, for their inspiration, helps, prayers, supports, and love for the writer. God really shows his blessings through them for the writer.

The acknowledgement would be incomplete if she doesn’t express her gratitude to her best friend Mey Manalu and Melda Hutabarat for the wonderful friendship, unforgatable stories in life, continuous prayers and great encouragement to the writer.

She heartily thankful to the Dean of Faculty of Letters, Reinjaya Sitohang, M.Hum in encouraging and supporting her in a number of ways. She also thanks Harpen Silitonga, Betty Sihombing and all the lecturers and staff for their unforgatable friendship and supports to the writer.

In her study She has been blessed with a friendly and cheerful group of fellow students in LTBI Angkatan XX. She really enjoyed the courses years because of her great classmates.

Special thanks will go to Febrika Sihombing, Saurma Tarihoran, Nardus Liliana, Vidya Zati, and Tari for the great help and support during the study.

Lastly, she offers her regards and blessings to all of those who supported her in any respect during the completion of her research.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... i

ABSTRACT... iv

ABSTRAK... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS... vi

LIST OF APPENDIXES... ix

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1

1.1The Background of the Study………... 1

1.2The Problems of the Study………... 5

1.3The Objectives of the Study………... 5

1.4The Scope of the Study………... 5

1.5The Significance of the Study………... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 7

2.1Appraisal Theory……….... 7

2.1.1 Attitude………... 8

2.1.1.1 Affect………..……...……… 8

2.1.1.2Judgment………..………..…… 11

2.1.1.3Appreciation………..…..…… 15

2.1.2 Engagement……….……….. 18

2.1.3 Graduation……….. 22

2.2 Theory of Subjectivity and Objectivity………...…...……… 38

2.3Text and Context………...……… 39

2.3.1 Newspaper Pages……….………... 43

2.3.2 Editorial : Kinds of Language Media………... 43

2.3.3 KOMPAS………...… 45

2.5Previous Studies………...………... 47

2.6Conceptual Framework………...………... 51

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY………...………... 53

3.1 The Research Design………... .53

3.2 The Technique of Data Collection…………...………... 53

3.3 The Data and Data Source………...………... 53

3.4 Trustworthiness………...………...……….... 54

3.5 The Technique of Data Analysis………...……….……… 54

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSSIS,FINDINGS, AND DISCUSSION..…………... 57

4.1 Data Analysis………... 57

4.2 Findings………... 82

4.3 Discussions………...99

CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS, SUGGESTIONS AND IMPLICATIONS.…….…... 104

5.1 Conclusions………...………... 104

5.2 Suggestions…………...………... 105

REFERENCES………..……... 107

LIST OF APPENDIXES

APPENDIX I The 1st Editorial...110

APPENDIX II The 2nd Editorial...111

APPENDIX III 3rd Editorial...112

APPENDIX IV The data Collection of the 1st editorial...114

APPENDIX V The data collection of the 2nd Editorial... 116

APPENDIX VIThe data collection of the 3rd Editorial... 118

APPENDIX VII The Data Coding of the 1st Editorial... 120

APPENDIX VIII The Data Coding of the 2nd Editorial...124

APPENDIX IX The Data Coding of the 3rd Editorial... 128

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study

When we talk, one of the most important is our consideration of our relation with our interlocutor. We are negotiating our stance with person (s) with whom we talk. Richards (1926: 267) in Sarangi conceptualized the two functions of language under the labels “scientific”and “emotive”:

[…A statement may be used for the sake of the reference, true or false, which it causes. This is the scientific use of language. But it may also be used for the sake of the effects in emotion and attitude produced by the reference it occasions. This is the emotive use of language…]

Both these functions have an evaluative orientation: the scientific signals a factual status whiles the emotive indexes an inter subjective stance. Richards ([1929] 1964) elaborates these two functions in terms of four kinds of meaning—sense, feeling, tone, and intention—which coincidentally have underpinned much of pragmatic, sociolinguistic and discourse analytic work in recent years.

Sense: We speak to say something, and when we listen we expect something to be said. We use words to direct our hearer’s attention upon some state of affairs, to present to them some items for consideration and to excite in them some thoughts about these items.

Feeling: we also, as a rule, have some feelings about these items, about the state of affairs we are referring to. We have an attitude towards it, some special direction, bias, or accentuation of interest towards it, some personal flavour or colouring of feeling; and we use language to express these feelings, this nature of interest. Equally, when we listen we pick it up, rightly or wrongly; it seems inextricably part of what we receive . . .

Tone: Furthermore, the speaker has ordinarily an attitude to his listener. He chooses or arranges his words differently as his audience varies, in automatic or deliberate recognition of his relation to them. The tone of his utterance reflects his awareness of this relation, his sense of how he stands towards those he is addressing . . .

Intention: Finally, there is the speaker’s intention, his aim, conscious or unconscious, the effect he is endeavoring to promote. Ordinarily he speaks for a purpose, and his purpose modifies his speech. The understanding of it is part of the whole business of apprehending his meaning. Unless we know what he is trying to do, we can hardly estimate the measure of his success . . .

Language can be used to evaluate and gives appraisals to others. Using language to convey the evaluation about something is an interesting linguistic phenomenon to be discussed. In addition, knowing writer’s or speaker’s stance or attitude and how he presents his stance towards the subject he is writing will give us additional information, not only the information at the surface of the text, but it will bring us to get more comprehensive understanding particularly from the writer perspective.

In media text, when the journalist writes, he uses the words to direct the readers' attention upon some state of affairs present some items for consideration and excites some thoughts about those items. The writer also has some feelings about these items, he has an attitude towards them, some special directions, or accentuation of interest, some personal flavor or coloring of feeling. Again the writer use language to share it, the writer uses language to share his appraisals.

Moreover, the writer has to choose words differently as his audience varies. He has to have strategies of how to stand towards those he is addressing. The writer also has intention, aim, the effect he is endeavoring to promote. He writes for a purpose, and his purpose modifies his writings.

It is worth reading to analyze how the journalist responds to the matter(s) discussed in the text (viz. his subjective opinion about it) and the person(s) he speaks with. It is certainly interesting to study whether the newspaper convey the message subjective or objective. Does the journalist present the objective facts without flavor of the journalist or he presents the editorials text which are consist of additional information according to the journalist's interpretation of the event. How the writer negotiates his appraisal or stance in his writing? It is of great importance to understand the news not only in the surface level, but also the deeper

one. It is an interesting point to explore how the writer of daily KOMPAS’ editorial negotiates

his appraisals through his writings, because the way he wants to give his appraisals, it will influence his way of writing the editorials.

White (1998) says good news doesn’t sell the newspaper. That is, if the article was written without an attractive design, it is guaranteed that the newspaper will not be sold, therefore it is not surprising that every daily newspapers has journalist rhetorical skills to make a simple news turned into a spectacular news. Author skillfully shaping public opinion,. It depends on the journalist ideological tendencies, in this case the editorial board, who is in charge in approving published news.

A question about what is the voice of KOMPAS deals with the education in Indonesia,

do they indicate positive or negative assessment, and do they give the assessment objectively or subjectively? It can be seen from the realization of appraisal in the writings.As for the concept of evaluation; it is itself an interesting phenomenon. However, the function of evaluation is not only to determine whether each of these aspects is good or bad, positive or negative, approved or disapproved, etc, but also to construe the overall value of a given message which eventually leads to the construction of the perspective of the writer behind the message.

The egalitarian era makes people easy to get the news. In this era, people are feel free to give opinions through something happened in their lives. It makes many medias occur year by year. The news are everywhere, whether it is truthful or just a propaganda is actually become an interesting topic to be discussed.

There are various ways in telling the truth, and the way of the writer in telling it show something about the writer or the newspaper political writings. People like to debate or share the opinions in talking about the things happened in their sorroundings. Media gives their needs. It needs a critical thinking to identify whether the news are really objective or subjective, so the reader will be more wise in giving their views dealing with the topic discussed. In line with that it is a worth thing to do in finding whether the daily Kompas

especially in the editorials convey the news objectively or subjectively. If it is subjective or objective, how does the writer display their evaluation or appraisal through the writings? There are many newspapers that occur nowadays with different costs; within this condition

Kompas still leads the readership. It makes the researcher attracted to make a research of Kompas especially in the way the writer negotiates his appraisal to the readers.

In negotiating his stance the researcher also found that the writer used the metaphor, actually we will get used to see the use of metaphor in novel or other literary works. But

nowadays, metaphor occurs many times in modern newspaper, and it is happened in Kompas

too. Why does the writer choose that kind of way in giving his appraisal? Kompas is a national leading newspaper, it means Indonesian language should be the language that is used to convey all the messages, however, the researcher found that there was a time that the writer used the word from or rooted from vernacular especially came from Javanese language, and again it is a worth thing to be discussed.

1.2The Problems of the Study

This study focuses on the Appraisals that are shown in the editorial. The editorials within the topic of Education in Indonesia will be taken for analysis by means of the appraisal theory, in order to respond to the three research questions:

1. What is the appraisal network system used in the editorials?

2. How are the appraisals realized in the editorials of KOMPAS?

3. In what contexts are the appraisals used in the editorial of daily KOMPAS?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In line with the research problem, the objectives of the study are: 1) to describe types of appraisals in the editorials

2) to elaborate the manner of use of appraisal in the editorials

3) to elaborate the context of the use of appraisals

1.4 The Scope of the study

The researcher took the editorials within the topic are about Education in Indonesia.

The research started April 2013 until June 2013. The Subject of the study is KOMPAS Daily

Newspaper; the object of the study is the editorials. The data is the clause containing appraisal. The focus of this study is Appraisal, and sub focuses of the study are:

1) the type of appraisals

2) realization of the appraisals

3) the context of the use of appraisals

1.5 The Significances of the Study

Findings of the study are expected to be useful and relevant theoretically and

practically in some respects.

1) to justify the truthfulness of the theories of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL)

2) to add more horizons to the theory and

3) to be references for further studies.

Practically the findings are relevant and useful for:

1) the learners who need them as reference

2) the learners who want to have a good analysis in case of appraisal in language

3) the learners who learn English and

4) The teachers who want to be successful in their job, particularly in teaching reading comprehension

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclussions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1.The appraisal Network system in editorials are :

1.2 Attitude

(1) Affect : Dissatisfied, Insecure, Disinclination, Unhappy,

(2) Judgement : Tenacity (-); Veracity (-), Normality (-); Propriety (+) (once);

Maintenance (-), Quality (-)

(3) Appreciation : Impact (-), Balance (-), Quality (-), Meaning(-),Meaning (+) ,

Maintenance (+),Maintenance(-), ( twice ), Complexity (-), Maintenance(-),

1.3 Engagement : Proclaim Concur :Affirmative , Disclaim Counter Concession,

Proclaim Correliative Structure, Attribution, Attribution Knowledge, Proclaim Projection, Entertaint, Disclaim Negation, Counter Expectation, Entertaint : Rhetorical, Deny : Negation

1.4 Graduation :

(1) Force: ( Number ); Quality (High), Quality (Low), Quality (Modality :Middle), Time, Methapor

(2) Focus ( Sharpen and Soft )

2. The realization of appraisal are : the writer appraises carefully, The writer gives appraisal by supporting with the facts or some supporting opinion(argumentative), plays the scales of his appraisal , stands in the middle while giving his appraisal (independent)

3. The reason of the use of appraisal is dealed with the context of situation ( egalitarian

period), the context of culture ( javanese culture ), and the ideology of KOMPAS

Humanism-Transedental

5.2 Suggestions

From the conclusions above the researcher suggests:

1. The readers of a newspaper should be more critical in giving respon from the news that

they read, because the way the writer negotiates his stances is influenced by many things such as context of culture, context of situation and also from the ideology of the newspaper itself. 2. The readers should read more newspapers in gaining different informations or stances, because the different ideology of a newspaper will cause the different way of giving appraisal 3. To the linguist, or the other researchers who want to do the same field of research or further research, they can use more data source in gaining more identification of the realization of appraisal in text.

5.3 Implications

5.3.1 Theoritical Implications

1. People should read and understand the writings not only from the explicit linguistic features, but they should understand the meaning implicitly, because media usually has their own purpose in doing appraisals.

2. Realizing that language is used according to its context should make the readers realize that they have to find the significant meaning that language wants to tell, and that is of course according to the context of use.

5.3.2 Social Implications

1. In writing his writings, the writer can adopt the cultural background in order to attach the attention of the reader and keep the culture in the mind of the readers.

2. Culture influences the way someone negotiates his appraisal, by knowing this the readers should try to understand different cultures that lies in Indonesia in order to get more understanding of the appraisals given.

REFERENCES

Bogdan, Robert C and Biklen, Knopp Sari. 1992. Qualitative Research For Education: An

Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

Caldwell, David. 2009. Working Your Words : Appraisal in the AFL Post- Match Interview.

Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 32. No. 2 : 13,1-13,17. Monash University.

Candra, Dian. 2011. Appraisal Devices Used to Realize Attitude in Sukarno's Speech " Let A

New Asia and Africa be Born" on April 18th ,1955. Thesis. Semarang: Muhammadiyah University.

Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An Introduction to systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers.

Gee, J.P. 2011. How to do Discourse Analysis. A tool kit. Routledge Newyork and London.

Halliday, M. A. K. 2004. On Language and Linguistics. New York: Continuum.

………. 2005. On Grammar. London: Continuum.

……….2007. Language and Education. The Collected work of M.A.K . Halliday.

Volume 9. New York: Continuum.

Halliday, M. A. K & Christian Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K. & Webster. J. J. 2009. Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. Great Britain: MPG Books Group.

Halliday, M. A. K., Hasan. R. 1989. Language , context and text: aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective.

Halliday, M. A. K., Hasan. R. 1976. Cohesion in English. London and New York: Longman.

Hyland, K. 1996. Writing Without Conviction: Hedging in Science Research Articles',

Applied Linguistics 17 (4): 433-454.

Hyland, Ken. 2003. Stance and Engagement:A Model of Interaction in Academic Discourse.

Hyland. K., Paltirdge. B. 2011. The Continuum Companion to Discourse Analysis. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group.

J. R. Martin. 2004. Mourning : How We Are Aligned. Discourse and Society Journal.

September Vol 15(2–3). University of Sidney: Sage Publication.

Martin, J. R. & White, P. R. R. 2005. The Language of Evaluation Appraisal in English.

Macmillan: Palgrave.

Martin, J. R. & David Rose. 2008. Working with Discourse, Meaning beyond the Clause

(2nd edition reprinted). London: Continuum.

Miles, Matthew. B & Huberman, Michael. A, 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis, London: Sage

Publication, Inc.

Mugumya, Levis. 2013. The Discourse of Conflict : An Appraisal Analysis of Newspaper

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Teun A. Van DIJK. 1977. Text and Context. Exploration in the semantics and pragmatics of

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Read, Jonathan, et.all. 2007. Annotating Expressions of Appraisal in English. Proceedings of

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Saragih, Amrin 2011. Bahasa dalam Konteks Sosial, Medan: Pascasarjana Unimed

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Materials for Graduate Students of English Apllied Linguistics : A compilation. Graduate Program State University of Medan.

Suherman. 2008. Sistem Appraisal Berita Kriminal pada Harian Meteor dan Harian Suara Merdeka. Thesis. Semarang: Universitas Diponegoro.

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Konteks Melalui Bahasa Evaluatif. Dissertation. Medan: University of North Sumatra

Yusuf, Ferdiyanto. 2010. Appraisal in the Inaugural Adresses of the President of America from Bush Senior to Obama. Thesis. Medan: North Sumatera University.

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“Al-Qaeda in the Asia Pasific Origin,Capability and Threat. Journal: Humaniora.No.2. Vol.20: 191-199.

Warsono. 2009. Appraisal Devices Means to Disclose Ideological Stance. Linguistika.Vol.

16.No. 30: 128-139.

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Intersubjective Stance. Text. Vol 3 (2) : 260-284.

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http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/AppraisalGuide/Framed/Appraisal-Overview 03.htm#TopOfPage

http://www.grammatics.com/appraisal/AppraisalGuide/Framed/Appraisal Overview.htm#TopOfPage

104

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclussions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following:

1.The appraisal Network system in editorials are : 1.2 Attitude

(1) Affect : Dissatisfied, Insecure, Disinclination, Unhappy,

(2) Judgement : Tenacity (-); Veracity (-), Normality (-); Propriety (+) (once); Maintenance (-), Quality (-)

(3) Appreciation : Impact (-), Balance (-), Quality (-), Meaning(-),Meaning (+) , Maintenance (+),Maintenance(-), ( twice ), Complexity (-), Maintenance(-), 1.3 Engagement : Proclaim Concur :Affirmative , Disclaim Counter Concession,

Proclaim Correliative Structure, Attribution, Attribution Knowledge, Proclaim Projection, Entertaint, Disclaim Negation, Counter Expectation, Entertaint : Rhetorical, Deny : Negation

1.4 Graduation :

(1) Force: ( Number ); Quality (High), Quality (Low), Quality (Modality :Middle), Time, Methapor

(2) Focus ( Sharpen and Soft )

2. The realization of appraisal are : the writer appraises carefully, The writer gives appraisal by supporting with the facts or some supporting opinion(argumentative), plays the scales of his appraisal , stands in the middle while giving his appraisal (independent)

105

3. The reason of the use of appraisal is dealed with the context of situation ( egalitarian period), the context of culture ( javanese culture ), and the ideology of KOMPAS Humanism-Transedental

5.2 Suggestions

From the conclusions above the researcher suggests:

1. The readers of a newspaper should be more critical in giving respon from the news that they read, because the way the writer negotiates his stances is influenced by many things such as context of culture, context of situation and also from the ideology of the newspaper itself. 2. The readers should read more newspapers in gaining different informations or stances, because the different ideology of a newspaper will cause the different way of giving appraisal 3. To the linguist, or the other researchers who want to do the same field of research or further research, they can use more data source in gaining more identification of the realization of appraisal in text.

5.3 Implications

5.3.1 Theoritical Implications

1. People should read and understand the writings not only from the explicit linguistic features, but they should understand the meaning implicitly, because media usually has their own purpose in doing appraisals.

2. Realizing that language is used according to its context should make the readers realize that they have to find the significant meaning that language wants to tell, and that is of course according to the context of use.

5.3.2 Social Implications

1. In writing his writings, the writer can adopt the cultural background in order to attach the attention of the reader and keep the culture in the mind of the readers.

106

2. Culture influences the way someone negotiates his appraisal, by knowing this the readers should try to understand different cultures that lies in Indonesia in order to get more understanding of the appraisals given.

107

REFERENCES

Bogdan, Robert C and Biklen, Knopp Sari. 1992. Qualitative Research For Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods. Boston : Allyn and Bacon.

Caldwell, David. 2009. Working Your Words : Appraisal in the AFL Post- Match Interview. Australian Review of Applied Linguistics. Vol. 32. No. 2 : 13,1-13,17. Monash University.

Candra, Dian. 2011. Appraisal Devices Used to Realize Attitude in Sukarno's Speech " Let A New Asia and Africa be Born" on April 18th ,1955. Thesis. Semarang: Muhammadiyah University.

Eggins, Suzanne. 1994. An Introduction to systemic Functional Linguistics. London: Pinter Publishers.

Gee, J.P. 2011. How to do Discourse Analysis. A tool kit. Routledge Newyork and London. Halliday, M. A. K. 2004. On Language and Linguistics. New York: Continuum.

………. 2005. On Grammar. London: Continuum.

……….2007. Language and Education. The Collected work of M.A.K . Halliday. Volume 9. New York: Continuum.

Halliday, M. A. K & Christian Matthiessen. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold.

Halliday, M. A. K. & Webster. J. J. 2009. Continuum Companion to Systemic Functional Linguistics. Great Britain: MPG Books Group.

Halliday, M. A. K., Hasan. R. 1989. Language , context and text: aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective.

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