An Analysis Of Conjunctions In The Jakarta Post Editorials

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AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN THE JAKARTA

POST EDITORIALS

A THESIS

IKA SARI DEWI REG. NO. : 060721002

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA FACULTY OF LETTERS

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT MEDAN

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ACKNOWLEGMENTS ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION ……….1

1.1 Background of the Analysis ……….1

1.2 Problems of the Analysis ……….3

1.3 Objectives of the Analysis ……….3

1.4 Scope of the Analysis ……….3

1.5 Significances of the Analysis ……….3

II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………4

2.1 The Description of conjunctions ………4

2.1.1 The definition of Conjunctions ………4

2.1.2 The Types of Conjunctions ………4

2.1.3 The Position of Conjunctions ………...13

2.1.4 The uses of Conjunctions ………...14

2.2 The Description of Newspaper ………..16

2.2.1 The Definition of Newspaper ………..16

2.2.2 Parts of Newspaper ………..16

2.2.3 The definition of Newspaper Editorial ………..18

III METHODOLOGY ………..22

3.1 Research Method ………..22

3.2 Population and Sample ………..22

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IV AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN THE

JAKARTA POST EDITORIALS ……….24

4.1 Coordinating Conjunctions ……….24

4.1.1 Cumulative ……….24

4.1.2 Alternative ……….33

4.1.3 Adversative ……….35

4.2 Subordinating Conjunctions ……….37

4.2.1 Apposition ……….37

4.2.2 Time ……….42

4.2.3 Place ……….45

4.2.4 Contrast ……….46

4.2.5 Cause ……….46

4.2.6 Result ……….48

4.2.7 Condition ……….48

4.2.8 Comparison ……….49

4.3 Research Findings ………50

V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ……….59

5.1 Conclusions ……….59

5.2 Suggestions ……….60

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I want to thank and praise to Allah SWT, the Almighty God, for blessing me in completing this thesis as one of the requirements to get a degree of Sarjana, at English Department, Faculty of Letters, University of North Sumatera Medan.

Furthermore, I would also like to thank to my supervisor Dra. Masdiana Lubis, M.Hum, who has given me advice, critics, and precious time in reading and correcting for its completeness, and to my co-supervisor Dra. Roma Ayuni Lubis, M.A, for her time to read and to give suggestions for this Thesis. I would also like to thank to the dean of Faculty of Letters Prof. Syaifuddin, M.A, Ph.D, the chairman of English Department, Dra. Swesana Masdia Lubis, M.Hum, and the secretary of English Department, Drs. Yulianus Harefa, M.Ed TESOL.

Then, my special thank to all my lectures in English study program at faculty of letters for their patient, motivation and inspiration. They have transferred their knowledge for me, thank you very much, I really appreciate that.

The most special thank is dedicated to my beloved parents “ayahanda” Makmur and “Ibunda” Sari Intan for their love and patience, supporting me morally, spiritually, and financially in completing this thesis. My thank also goes to my lovely little brothers Herry and Didi for their care and support, and my little sister Windi and Widya for their companion to stay up late with me typing this thesis.

Finally, my greatest thank to all my best friends Juli, Desi, Ana, Tia, Lusi, and Tiwi for their loyalty, love and support. Thank you for being my true friends who always care. You are the craziest friends I have ever had. You have no idea how much you all mean to me guys, I love you all. I would also thank to my friend, Eva and Nisa for their support in completing this thesis, thank you very much. And for all my classmate that I can’t mention one by one, thank you guys, it’s being a great time to study with you all guys, I will miss you all.

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However, I realize that this paper is still far from being perfect because it is not easy to finish it to my satisfaction. Therefore, I welcome any constructive criticism and suggestions to give more advantages in the future.

Medan, 17th June, 2008 The Writer,

IKA SARI DEWI

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ABSTRACT

Skripsi ini berjudul An Analysis of Conjunctions in the Jakarta Post Editorials, yang membahas tentang penggunaan conjunctions dalam kalimat yang terdapat pada harian Jakarta Post. Penelitian ini mengambil 6 editorial sebagai bahan penelitiannya. Skripsi ini ditulis berdasarkan keingintahuan penulis tentang sejauh mana para editor menggunakan kata sambung dalam tulisan-tulisan yang mereka hasilkan.

Dalam mengerjakan skripsi ini, penulis menerapkan studi kepustakaan yakni dengan mengumpulkan buku-buku, dan skripsi-skripsi yang terkait dengan penelitian ini. Penulis juga menggunakan metode descriptive quantitative untuk mengetahui kata sambung apa yang paling banyak digunakan dalam penulisan editorial pada sebuah harian, dalam hal ini harian The Jakarta Post yang terbit setiap harinya. Dari hasil analisa ditemukan ada dua jenis kata sambung yaitu coordinating conjunctions dan subordinating conjunctions dimana masing-masing pengklasifikasiannya juga ditemukan. Coordinating conjunctions: cumulative, adversative, alternative, dan illative dan subordinating conjunctions: apposition, time, place, contrast, cause, result, condition, dan comparison.

Dari hasil analisa, terdapat 222 kata sambung di keenam editorial yang di bahas dalam skripsi ini. Coordinating conjunctions sebanyak 130 atau 58,6 % dan subordinating conjunctions sebanyak 92 atau 41,4 %.

Kata sambung “and” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari coordinating

conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 93 atau 41,9 % dan coordinating conjunctions “or” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak kedua yaitu sebanyak 15 atau 6,5 %. Sedangkan kata sambung paling sedikit digunakan adalah coordinating conjunctions not only...but also,

not only...but, yet, dan however masing-masing 1 kali atau 0,5 %.

Kata sambung “that” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari subordinating

conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 39 atau sebesar 17,6 % dan subordinating conjunctions

“because” adalah yang terbanyak kedua yaitu sebanyak 11 atau 4,9 %. Sedangkan kata

sambung paling sedikit digunakan adalah kata sambung until, although, even though, so

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ABSTRACT

Kata sambung “and” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari coordinating

not only...but, yet, dan however masing-masing 1 kali atau 0,5 %.

Kata sambung “that” merupakan kata sambung terbanyak dari subordinating

conjunctions yaitu sebanyak 39 atau sebesar 17,6 % dan subordinating conjunctions

“because” adalah yang terbanyak kedua yaitu sebanyak 11 atau 4,9 %. Sedangkan kata

sambung paling sedikit digunakan adalah kata sambung until, although, even though, so

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I. INTRODUCTION

1.1Background of the Analysis

Language is a means of communication. Through language we can communicate with other people and even with other nation. In order to be able to communicate with other nation we use English. English is one of international languages.

Wardiman (1987:214) states that it is estimated that more than 270,000,000 people in the world today speak English. A great many more understand it. English as one of the chief languages of the world plays an important part in international diplomacy, commerce, and finance.

In order to communicate in English well, we should have English proficiency both in written and spoken. In English, written is distinct from spoken. It is considered that written English is more difficult than spoken English. Furthermore, to be better in written English we must know about the grammar first. Grammar is the most important thing in studying English. Studying grammar enable us to know how to use English correctly.

Kaplan (1995: 134) states that the term of grammar is often used to refer to a particular body of information about a language. It has something to do with the structure of words and sentences.

Sibarani (2002:12) states that word are the smallest linguistic unit which can occur on its own including lexeme and word form. Words can be grouped into word classes, traditionally they are labeled into “parts of speech”, according to their use; that is according to the work they do in a sentence, and they are: verb, noun, adjective, adverb, pronoun, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

Bernard (1993:90) states that conjunctions are words, which join other words or group of words. It is divided into two types: they are coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction.Further Bernard (1993:90) states that coordinating conjunction is a single word used to connect part of the sentence. Coordinating conjunction can

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single word used to connect part of sentence. The words used as coordinating conjunction are: but, and, or for, and nor.

Bernard (1993:93) also states that the tasks of subordinating conjunctions are to join a clause to another clause on which it depends for its full meaning. A subordinating (dependent) clause is a group of words that has a subject and a predicate; however, subordinate clause is a part of the whole complex sentence, connected to the whole sentence by a subordinating conjunction, a dependent clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. The subordinating conjunction makes the clause incomplete in thought and meaning. The word is used as subordinating conjunctions are: after, although, because, before, if, since, than, through, unless, until, when, whenever, where and while.

In communication people use conjunction, both in spoken language and written language. The function of using conjunction in communication is to tie a word with another word, a clause with another clause. So it will help us to understand the connection of the sentences or the paragraphs. Most of conjunctions are historically derived from other part of speech, particularly from preposition. So, it makes many students have difficulty to differentiate whether it is conjunction or not. Based on the reason above I am interested to analysis the uses of conjunctions and choosing the Jakarta post editorials as the media to analyze it.

In this paper, I chose an editorial column in national newspaper “The Jakarta Post” as the media to analysis the uses of conjunction. The Jakarta Post is an English newspaper which is published in every morning. The Jakarta post has some columns such as headline, national, international, features, art and culture, entertainment news and also one of the columns is editorial.

Usually there is at least one editorial in each editions, but much of newspaper editors write two editorials in each edition to express their perspective about the hot issues happen in this world. In this case, I took six editorials in the Jakarta Post newspaper to analyze the uses of conjunctions. They are: two editorials that were published in 14th November 2007 and 22nd November 2007, and four editorials that were published in 16th November 2007 and 20th November 2007.

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1.2Problems of Analysis

Conjunction is one of the most important parts in a sentence. We use them both in speaking and writing. In making an editorial, editors also use conjunction to join parts of speech, phrase, and clause.

The problems of the analysis are:

a. What are the types of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials?

b. What are the dominant types of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials?

1.3Objectives of Analysis

The objectives of the analysis are as follows:

a. To find out the types of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials.

b. To find out the dominant types of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials.

1.4Scope of Analysis

The analysis is focused on the types of conjunctiosn used in The Jakarta Post editorials. To avoid an overlapping and misleading discussion, I have limited the analysis to these types of conjunctions; they are coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions found in The Jakarta Post editorials.

1.5Significances of Analysis

There are some significances of the analysis, they are: a. The readers will get more understanding about conjunctions.

b. The readers will find out that conjunctions also have an important role in producing good editorials.

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c. The analysis can be used as underlying information for further research on conjunctions.

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II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 The Description of Conjunctions

2.1.1 The Definition of Conjunctions

A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses. Before discussing conjunction any further, it is better to define the conjunction, which has various definitions according to some grammarians.

Wren and Martin (2004:129) state that conjunction is a word which merely joins together sentences and sometimes word. Conjunction joins together sentence and often makes them more compact.

Frank (1985: 206) states that conjunctions are member of small class that have no characteristic form, their function are chiefly as non moveable structure words that join such units as part of speech , phrases, or clauses. He also divides them into two general types of conjunction: they are coordinating conjunction and subordinating conjunction.

Hartanto (1996:326) states that conjunction is a word used to join words, phrases, and clauses and not for another purpose.

2.1.2 Types of Conjunctions

There are four types of conjunctions; they are coordinating conjunctions, subordinating conjunctions, correlative conjunctions and relative conjunctions. I only focused on coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

1. Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join groups of words, but they must always join similar elements: e.g. subject+subject, verb phrase+verb phrase, sentence+sentence. When a coordinating conjunction is used to join elements, the element becomes a compound element.

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Wren and Martin (2004:130) state that coordinating conjunction are the sentences containing two independent statements of equal rank.

Frank (1985:206) states that the coordinating conjunction joins structural units that is equal grammatically. The conjunction comes before the last unit and is grammatically independent of this unit.

Hartanto (1996:327) states that coordinating conjunction joins clauses in equal rank; a clause does not depend on the other clause.

The equal sentence can be combined into four different ways, they are:

A. Cumulative

Cumulative is adding one statement to another, it consists of the conjunctions: and, both… and, and…also, not only…but also, and now.

For examples:

1. We have tickets for the symphony and the opera 2. We both love and honor him

3. John is a carpenter and Hendry also

4. Not onlydoes Sue raise money for the symphony, but she also ushers at all of their concerts.

5. Now that she is older, she is better.

B. Alternative

Alternative is expressing a choice between two alternatives. It consists of conjunctions: either…or, neither…nor, or, and otherwise.

For examples:

1. Either he is mad, or he feigns madness. 2. Neither a borrower, nor a lender is.

3. Have you seen or heard the opera by Scott Joplin? 4. You must take a rest; otherwise you will lose your health

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C. Adversative

Adversative is expressing opposition or contrast between two statements. It consists of conjunctions: but, still, yet, nevertheless, however, whereas, while, and only.

For examples:

1. He is slow but he is sure

2. I am not a smart girl still; I could give some ideas to solve his problem 3. John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton.

4. Maria is a clever woman, nevertheless she often makes mistakes. 5. They have trained hard, however they failed.

6. Whereas a handicap can be an obstacle, to me it was a reason for trying header. 7. Mahogany is hard wood, while pine is soft.

8. The book is interesting, only to thick.

D. Illative

Illative is expressing or preceding interference. It consists of conjunctions: therefore, so, so then, and for.

For examples:

1. You have disregarded my advice therefore; I will not help you again. 2. I wanted to sit in the front of the balcony, so I ordered my tickets early. 3. It is time to go, so then let us start.

4. If you make a mistake, then you must admit it

5. John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees.

Moreover, at one time it is customary to use comma between clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions. Comma is used with coordinating conjunctions and appears only before the conjunctions. Comma may separate items representing the

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If there are only two words, two phrases, or two independent clauses, they will be joined by coordinating conjunction.

For examples:

1. Men and women are welcome

2. The doctor warned him not to smoke or drink.

If three or more items are coordinated, comma separates the items. However, a comma before the conjunction preceding the last item is optional.

For examples:

1. Men, women and children are welcome

2. The doctor warned him not to smoke, drink or eat highly spiced food 3. Mike is generous, friendly, and kind.

Two or more independent clauses are usually separated by a comma before the coordinating conjunctions.

For examples:

1. They hope to take a trip around the world, but they were unable to leave because of the sudden illness of their son.

2. In the evening. Some people like to watch television, others enjoy a game of cards, and still others prefer to take a nap.

2. Subordinating Conjunctions

. Subordinating conjunctions, the largest class of conjunctions, connect subordinate clauses to a main clause. These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.

Wren and Martin (2004:130) state that subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another on which it depends for its full meaning.

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Frank (1985:215) states that a subordinate conjunction introduces a clause that depends on a main or independent clause. The subordinate conjunction is

grammatically part of the clause it introduces.

Hartono (1996:332) states that subordinating conjunction joins main clause with subordinating clause.

There are three kinds of coordinating conjunctions according to their uses, such as the following:

A. Apposition

Subordinating conjunctions is a form of adverbial clause of apposition as an introductory word to the other sentences. The kinds of clause consist of conjunctions: that.

For examples:

1. She made a promise that she would come soon

2. She definitely felt that her fellow employees hadn't supported her.

B. Time

Subordinating conjunctions is a form of adverbial clause of time. The kinds of clauses consist of conjunctions: when (ever), while, since, before, after, until, till, as, as soon as, as long as, and now (that).

For examples:

1. You may begin when (ever) you ready.

2. While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

3. Since we have lived in Atlanta, we have gone to every exhibit at the High Museum. 4. Answer the first question before you proceed further.

5. We are going out to eat afterwe finish taking the test. 6. I waited for my friend until he came.

7. I waited till the train arrived

8. As I told you earlier, the lecture has been postponed. 9. I will go to the post office as soon as I warp this

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11. Now (that) the time has arrived for his vocation, he does not want to leave.

C. Place

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of place. The kinds of clause consist of conjunctions: where, wherever.

For examples:

1. The fisherman proper where fish abundant 2. I will follow wherever you go

D. Contrast

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of contrast. The kinds of clause consist of the conjunction although, though, even though.

For examples:

1. Although the line was long and the wait over two hours, the exhibit was well worth it

2. Tough he had always preferred blondes, he married a brunette.

3. Even though she disliked the movies, she went with her husband to please him.

E. Cause

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of cause. The kinds of clause consist of conjunction because, since, as, now (that), whereas, as long as. For examples:

1. I love Matisse's works because he uses color so brilliantly.

2. Since he could not take his wife with him, he decided not to go to the conference. 3. As he was in hurry, he hailed the nearest cab

4. Now (that) he is inherited his father’s money, he does not have to work anymore. 5. Whereas a number of conditions in the contract have not been met, our company

has decided to cancel the contract.

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F. Result

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of result. The kinds of clause consist of conjunctions so…that, such (a)…that, and so (that).

For examples:

1. He bled so profusely that he died

2. This is such an ugly ashtray that I am going to give it.

3. They spent their vocational at the seashore, so (that) when they came they were quite tan.

G. Purpose

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of purpose. The kinds of clause consist of conjunction (in order) that, so (that), in the hope that, and to the end that.

For examples:

1. The notice was published in order that all might know the facts. 2. He saved some bread so that he should not get hungry tomorrow.

3. They are working night and day in the hope that they can finish the building at the scheduled time.

4. To the end that justice may be served, the dependant will be offered every opportunity to establish his innocence.

Purpose, which is introduced by so (that) often resembles a result.

1. He is sitting in the front row so (that) he may hear every word of the lecture, (purpose)

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H. Condition

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of condition. The kinds of clause consist of conjunction if, even if, unless, in case, if only, as long as, suppose (that), and whether…or (whether).

For examples:

1. You will pass if you work hard

2. Even if you have already bought your ticket, you will still need to wait in line. 3. Unless we act now, all is lost.

4. In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once. 5. He would forgive his wife everything, if only she would come back to him 6. As long as someone was willing to threat her, she would go to the movies. 7. I do not care whether you go or stay.

If the result is impossible or uncertain realization, the forms for unreal condition are used.

For examples:

1. If I were you, I would get more rest. (The speaker can never be the other person). 2. If I had enough money, I would take a vacation. (This statement indicates that the

speaker does not have enough money now. The situation may change in the future, but statement is not concerned with this)

I. Manner

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of manner. The kinds of clause consist of conjunction as if, as though, and as.

For examples:

1. They all treat him as if he were a king.

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3. She always does as her husband tells her.

These conjunctions of manner may be preceded by the intensifiers just and exactly.

For examples:

1. They all treat his just as if he were king

2. She always does exactly as her husband tells her.

In the clauses beginning with as if and as though, two verbs form are possible to use.

For examples:

1. He looks as if he needs sleep 2. He looks as though he needs sleep

However, comma should be used after the subordinating conjunction when the clause necessary included as additional information and the clause is necessary, these subordinating conjunctions are: although, even tough, though, even if, as, since, whereas, and, while are usually preceded by comma.

For examples:

1. I was tired, although I had a good night’s sleep 2. I am always tired, even if I had a good night’s sleep 3. I am always tired, no matter if I had a good night’s sleep 4. I am no tired, as I had a good night’s sleep.

5. I am not tired, since I had a good night’s sleep

J. Comparison

Subordinating conjunction is a form of adverbial clause of comparison. The kinds of clause consist of conjunction than.

For examples:

1. We had better go home than to wait. 2. He is stronger than Michael.

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2.1.3 The Position of Conjunctions

In general, all of conjunctions occur between the sentences patterns, but it may occur at the beginning of the patterns, at the end of the second pattern, or in the middle of the second pattern.

For examples:

1. We asked jack to join us, however he is too tired 2. We asked jack to join us, he was too tired, however 3. We asked jack to join us, he was, however, too tired.

Moreover, the clause coordinators are restricted to initial position in the clause. For example:

1. John plays the guitar and his sister play piano.

Clause began with coordinator cannot be moved to front of the clause because it will change the relationship of clauses.

For examples:

1. They are living in England or they are spending a vocation there. 2. Or they are spending a vocation there, they are living in England.

However, few words occur sometimes as subordinators and as connectors in the sentences.

For examples:

1. Though he did not want to do it, he had it. 2. He did it, he did not want to, though. 3. He did it want to, though.

In the sentence, (a) the conjunction ‘though’ is subordinator, in the sentence (b) ‘though’ is connector, and while in sentence (c) ‘though’ is shared position.

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2.1.4 The Uses of conjunctions

In general, conjunction are used as connector, they are:

a. Coordinating conjunction connects two or more elements of equal rank. Thus they form pairs or series of it with a grammatical structure.

For examples:

1. The director dictated the reply, and his secretary typed it at once,

2. The equipment had been wrapped carefully, but careless handing damaged it. 3. The clerk took two hours on that job, for he did not finish it until now.

b. Moveable clause can be as connector or linking adverb such as: therefore, consequently, thus, accordingly, nevertheless, however, yet, and furthermore.

For examples:

1. The books make the main ideas clear; however, it does not provide enough details. 2. The monthly reports will be late; nevertheless, this charger must be made.

3. Two additional clerks will be required, therefore advertise for them in the newspaper.

c. Subordinating conjunctions connect the dependent clauses to different parts of sentences. Dependent clauses introduced by subordinating conjunctions may serve various functions:

1. as modifier Example:

a. When mail arrived, it was taken directly to the comptroller (adverbial modifier).

b. The plant where this suggestion originated in Albany (adjective modifier).

2. as subject

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3. as an Apposition

Example: the idea that profit sharing will encourage employees to work appealed to the president

4. as a direct object

Example: the designer said (that) color would improve the interior.

5. as a predicate noun

Example: our agent’s comment was then the new were pleased with our service.

2.2 The Description of Newspaper

2.2.1. The Definition of Newspaper

Newspaper is a publication containing news, information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often is published daily or weekly.

2.2.2. Parts of Newspaper

There are thirteen sections in a newspaper. These sections are very useful because when we are reading the newspaper quickly, and we want to see what happened at the football or basketball game last night, we can simply skip ahead to the sports section. Listed below are the sections in a newspaper.

1. Headline. It is written in bold in the front page of a newspaper. It is the most

important news because it contains the most recent development of the hottest issue. The headline news is straight news for it contains facts. The fact of the news is further detailed in the body of the news.

2. The second part of a newspaper is called articles of opinion or commentaries

and views. These are articles expressing the views and comments of writers or

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3. Next part of a newspaper is the local and foreign news. These are news items

of lesser importance.

4. Another important part of a newspaper is the editorial. This is the complete

news with analysis and informed argument. It is in this portion that the pros and cons (for and against) of the issue are given. It has no by-line because it is the whole paper’s stand on whatever is being editorialized. The article on the editorial page is written by the editor expressing his opinion about the latest developments or news of national interest.

5. International: The international section of a newspaper tells you about news in

different continents, such as Africa, the Americas, Europe, and Asia.

6. Business: The business section is for things that are happening business-wise. For

example, the business section might contain media and advertising, world business, the economy of the country that you live in, the stock markets, company researches, mutual funds, and stock portfolios.

7. Technology: The technology section contains things that are going in and out of

style in the technology world, things that are coming out, and things that have been out, but they're coming back in style.

8. Science: The science section in a newspaper contains things that are happening in

our medical world today. For example: a science section in a newspaper might contain what's happening in outer space, and it might contain things that are happening in and around our environment.

9. Health: The health section in a newspaper would usually contain the things that

are happening to a modern day person's health. For example: they might have come out with a new medicine that could clear the human race totally of allergies. In a health section, there might be news containing things about fitness and nutrition, new health care policies, and mental health and behavior.

10.Sports: In a sports section, you may find out about last night's baseball,

basketball, and football game. That's the second thing besides asking your buddies down at the pizza parlor. It may also tell you about a player on a team that might have gotten injured and cannot play. In a sports section, you can find out things

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about basketball, professional basketball, golf, soccer, tennis, professional football, and different sports that maybe you would want to look for.

11.Education: The thing that a student favors the most is the education section. In

the education section you might be able to find out the overall average of students in a partucular school, and maybe even a couple of awards that a student won for the school that they attend, or doing something that would help their school do better.

12.Weather: In a weather section, you can find the weather, where ever you may

need to know.

13.Obituaries: In an obituary, you can find out about people who passed on recently,

and people think that their death should be mentioned to the community. When you would go to this section in a newspaper, you can most likely find a picture about someone and a short biography.

There are many sections in a newspaper. They all play an important role, and when they act together, they make a newspaper.

2.2.3. Definition of Newspaper Editorial

Anwar (1991:98) states that “An editorial is an article expressing the opinion of the newspaper”, it is almost always unsigned, suggesting that the paper is not just anything given by writer, believe this way. Editorial almost always goes on a distinct page away from news articles to help maintain the distinction between the two. The editorial page often includes letter to the editor, which, are, of course, opinion pieces written by readers and the opinion pieces. These maybe editorial cartoons or columns. According to Laid Low (1987:72) said that an editorial is a type of persuasive writing. Its writer tries to convince the reader to accept the point of view; they offer sound arguments, backed up by fact and examples, to support that point of view. These views are expressed in editorials which appear on a special page of the newspaper page. Type headlines for editorials include ones like these:

1. Speed is essential 2. On city council reform 3. A universal dilemma

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4. The allocation of funds

Honenberg (1991: 77) states that usually the editorial page is a left-hand page and the facing page, the op-ed page, contains opinion articles from outside the paper. “op-ed” is shorthand for “opposite the editorial page”, or it could be thought of as labeling what are often opposing views to that of the paper. At Stuyvesant High School, the whole editorial section-editorial page, letters page and pages with signed editorial columns-was called op-ed because the staff liked the sound of the sound of the name of section.

Editorials almost always common upon an important issue. Perhaps they complaint someone for doing his job well, or maybe they critic a government officials or a committee for poor work. Some newspaper print editorials in type slightly larger than regular news print. Also editorials almost always measure more than one column wide usually two or three.

It is a common mistake to believe that columns and editorial is unlike news articles, do not need to be thoughtful and measured. The truth is writing a column or editorials takes more reporting, not less, while the writing for a news article needs to continue until all reasonable sides can be adequately represented, the reporting for an opinion piece needs until the writer can judge reasonably which side has the strongest case, that takes more work, not less.

There are few columns in a newspaper and one of them is editorial column or opinion editorial page. Idris (1987: 8-9) says that editorial has functioned as follows: 1. Editorial can be the social control.

2. Editorial can influence the public opinion. 3. Editorial can be the place of criticism.

Stein (1986:167-169) states that there are some basic rules of writing editorials: 1. The New York Times recommends that op-eds run about 700 words. While

papers may differ somewhat from that standard, it is suggested that op-eds be somewhere near 650 to 750 words. As op-eds grow longer, the rest of them are

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edited or in other words “chopped” by the editor, increase significantly, double space the op-ed and make sure it is type written.

2. Make it timely, make it topical and local. Link it to some events that either just happened or is about to happen. Has there been a relevant incident in their neighborhood, their city or their state? Keep this in mind. Any accident, episode or issue that has to do with the underlying values of the flag campaign would qualify. These include respect, discipline law and order, free speech, service to country and the promotion or lack of patriotism.

3. The placement of an op-ed is significantly enhanced by the name of the author. For example, people who are considered “newsworthy” or leaders in the community, have a better chance of having their op-eds published.

4. Because each paper has specific criteria for publishing op-eds, “it is best to call the editorial page editor of a target newspaper to verify its policy, prior to submitting their piece. We may wish to accompany their op-eds with a short not explaining who we are and why we’re writing the piece.

5. The piece can be either mailed, taxed, e-mailed or hand delivered to the newspaper. In many of the larger dailies, email is often the best delivery vehicle. Those papers usually publish their e-mail address on their editorial pages. In the smaller communities, delivering the piece in person is preferred and will sometimes allow the writer an opportunity to go face to face with the editorial page editor.

6. The important point to remember is so state our opinion in a way people will easily understand.

When writing opinion editorial, Siregar (1987:10-19) suggested considering the following outline:

1. Give a concise, but through, background on the conservation and reinvestment act-remember, the majoring of people reading the story may not have understanding of the issue. Give a thoughtful, yet brief, background on the issue before venturing into more details of the campaign.

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3. Localize the story provide the reader with specific examples of well known local park recreation centers, and wildlife refuges and give some examples of how dedicated conversation funding can benefit the community in the future.

4. Highlight the success of congestion “support of CARA- the opinion editorials allows the writer to stress the importance of support for both local and national. 5. Get the right individual to sign the opinion editorial-A local newspaper is more

apt to allow a community leader to author an editorial.

Moreover, there are also some rules in writing editorials, as Gundur (1994:98) states the following:

a. Find a topic. What controversial events have been on the news nationality? Locally? In your high school?

b. Research. Professional editorial writes known the value of this step. Computer assisted research, personal interviews, news articles on the subject; archives, personal interview library documents and other sources should give writer an adequate background. It is virtually impossible to over research a topic, especially if the topic is complicated or not generally understood by the reading public. Remember, there is an audience for a uniformed editorial.

c. Don’t always take the easy route. Consider the less popular stand.

Remember the axiom, which states the role of a newspaper, is “to comport the afflicted the word “An editorial” in newspaper workshop by Howard F. Decker (1972:16) said that an editorial is a column representing the views of the editors of newspaper. In an editorial, the editor gives their opinion a current topic. Opinions are not supposed to appear in new stories but in editors, the editors have the right and responsibility to tell readers what they think. Editorial language is neutral. The writer’s job is to give an opinion. This is done in a number of ways through adjective and adverbs, through sarcasm and satire and very direct criticism or praise. That is one reason why editorials are fun to read. Finally, an editorial is the opinion of the newspaper or magazine has editorial as their attitude toward the existing on their

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which also has editorial column in each edition. The newspaper is published daily every morning.

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III. METHODOLOGY

3.1 Research Method

The method of the study is an important thing. In writing this thesis, I do the library research, that is, by reading and studying some books and also research findings concerned with the topic of the problem. I also apply descriptive quantitative method to analyze them to determine the dominant type of conjunction used in The Jakarta Post editorials. Hadjar (1996:32) states that quantitative approach presents the results in description of number.

3.2 Population and Sample

Population is a large number of groups which we want to know. The part of population which can represent the whole population is called sample. Data in this thesis are all the sentences consist of conjunctions found in the Jakarta Post editorials. There are 222 conjunctions found in the Jakarta post editorial. The sources of this thesis are six editorials that are published in 14th November 2007, 16th November 2007, 20th November 2007, and 22nd November 2007 in the Jakarta Post editorials. The list of the data can been seen in the table 1 below

NO TITLES DATE SOURCE

1. Tribute to the people 14th November 2007 The Jakarta Post 2. Beat the bully 16th November 2007 The Jakarta Post 3. The more the merrier 16th November 2007 The Jakarta Post 4. Barking up the wrong tree 20th November 3007 The Jakarta Post 5. Myanmar spoils the party 22nd November 2007 The Jakarta Post 6. Binding ASEAN 22nd November 2007 The Jakarta Post

To decide the number of the sample in this analysis, I apply stratified sampling method according to Manase Manalo (1985: 158). He said that if the population number

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sample, we also can takes all the data as the sample. But if the population number of the analysis less than one hundred data we must take all the data as the sample.

3.3 The Technique of Collecting Data

In collecting the required data, I underline the sentences consist of conjunctions found in the Jakarta Post editorials. And then I classified the conjunctions based on their types.

3.4 The Technique of Analyzing Data

In analyzing the data, I apply descriptive quantitative method to determine the dominant type of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials. The data was analyzed by some step such as:

1. Reading the Jakarta Post editorials. 2. Collecting the data.

3. Identifying and classifying kinds of conjunctions used in The Jakarta Post editorials.

4. Analyzing data

a. Counting dominants of conjunctions

b. Counting the frequency of each variable of conjunctions into percentages with this formula:

X

Freq

= ----

X

100 %

N

F = Frequency of the Conjunctions

X = Number of conjunctions obtained based on their types N = Total of Conjunctions

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IV. AN ANALYSIS OF CONJUNCTIONS IN THE

JAKARTA POST EDITORIALS

4.1 Coordinating Conjunctions

4.1.1 Cumulative

There are 93 conjunctions “and” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows :

A. And

1. …about how slow-paced economic recovery has been, and about how small the economic dividends from democracy are relative to the cost… e.1, p.2, l.5

2. …how small the economic dividends from democracy are relative to the cost

and pain we have gone through. e.1, p.2, l.7

3. Soeharto styles minus the evils would be move suitable for a country as large

and as complex … e.1, p.3, l.9

4. … as complex and diversified as Indonesia. e.1, p.3, l.9

5. …(meaning a little authoritarian) and efficient leadership as an alternative to the current leadership, which constantly needs to consult with other institutions in reaching decisions. e.1, p.4, l.5

6. Some of us seem to be wavering in our belief and commitment to democracy.

e.1, p.5, l.2

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e.1, p.6, l.6

8. …democracy and Islam are not compatible. e.1, p.7, l.14

9. …such as Nelson Mandela of South Africa, Yitzhak Rabin of Israel and Aung San Suu Kyi of Myanmar. e.1, p.8, l.7

10. …it was a moment from below, and it quickly hit the public nerve …

e.1, p.11, l.8

11. … it quickly hit the public nerve and energized the nation. e.1, p.11, l.9

12. …Abdurahman Wahid and Megawati Soekarnoputri- lasted long enough to be able to claim sole credit for providing the vision … e.1, p.12, l.4

13. … providing the vision and direction of the political reforms. e.1, p.12, l.7

14. …Indonesia’s democracy was now producing political stability and the highest economic growth …e.1, p.13, l.3

15. With this award, the popular expression “Democracy for the people, from the people and by the people” cannot be more aptly used to describe what has happened in Indonesia since 1998. e.1, p.14, l.3

16. Indonesia culture teaches us to be modest and never to trumpet our own successes, … e.1, p.15, l.3

17. We still have a long way to go in making democracy a solid part of our tradition and culture, …. e.1, p.16, l.3

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18. What parents cannot fathom is how school managements fail to see violence, intimidation, - and even murder in the case of IPDN – occurring right under their noses: … e.2, p.7, l.8

19. In the case of top schools, it seems their reputation and focus on high grades...

e.2, p.8, l.2

20. Teachers will say communities and families must do their bit too…

e.2, p.12, l.5

21. … families must do their bit too and share responsibility for their children’s upbringing, e.2, p.12, l.6

22. …at least by showing up more at school and talking with teachers.

e.2, p.12, l.7

23. It would be easy to blame only the teachers and principals. e.2, p.14, l.7

24. … adults inside and outside the school gates stop taking for granted…

e.2, p.16, l.1

25. And the logical consequences is that the more choices available to voters, usually the better is. e.3, p.1, l.4

26. Our democracy and the interests of voters will be served better … e.3, p.2, l.4

27. This was a mistake. The house is made up of representatives of political parties and their interest lie in guarding their territory. e.3, p.5, l.3

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29. Those percentages translate into between 300,000 and 1.3 million signatures … e.3, p.7, l.5

30. … for a governorship and 15,000-90,000 for regency chiefs.

e.3, p.7, l.7

31. … the candidate must post a Rp. 200 million bond, and risk forfeiting the money … e.3, p.7, l.10

32. They will likely filter out serious and genuine candidates, … e.3, p.8, l.3

33. … genuine candidates and thus deprive voters of their democratic choices.

e.3, p.8, l.3

34. The proposal by the center for election reform to limit the petition’s signatures to between 1 and 3 percent of the citizens in the given area, e.3, p. 9, l.3

35. … and to keep the electoral threshold to a maximum of 10 percent instead of 25, make far more sense. e.3, p. 9, l.4

36. And we have had a happy experience with the independent candidates for Regional Representatives Council in 2004. e.3, p.11, l.1

37. Limiting the number of independent candidates will win them even less support and fewer votes. e.3, p.13, l.5

38. Political parties must still earn the trust and support of the people …

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39. The way they are behaving, should let even more independent run and win future elections. e.3, p.14, l.6

40. The antitrust body’s questionable ruling against Singapore’s Temasek Holdings, its subsidiaries and Telkomsel,.... e.4, p.1, l.4

41. As it is responsible for preventing monopolistic practices and unfair business competition, … e.4, p.2, l.5

42. … which were rampant during Soeharto’s administration through collusion between big corporations, officials, politicians and Soeharto’s cronies …

e.4, p.2, l.9

43. … Soeharto’s cronies and relatives. e.4, p.2, l.10

44. … high standards of technical competence and integrity is not only impotent to defend fair market competition, e.4, p.4, l.3

45. These are some of the apprehension we felt upon learning of the KPPU’s decision Monday and the background events, e.4, p.6, l.3

46. … intrique, rumors and controversy that preceded the KPPU’s investigations into allegations of monopolistic practices by Telkomsel … e.4, p.6, l.4

47. … allegations of monopolistic practices by Telkomsel and Indosat,

e.4, p.6, l.7

48. The legal technicalities and the market … e.4, p.7, l.1

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50. … its subsidiaries and Telkomsel are for the legal experts to analyze.

e.4, p.7, l.5

51. … the largest cellular operator, and price-fixing by Telkomsel… e.4, p.8, l.8

52. …Telkomsel and Indosat to keep mobile service prices lucratively high …

e.4, p.8, l.9

53. … Indosat to keep mobile service prices lucratively high and to bar new players from entering the market. e.4, p.8, l.11

54. It should have been the Indonesian government and state-controlled Telkom, which owns 65 percent of Telkomsel, e.4, p.9, l.2

55. … Temasek indirectly holds only 35 percent of Telkomsel and almost 31 percent of Indosat. e.4, p.9, l.8

56. Moreover, the government appointed five of the nine members of the board of directors at Indosat and most of its commicioners (supervisors). e.4, p.10, l.3

57. So how could Temasek, despite its cross-ownership at Indosat and Telkomsel,… e.4, p.11, l.2

58. … control both companies and fix their prices for the benefit of Telkomsel?

e.4, p.11, l.3

59. … the Indonesian government and not Temasek that would benefit the most from Telkomsel’s monopolistic prices” e.4, p.11, l.6

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60. ST Telemedia paid more than a 50 percent premium over the market price to bag the stake through what was then describe by many national and foreign media as a transparent transaction. e.4, p.13, l.4

61. The deal also processed under the political scrutiny of the House of Representatives, the stock market watchdog (Bapepam) and the Investment Coordinating Board (BPKM). e.4, p.14, l.4

62. …Temasek came under an endless wave of smear campaigns, public opinion harassment and many other allegations, … e.4, p.15, l.4

63. … the KPPU investigation and decisions … e.4, p.15, l.5

64. Temasek and its subsidiaries will certainly appeal the decisions at the district court … e.4, p.16, l.1

65. … at the district and the Supreme Court, … e.4, p.16, l.3

66. … the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the lead up to its 40th birthday – … e.5, p.1, l.5

67. … and it’s all thanks to Myanmar. e.5, p.1, l.6

68. Hopes abounded back in 1997 when ASEAN leaders decided to accept Myanmar membership in the region’s main political and economic bloc ...

e.5, p.4, l.4

69. Some have lost their patience and talks around Myanmar’s suspension as ASEAN member country have resurfaced following last September’s crack down on Buddhist monks … e.5, p.7, l.1

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70. … and pro democracy activists who railed peacefully for democracy.

e.5, p.7, l.5

71. A regime which crushed pro-democracy uprising to seize power in 1998 and refused to hand over power to an election-winning Aung San Suu-kyi’s Natinal League for Democracy in 1990. e.5, p.8, l.7

72. … the organization fails to force the military junta to take immediate and clear actions to prove its commitment to democracy. e.5, p.9, l.4

73. Speaking before governors and provincial leaders last week, President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono said Indonesia would continue to trust the Myanmar generals … e.5, p.11, l.1

74. … and their promise to restore democracy in the country, albeit gradually.

e.5, p.11, l.5

75. That Yudhoyono looks afraid any drastic change in Myanmar will put the country’s security, and eventually the prospect of democracy, … e.5, p.12, l.3

76. … at risk, will only continue to justify the junta and its buying of time tactics.

e.5, p.12, l.5

77. Indonesia and ASEAN will be responsible for finding a solution to the Myanmar issue during their summit in Singapore … e.5, p.13, l.1

78. … brutality of the Myanmar junta has severely jeopardized the atmosphere

and substance of the summit … e.6, p.4, l.3

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80. The welfare of their people and the freedom of their citizens… e.6, p.5, l.7

81. And Indonesia needs to prove its responsibility to the region by taking all possible measures …e.6, p.5, l.8

82. … Indonesia is the largest member of the organization and should show exemplary behavior to its neighbors. e.6, p.6, l.9

83. … the charter’s deliberation just because of their short term political interest

and their narrow minded vision, e.6, p.7, l.3

84. Of all the ASEAN members- Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia and Myanmar- … e.6, p.8, l.4

85 … it is only Indonesia and the Philippines that may find problems in ratifying the charter because of the higher level of democracy in the two countries.

e.6, p.8, l.5

86. Such a demand is very unrealistic and Arroyo made such a strong statement just for her domestic political purposes. e.6, p.8, l.13

87. We do share the concerns of various parties, like human rights organizations, parliament members in the region and other civil society organizations, …

e.6, p.9, l.3

89. … especially on the protection of the human rights and the freedom …

e.6, p.9, l.7

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91. … which still requires consensus – and not a vote as originally drafted, in a policy-making process, e.6, p.10, l.2

92. … other countries like Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia are still are a long way away. e.6, p.12, l.5

93. Even Singapore and Malaysia need to upgrade their level of democracy.

e.6, p.12, l.7

B. Not only…but also

There is one conjunction “Not only...but also” is found in the Jakarta Post editorials, it is as follow:

1. … we should be patting ourselves on the back for making democracy not only possible, but also for making transition as peaceful as possible. e.1, p.15, l.6

C. Not only…but

There is one conjunction “Not only...but” is found in the Jakarta Post editorials, it is as follow:

1. … integrity is not only impotent to defend fair market competition, but could damage the business climate through absurd decisions that create a new legal black hole for investors. e.4, p.4, l.3

4.1.2 Alternative A. Or

There are 15 conjunctions “or” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. It’s funny how it always takes outsiders to notice or to even appreciate how much we have changed for the better. e.1, p.1, l.1

2. It was even more significant that Indonesia, or the people of Indonesia, the majority of whom are Muslims, e.1, p.7, l.10

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3. Past winners have been individuals or organizations who made a contribution to democracy building in their countries, e.1, p.8, l.3

4. Historians writing about this period of Indonesia’s modern history will have a hard time pinning any individual or organization with leading the transformation.

e.1, p.10, l.3

5. Of course, we will never have a shortage of people trying to claim credit for bringing down the Soeharto regime, or for making possible the democratic process to take root in this country. e.1, p.10, l.8

6. … “one or two naughty actions” acceptable – such as the custom of seniors at some schools forcing younger students to engage in brawls. e.2, p.8, l.3

7. Several years ago bullying in our educational institutions more or less stopped after a short hazing period. e.2, p.10, l.6

8. What is harder is to examine our degree of humanity – or lack of it, which youngsters pick up on. e.2, p.15, l.2

9. This applies to the number of candidates contesting the elections for regency chiefs or provincial governors. e.3, p.2, l.3

10. … he or she fails to poll more than 25 percent. e.3, p.7, l.11

11. A properly functioning KPPU is a strong deterrent keeping big business from abusing their market dominance or engaging in other cartel-like practices.

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12. … the KPPU could be manipulated by vested interests to harass particular business entities through negative media campaigns or unnecessary investigations. e.3, p.5, l.5

13. … the Singapore business group to sell its entire stake in either Indosat or Telkomsel. e.4, p.15, l.8

14. There was nothing much ASEAN, or the international community, could do in response to the heavy handling of the protesters, e.5, p.8, l.1

15. … ASEAN will be responsible for finding a solution to the Myanmar issue during their summit in Singapore – or else Myanmar will continue to drag the organization down. e.5, p.13, l.4

4.1.3 Adversative A. But

There are 14 conjunctions “but” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. But as president Yudhoyono rightly pointed out in his acceptance speech one key explanation for Indonesia’s success... e.1, p.11, l.1

2. They each had a role in the short period of their rule, but none was more dominant than the other. e.1, p.12, l.9

3. But this is one of those exceptions when we should be patting ourselves on the back for making democracy not only possible, but also for making transition as peaceful as possible. e.1, p.15, l.4

4. … , but as president Yudhoyono said, we have reached a point of no return.

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5. But, we still have problems. e.2, p.2, l.1

6. But, the sense of superiority, along with the feeling of having every right to trample on a “lesser class” is familiar in our society. e.2, p.11, l.1

7. But, reports of bullying have not spared even religious schools. e.2, p.16, l.4

8. But we find hard it to understand why Temasek from the outset was picked on as the primary defendant… , e.4, p.8, l.3

9. But, suddenly five years later, Temasek came under an endless wave of smear campaigns, public opinion harassment …, e.4, p.15, l.1

10. … but entering the justice system will plunge the Temasek group into another legal black hole.... e.4, p.16, l.3

11. But, its seemingly not the case for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)… e.5, p.1, l.3

12. All but one ASEAN leader now gathering for a summit in Singapore may wonder how the Myanmar issue has hijacked the organization’s agenda for the last 10 years. e.5, p.2, l.3

13. Indeed, Myanmar announced a seven step “roadmap o democracy” for the country in 2003, but there has been no indication the promise would materialize anytime soon. e.5, p.5, l.3

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B.Yet

There is one conjunction “yet” is found in the Jakarta Post in editorials, it is as follow:

1. Yet, our democratic system requires that all laws be made by the house.

e.3, p.6, l.1

C. However

There is one conjunction “however” is found in the Jakarta Post editorials, it is as follow:

1. Legal matters, however complex they may be, should make sense, should have a logic. e.4, p.8, l.1

D. While

There are 4 conjunctions “while” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. For 40 years, only 30 percent of ASEAN decisions were really implemented

while the rest became historic documents. e.6, p.3, l.2

2. While Indonesia and Philippines lead in democracy, other countries like Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia are still are a long a way away. e.6, p.12, l.2

3. …why Temasek from the outset was picked on as the primary defendant while the case centered on charges of abuse of market dominance by Telkomsel, …

e.4, p.8, l.6

4. The Indonesia government also owns 14.29 percent of Indosat, while Temasek indirectly holds only 35 percent of Telkomsel…. e.4, p.9, l.7

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4.2 Subordinating Conjunctions

4.2.1 Apposition A. That

There are 39 conjunctions “that” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. Here, we are lamenting, almost on a daily basis, the lack of progress that the political reforms have brought, about how slow-paced economic recovery has been, e.1, p.1, l.2

2. Some of us are even becoming dejected by the lack of results of nearly 10 years of political reforms that they are having second thoughts … e.1, p.3, l.3

3. Some wannabe presidents for the 2009 elections are already seizing on this theme by presenting themselves as the candidate that offers a strong (meaning a little authoritarian)... e.1, p.4, l.4

4. … it comes as a pleasant surprise that the IAPC, which is meeting in Bali this week, has decided to award the people of Indonesia with its annual democracy award… e.1, p.6, l.2

5. …the role that they have played in the country’s relatively peaceful transformation from an authoritarian dictatorship to a democracy. e.1, p.6, l.5

6. As IAPC President Ben Goddard stated in presenting the award on Monday

that what the Indonesian people have achieved is no small feat by any measure. e.1, p.7, l.3

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8. … president Yudhoyono rightly pointed out in his acceptance speech one key explanation for Indonesia’s success is that democracy has been people driven from the start. e.1, p.11, l.4

9. Perhaps it was just as well that none of the first three presidents …

e.1, p.12, l.1

10. … the president said that Indonesia’s democracy was now producing political stability … e.1, p.13, l.3

11. We can only observe that the hazing period for new students has grown from the customary few weeks to sometimes the entire year until new students move up a grade. e.2, p.4, l.3

12. The government-run IPDN college for bureaucrafts dismissed a professor for reporting on the suspicious deaths of several new students, the lastest death being

that of a freshman in April this year. e.2, p.6, l.5

13. Parents entrust their children to schools for up to eight hours a day, expecting

that longer hours in class quarantee protection from all vice. e.2, p.12, l.3

14 Whoever is at fault, educators might repeat their refrain that the crammed curriculum…. e.2, p.13, l.2

15. … outside the school gates stop taking for granted that anyone deserves to be initiated into “their” milieu, … e.2, p.17, l.3

16. … is the day that we beat the bully. e.2, p.17, l.5

17. … the logical consequence is that the more choices available to voters, usually the better is. e.3, p.1, l.4

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18. The court rightly stated that the article contravened the democratic principles enshrined in the 1945 constitution. e.3, p.3, l.9

19. The implication was that independent candidates (those not supported by the political parties) must now be accommodated in local elections. e.3, p.4, l.1

20. It proposes that an independent candidate must collect the signatures...

e.3, p.7, l.1

21. Another condition is that the candidate must post a Rp. 200 million bond, …

e.3, p.7, l.8

22. … on Monday just added more evidence of the legal uncertainty that has kept most foreign investors away from Indonesia. e.4, p.1, l.6

23. … an antitrust body that does not possess high standards of technical competence… e.4, p.4, l.1

24. But could damage the business climate through absurd decisions that create a new legal black hole for investors. e.4, p.4, l.7

25. … Temasek that would benefit the most from Telkomsel’s monopolistic prices” e.4, p.11, l.7

26. Temasek subsidiary ST Telemedia was one of only two telecommunications companies- Telekom Malaysia is the other one- that submitted final bids in October 2002 for shares of publicly listed Indosat put on sale by government soon … e.4, p.12, l.4

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27. … decisions that ordered the Singapore business group to sell its entire stake … e.4, p.15, l.6

28. Turning 40 is a milestone that deserves a more festive than usual celebration.

e.5, p.1, l.1

29. … economic bloc that the grouping would manage to persuade the Myanmar military junta to compromise. e.5, p.4, l.4

30. It was quite a disappointment that Indonesia, as an influential cofounder of ASEAN, would maintain its lenient approach in facing stubborn Myanmar rulers.

e.5, p.4, l.4

31. That Yudhoyono looks afraid any drastic change in Myanmar will put the country’s security, ... e.5, p.12, l.1

32. It is very unfortunate that brutality of the Myanmar junta has severely jeopardized the atmosphere.... e.6, p.4, l.1

33. ... it brings new hope – regardless of how quickly it will happen – that the charter will pave the way for the 10 member countries to accelerate their economic development, ... e.6, p.5, l.4

34. ... the Philippines that may find problems in ratifying the charter... e.6, p.8, l.5

35. President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo has warned that the Congress is unlikely to ratify the charter ... e.6, p.8, l.9

36. It is very true that the charter is still far from being an ideal constitution because it still rigidly sticks to the non-interference principle. e.6, p.9, l.9

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37. No doubt that the charter ruling, which still requires consensus –...

e.6, p.10, l.1

38. It is not a holy book that can never be changed. e.6, p.11, l.6

39. The government needs to do its best to ensure that Indonesia will not pose a stumbling block to the implementation of the ASEAN charter. e.6, p.14, l.2

4.2.2. Time

A. When

There are 9 conjunctions “when” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. The majority of whom are Muslims, should make this kind of transformation at a time when the popular notion in the west remains that democracy and Islam are not compatible. e.1, p.7, l.13

2. So when President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono accepted the award at the ceremony in Bali, he was doing so on behalf of the 240 million Indonesians.

e.1, p.9, l.1

3. When the torch of reformasi began in 1998, it was a movement from below,...

e.1, p.11, l.6

4. When the president said that Indonesia’s democracy was now producing political stability... e.1, p.13, l.1

5. ... this is one of those exceptions when we should be patting ourselves on the back for making democracy ... e.1, p.15, l.4

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7. This is in stark contrast to the rationale given by the constitutional court when it struck out an article contravened the democratic principles enshrined in the 1945 constitution. e.3, p.3, l.6

8. This is another futile exercise to shore up their position at a time when their credibility is fast waning. e.3, p.12, l.5

9. Hopes abounded back in 1997 when ASEAN leaders decided to accept Myanmar membership in the region’s main political ... e.5, p.4, l.4

B. While

There are 4 conjunctions “while” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. ... we find hard it to understand why Temasek from the outset was picked on as the primary defendant while the case centered on charges of abuse of market dominance by Telkomsel, e.4, p.8, l.6

2. The Indonesia government also owns 14.29 percent of Indosat, while Temasek indirectly holds only 35 percent of Telkomsel and almost 31 percent of Indosat.

e.4, p.9, l.7

3. While Indonesia and the Philippines lead in democracy, other countries like Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia are still are a long way away. e.6, p.12, l.2

4. For 40 years, only 30 percent of ASEAN decisions were really implemented

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C. Since

There are 3 conjunctions “since” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. Perhaps it was just as well that none of the first three presidents since the collapse of Soeharto regime- B.J Habiebie, Abdurahman Wahid and Megawati Soekarnoputri- ... e.1, p.12, l.2

2. Instead of toasting what the regional grouping has achieved since its inception for decades ago. e.5, p.2, l.2

3. Departing from ASEAN non-interference credo, leaders of the region have

since then put pressure on Myanmar’s military junta to expedite the moves it has

pledge to take for restoring democracy. e.5, p.6, l.3

D. After

There are 6 conjunctions “after” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. … a student suffered a broken arm after being beaten by members of a school gang. e.2, p.5, l.4

2. … less stopped after a short hazing period. e.2, p.10, l.6

3. … Indosat put on sale by government soon after the terrorist bombings in Bali killed hundreds of people. e.4, p.12, l.7

4. It ended its status as an informal organization after 40 years following the signing of its charter by the leaders of the 10 member Assosiation of Southeast Asian Nations during its 40th commemorative summit in Singapore. e.6, p.2, l.2

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6. After waiting for 40 years, ASEAN finally has its own constitution.

e.6, p.13, l.1

A. Until

There is one conjunction “until” is found in the Jakarta Post editorials, it is as follow:

1. We can only observe that the hazing period for new students has grown from the customary few weeks to sometimes the entire year until new students move up a grade. e.1, p.4, l.

4.2.3. Place

A. Where

There are 3 conjunctions “place” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. The latest school bullying incident occurred in one of the city’s top high schools, in south Jakarta, where a student suffered a broken arm after being beaten by members of a school gang. e.2, p.5, l.3

2. Where all this sickening behavior comes from we don’t know for sure.

e.2, p.10, l.1

3. Ten years is too long to be still waiting to hear of significant change in Myanmar, where millions of people may have suffered international sanctions.

e.5, p.9, l.8

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4.2.4. Contrast

A. Although

There is one conjunction “although” is found in the Jakarta post editorials, it is as follow:

1. Makes it still very difficult for the regional grouping to practice the fundamental principles of democracy, although the charter also rules the leaders’ summit can overrule any decisions or the objections of its members. e.6, p.10, l.7

B. Even though

There is one conjunction “even though” is found in the Jakarta Post editorials, it is as follow:

1. He may have a point: even though principles can deny the root of the problem originate in their schools…e.2, p.7, l.4

4.2.5. Cause

A. Because

There are 11 conjunctions “because” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. Under the surface of a people known for their friendliness, one senses tolerance for the abuse of those “who deserve” to be disciplined, probably because many experienced it at school e.2, p.11, l.8

2. This seems entirely illogical because it would be the Indonesian government and not Temasek that would benefit the most from Telkomsel’s monopolistic prices” e.4, p.11, l.5

3. It should at least delete the word “association” from the acronym, because starting Tuesday it has become a legally bound organization. e.6, p.1, l.4

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4. It is something worthy to celebrate, because from now all the organizations’ decisions are legally binding because the voluntary mechanism is no longer there.

e.6, p.2, l.7

5. It is very unfortunate that brutality of the Myanmar junta has severely jeopardized the atmosphere and substance of the summit and little attention was given to the charter’s endorsement because many people directly relate the capacity of the charter as a legal base to punish Myanmar generals. e.6, p.4, l.5

6. We welcome the signing of the new charter because it brings new hope – regardless of how quickly it will happen – that the charter will pave the way for the 10 member countries to accelerate their economic development, the welfare of their people and the freedom of their citizens. e.6, p.5, l.2

7. And because the charter requires ratification by all 10 members in one year, we urge the House of Representatives to prioritize the ratification process of the ASEAN charter. e.6, p.6, l.1

8. The legislators need to remember ASEAN needs their statesmanship because Indonesia is the largest member of the organization and should show exemplary behavior to its neighbors. e.6, p.6, l.7

9. We do share the concerns of various parties, like human rights organizations, parliament members in the region and other civil society organizations, because the charter has been much watered down from its original draft, especially on the protection of the human rights and the freedom from fear and oppression.

e.6, p.9, l.4

10. It is very true that the charter is still far from being an ideal constitution

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11. The ASEAN charter can go through a similar process because it is always open for revision. e.6, p.11, l.4

2.4.6. Result

A. So (that)

There is one conjunction “so (that)” is found in the Jakarta Post editorial, it is as follow:

1. And Indonesia needs to prove its responsibility to the region by taking all possible measures so that the charter can be implemented as scheduled in the whole region. e.6, p.5, l.10

2.4.7. Condition A. If

There are 6 “if” are found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows:

1. Our democracy and the interests of voters will be served better if we allow more candidates to contest elections. e.3, p.2, l.5

2. Those percentages translate into between 300,000 and 1.3 million signatures if you want to run for a governorship and 15,000-90,000 for regency chiefs.

e.3, p.7, l.6

3. Another condition that the candidate must post a Rp. 200 million bond, and risk forfeiting the money if he or she fails to poll more than 25 percent.

e.3, p.7, l.10

4. If this is how they respond to an internal crisis, they are digging their own graveyard. e.4, p.13, l.1

5. Myanmar will continue to be an embarassment for ASEAN if the organization fails to force the military junta to take immediate and clear actions to prove its

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6. If the House members try to prolog the charter’s deliberation just because of their short term political interest and their narrow minded vision, … e.6, p.7, l.1

B. Unless

There is one “unless” found in the Jakarta Post editorial, it is as follow:

1. Indonesia culture teaches us to be modest and never to trumpet our own successes, unless you are a politician. e.1, p.15, l.3

C. Whether…or(whether)

There is one conjunction “Whether…or(whether) in the Jakarta Post editorial, it is as follow:

1. Some of us are even becoming dejected by the lack of results of nearly 10 years of political reforms that they are having second thoughts whether democracy is really the right course, or whether some sort of iron-hand authoritarian rule,

e.1, p.3, l.3

2.4.8. Comparison A. Than

There are 4 conjunctions “than” in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are as follows: 1. They each had a role in the short period of their rule, but none was more dominant than the other. e.1, p.12, l.0

2. For a lot of students, more frightening than report card day is having to deal with the school bully or bullies. e.2, p.1, l.2

3. Given all the concern over the decline of morality, for more than a decade religion has been a mandatory school subject. e.2, p.16, l.2

4. Turning 40 is a milestone that deserves a more festive than usual celebration.

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4.3 Finding Research

After analyzing the data, I found the result in description of number. I used quantitative method to reach the result of the data analysis. The following table shows the occurrences of each type of conjunctions which is found in the Jakarta post editorials.

1. The Jakarta post editorial entitled Tribute to the people published in 14th November 2007

Types of Conjunctions

Usage Element Occurances Total %

Coordinating Conjunctions Cumulative Alternative Adversative Illative And Not only...but also Not only...but Or But Yet However While - 17 1 - 5 4 - - - - 27 50% Subordinating Conjunctions Apposition Time Place Contrast That When While Since After Until Where Although Even though 16 6 - 1 - 1 - - - 27 50%

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Result Condition Comparison So (that) If Unless Whether ...or whether Than - - 1 1 1

2. The Jakarta Post editorial entitled Beat the bully published in 16th November 2007

Types of Conjunctions

Usage Element Occurances Total %

Coordinating Conjunctions Cumulative Alternative Adversative Illative And Not only...but also Not only...but Or But Yet However While - 7 - - 3 3 - - - - 11 42,3% Subordinating Conjunctions Apposition Time Place Contrast That When While Since After Until Where Although Even though 6 1 - - 2 - 2 1 - 15 57,7%

(1)

Place Contrast Cause Result Condition Comparison While Since After Until Where Although Even though Because So (that) If Unless Whether ...or whether Than 2 - 6 - - 1 - 9 1 1 - - -

Table of frequency and percentages of all conjunctions found in the entire edition of the Jakarta post editorials published in 14th November 2007, 16th November 2007, 20th November 2007, and 22th November 2007, they are as follows:

Types of conjunctions

Element Occurrences Percentages (%)

Coordinating Conjunctions

And

Not only...but also Not only...but Or But Yet However While 93 1 1 15 14 1 1 4 41,9% 0,5% 0,5% 6,5% 6,3% 0,5% 0,5% 1,8%

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Conjunctions When While Since After Until Where Although Even though Because So (that) If Unless Whether ...or whether Than 10 4 3 6 1 3 1 1 11 1 6 1 1 4 4,5% 1,8% 1,3% 2,7% 0,5% 1,3% 0,5% 0,5% 4,9% 0,5% 2,7% 0,5% 0,5% 1,8%

Total 222 100%

Based on the table above I found the result of entire number of conjunctions found in all the Jakarta post editorials published in 14th November 2007, 16th November 2007, 20th November 2007, and 22nd November 2007. The list of data shows the frequency and percentages of each type of conjunctions.

The table of frequency and percentages of conjunctions

Types of conjunctions Date, Title Coordinating Conjunctions % Subordinating Conjunctions % Total 14/11/07 Tribute to the people

27 50% 27 50% 54

16/11/07 11 42,3% 15 57,7% 26

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Beat the bully 16/11/07 The more the merrier

20 66,7% 10 33,3% 30

20/11/07 Barking up the wrong tree

34 74% 12 26% 46

20/11/07

Myanmar spoils the party

17 65,4% 9 34,6% 26

22/11/07 Binding ASEAN

18 39,1% 28 60,9% 46

Total 130 92 222

Percentages 58,6% 41,4 % 100%

The table above shows that the percentages of the uses of conjunctions found in the Jakarta post editorial is almost the same, the total of percentages for coordinating conjunctions are 58, 6%, and for subordinating conjunctions are 41, 4%. The most dominant of conjunctions found in the entire conjunction is coordinating conjunctions.

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V. CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESSTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the conjunctions in the Jakarta post editorials can be concluded that:

1. There are two types of conjunction in that novel, they are coordinating conjunctions that consist of cumulative, adversative, and alternative, and subordinating conjunctions that consist of apposition, time, place, contrast, cause, result, condition, and comparison.

2. There are 222 conjunction found in the Jakarta Post editorials, they are 130 coordinating conjunctions or about 58,6% and 92 subordinating conjunctions or about 41,4%.

3. Coordinating conjunction “and” is the most dominant type, they are 93 or 41,9% and coordinating conjunction “or” are the second dominant type, they are 15 or about 6,5%. While the least dominant type are coordinating conjunctions not only…but also, not only…but, yet, and however only 1 or about 0,5%.

4. Subordinating conjunction “that” is the dominant type, they are 39 or about 17,6% and subordinating conjunctions “because” are the second dominant type, they are 11 or about 4,9%. While the least types are subordinating conjunctions until, although, even though, so that, unless, whether…or (whether), only 1 or about 0,5%.

5. Conjunctions which are found in the Jakarta post editorial used to join parts of speech, phrases and clauses.

6. The study of conjunction shows how one word or clauses is related to another; thus, it helps us to understand the unity of the sentences in each editorial easier.

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5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusion, there are some suggestions for all the people who are interested in reading, writing, especially the readers, writers, and students:

1. The readers, writers and students should learn and understand about conjunction and preposition because most conjunctions are historically derived from other parts of speech, particularly from preposition.

2. The students are suggested to read the other Jakarta post editorials to deepen their knowledge about the uses of conjunctions.

3. For the writers and journalist, they should use relative pronouns in their writings properly and clearly.

4. Teacher should teach about the conjunctions to their students comprehensively, so that the student can understand easily the use of conjunctions.

5. Furthermore, this study can be used as a source of information in explaining about the conjunctions. And I hope this paper can be useful for everyone in improving their knowledge about the conjunctions and in producing a good writing.

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An Analysis Of Conjunctions In The Jakarta Post Editorials