Verb affixations in The Jakarta Post editorials.

(1)

ASARJANAPENDIDIKANTHESIS s t n e m e r i u q e R e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P e h t n i a t b O o

t SarjanaPendidikanDegree n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E n i y B n a w a i n r u K i h d A s u ir o g e r G 0 : r e b m u N t n e d u t

S 8121407 4

M A R G O R P Y D U T S N O I T A C U D E E G A U G N A L H S I L G N E N O I T A C U D E S T R A D N A E G A U G N A L F O T N E M T R A P E D N O I T A C U D E D N A G N I N I A R T S R E H C A E T F O Y T L U C A F Y T I S R E V I N U A M R A H D A T A N A S A T R A K A Y G O Y 3 1 0 2

(2)

ASARJANAPENDIDIKANTHESIS

s t n e m e r i u q e R e h t f o t n e m ll if l u F l a it r a P s a d e t n e s e r P e h t n i a t b O o

t SarjanaPendidikanDegree n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E n i y B n a w a i n r u K i h d A s u ir o g e r G 0 : r e b m u N t n e d u t

S 8121407 4

(3)

(4)

ii i

(5)

v i

s

e

t

a

u

d

a

r

g

l

A

:

o

T

.

m

u

s

o

g

r

e

o

d

e

s

,o

ti

g

o

c

n

o

N

.

g

n

i

h

t

o

n

s

i

g

n

i

v

i

g

t

u

o

h

ti

w

g

n

i

k

n

i

h

t

e

s

u

a

c

e

B

(6)

v k r o w e h t n i a t n o c t o n s e o d , n e tt ir w e v a h I h c i h w , s i s e h t s i h t t a h t e r a l c e d y lt s e n o h I e h t d n a s n o it a t o u q e h t n i d e ti c e s o h t t p e c x e , e l p o e p r e h t o f o k r o w e h t f o s tr a p r o . d l u o h s r e p a p c if it n e i c s a s a , s e c n e r e f e r , a tr a k a y g o

Y J ul 7y1 th_,₂₀₁₃ r e ti r w e h T n a w a i n r u K i h d A s u ir o g e r G 4 7 0 4 1 2 1 8 0

(7)

i v S I M E D A K A N A G N I T N E P E K K U T N U H A I M L I A Y R A K I S A K I L B U P : a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U a w s i s a h a m a y a s ,i n i h a w a b i d n a g n a t a d n a tr e b g n a Y

Nama :Grego iru sAdh iKurniawan

Nomo rMahasiswa :081214074 , n a u h a t e g n e p u m li n a g n a b m e g n e p i m e

D saya membeirkan kepada Perpustakaan : l u d u jr e b g n a y a y a s h a i m li a y r a k a m r a h D a t a n a S s a ti s r e v i n U

VERBAFFIXATIONSI NTHEJAKARTAPOSTEDITORIALS

n a k ir e b m e m a y a s n a i k i m e d n a g n e D . ) a d a a li b ( n a k u lr e p i d g n a y t a k g n a r e p a tr e s e b a d a p e

k Perpustakaan Universita s Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan , a k h il a g n e

m ndalam bentuk media l ain ,mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan t e n r e t n I i d a y n n a k i s a k il b u p m e m n a d ,s a t a b r e t a r a c e s n a k i s u b ir t s i d n e m , a t a d a p n a t s i m e d a k a n a g n it n e p e k k u t n u n i a l a i d e m u a t

a pelru meminta i ijn dair

n u p u a m a y a

s membeirkan r oyatl ikepadasaya selamat etap mencantumkannama . s il u n e p i a g a b e s a y a s . a y n r a n e b e s n a g n e d t a u b a y a s g n a y i n i n a a t a y n r e p n a i k i m e D a tr a k a y g o Y i d t a u b i D l a g g n a t a d a

P .. u..J li 2013 n a k a t a y n e m g n a Y ) n a w a i n r u K i h d A s u ir o g e r G (

(8)

ii v n a w a i n r u

K ,Grego iru sAdhi .2013.Verbafifxaitons inTheJakartaPos tedtiorials . a m r a h D a t a n a S , m a r g o r P y d u t S n o it a c u d E e g a u g n a L h s il g n E : a tr a k a y g o Y . y ti s r e v i n U m r o f d r o w t s e n o m m o c e h t s i n o it a x if f

A aiton proces sin Engilsh. I tmay r e h t o n a s e v l o v n i n e tf o t i ,r e v e w o H . s b r e v g n i d u l c n i , h c e e p s f o s tr a p y n a n i r u c c o e h t t u o d n if o t d e t c u d n o c s i h c r a e s e r e h t , e r o f e r e h T . ll e w s a s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o m h c i h w , n o it a x if f a e h t n i h ti w g n ir a e p p a s e s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o

m especially

.s b r e v s e if i d o m y d u t s s i h t n i d e v r e s b o a t a d e h

T were retireved from an Engilsh l anguage r e p a p s w e n y li a

d TheJakartaPostsince tii saqualtiydaliynewspaper. Inordert o h

c a e

r ther esearchobjecitve,t her esearchproblem si formulatedasf ollows ,“Wha t e

h t e r

a morphologica lprocesse so fthe verb sin the edtio iral so fThe Jakarta t

s o P ? ”

r e h c r a e s e r e h

T then appiled content analysi sto conduc tthe research , s e s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o m d n a n o it a x if f a f o s e ir o e h t y b d e tr o p p u

s .Since i ti s

t , h c r a e s e r e v it a ti l a u q a s a d e r e d i s n o

c herewas eo n insrtumentthatt her esearche r d e y o l p m

e ,.ie.t hehumaninsrtument ,whichi st heresearche rhimsefl. Thi skindo f o t d e n o it c n u f t n e m r u t s n

i determine the focu so fthe research ,choose the data e

c r u o

s i(n t hi scaseTheJaka traPostedtio irals) ,co llectt hedata ,assest hequaltiy s i h n o s n o i s u l c n o c w a r d d n a , a t a d e h t t e r p r e t n i , a t a d e h t e s y l a n a , a t a d e h t f o .s g n i d n if t , y d u t s e h t f o t l u s e r e h t n o d e s a

B her esearcherf ound t hatt herew ere ifve f o y r o g e t a c e h t o t g n o l e b s b r e v e s o h T . e l b a s y l a n a t o n e r e w s e s a b h c i h w f o s b r e v y

fi -sufifxed verbs . I t i s also found tha t borrowings , conversion , and . n o it a x if f a e h t n i h ti w r u c c o y g o l o n o h p o h p r o

m The researche rrecommend stha t c u d n o c s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u

f tsimlia rresearch on etihe rotherafifxes ,othe rpatr so f h

c e e p

s o rmorphologica lprocesses .Compared to thi s research , the dfiferen t .s n o i s u l c n o c e m o s g n ir b y l b i s s o p h c r a e s e r e r u t u f e h t n i s e l b a ir a v s d r o w y e

(9)

ii i v n a w a i n r u

K ,Grego iru sAdhi .2013.Verbafifxaitons inTheJakartaPos tedtiorials . : a tr a k a y g o

Y Program Stud i Pendidikan Bahasa Ingg irs , Jurusan Pendidikan i d n e P u m lI n a d n a u r u g e K s a tl u k a F , i n e S n a d a s a h a

B dikan ,Universtia sSanata

. a m r a h D t a m a g y a t a k n a k u t n e b m e p s e s o r p n a k a p u r e m n a h u b m i g n e p u a t a i s a s k if A s a l e k p a it a d a p n a k p a r e ti d a s i b i s a s k if A . s ir g g n I a s a h a b m a l a d n a k a n u g i d m i z a l a b il e m t u r u t t u b e s r e t s e s o r p i l a k g n ir e s , n u m a N . a jr e k a t a k k u s a m r e t , a t a

k tkan

p a k g n u g n e m k u t n u n u s u s i d i n i n a it il e n e p h a l u ti a n e r a K . a y n n i a l s i g o l o f r o m s e s o r p t a p a d r e t g n a y a y n s u s u h k , n a h u b m i g n e p m a l a d i d i d a jr e t g n a y s i g o l o f r o m s e s o r p . a jr e k a t a k a d a p n a ir a h r a b a k t a r u s i r a d l i b m a i d i n i n a it il e n e p m a l a d i t a m a i d g n a y a t a D a b r e

b hasaI ngg ir sbernamaTheJaka traPostyangmerupakan sura tkaba rdengan h a l a s a m , i n i n a s il u n e p i r a d n a u j u t i a p a c n e m k u t n U . i u k a i d h a d u s g n a y s a ti l a u k s e s o r p a j a s a p A “ , t u k ir e b i a g a b e s n a k s u m u ri d n a k

a -prose s morfologi s yang

r e k a t a k n a k u t n e b m e p m a l a d l u c n u

m ja be irmbuhan dalam tajuk rencana The t s o P a tr a k a

J ? ”

g n u k u d i d , i s i s i s il a n a n a k p a r e n e m s il u n e p , i n i n a it il e n e p n u s u y n e m m a l a D s e s o r p n a d i s a s k if a i r o e t n a g n e

d -prose smorfologis .Peneilitani nit ergolongdalam n a h a y n m a l a d i d a n a m i d , fi t a ti l a u k n a it il e n e

p ya terdapa tsatu insrtumen ,yakn i k u t n u i s g n u f r e b s il u n e p , n e m u rt s n i i a g a b e s a y n n a r e p m a l a D . ir i d n e s s il u n e p a n a c n e r k u j a t i n i l a h m a l a d ( a t a d r e b m u s h il i m e m , n a it il e n e p s u k o f n a k u t n e n e m l a n a g n e m , a t a d s a ti l a u k i a li n e m , a t a d n a k l u p m u g n e m , )t s o P a tr a k a J e h

T isi sdata ,

. a y n n a u m e n e p s a t a n a l u p m i s e k t a u b m e m n a d , a t a d n a k ri s f a n e m a jr e k a t a k a m il n a k u m e n e m s il u n e p , i n i n a it il e n e p i r a d l i s a h n a k r a s a d r e B a t a K . s ir g g n I a s a h a b m a l a d a y n a t a k r a k a n a k u m e ti d t a p a d k a d it g n a y n a h u b m ir e b -m a l a d k u s a m r e t t u b e s r e t a jr e k a t a

k kategor i kata kejra dengan akhrian – fiy . l u c n u m i g o l o n o f o f r o m n a d , i s r e v n o k , n a p a r e s a w h a b i t a p a d n e m a g u j s il u n e P t u j n a l h i b e l n a it il e n e p m a l a d n a k r u j n a g n e m s il u n e P . n a h u b m i g n e p s e s o r p m a l a d u p u a m , n i a l g n a y a t a k s a l e k , n i a l g n a y n a h u b m i k i a b i ti l e n e m r a g

a n prose s

a d a p n a a d e b r e p , g n i d n a b m e p i a g a b e s i n i n a it il e n e p n a g n e D . n i a l g n a y s i g o l o f r o m l e b a ir a

v -vairabe l peneilitan ama t memungkinkan menghaslikan beberapa . n a l u p m i s e k

(10)

x i . h s i n if o t e v a h I t a h w h s i n if o t t a e r g s i

tI Ireailset hati thappen sbecause , e r o f e r e h T . tr o p p u s r i e h t g n i v i g s tr a p y n a m o s e r a e r e h

t Ican step up t o t henex t

y m e b d l u o h s e n o g n i c n e u lf n i t s o m e h T . e l c a t s b

o God ,who atr sin heaven ,fo r

h tl a e h e m g n i v i

g and spiir ta swell .He also give smeoppo truntiy and doe sHi s . s i s e h t y m g n i h s i n if e m e l b a n e o t e m d n u o r a g n i h t y r e v e g n i g n a r r a y b s tr a

p The

. n a li t n u M n i y li m a f y m s i e n o t n a tr o p m i t x e

n Iwould ilke to thank my mothe r

a k i r n e

H Sr iWidaya it and fathe rAgus itnus Hartanto ,fo runderstanding me , t r o p p u s o t s g n i h t e l b a t c i d e r p n u y n a m o s g n i o d r o f d n a , e m g n i n r a w , e m g n i s i v d a d e m a n r e h t o r b a g n i v a h r o f l u f e t a r g o s l a m a I . y ti s r e v i n u n i y d u t s y m g n i h s i n if e m o e

L nardu s Kris itanto Nugraha . He give s me some suggesitons ,especially g n it ir w y m f o e g a t s y lr a e e h t t a g n i k n i h t f o y a w e h t o t d e t a l e

r and hisi dea smake

r e tt e b s i s e h t y

m . Idonotf orgett ot hankmys iste rBrigtit aHen iWiselyaRini rfo d n a ” y t u d “ y m t u o b a e m g n i d n i m e r g n i p e e

k givingmesuppo trvoluntarliy . tIi sa . e m d n u o r a m e h t e k il s n o s r e p e v a h o t e m r o f e g e li v ir p I , t x e

N alsowantt o t hankDrs .Barl iBram ,M.E ,d P .. h .D fo rbeing such agrea tadvisori nmyt hesis . Ihavef oundwha t Ihaveno tgo tacademically ,how o s l a e H . e l b i s s o p m i s k o o l t i n e h w c it s i m it p o e b d n a h t a p n w o y m d n if o t s r e w o p m

e met o exploremoreon ilnguisitc sand tii ssuchaveryusefult hingf o r .

m The grattiude i salso driected to my lecture ,r Made Frida Yuila ,S.Pd. , .

(11)

x . h c r a e s e r a g n it ir w n i o d d l u o h s I t a h w n o n o i n i p o s i h e v a g o t s k n a h t l a i c e p s s s e r p x e o t e k il d l u o w

I Antonia Disma Dw iPutran it rfo n a c I t a h t o s e m r o f r e n tr a p t a e r g a n e e b s a h e h S . y a d y r e v e t s o m l a e m g n it r o p p u s . k r o w y m e t e l p m o c y ll a n if d n a , g n il g g u rt s p e e k , fl e s y m e g a r u o c n

e Ialso wantt o

, s d n e ir f y m k n a h

t the‘PowerRangern Monster’ ,Yosua, Adam ,Sherly, Yus ,

d n

a Benifo rbeinggrea tpatrner si n hangingout ,shairng ,andperhapsl earning . I o

d no tforge tto thank my co lleague sfrom ‘PEN’ ,Ivon ,Rean ,Dhtia ,Astri ,

a k a

S ,and Benifo rgiving mechancet obeprofessional . Ialso wantt o t hank my e l b i d e r c n

i ‘Las tLeaf’f ort hel aughter ,and maybet ear ,sweshared . Iwould ilke : s i s e h t n w o r u o h s i n if o t d e ir t s y a w l a o h w e s o h t , m a e T y r a r b i L y m k n a h t o

t Bella,

a r a l

C ,Seto ,Siska ,Yuan ,Riska ,Angel ,Deit ,and Yus, and also al lo fmy bes t y ll a i c e p s e , s d n e ir

f Siska ,who alway sshout t heril oudes tyelt o suppor tme .L tas t

o n t u

b least , Iwould ilke to thank al lo fmy firend sof batch 2008 fo rou r .s s e n r e h t e g o t n a w a i n r u K i h d A s u i r o g e r G

(12)

i x

Page E G A P E L T I

T ... i E G A P L A V O R P P

A ... ii N A H A S E G N E P N A M A L A

H ... iii E G A P N O I T A C I D E

D ... vi STATEMENTOFWORK’SORIGINALITY ... v

I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E

P ... vi T C A R T S B

A ... iv i K A R T S B

A ... iiv i S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C

A ... x..i S T N E T N O C F O E L B A

T ... xi S E L B A T F O T S I

L ... vx i S E C I D N E P P A F O T S I

L ... xv

N O I T C U D O R T N I I R E T P A H

C ... 1 .

A ResearchBackground... 1 .

B ResearchProblems ... 3 .

C ProblemLimtiaiton ... 3 .

D ResearchObjecitves ... 3 .

E ResearchBeneftis... 4 .

F De ifniitono fTerms... 4 E R U T A R E T I L D E T A L E R F O W E I V E R I I R E T P A H

C ... 7 .. .

A Theoreitca lDescirpiton ... 7 .... .

1 Af ifxaiton... 7 .

a pre ifxdsi- ... 9 .

b pre ifxe - n ... 11 .

c pre ifxr - e ... 12 .

(13)

ii x

.f suf ifx- eis ... 14 .

2 Morphologica lProcess ... 51 .

a Conversion ... 16 .

b Cilpping ... 61 .

c Blends ... 71 .

d Backformaiton ... 81 .

e Acronyms... 81 .f Coinageandeponyms... 91

g Borrowing ... 02 .

h Morphophonology ... 1..2 .

B Theoreitca lFramework ... 22 ....

Y G O L O D O H T E M H C R A E S E R I I I R E T P A H

C ... 32 .

A ResearchMethod... 32 .

B ResearchObject... 42 .

C Insrtumen tandDataGatheirngTechnique ... 52 .

D DataAnalysi sTechnique ... 7..2 .

E ResearchProcedures ... 72 S

G N I D N I F H C R A E S E R V I R E T P A H

C ANDDISCUSSION... 03 .

A Morphologica lProcesse so fVerbsi nTheJaka traPostEdtio irals .... 03 .

a pre ifxdsi- ... 03 .

b pre ifxe - n ... 43 .

c pre ifxr - e ... 53 .

d suf ifx-en ... 73 .

e suf ifx-i yf ... 93 .f suf ifx - si e ... 14 .

(14)

ii i x .

A Conclusions... 54 .

B Suggesitons... 46 .

C Impilcaitons... 74 S

E C N E R E F E

(15)

v i x

T ea bl Page

3 .1Example soft heedtio irals ...2 6 3.2Formoft hedatagatheirng ...2 8 3.3Example so fanalysingt heverbsf ound ...2 9 4.1Verb scontainingpre ifxdis- ...3 1 4.2Verb scontainingpre ifxen- ...3 4 4.3Verb scontainingpre ifxre- ...36 4.4Verb scontainings uf ifx-en ...3 8 4.5Verb scontainings uf ifx- yfi ...3 9 4.6Verb scontainings uf ifx-ise...41

(16)

v x

Appendix Page

f o s l a ir o ti d E .

A TheJakartaPost ... 2..5 B. Lis to fAf ifxedVerbs( In lfecitonalI ncluding)...1 02

(17)

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter the researcher presents the background of the research. The background of the research covers information about the nature and the content of the study. The researcher divides this chapter into six parts, namely research background, research problem, problem limitation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms.

A. Research Background

As stated in Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006), most languages have a word forming process called affixation, and so does English. English has a large number of affixes which modify words from various parts of speech in the language, including verbs, which are considered as the most important word in a sentence. Hornby (1984) clearly states that “verb is the most important word in a sentence for anyone who is learning to speak or write correct English.” The understanding of the words categorised as verbs will help people determine the core of the sentence they read or hear.

However, an affix does not make the most concrete and distinctive contributions to the meanings of the words formed by affixation, but the roots do (Carstairs-McCarthy, 2006). By decomposing an affixed word and supported by knowledge of the affix(es) constructing it, English learners can reveal the base and root of the word, which will lead them to the understanding of the whole word. In

(18)

involve other morphological processes and these processes possibly occur more than once in an affixed word. As stated in Szymanek (1989), some words “display certain features of two or three process-types combined in various ways” (p. 105). Therefore, other processes involved within the word formation should be observed.

Based on the fact above, the researcher conducted a research to reveal the morphological processes happening within the verb affixations. In order to obtain the appropriate result, the researcher chose text media. The Jakarta Post, a daily English language newspaper, was selected as the object of the study. The newspaper was founded on April 25, 1983, which means that The Jakarta Post

has such experience that it is credible enough. The researcher focused the research on a rubric called editorial. As retrieved in thejakartapost.com, The Jakarta Post

is aimed to be an English-language newspaper with highest editorial quality, which motivates the researcher to choose the editorial rubric of the daily newspaper. As Wardani (2005) says about the rubric, the researcher chose it as the object of his research since “the information provided in this column usually becomes the point of departure in several scientific writings and show a resolute attitude of newspaper editorial on a particular issue”. Aside from the opinion that may be formed by the writer, the researcher want to reveal the morphological processes occurring within the affixation, which may blur the visibility of the bases.

(19)

In order to make this research focused, the research question is formulated as follows.

1. What are the morphological processes of the verbs in the editorials of The Jakarta Post?

C. Problem Limitation

The wide use of the affixation and the important role of a verb in a sentence are the main reasons motivating the researcher to conduct this research. The research will discuss nothing but verb affixations and morphological processes happening within the affixation. Considering the different characteristics of English affixes, the researcher takes six affixes which consist of three prefixes and also three suffixes. They are dis-, en-, and re (prefixes); and

-en, -ise, and -ify (suffixes). The fact that those affixes are the most productive prefixes and suffixes found in the editorials also motivates the researcher to analyse them.

The writer will figure out the bases of each verb and the morphological processes found in the verb affixations as formulated in the research problem. The only data used in the research are The Jakarta Post editorials in September 2011.

D. Research Objectives

There is one objective that will be obtained through this research.

(20)

E. Research Benefits

The researcher expects that this study can be beneficial for: 1. Readers of this research

The research will provide information about how affixation happens, especially in verbs, and some morphological processes which possibly occur within the affixation.

2. Students of English Department

This research will contribute to morphology study, especially related to affixation, which will enrich the students’ knowledge of certain morphological phenomena occurring within the use of affixation. It can also help them build more words by combining affixation and some morphological processes. Besides, this research are also meant to inspire the students to be critical to morphological phenomena found.

3. Future researchers

This research can be used as a reference to conduct similar researches related to affixation and morphological processes in words.

F. Definition of Terms

The topic of this research deals with some terms such as verb affixations, morphological processes and newspaper editorial. To avoid misconception about the terms used in this study, the researcher provides a brief explanation about them.

(21)

According to Carstairs-McCarthy (2006), affixation is the process whereby an affix is attached to a base, which may be simple (as in full, the base to which –

ness is attached to form fullness), or complex (like meditate, the base to which

pre- is attached to form premeditate). From the examples above, it can be concluded that the affixation occurring in a word can happen once or more, and they are still called affixation. It brings an understanding to the researcher that affixation is the process whereby an affix or affixes is or are attached to a base.

2. Morphological processes

It is possible to find other morphological processes besides the affixation in the affixed verbs. O’Grady, Archibald, Aronoff, and Rees-Miller (2010) clasify the processes that may happen during the process of forming words, in this case the verbs: cliticization, conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms, onomatopoeia, coinage, eponyms, and borrowing. Those happening processes will make the readers difficult to determine the bases. However, some of the process are not very productive and rarely found within the affixation occurring. Therefore, the researcher omitted cliticization and onomatopoeia. On the other side, the researcher added a morphological process included in morphophonology since it occurs quite often within the affixation.

3. Newspaper editorial

Spencer (1924) defines editorial as “an expression of fact and opinion in concise, logical, pleasing order for the sake of entertaining, of influencing opinion, or of interpreting significant news in such a way that its importance to

(22)

editorial in a newspaper may have different point of view from other newspapers. An editorial contains subjectivity factor so that the researcher would eliminate the subjective elements, which are not related to morphological factor. Therefore, the researcher analyse words instead of sentences in the editorials.

(23)

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the literature related to the research. It consists of two main parts. The first part is named theoretical description. In the theoretical description, the writer reviews the main theories which are directly related and used as the references to the research, i.e. the affixation, which presents a short explanation about affixation and the six affixes discussed, and the morphological processes. In the theoretical framework, the researcher explains the theories’ relevance to answer the research question.

A.Theoretical Description

In this part, the researcher discusses the theories of affixation, especially the derivational one. The researcher also discusses the specified prefixes and suffixes which are categorised as productive in the editorials. Besides, the researcher provides the theories related to morphological phenomena in this part. The theory will discuss and limit the phenomena analysed in this research.

1. Affixation

As stated by Fasold and Connor-Linton (2006), “the most common morphological process for modifying a root is by adding something to it – the process of affixation” (p. 66). It is clear that affixation, which modifies an already existing word by adding an affix to make a new word, is widely used.

(24)

The process of affixation cannot be separated from some specified terms. The first thing to consider is morpheme. According to Katamba (1993), a morpheme is “the smallest, indivisible units of semantic content or grammatical function which word are made up of”. He also adds that it cannot be decomposed into smaller units. English morphemes can be classified into free morpheme and bound morpheme. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can be a word by itself. Meanwhile, bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand by itself (Finch, 2000, p. 104). It always occurs with some other elements attached to it (Katamba, 1993, p. 42). Another term commonly related to affixation is base. Plag (2003) defines base as “the part of a word which an affix is attached to”. He adds that a root is a base which “cannot be analysed further into morphemes”. Finch (2000) states that a root is “the free morpheme to which the bound ones are attached” (p. 105). Affixes are the examples of bound morphemes (Katamba, p. 44).In his book

English Morphology, Dwijatmoko (2003) defines affix as “a bound morpheme which is attached to an already existing word to form a new word or to show a syntactic meaning” (p. 9). Based on the place of the occurrence, an affix is categorised into three groups: prefix, suffix and infix. A prefix is an affix that is placed before the root; a suffix is an affix placed after the root; an infix is an affix placed inside the root, but it is rarely used formally (Katamba, 1993, pp. 44-45).

English has two main affixation processes, i.e. derivational affixation and inflectional affixation (Katamba, 1993, p. 47). Inflectional affixation always adds suffixes after the roots. There is not any prefix which is inflectional

(25)

(Carstairs-McCarthy, 2006). Derivation itself is an affixation process that forms a word with a meaning or category distinct from that of its base (Szymanek, 1989, p. 274). While according to Bauer (1988), derivation is the process of adding affixes to change sub-categorisation features associated with the base (p. 76).

As stated in the previous chapter, this research would analyse only the derivational affixes since English is a language with little inflection (Lehmann, 1972). Therefore, all inflectional affixes found would be ignored. To construct a better understanding about the changing or effects derivational affixes make, the researcher referred to a theory about derivational affixes found in Katamba (1993). He states that derivational affixes create new lexemes by “modifying significantly the meaning of the base to which they are attached, without necessarily changing its grammatical category” (e.g. kind and unkind ). The second one is changing the grammatical category of a base as well as a possible change in meaning (e.g. hard (adj) and hardship (N(abs)). The last one is that “they may cause a shift in the grammatical sub-class of a word without moving it into a new word-class (as in the case of friend (N(conc)) and friend-ship (N(abs))”

(p. 50). Because this research is dealing with certain derivational affixes, the researcher will provide some theories related to the affixes.

a. Prefix dis-

There are two entries of prefix dis- found in Webster’s Third New

(26)

dis- which means twice or double and the other one. This research will not discuss the “double” dis- but the other one. The dis- discussed in this research has four meanings. The first is “to do the opposite of: to reverse (a specified action)”; “to deprive of (a specified character, quality, or rank)” ; “to exclude or expel from”. The second meaning is “opposite of: contrary of: absence of”. The third meaning is ”not”. The fourth meaning is “completely”. This dis- is derived from Old French des-, dis- and from Latin dis- which means apart, to pieces (p. 642).

According to Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1985), the prefix

dis- “combines with open class items including verbs” (p. 1540). This statement is

also supported by a research conducted by Widyastuti (2002) which emphasises that the prefix dis- can modify four parts of speech, i.e. nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. From the tally, the words modified by the prefix consist of 165 nouns, 116 verbs, 47 adjectives, and 27 adverbs.

Szymanek (1989) classifies the usage of dis- into three: negative, reservative, and privative. When forming reservative verbs, the prefix dis- can be paraphrased as ‘cause to be no longer V-ed’. It is commonly combined with verbs which is derived from Latinate and Romance bases, mostly beginning with a vowel (p. 294). Besides the reservative function, the prefix dis- also has privative function which enables the prefix to be paraphrased as “to deprive of (something)” or “to free from (something)”. There is also an ablative function of the verbs it is attached to. As the consequence, the prefixed verbs can be interpreted as ‘remove from (something) (p.298). However, Quirk et al. adds that

(27)

there are derived words with the prefix dis- that cannot be analysed because they already had the prefixes when they adopted into English (p. 1541). From the statement, it indicates that there is a morphological process named borrowing involved. It will confuse the researcher in analysing the prefixed verbs, especially to reveal the bases. Therefore, the researcher would refer to some dictionaries to identify the confusing prefixed verbs.

b. Prefix en-

As stated in The New Oxford American Dictionary, prefix en- is used to form verbs. Sometimes en- is attached to adjectives and sometimes to nouns. The difference between the parts of speech of the bases correlates with a semantic distinction. Katamba (1993) states that “the en- attached to adjectives has a causative meaning”. This kind of en- (which is attached to adjectives) can be interpreted as “make”, e.g. to ensure is to ‘make sure’, to enlarge is to ‘make

large’, etc. Meanwhile, another en-, which is attached to nouns can be paraphrased as ‘put in or into’. For example to endanger is to ‘put in danger’ and to encourage

is to ‘put in courage’ (pp. 50-51).

The prefix en- also has a variation, i.e. em- (Szymanek, 1989, p. 286). It will be followed by bases which are initiated in /b/ or /p/. Szymanek also adds that there is a similarity between prefix en- and suffix –en. However, the prefix is much less productive than the suffix.

(28)

c. Prefix re-

English has a type of prefix which is repetitive. When attached to a base, this kind of prefix will mean ‘V again or anew’ or ‘achieve a certain result again’ (Szymanek, 1989, p. 301). The prefix re- is a very productive suffix. Therefore Szymanek (1989) cites Marchand (1969): “today almost any transitive verb can be prefixed by re- [...]”. He also adds that both native and Latinate verbs may be

combined with re-.

Semantically, not all verbs using the prefix re- have the same meaning. Szymanek (1989, pp. 302-303) says that there are three distinct uses of the prefix

re-:

(a)”the result is either imperfect or unattained. Re- then denotes repetition with a view to changing or improving the previous inadequate result” (Thompson 1974: 11) cf. rearrange, repack, retype.

(b)”The result of the action or the former state has come undone. In this usage, re- restores the previous state” (Thompson 1974: 11). In other words, Marchand (1969: 190), as cited by Szymanek calls this kind of prefix as “re- reverses the reversal”.

(c)”Re- can also simply carry the message ‘to achieve a result again’ “(Thompson

1974: 12); cf. re-enter, republish, reuse, resubscribe.

However, in fact, the uses of re- can appear at once at the same derived verb (p. 303).

(29)

Szymanek also underlines that some re- prefixed verbs have bases which are nouns. There are also some intransitive verbs playing a role as the bases. Though, some other intransitive verbs cannot apply the use of the prefix re-.

The New Oxford American Dictionary provides the usage of this prefix. Modern English tends to use the prefix without hyphen. But in certain occasion, hyphen can be added to avoid misinterpretation, e.g. recover and re-cover.

d. Suffix -en

Suffix –en can be added to form either adjective or verb (Bauer, 2003). In

The New Oxford American Dictionary, the suffix –en can form an adjective when it is attached to a noun (e.g. wooden) and it will construct a verb if following an adjective (e.g. soften). However, as written in the dictionary, there are still four other entries of the suffix. Since this research deals with verb formation, the researcher would take the suffix –en which is attached to an adjective, e.g.

freshen, whiten, and brighten.Szymanek (1989) says that the suffix –en functions as causative. It is also stated that the adjectives to which the suffix –ens are attached are non-Latinate adjectives. In term of productivity, the suffix –en is not very productive due to the phonological constraint on its use. Szymanek firmly states that based on many studies, “–en attachment is subject to a powerful phonological constraint: the adjectival base must be monosyllabic and it must end in an obstruent preceded by an optional sonorant” (p. 280). Therefore, he adds that

(30)

“there are no –en derivatives from monosyllabic adjectives ending in vowels (cf.

dry, free, new) or in sonorants (cf. clean, full, slim)” (p. 281).

As stated by Szymanek (1989), the rules should be specified that a monosyllabic adjective ending in a nasal followed by an obstruent cannot add the suffix –en to form a verb. There are also some cases that should be excluded from the constraint. Lengthen and strengthen are the examples of the exceptions and they are categorised as irregular (p. 281).

e. Suffix -ify

As explained on www.merriam-webster.com, the suffix is originally from Middle English -ifien, which is from Anglo-French -ifier, which is from Latin -ificare. Further, the Latin -ificare is analysed as -i- plus -ficare, which becomes

-fy in English. As stated in The New Oxford American Dictionary, suffix –(i)fy is a verb-forming suffix. Szymanek (1989) categorises the suffix as “causative”. Unfortunately, there are not many English verbs of the form Xify easily decomposed into the form of base plus the suffix –ify. He adds that there is an alternative approach when the base ends in /i/. How to analyse it is by adding the suffix –ify after dropping the stem-final /i/ before (p. 285).

f. Suffix –ise

Random House Webster’s College Dictionary states that the suffix –ize is one of the most productive suffixes in English. It has been commonly used since

(31)

the 16th century. The New Oxford American Dictionary states that the suffix –ize

can be attached to a noun or an adjective to form a verb (p. 896). Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik (1972) adds that the suffix –ize can function to form chiefly transitive verbs from nouns and adjectives (p. 1001). Szymanek (1989) adds that the suffix is very productive in forming causative verbs in English. It can be attached to bisyllabic and polysyllabic Latinate bases ending in –al, -an, -ar, -ic, and sometimes also –ile (p. 283). The suffix –ise also has another function named ornative function. When it is attached to a base, it can be paraphrased as ‘provide with (something) (pp. 296-297). Another fact to consider about the suffix is the spelling. The suffix –ise, as cited from The New Oxford American Dictionary, is an alternative spelling, especially in British English, reflecting the French influence. Meanwhile, -ize is commonly used in American English.

2. Morphological Process

As stated by Veisbergs (1999), word-formation processes have some rules that make the processes regular but there are some irregular patterns used, which make the processes have many variants and look “untidy”.

Veisbergs also points out that there is still a controversy in English study about what processes are in the word-formation scope and what are not. Therefore, the researcher determines the morphological processes analysed in this research.

(32)

a. Conversion

Katamba (1993) states that conversion forms a new word without “modifying the form of the input word that serves as the base”. Conversion is a word forming process that changes the word class of an already existing word to a new part of speech. Conversion is also called zero derivation since it makes change in syntactic category (O’Grady et al., 2010). For example, the word better

is originally an adjective since it is a comparative form of the adjective good.

Though, it can be used either as in(i) or (ii). (i) I am better than him.

(ii) You can better yourself.

The word better in (ii) is a verb. Based on the fact that it is originally an adjective and the only change occurring is in the syntactic category, it can be concluded that conversion appears in the sentence. Other examples of conversion are run as a verb converted into a noun; and drink, which also change its syntactic category from verb to noun. It proves that conversion is widely used and can be applied in any part of speech.

b. Clipping

According to Bauer (2003) clipping is “the process of shortening a word without changing its meaning or its part of speech, though frequently with the effect of making it stylistically less formal.” Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and

(33)

Harnish (2001) add that the spelling of a clipped word “has been shortened but its pronunciation is not (necessarily) altered. Here are some examples of clipping:

doc, which stands for doctor; lab, which stands for laboratory; and blog, which stands for web log.

Lehmann (1976, p. 146) states that clippings can be applied to affixes, especially suffixes. He names the process suffix clipping. The application of the process is when a suffix -ician is taken from the supposed base and fitted onto geometry so that it becomes geometrician. Other similar examples are beautician and mortician. From the fact, the researcher assumed that some clippings are also applied in certain affixes the researcher selected as the objects of the research.

c. Blend

According to Bauer (2003), a blend is “a new lexeme formed from parts of two or more other lexemes.” It is not necessary to form blends from meaningful parts of the morphemes. Even, most of them are unrecognisable. Blends are also called portmanteau words. Brunch is an example of blends. It stands for two lexemes, i.e. breakfast and lunch. The blends brunch got the first two letters of the lexeme breakfast and four last letters of the lexeme lunch. Other examples of blends are smog, which stands for smoke and fog, and modem, which stands for

modulator and demodulator. Sometimes, blends are combined with compounding to create words as seen in e-mail, which stands for electronic mail, and perma-press, which stands for permanent press.

(34)

d. Backformation

Backformation is a process removing a real or supposed affix from another word in the language to create a new word (O’Grady et al., 2010). Therefore, it is often called as the opposite of affixation. The example is the word editor. It ends in –or which is similar to a suffix forming nouns from verbs. Therefore, some people thought that the base of editor was edit. In fact, editor is lexicalised before

edit since edit is a product of backformation. Another example of backformation is baby-sit. Nearly similar to the previous example, it is a verb formed from a noun baby-sitter.

The fact that backformation is the opposite of affixation made the researcher wonder whether it is possible to combine those two morphological processes. Since backformation deals with suffix, there is still possibility to combine its product with prefix. Backformation is also used by the researcher to analyse some verbs which are not products of affixation.

e. Acronyms

Acronyms are word-forming processes of which each letter spelling the word are from other complete words. Although each acronym product has some words constructing it, speakers ignore the origin elements and admit the new product as independent (Akmajian et al., 2001, p. 25). According to Akmajian et al., this type of word formation is widely used to form computer terms. O’Grady et al. (2010) state that acronym is quite common in military and scientific

(35)

terminology. One example of acronyms is radar. Not many people know that it is actually not an independent word. Radar stands for radio detection and ranging.

Other examples of acronyms are computer terms LAN, which stands for Local Area Network and DOS, which stands for Disc Operating System.

The use of acronyms which is more widely spread will make people get accustomed to the acronyms and ignore what they stand for. Therefore the researcher is also interested in the morphological process. Referring to the fact that English speakers admit the new product as independent, the researcher is interested in whether affixation can occur in such words. It is quite interesting to analyse whether acronyms can be affixed and transformed into other syntactic categories or they are stuck and any change impossibly occurs in acronyms.

f. Coinage and eponyms

As stated by O’Grady et al. (2010), coinage is a word created from scratch. Also known as word manufacture, this phenomenon is especially common in the case of product names, e.g. kodak, dacron, and teflon. A similar process called eponyms uses people’s name to describe scale or events related to the people’s role, e.g. boycott, watt, and richter.

The researcher assumes that the products of coinage and eponyms belong to certain parts of speech. Whether it is possible to derive the words is something the researcher wants to look for. The words diskodak, endacron, and teflonise are not very familiar to the researcher.

(36)

g. Borrowing

According to Campbell (2004), borrowing is a process in one language to take words from another language and make them parts of its own vocabulary. The product of borrowing is usually called a loanword.

All English verbs do not always originate from one language. English verbs could be derived, in a whole word or only a part, from many donor languages. For example, the English verb to surface was derived from French sur

and English face (McKean, 2005, p. 1700)

According to Radford, Atkinson, Britain, Clahsen, and Spencer (1999), new and unfamiliar concepts – new technology, new plants, new animals, and even, new and unfamiliar foods motivate people to develop words. Besides, another reason of using borrowing is prestige. Certain culture will be related to specific terms that other languages do not have. Frequently the certain cultures are prestigious activities, e.g. soup, restaurant (French). Campbell (2004) also affirms it by his statement that “languages borrow words from other languages primarily because of need and prestige.”

A borrowed word is often gradually changed so that it fits the phonological and morphological structure of the borrowing language or dialect. These borrowings are very often assimilated to the phonological and morphological structure of the new host language (Radford et al., 1999, p. 256). Borrowing words can be combined with English affixes. Radford et al. (1999)

(37)

give an example that the plural form of pizza in Italian is pizze. However, English applies its own plural morpheme to the borrowed word, hence pizzas (p. 255).

h. Morphophonology

According to Spencer (2001), morphophonology “refers to the interaction of word formation (morphology) with the sound system of language (phonology)”. He adds that those two linguistic subsystems often occur together in some languages. The morphophonology is also related to phonological alternation of a stem or affix and vowel harmony involving both stems and affixes. Therefore, the researcher attached the theory about morphophonology since most affixation cannot be separated from this process. Some people use the term ‘morphophonemic’ to call the same concept (Coates, 2006).

Coates (2006) also states that morphophonology may change the morpheme due to some phonetical rules. He gave an example that /d/ and /s/ are two different phonemes which distinguish pairs of words as day and say. In constructing adjective through the suffix –ive, some words ending in /d/ sound change their /d/ sound into /s/ sound and it also affects the form of the morpheme. For example the verb evade is pronounced as /IveId/ whether the derived adjective

evasive is pronounced as /IveIsIv/. This phenomenon is usually called alternation in morphophonology. It is closely related to the term allomorph since allomorph is alternant of a morpheme.

(38)

Since there are not many references found related to this concept, the theory provided in this subchapter will function as additional information to other theories of morphological processes.

B.Theoretical Framework

In analysing the data, the writer will use related theories presented earlier in theoretical description. There are two major theories used in the research, namely theory of affixation and the other one is theory explaining morphological phenomena. These theories were used as guidelines in analysing The Jakarta Post

editorials.

As stated in the beginning of this chapter, affixation is described as the most common morphological process for modifying a root. Since there are many affixes involved in affixation, the researcher chose several affixes which have various characteristics. The affixes are the prefix dis-, the prefix en-, the prefix re -, the suffix -en, the suffix -ify, and the suffix -ise. Based on the characteristics of each affix, the researcher revealed the bases of the affixed verbs.

After revealing the bases of the affixed verbs, the researcher compared the bases and the affixed verbs. The researcher would then observe the morphological change occurring within the affixation process. The morphological processes are specified into conversion, clipping, blends, backformation, acronyms, coinage, eponyms, borrowing, and morphophonology.

(39)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents detailed information about the methodology in accomplishing the research. The methodology is meant to answer the research problem. The problem was to find out the morphological processes of the affixed verbs in The Jakarta Post editorials. The discussion in this chapter is presented in five parts, namely research method, research object, instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique, and research procedure.

A. Research Method

This research is categorised as qualitative research. Borg and Galls (2007) defines qualitative research as “a research which presents facts in a narration with words.” One of the characteristics of qualitative research is the use of descriptive data. Ary, Jacobs, and Razavieh (2002) state that managing the large volume of descriptive data generated from interviews, observations, and the collection of documents is an important consideration in qualitative research. Using the editorials of The Jakarta Post in September 2011, this research analysed the morphological processes found within the formation of the affixed verbs.

The researcher used content analysis in analysing the data found in this research. According to Neuman (2000), content analysis is “a technique for gathering and analysing the content of text”. He later adds that the term content

(40)

can be communicated.” Meanwhile, the text is “anything written, visual, or spoken that serves as a medium for communication” (p.292). It is further defined as nonreactive since “the process of placing words, messages, or symbols in a text to communicate to a reader or receiver occurs without influence from the researcher who analyses its content” (p.293).

The study conducted by the researcher was applied based on the definitions above. The content in this research were words which were specified into verbs and the text were the editorials of The Jakarta Post. This research is also nonreactive since the researcher did not make any intervention to the object of the study. The researcher analysed the verbs which already existed before the researcher conducted the study. From the already existing data, the verbs were analysed through relevant theories, in this case theories of affixation and morphological processes.

B. Research Objects

The Jakarta Post is a daily English language newspaper in Indonesia which was established on April 25, 1983. The newspaper is owned by PT Bina Media Tenggara. Besides improving the standard of English language media in Indonesia, the English language newspaper had an objective to be a quality newspaper with an Indonesian perspective to counter the domination of Western news and views.

(41)

The Jakarta Post is considered having a generally high quality of reporting. Even, Eklöf (2003) calls it as Indonesia’s leading English language daily. It is proven by several awards won by the English daily. As retrieved from

http://www.thejakartapost.com/about#785, in 1994 The Jakarta Post received the International Newspaper Marketing Association – Editor & Publisher Award, winning first place among newspapers with circulations under 50,000 copies daily in the category of public relations printed materials, which continued their success in winning four similar awards, awarded in 1991 and 1993.

The facts above ensured the researcher to choose The Jakarta Post, especially the editorial rubricas the object of the research. The researcher selected editorials in September 2011 to study further. The editorials of this month was chosen as the research was started in September 2011. The data retrieved was still relevant over years since the research analysed morphological process, which has not changed. It is possible that there are more than one editorial in one edition although there can be no editorial as well. Some of the editorials are named The week in review rubric as they express some issues of the week. It resulted in the 32 editorials retrieved in a month.

C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

The primary instrument in qualitative research is human instrument (Ary et al., 2002). Sugiyono (2005) states that a human instrument in qualitative research functions to determine the focus of the research, choose the data

(42)

source(s), collect the data, asses the quality of the data, analyse the data, interpret the data, and draw conclusions on his or her findings. As the instrument of the research, the researcher himself determined the focus of the research, i.e. the morphological processes happening within the verb affixations in The Jakarta Post editorials. The data in this research, i.e. The Jakarta Post editorials, were also processed by the researcher from choosing the data source until the conclusion.

In content analysis, the researcher may also use written documents to obtain the data. The documents meant can be autobiographies, diaries, letter, books, films and videos (Ary et al., 2002, p. 435). In this research, the documents were printed transcripts of The Jakarta Post editorials. In collecting the data, the researcher found out transcripts of the editorials from the internet. The researcher accessed thejakartapost.com and then copied all editorials published in September 2011 and pasted them directly to a Microsoft Word file. The researcher did not make any change to the editorials. The number of the editorials collected by the researcher is 32 editorials. Here are the first five editorials’ titles and their date of publication.

no date of publication title

1 September 2, 2011 Growing pains

2 September 3, 2011 Welcome to Jakarta

3 September 4, 2011 Gifts for the needy

4 September 5, 2011 The eastern laggard

5 September 6, 2011 Is Muhaimin corrupt?

(43)

D. Data Analysis Technique

The researcher used content analysis to analyse his findings about the verb affixations in The Jakarta Post editorials. The researcher would take a note on each affixed verb and those suspected as affixed verbs which were found in the editorials. The researcher referred to some dictionaries and encyclopedia to find out the affixed verbs to analyse. The next step was determining and listing the bases of each verb. If the researcher could not reveal the base of the verbs, the researcher would provide some information about the verbs in the discussion. To obtain the answer to the research problem, the researcher compare the affixed verbs to their bases. Every letter in the affixed verbs would be compared to the letters constructing the bases. The researcher would also consider the parts of speech of each base to identify the word class changing. By looking at the morphological processes happening which caused the bases to transform into certain verbs, the researcher then analysed the changing based on the theories the researcher referred to. Besides, the researcher would also refer to some dictionaries to compare the affixed verbs to the roots or bases, especially related to the borrowings.

E. Research Procedure

In this section, the researcher explained the steps in conducting the research. The researcher firstly determined the verbs which contained certain affixes as limited in the problem limitation. Then, any inflectional affixes found in

(44)

the verbs were eliminated. The data collected were categorised based on the derivational affixes constructing the verbs. After the data were collected, the researcher put each category into a table as presented below.

no verb base (word class) morphological process freq

Table 3.2 Form of the data gathering

no : number

verb : affixed verb found base : base of the verb

word class : part of speech of the base

freq : frequency of the verb in the 32 editorials

morphological process : the morphological process happened within the verb affixation

In order to avoid confusion due to the chaotic organisation of the table, the researcher will provide one table for one affix. As there are six affixes to analyse, there are six tables presented in this research.

The paragraph in the following page is an example of the paragraph in The Jakarta Post editorials. How the researcher analysed the verbs containing certain affix will also be shown in this example. The affix analysed in the paragraph is suffix –en.

(45)

There has been no official statement from either the House or the government about the planned endorsement. Fears are heightening that the House will endorse the bill without altering several provisions deemed to threaten democracy and endanger human rights.

(par.2 The Jakarta Post, September 16, 2011)

no verb base (word class) morphological process freq

1. 2.

heighten threaten

height (noun) threat (noun)

- -

Table 3.3 Examples of analysing the verbs found *the frequency column is filled when the researcher finishes analysing all editorials

The next step is answering the research problem. First, the researcher decomposed the affixed verbs so he can reveal the bases of the verbs. Then, the verbs were analysed by comparing the affixed verbs to the bases. The researcher observed the morphological process in forming the verbs and analysed the changing occurring during the process so that he could obtain the answer of his problem formulation. Since the example in table 3.3 does not show any morphological process, it is concluded that the affixation does not involve another morphological process.

The final step of the research is concluding the results based on the research question. The conclusions showed the readers the bases of the affixed verbs in the editorials of The Jakarta Post. Besides, the results also showed the morphological processes which happened within the affixation.

(46)

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

The researcher divides this chapter into two sections in analysing the data, i.e. morphological processes of verbs in The Jakarta Post editorials and summary remarks. The analysis of the study is based on the research question. After revealing the bases, the researcher analysed any morphological processes found during the formation of the verbs and then summarised the results.

A.Morphological Processes of Verbs in The Jakarta Post Editorials

The researcher provides a data presentation which shows the affixed verbs found in the editorials. The verbs presented in the tables ignored the inflectional affixes occurring in the original text. There are also other columns which are mentioned in the previous chapter, which are meant to show the bases with their word classes, and the morphological processes happening within the affixation. Besides, there is a column called frequency which shows how often each word occurs in the whole 32 editorials. The data presentation also provides some information dealing with numbers and the percentage of occurrence of each affix as additional references to the readers.

1. Prefix dis-

The verbs containing prefix dis- in the editorials were not widely used. The verbs containing the prefix in The Jakarta Post editorials appeared only 11

(47)

containing prefix dis-. Based on the occurrence per day, one prefixed verb occurred once in almost three days. From that amount, some verbs occurred more than once, i.e. discourage, discover, and displace. The table below also shows that all the dis-prefixed verbs have eight different bases, which are mostly verbs. The only verb of which base is not a verb is discourage. Here is the table showing the whole verbs containing prefix dis- in The Jakarta Post editorials.

no verb base (word class) morphological process freq

1 disappear appear (v) - 1

2 disclose close (v) - 1

3 discontinue continue (v) - 1

4 discourage courage (n) conversion 2

5 discover cover (v) - 2

6 discredit credit (v) - 1

7 displace place (v) - 2

8 disregard regard (v) - 1

Table 4.1 Verbs containing prefix dis-

Based on the findings presented in the table above, almost every verb started with prefix dis- had a verb base. In other words, the prefixed verbs were formed from verbs. In fact, the prefix dis- is not a kind of verbaliser so that it does not change the word class of its base. In her undergraduate thesis, Widyastuti (2008, p. 22) states that compared to the whole words containing prefix dis-, there are only 32.67% words which are categorised as verbs. It means that there are 67.33% words containing prefix dis- which are not attached to verb bases. From the editorials, the researcher found seven verbs of which verb bases were attached to. There was only one verb of which base was not a verb, i.e. discourage. The verb was derived from a noun base, i.e. courage. Since the prefix dis- cannot

(48)

another morphological process happens. The word became a verb without any other affixation and other letters added, decreased or changed as well. In other words, the only change happening was the word class. Thus, the conclusion is that the morphological process happening was conversion.

Another fact revealed from the findings is that there was not any morphophonology process found. It means that the bases of the verbs were still visible when the prefix dis- had been attached to them. All the prefixed verbs can be analysed into prefix dis- plus the base, e.g. disappear can be decomposed into

dis- plus appear; discontinue can be decomposed into dis- plus continue; and

discredit can be decomposed into dis- plus credit.

Related to the prefix dis-, there were some other phenomena which hindered the researcher to firstly determine whether the verbs were modified by prefix dis- or not. The first one was borrowing. There were some words borrowed from other languages and the affixation happened in the donor language. For example, the word is disburse. The researcher could not decompose this word into prefix dis- and the base burse since the verb burse does not exist in English. This prefixed word was adopted from French desbourser, which stands for des- (means

dis-) and bourser (means purse). It is not surprising when the word disburse is related to purse since the verb means ‘pay out’ (www.merriam-webster.com). Another morphological process found in the verb formation was back formation. The verb which the researcher analysed as the product of the word-formation process was disrupt. This word cannot be analysed as the formation of the prefix

(49)

Dictionary, the researcher found out that the verb disrupt comes from the word

disruption. The –ion ending is considered as a suffix added to form a noun from a verb. Therefore, to form a verb, the English speakers usually remove the part considered as the noun-forming suffix (-ion).

There were some unanalysable words due to the process of decomposition. Some of them were not formed from the prefix dis- plus a verb base. The example is distribute. It is not a result of a formation of the prefix dis- plus a word tribute.

Compared to the word contribute, it can be recognised that the word tribute exists in English and some prefixes (e.g. dis- and con-) are possibly attached to the word to yield other words (distribute and contribute). However, when the prefix dis-, which brings contrary meaning, is attached to the tribute as considered above, the meaning does not accord the whole word distribute itself. Therefore, it can be concluded that the verb distribute is not a product of the prefix dis- discussed in this research plus a base tribute.

The findings and the analysis conducted by the researcher showed that there was one case involving conversion when the affixation happened. Because of the nature of it, prefix dis- cannot yield a verb unless the base is a verb. Besides, the verb affixation and any morphological process found in this category did not blur the visibility of the bases so that the researcher could reveal the bases first before doing further analysis on the morphological processes. Other morphological processes as mentioned above (borrowing and backformation)

(50)

included in this category.

2. Prefix en-

All verbs containing the prefix en- in The Jakarta Post editorials occurred 15 times. In other words, one verb containing prefix en- occurred in almost every two editorials. From the tally, each verb had a different frequency. The verbs occurring the most often were enact and endanger, which occurred four times each. Some other verbs (enforce, engulf, and envision) only occurred once each in the month the editorials were published. There were seven different bases constructing the verbs found. As seen from the table below, there were various parts of speech constructing the verbs.

no verb base (word class) morphological process freq

1 enact act (v/n) - 4

2 endanger danger (n) - 4

3 enforce force (v/n) - 1

4 engulf gulf (n) - 1

5 enshrine shrine (v) - 2

6 ensure sure (adj) - 2

7 envision vision (n) - 1

Table 4.2 Verbs containing prefix en-

The prefix en- is a kind of verbaliser, which means it always changes the word class of its base into verb. However, the bases occurring in the editorials come from various lexical categories; some are nouns (courage, danger, gulf); there is one adjective (sure); and one verb as well (shrine). Katamba (1993) said that the prefix en- attached to adjectives has a causative meaning (similar to

(51)

courage’. However, the meaning of the prefix when it is attached to a verb, e.g.

enact or enforce, is not mentioned by Katamba. The researcher’s analysis is that the bases of the verbs enact and enforce are not verbs but nouns. Therefore, how

to paraphrase the verbs are to ‘put in act’ and ‘put in force.’

However, there are several verbs looking like products of the prefixation which cannot be decomposed or do not have English bases. These words are usually borrowed from a foreign language and already modified by the prefix in the donor language. These already prefixed words then are borrowed to English. The example is the word encounter. This verb looks like a product of a prefix en-

plus a base counter because the word counter exists in English and has various parts of speech. Checking on Online Etymology Dictionary, the researcher revealed that encounter is a borrowing word from Old French encontrer.

There was not another morphological process found within the affixation. The bases are visible enough because every verb found can be decomposed into the form prefix en- plus the base of each verb. The changing of the word class was merely caused by the nature of the prefix, which always changes the bases it modifies into verbs.

3. Prefix re-

The affix occurring the most of all affixes analysed in the verbs is the prefix re-. It occurred 34 times in The Jakarta Post editorials. In average, more than one editorial used the verbs in this group. Considering the bases used in all

(1)

101 which is expected to continue growing by more than 6 percent this year, such

incomplete analysis is too simple, even rather superficial, because our largest

Asian markets such as Japan, China, India still depend heavily on Europe and the

US.

The blunt fact is that the second-round impact of the EU crisis and looming

recession in the US could still be quite damaging to our economy, especially if a

major panic similar to that which began in the US in 2008 hit the international

financial markets.

We were comforted by Coordinating Economic Minister Hatta Rajasa’s statement

on Tuesday that the government is on the alert against any fallout from the

eurozone crisis and weak American economy.

He assured us that Indonesia is in a better position to ride out the global storm as

its economy depends mostly (60 percent) on the domestic market as the main

locomotive of its growth, with exports contributing less than 25 percent to the

gross domestic product.

Again while Hatta’s observatio

n is accurate, the fairly rosy outlook he projected

contains a paradox.

We cannot understand what he meant by the government’s alert against global

economic downturn because the government has still failed to show any sense of

urgency in taking bolder action that will gear up our economy to weather the

upcoming storm.

True, the domestic market continues to be strong, but the government remains

weak, with an acute lack of leadership, the House of Representatives remains

severely fractionalized and highly venal, while terrorism and sectarian conflict

still threaten national stability.

These vulnerabilities could weaken our defense against any backlash from the EU

and US economic debacles.

The turbulence would be even more violent if the forensic audit of the 2008

bailout of Bank Century (now Bank Mutiara) by the Supreme Audit Agency,

scheduled to be completed in November, discovered cases of corruption in the

rescue process. Any malfeasance uncovered by the auditors could cause severe

political strains because the House would surely exploit the corruption issue to

attack the government.

The endless string of summonses to Bank Indonesia and Finance Ministry senior

officials, including possibly Vice President Boediono, who was then the governor

of the centr

al bank, for investigations would debilitate the government’s policy

and decision-making capacity.

(2)

102

APPENDIX B

List of Affixed Verbs (Inflectional Included)

Prefix dis-

disappear (Sep 26)

disclosed (Sep 11)

discontinue (Sep 25)

discourage (Sep 5); discouraged (Sep 3)

discover (Sep 6); discovered (Sep 30)

discredit (Sep 11)

displaced (Sep 18); displacing (Sep 13)

disregard (Sep 22)

Prefix en-

enacted (Sep 2), (Sep 21), (Sep 25), (Sep 25)

endanger (Sep 16)

enforced (Sep 19)

engulfed (Sep 13)

enshrined (Sep 13)

ensure (Sep 7), (Sep 29a)

envisioned (Sep 16)

Suffix -en

broaden (Sep 7)

heightened (Sep 25); heightening (Sep 16)

threaten (Sep 16), (Sep 30); threatened (Sep 11), (Sep 15), (Sep 16)

strengthen (Sep 15), (Sep 19)

weaken (Sep 30); weakened (Sep 25)

worsened (Sep 12); worsening (Sep 4)

(3)

103 Suffix -ify

beautifies (Sep 13)

clarify (Sep 28)

diversify (Sep 19)

identified (Sep 13), (Sep 18); identify (Sep 22), (Sep 27)

justify (Sep 17)

specify (Sep 4), (Sep 22)

testified (Sep 18), (Sep 22)

Suffix -ise

characterizes (Sep 24)

criticizes (Sep 26)

delegitimize (Sep 21)

jeopardize (Sep 25), (Sep 28)

materialize (Sep 20b); materialized (Sep 24)

minimize (Sep 7)

mobilized (Sep 15b)

realize (Sep 10); realized (Sep 14), (Sep 28), (Sep 28)

traumatized (Sep 16)

Prefix re-

reacted (Sep 13)

recommended (Sep 21), (Sep 25)

recounted (Sep 18)

redefined (Sep 9)

refreshing (Sep 20)

released (Sep 17)

reminds (Sep 16)

reopens (Sep 21)

replace (Sep 16), (Sep 20); replaced (Sep 8)

representing (Sep 4), (Sep 7)

(4)

104 reserved (Sep 4)

reshuffle (Sep 20a)

resigned (Sep 8), (Sep 21)

resolve (Sep 8), (Sep 12), (Sep 23), (Sep 25), (Sep 28)

resort (Sep 3)

restore (Sep 10), (Sep 17); restored (Sep 13)

return (Sep 3), (Sep 8), (Sep 23); returned (Sep 18)

revamp (Sep 23)

(5)

ii v T C A R T S B A n a w a i n r u

A aiton proces sin Engilsh. I tmay

r e h t o n a s e v l o v n i n e tf o t i ,r e v e w o H . s b r e v g n i d u l c n i , h c e e p s f o s tr a p y n a n i r u c c o e h t t u o d n if o t d e t c u d n o c s i h c r a e s e r e h t , e r o f e r e h T . ll e w s a s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o m h c i h w , n o it a x if f a e h t n i h ti w g n ir a e p p a s e s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o

m especially

.s b r e v s e if i d o m y d u t s s i h t n i d e v r e s b o a t a d e h

T were retireved from an Engilsh l anguage

r e p a p s w e n y li a

d TheJakartaPostsince tii saqualtiydaliynewspaper. Inordert o h

c a e

r ther esearchobjecitve,t her esearchproblem si formulatedasf ollows ,“Wha t e

h t e r

a morphologica lprocesse so fthe verb sin the edtio iral so fThe Jakarta t

s o P ? ”

r e h c r a e s e r e h

T then appiled content analysi sto conduc tthe research , s e s s e c o r p l a c i g o l o h p r o m d n a n o it a x if f a f o s e ir o e h t y b d e tr o p p u

s .Since i ti s

t , h c r a e s e r e v it a ti l a u q a s a d e r e d i s n o

c herewas eo n insrtumentthatt her esearche r

d e y o l p m

e ,.ie.t hehumaninsrtument ,whichi st heresearche rhimsefl. Thi skindo f o t d e n o it c n u f t n e m r u t s n

i determine the focu so fthe research ,choose the data e

c r u o

B her esearcherf ound t hatt herew ere ifve

f o y r o g e t a c e h t o t g n o l e b s b r e v e s o h T . e l b a s y l a n a t o n e r e w s e s a b h c i h w f o s b r e v y

fi -sufifxed verbs . I t i s also found tha t borrowings , conversion , and . n o it a x if f a e h t n i h ti w r u c c o y g o l o n o h p o h p r o

m The researche rrecommend stha t

c u d n o c s r e h c r a e s e r e r u t u

f tsimlia rresearch on etihe rotherafifxes ,othe rpatr so f h

c e e p

s o rmorphologica lprocesses .Compared to thi s research , the dfiferen t .s n o i s u l c n o c e m o s g n ir b y l b i s s o p h c r a e s e r e r u t u f e h t n i s e l b a ir a v s d r o w y e

(6)

ii i v A R T S B A K n a w a i n r u

K ,Grego iru sAdhi .2013.Verbafifxaitons inTheJakartaPos tedtiorials . : a tr a k a y g o

Y Program Stud i Pendidikan Bahasa Ingg irs , Jurusan Pendidikan i d n e P u m lI n a d n a u r u g e K s a tl u k a F , i n e S n a d a s a h a

B dikan ,Universtia sSanata

k tkan

a -prose s morfologi s yang

r e k a t a k n a k u t n e b m e p m a l a d l u c n u

m ja be irmbuhan dalam tajuk rencana The

t s o P a tr a k a

J ? ”

g n u k u d i d , i s i s i s il a n a n a k p a r e n e m s il u n e p , i n i n a it il e n e p n u s u y n e m m a l a D s e s o r p n a d i s a s k if a i r o e t n a g n e

d -prose smorfologis .Peneilitani nit ergolongdalam n a h a y n m a l a d i d a n a m i d , fi t a ti l a u k n a it il e n e

p ya terdapa tsatu insrtumen ,yakn i

k u t n u i s g n u f r e b s il u n e p , n e m u rt s n i i a g a b e s a y n n a r e p m a l a D . ir i d n e s s il u n e p a n a c n e r k u j a t i n i l a h m a l a d ( a t a d r e b m u s h il i m e m , n a it il e n e p s u k o f n a k u t n e n e m l a n a g n e m , a t a d s a ti l a u k i a li n e m , a t a d n a k l u p m u g n e m , )t s o P a tr a k a J e h

T isi sdata ,

k kategor i kata kejra dengan akhrian – fiy .

l u c n u m i g o l o n o f o f r o m n a d , i s r e v n o k , n a p a r e s a w h a b i t a p a d n e m a g u j s il u n e P t u j n a l h i b e l n a it il e n e p m a l a d n a k r u j n a g n e m s il u n e P . n a h u b m i g n e p s e s o r p m a l a d u p u a m , n i a l g n a y a t a k s a l e k , n i a l g n a y n a h u b m i k i a b i ti l e n e m r a g

a n prose s

a d a p n a a d e b r e p , g n i d n a b m e p i a g a b e s i n i n a it il e n e p n a g n e D . n i a l g n a y s i g o l o f r o m l e b a ir a

v -vairabe l peneilitan ama t memungkinkan menghaslikan beberapa . n a l u p m i s e k