Analysis of The Representation of Abu Dujanah in A 'Tempo' Article Entitled 'Mama's Boys'.
ABSTRACT
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya mengambil sebuah artikel dari majalah Tempo
edisi 18 September 2006 yang berjudul “Mama’s Boys” sebagai sumber data saya.
Artikel ini ditulis oleh Budi Setyarso dan Imron Rosyid. Saya menggunakan teori
van Dijk tentang representasi dalam sebuah teks pada News Schemata dalam
menganalisis data tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui
bagaimana Abu Dujanah sebagai salah satu pengikut Noordin M. Top
direpresentasikan dalam artikel ini.
Dalam menganalisis data ini, fokus penelitian saya adalah analisis tingkat
tahap mikro yang terdiri dari tiga aspek analisis, yaitu macrostructure,
superstructure, dan microstructure.
Dari penelitian yang saya lakukan dengan menggunakan tiga aspek
analisis di atas, saya mendapat kesimpulan bahwa Abu Dujanah direpresentasikan
negatif oleh penulis, yang terkadang dilakukan dengan cara implisit. Penulis
sangat pandai dalam menyusun ide-ide tentang representasi Abu Dujanah.
Penyajian sisi positif dari Abu Dujanah dijadikan penyeimbang agar representasi
negatif Abu Dujanah tidak terlalu eksplisit.
ii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION ................................................................1
Background of the Study ..................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .................................................................................4
Purpose of the Study .........................................................................................4
Method of Research ..........................................................................................5
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................6
2.1 Macrostructure ............................................................................................7
2.2 Superstructure .............................................................................................7
2.3 Microstructure ............................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE : ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ABU
DUJANAH IN TEMPO ARTICLE ENTITLED “MAMA’S BOYS” ......14
3.1 Macrostructure Analysis ...........................................................................14
3.2 Superstructure Analysis ............................................................................17
3.3 Microstructure Analysis ...........................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR : CONCLUSION ................................................................33
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................37
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................40
i
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
Article Tempo Magazine
18 September 2006
Page 16-17
Cover Story
A New Breed of Terrorists
Mama’s Boys
Noordin M. Top relies on several people to escape from the police. Abu Dujanah is
one of them.
(1)
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at vanishing. Authorities have difficulty
in recognizing him, let alone arrest him. He name is at the top of the police’s
most-wanted list. He is, after all, an expert in bomb making and armaments. In
Indonesia, he is a field commander and a bomb strategist. His name is Abu
Dujanah.
(2) This diminutive 37-year-old has become such a threat to public security that
Surya Dharma, Director of Security and Transnational Affairs of the National
40
Police, has repeatedly called on the public to be extra cautious about the man.
“After an in-depth study of the terrorists network in Indonesia,” said this threestar police general at the Police Academy in Sukabumi, West Java,” I can say
that Abu Dujanah is a very dangerous man.”
(3) According to sources in the police department, the capture of Abu Dujanah is
currently a police priority. For the past several weeks, the team of the 88th
Antiterrorism Special Detachment has heightened its search for this man.
(4) Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States intelligence authorities. Ainul learned to read the
Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a religious teacher who had strong links to the
Darul Islam separatist movement.
(5) In the mid-1980s, after changing his name to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There he met many mujahideen who later
convinced him to join the fighting in Afghanistan. He was there from 1989 to
1991, and was trained at the Afghanistan Mujahideen Military Academy.
(6) There he honed his lethal skills. He trained in the use of light armaments, bomb
making and guerilla tactics. Abu Dujanah also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being involved in the October 12, 2002
bombings in Bali.
(7) Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a former instructor at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy. According to him, Abu Dujanah was “smart,
diligent, and active.” He was able to adapt quickly to his surroundings. “He is
41
very fluent in Arabic and English,” said the author of the book, Exposing the
Jamaah Islamiyah to Tempo last week.
(8) It was his fluency in Arabic that enabled Abu Dujanah to connect with and gain
the trust of high-ranking Al Qaeda members. He has even met privately with
Osama bin Laden, the leader of a terrorist organization, according to the CIA.
(9) After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a teacher at the Luqmanul Hakiem
Islamic Boarding School in Johor, Malaysia. At the time, the Luqmanul Hakiem
was led by Muchlas-now sentenced to death for his involvement in the October
2002 Bali bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also once taught at this school.
From here, Abu Dujanah developed a very close relationship with the police’s
most wanted fugitive.
(10) Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. In October 2002, he was promoted to
the position of secretary of the JI markaziyah (headquarters).
(11) According to Brig. Gen. Surya Dharma, Abu Dujanah is currently protecting
Noordin Top. He, among others, found safe accommodations for Noordin, a
fugitive with a Rp1 billion bounty on his head. “Abu Dujanah is protecting
Noordin,” Surya added.
(12) This is not surprising, given that Abu Dujanah, as recalled by Nasir Abas, is a
leader who is very protective of his friends. For this reason, he is convinced that
Abu Dujanah will never hand Noordin over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.” said Nasir.
42
(13) It is evident from this story how much Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon
after escaping a police raid on Jalan Kebon Kembang in Bandung at the end on
2003. Noordin fled to Yogyakarta. There according to Nasir, Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
(14) Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by email. Abu Dujanah immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo, Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a member of the JI, to use as a place to
hide. “Noordin was taken care of and protected by Abu Dujanah, but he could
not go anywhere.” said Nasir .
(15) The situation changed after a bomb exploded at the Australian embassy in
Jakarta on September 9.2004. According to Nasir, from that time on. Noordin no
longer sought protection with the activists of the Indonesian Islamic Nation
(NII), which he left was “not radical enough.” He began to rely more on JI
activists. “That is why Jemaah Islamiyah members are sworn to protect each
other.” said Nasir.
(16) From the testimony of some terrorist suspect who have been jailed since 2005,
Noordin often hides out in Pekalongan, Solo, Semarang, and Temanggung,
Central Java. These places were Noordin’s favorite hideouts, not only because
they have strong Islamic communities, but also due to favorable conditions in the
region.
(17) After the death of Dr. Azahari Husin in November last year, Noordin selected
hideouts in highly populated areas or in remote areas beyond the reach of
cellular phone services. Noordin has made new cells in several regions.
43
(18) Noordin uses different names in each cell. In Semarang he used the names
Ridwan, Ahmad, and Farhan. In Temanggung, he called himself Herman. In
Pekalongan he said he was Jat or Hazmi. However, there is a code word used by
cell members to refer to him: “My mama.”
(19) A Tempo source with the police said that Abu Dujanah is currently screening
new recruits for Noordin. “Noordin will only accept those he recommends,” said
the officer, who is familiar with the details of the terrorists hunt.
(20) In addition to Abu Dujanah, Noordin is also relying on Rino alias Tedy.
According to several terrorist suspects, he is a mystery. In his early 30s, he is the
one who helped make the video recording of Noordin’s statement about the
October 2005 bombing in Bali.
(21) According to Subur Sugiyanto alias Abu Mujahid, the suspect who was arrested
in Semarang early this year, Tedy is graduate of Ma’had Darusysyahadah,
Boyolali, Central Java. He comes from Wonogiri and is known to be a computer
expert. “Tedy has military and warfare abilities,” cited an investigation report, a
copy of which was obtained by Tempo.
(22) Tedy was also the one who found the rental house for Azahari and Noordin on
Jalan Flamboyan in Batu, East Java. This is where Azahari was killed in a police
raid, in November last year. According to a witness, Tedy also once bought three
pistols which were paid for with the proceeds from selling the stolen gold.
(23) Several others are still on the run from the police. They include Dulmatin and
Umar Patek, who are suspected of being involved in the October 2002 Bali
Bombing and are believed to be hiding in Mindanao, South Philippines. There
44
are also Zulkarnaen, Qotada, Nuim, and Zulkifli bin Hir. According to Nasir
Abas, they are experienced fighters.
(24) These veterans of Afghanistan may still be dangerous. According to Mohammad
Cholily, 28, who last week was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment in the Bali
bombing case, Azahari once swore: bombings targeted at Western interests will
be carried out once a year.
Table 1. Superstructure analysis in the article “Mama’s Boys”
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
2
2
3
3
Paragraph
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept
at vanishing. Authorities have difficulty
in recognizing him, let alone arrest him.
He name is at the top of the police’s mostwanted list. He is, after all, an expert in
bomb making and armaments. In
Indonesia, he is a field commander and a
bomb strategist. His name is Abu
Dujanah.
This diminutive 37-year-old has become
such a threat to public security that Surya
Dharma, Director of Security and
Transnational Affairs of the National Police,
has repeatedly called on the public to be
extra cautious about the man. “After an indepth study of the terrorists network in
Indonesia,” said this three-star police
general at the Police Academy in Sukabumi,
West Java,” I can say that Abu Dujanah is
a very dangerous man.”
According to sources in the police
department, the capture of Abu Dujanah is
currently a police priority. For the past
several weeks, the team of the 88th
Antiterrorism Special Detachment has
heightened its search for this man.
45
Schematic
Categories
Main event
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He
was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan
Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States
intelligence authorities. Ainul learned to
read the Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a
religious teacher who had strong links to
the Darul Islam separatist movement.
In the mid-1980s, after changing his name
to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There
he met many mujahideen who later
convinced him to join the fighting in
Afghanistan. He was there from 1989 to
1991, and was trained at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy.
There he honed his lethal skills. He
trained in the use of light armaments,
bomb making and guerilla tactics. Abu
Dujanah also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being
involved in the October 12, 2002
bombings in Bali.
Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a
former instructor at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy. According
to him, Abu Dujanah was “smart, diligent,
and active.” He was able to adapt quickly
to his surroundings. “He is very fluent in
Arabic and English,” said the author of the
book, exposing the Jamaah Islamiyah to
Tempo last week.
It was his fluency in Arabic that enabled
Abu Dujanah to connect with and gain
the trust of high-ranking Al Qaeda
members. He has even met privately with
Osama bin Laden, the leader of a
terrorist organization, according to the
CIA.
After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a
teacher at the Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic
Boarding School in Johor, Malaysia. At
the time, the Luqmanul Hakiem was led by
46
Background
(history)
Background
(history)
Background
(history)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Background
(history)
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
Muchlas-now sentenced to death for his
involvement in the October 2002 Bali
bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also
once taught at this school. From here, Abu
Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted
fugitive.
Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the
Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering
the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.
In October 2002, he was promoted to the
position of secretary of the JI markaziyah
(headquarters).
According to Brig. Gen. Surya Dharma,
Abu Dujanah is currently protecting
Noordin Top. He, among others, found
safe accommodations for Noordin, a
fugitive with a Rp1 billion bounty on his
head. “Abu Dujanah is protecting
Noordin,” Surya added.
This is not surprising, given that Abu
Dujanah, as recalled by Nasir Abas, is a
leader who is very protective of his
friends. For this reason, he is convinced that
Abu Dujanah will never hand Noordin
over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.”
said Nasir.
It is evident from this story how much
Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon
after escaping a police raid on Jalan
Kebon Kembang in Bandung at the end
of 2003. Noordin fled to Yogyakarta.
There according to Nasir, Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by
email.
Abu
Dujanah
immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo,
Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to
hide. “Noordin was taken care of and
47
Background
(history)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Background
(history)
Background
(history),
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
15
19
protected by Abu Dujanah, but he could
not go anywhere.” said Nasir
A Tempo source with the police said that
Abu Dujanah is currently screening new
recruits for Noordin. “Noordin will only
accept those he recommends,” said the
officer, who is familiar with the details of
the terrorists hunt.
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Table 2. Representation of Abu Dujanah in the verbal reaction category
No
1
Paragraph
No
2
2
3
3
7
4
8
5
11
Source
Utterance
Surya Dharma,
Director of
Security and
Transnational
Affairs of the
National Police
Police
Department
“After an in-depth study
of the terrorists network
in Indonesia,”... I can say
that Abu Dujanah is a
very dangerous man.”
the
capture
of
Abu
Dujanah is currently a
police priority.
Nasir Abas,
Abu Dujanah was “smart,
former instructor diligent, and active.” He
at the
was able to adapt quickly
Afganishtan
to his surroundings. “He
Mujahideen
is very fluent in Arabic
Military
and English,”
Academy
CIA
It was his fluency in
Arabic that enabled Abu
Dujanah to connect with
and gain the trust of highranking
Al
Qaeda
members. He has even
met privately with Osama
bin Laden, the leader of a
terrorist organization
Surya Dharma, Abu Dujanah is currently
Director of
protecting Noordin Top.
Security and
He, among others, found
Transnational
safe accommodations for
48
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
(-)
(+)
(-)
(-)
Affairs of the
National Police
6
12
7
14
8
19
Noordin, a fugitive with a
Rp1 billion bounty on his
head. “Abu Dujanah is
protecting Noordin,”
Nasir Abas,
is a leader who is very
former instructor protective of his friends.
at the
For this reason, he is
Afganishtan
convinced
that
Abu
Mujahideen
Dujanah will never hand
Military
Noordin over the police.
Academy
“Even though he may not
necessarily agree with
Noordin’s actions.”
Nasir Abas,
“Noordin was taken care
former instructor of and protected by Abu
at the
Dujanah, but he could not
Afganishtan
go anywhere.”
Mujahideen
Military
Academy
The police
Abu Dujanah is currently
officer
screening new recruits for
Noordin. “Noordin will
only accept those he
recommends,”
(+)
(+)
(-)
Table 3. Representation of Abu Dujanah in the background (history) category
No
1
Paragraph
No
4
Sentences
Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He
was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan
Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States intelligence
authorities. Ainul learned to read the
Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a religious
teacher who had strong links to the Darul
Islam separatist movement.
49
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
2
5
3
6
4
9
5
10
6
13
7
14
In the mid-1980s, after changing his name
to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There he
met many mujahideen who later convinced
him to join the fighting in Afghanistan. He
was there from 1989 to 1991, and was
trained at the Afghanistan Mujahideen
Military Academy.
There he honed his lethal skills. He trained
in the use of light armaments, bomb
making and guerilla tactics. Abu Dujanah
also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being
involved in the October 12, 2002 bombings
in Bali.
Abu Dujanah became a teacher at the
Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic Boarding
School in Johor, Malaysia ... From here,
Abu Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted
fugitive.
Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the
Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering
the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.
In October 2002, he was promoted to the
position of secretary of the JI markaziyah
(headquarters).
It is evident from this story how much
Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon after
escaping a police raid on Jalan Kebon
Kembang in Bandung at the end of 2003.
Noordin fled to Yogyakarta ... Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by
email.
Abu
Dujanah
immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo,
Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to hide.
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Table 4. List of Words of Representation Abu Dujanah in “Mama’s Boys” Article
50
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
2
2
3
7
4
9
5
12
6
14
Paragraph
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at
(-)
vanishing. Authorities have difficulty in
recognizing him, let alone arrest him. His name is
at the top of the police’s most-wanted list. He is,
after all, an expert in bomb making and
armaments. In Indonesia, he is a field commander
and a bomb strategist. His name is Abu Dujanah.
This diminutive 37-year-old has become such a
(-)
threat to public security that Surya Dharma,
Director of Security and Transnational Affairs of
the National Police, has repeatedly called on the
public to be extra cautious about the man. “After
an in-depth study of the terrorists network in
Indonesia,” said this three-star police general at
the Police Academy in Sukabumi, West Java,” I
can say that Abu Dujanah is a very dangerous
man.”
Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a former
(+)
instructor at the Afghanistan Mujahideen Military
Academy. According to him, Abu Dujanah was
“smart, diligent, and active.” He was able to
adapt quickly to his surroundings. “He is very
fluent in Arabic and English,” said the author of
the book, exposing the Jamaah Islamiyah to
Tempo last week.
After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a teacher
(-)
at the Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic Boarding School
in Johor, Malaysia. At the time, the Luqmanul
Hakiem was led by Muchlas-now sentenced to
death for his involvement in the October 2002
Bali bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also once
taught at this school. From here, Abu Dujanah
developed a very close relationship with the
police’s most wanted fugitive.
This is not surprising, given that Abu Dujanah, as
(+)
recalled by Nasir Abas, is a leader who is very
protective of his friends. For this reason, he is
convinced that Abu Dujanah will never hand
Noordin over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.” said
Nasir.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by email.
(+)
Abu Dujanah immediately responded by asking
51
him to go to Solo, Central Java. In his town. Abu
Dujanah provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to hide.
“Noordin was taken care of and protected by
Abu Dujanah, but he could not go anywhere.”
said Nasir
Table 5. List of Rhetorical Figures of Representation of Abu Dujanah
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
Paragraph
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at
vanishing. Authorities have difficulty in
recognizing him, let alone arrest him. His name
is at the top of the police’s most-wanted list. He
is, after all, an expert in bomb making and
armaments. In Indonesia, he is a field
commander and a bomb strategist. His name is
Abu Dujanah.
52
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Terrorism became the most important issue that occurred in Indonesia some
time ago. It was caused by the bombs which exploded in Bali twice. It happened in
2002 and 2005. Hundreds of people died including some tourists from various
countries. The attacks happened in the most popular places in Bali, especially to
tourists.
Noordin M. Top is mentioned as the main suspect of both events. Noordin and
his followers are said to be the members of Jamaah Islamiyah group, the organization
that has relationship with Al-Qaeda, an international terrorist organization. Noordin is
known as the expert of bomb making who is clever at recruiting some people to be
his followers. Noordin could recruit them by washing their brain, so that they were
influenced and became his followers. One of them was Abu Dujanah, who helped
Noordin execute his plans. That causes this organization to grow rapidly and they
1
Maranatha Christian University
succeed in executing all Noordin’s plans.
In my thesis, I take an article which presents a discussion about Abu
Dujanah, one of Noordin’s followers. The article is entitled “Mama’s Boys”. It was
published in Tempo magazine dated September 18, 2006 and written by Budi
Setyarso and Imron Rosyid.
I choose this topic to be analyzed because this occasion was very important
and became a complicated problem for Indonesia and even the world at that time. The
existence of terrorists became a great threat for Indonesia and the world. It was
caused because the main suspect, Noordin M. Top, has many followers who helped
him to do his action. Furthermore, I want to know how Abu Dujanah as one of
Noordin’s followers is represented by Tempo as the cover story in this magazine.
In my opinion, Tempo has strong statements to convince the reader about (the
representation of) someone in its articles. That is the reason why I choose Tempo
magazine as the source of my data. I use text analysis in order to show the negative or
positive representation Abu Dujanah in the case of terrorism at that time. To analyze
this data, I will use van Dijk’s theory as my basic theory. By doing this analysis, I
hope I can find how a text is written as the main topic in this magazine.
Text analysis becomes significant because it helps people can know how
authors express their writing in news. Authors write news report to express their
thoughts and opinions. They usually will focus on something or someone that is
important to be written and discussed. Sometimes, the purpose of authors is to make
the reader have the same thought and opinion with them. And also each author has
different ways or styles of language to write a text. In this analysis, we can see the
2
Maranatha Christian University
way the authors write this news. Therefore, from this analysis we can know what
representation that authors want to make because how they express their feelings or
opinions about something or someone in a news report determines the reader’s
perspective.
Teun A. van Dijk is a professor of Discourse Studies at the University of
Amsterdam who focused on literary theory, text grammar, discourse pragmatics and
the psychology of text processing in his earlier research and also the author of several
books such as edited The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, the introductory book
Discourse Studies, and The Study of Discourse. (discourse.org) For my thesis, I use
van Dijk’s theory about news schemata that presents how a news report is written and
explaining the parts of news that make a news report useful and interesting to be read.
In doing my analysis, I limit the scope to the micro level only, which consists
of the macrostructure, microstructure and superstructure analyses. From these
strategies, I will obtain the most important information that the authors want to tell
the reader and also how Abu Dujanah is represented in this text.
At last, I hope this thesis will be useful for those who read it and get an idea
of how to analyze a text, especially news in the mass. I also hope this thesis can
makes everyone who reads it understand more about how something or someone is
represented in a news report.
(698 words)
3
Maranatha Christian University
Statement of the Problem
There are three problems that will be discussed in this thesis:
1. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
macrostructure analysis?
2. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
microstructure analysis?
3. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
superstructure analysis?
Purpose of the Study
There are three purposes of this thesis, they are:
1. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
macrostructure analysis.
2. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
microstructure analysis.
3. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
superstructure analysis.
Method of Research
I started my thesis by finding the data in the Tempo magazine. After that I
searched for the theory about representation in van Dijk’s discourse analysis on news
schemata in the Internet and I found the van Dijk’s theory about micro level analysis.
It contains macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure analysis. It becomes
4
Maranatha Christian University
the basic of my theory to analyze the data. Then, I analysed the data and finally I
wrote my research report.
Organization of the Thesis
My thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter One contains the introduction
of the thesis, including the background of the study, statement of the problem,
purpose of the study, method of research and organization of the thesis. Chapter Two
contains the theoretical framework. After that there is Chapter Three, which provides
the analysis of the data. The last chapter, Chapter Four provides the conclusion of the
analysis and at the end of the thesis there are Bibliography and Appendices.
5
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In this last chapter, I would like to draw some conclusion of the
representation of Abu Dujanah in Tempo article entitled “Mama’s Boys”.
According to the previous chapter, I get some research result that refers to the
representation of Abu Dujanah in the three aspects of the micro level:
macrostructure, superstructure and microstructure analyses.
In the macrostructure analysis, I analyse the summary of the article found
in the upper headline, main headline and lead of this article. The upper headline is
Cover Story a New Breed of Terrorists. The main headline in this article is
Mama’s Boys and the lead is Noordin M. Top relies in several people to escape
from the police. Abu Dujanah is one of them. From the headlines and lead, it is
clear that Abu Dujanah is represented negatively because there is the word
terrorists and the relationship between Noordin as the master of terrorism and
Abu Dujanah as one of his followers is illustrated to be very close.
33
Maranatha Christian University
The authors provide the term Mama’s Boys in the main headline to
describe the realationship between Noordin M. Top and Abu Dujanah. Besides,
the authors use the phrase New Breed in the upper headline to give the impression
to the reader that there is a new group of terrorists that has appeared. I think the
way of the authors present the summary of the article is very unique. These words
would make the reader want to read the whole article. In addition, the authors
mention the name Abu Dujanah as one of the Noordin’s followers in the lead to
make the reader get more curious about him.
In the superstructure analysis of this article, I find fifteen paragraphs that
represent Abu Dujanah. The most categories that I find are verbal reaction
categories and backgrounds. There are eight verbal reactions and seven
backgrounds of Abu Dujanah. From eight verbal reactions, I find three positive
statements of Abu Dujanah and five negative statements of Abu Dujanah.
Moreover, in the backgrounds, all the paragraphs present negative representation
of Abu Dujanah. Therefore, there are twelve paragraphs that present negative
representation and three positive representation of Abu Dujanah. The presentation
of the three positive statements of Abu Dujanah are right away contradicted by the
other verbal reactions in the following or previous paragraphs. Hence, from this
analysis, it is seen that the authors present Abu Dujanah negatively in a subtle
way.
This is a very interesting point because at first the authors seem to want to
make the reader confused about the representation Abu Dujanah. Yet, after a more
thorough analysis, it is clear how Abu Dujanah is represented. Consequently, the
34
Maranatha Christian University
reader should pay more attention to how the authors organize their ideas as this
will reveal the representation of Abu Dujanah.
In the third analysis, in the microstructure analysis, I focus on the stylistic
aspects, namely in the lexical style and the use of rhetorical figures. In lexical
style, I analyze the words that the authors use to represent Abu Dujanah. There are
thirteen words that represent Abu Dujanah. Some of those words are literally
negative in meaning and some of them are contextually negative in meaning. The
words literally having negative meaning are dangerous, smart, dilligent, active,
threat, and protective. Besides, the words or phrases contextually having negative
meaning can be seen in the sentence such as His name is at the top of the police’s
most-wanted list; He is, after all, an expert in bomb making and armaments; he is
a field commander and a bomb strategist; Abu Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted fugitive; Noordin was taken care of
and protected by Abu Dujanah.
From the words that the authors use to represent Abu Dujanah, the authors
use six positive words of Abu Dujanah and seven negative words of him. At first,
the reader may get confused about the representation of Abu Dujanah because of
the more or less balanced presentation of negative and positive things about him.
Yet, the reader should be more critical in identifying the sources that state the
presentation of Abu Dujanah. The positive statements of Abu Dujanah are stated
by Nasir Abas, a man who has the negative description because he has been
involved in the terorrist’ network. On the other hand, the negative statements of
Abu Dujanah are stated by the police department, CIA, and the authors
themselves. The reader has to know which sources are more credible to present
35
Maranatha Christian University
Abu Dujanah. Thus, the reader should be more careful when reading this article so
as to find out how the authors represent Abu Dujanah in their article.
Still in the microstructure analysis, in the stylistic aspects, I find the use of
figure of speech in this article. There is an interesting metaphor in the first
paragraph. Abu Dujanah is described to be like a latter-day Houdini. Houdini is an
illusionist with his sensational escape actions and he is also popular about the
escape tricks from police handcuffs and jails. The authors describe Abu Dujanah
to be like Houdini because it is difficult to arrest Abu Dujanah as he is clever to
escape from the police’s pursuit.
Based on this finding, I am certain that in doing a text analysis it is
essential that the reader is asked to be highly critical to find out how a particular
character is represented in the text.
As an overall comment, I think the authors are good in putting forward and
organizing their ideas about Abu Dujanah. The subtle way in representing Abu
Dujanah is approriate because they know that terrorism is a sensitive case.
It is very interesting to analyse a text and I suggest that further researchers
who want to take text analysis as topic for thesis should have to be more critical in
analysing a text. In addition,they have not only to understand about text that to be
analysed but also know about the background information or the issues that are
related to the text or article source.
(1.000 words)
36
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Setyarso, Budi and Imron Rasyid. “Mama’s Boys,” Tempo Magazine 18 Sep.2006, pp
16-17.
References
Abuza, Zachary. Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror. United States
of America: Lynne Rienner, 2003.Print.
“Active.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Biographical note Teun A van Dijk.” discourse.org .n. pag. Web. 25 April. 2013.
Central Intelligence Agency. About CIA, 2006. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Commander.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Dangerous.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Diligent.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Expert.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Fluent.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Fugitive.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
37
Maranatha Christian University
Institute for the Study of Violent Groups. The Institute for the Study of Violent
Groups, 2012. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Jemaah Islamiyah (a.k.a. Jemaah Islamiah).” Council of Foreign Relations. Council
on Foreign Relations, 2009. Web. 20 March 2014
“Mama’s boy.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Mama’s boy.” Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary Online, 1999-2013. Web. 18
November 2013.
“Most.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Mujahideen.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Protective.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
Racheedus. “Profil Noordin M. Top, Sang Gembong Teroris” wordpress.com. 19
September 2009. Web. 25 April. 2013.
“Smart.” Def. 3. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Strategist.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Take care of sb.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010.
Print.
The Great Harry Houdini. Houdini His Life and His Art, 2013. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Threat.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Critical Discourse Analysis. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. 352371. Oxford : Blackwell, 2001. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Discourse and Manipulation. Discourse & Society. 359-383. 1993.
Print.
38
Maranatha Christian University
van Dijk, T. A. News Schemata. Studying Writing. 155-186. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,
1986. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society. 249283. 1993. Print.
“Wanted.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
39
Maranatha Christian University
Dalam tugas akhir ini, saya mengambil sebuah artikel dari majalah Tempo
edisi 18 September 2006 yang berjudul “Mama’s Boys” sebagai sumber data saya.
Artikel ini ditulis oleh Budi Setyarso dan Imron Rosyid. Saya menggunakan teori
van Dijk tentang representasi dalam sebuah teks pada News Schemata dalam
menganalisis data tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui
bagaimana Abu Dujanah sebagai salah satu pengikut Noordin M. Top
direpresentasikan dalam artikel ini.
Dalam menganalisis data ini, fokus penelitian saya adalah analisis tingkat
tahap mikro yang terdiri dari tiga aspek analisis, yaitu macrostructure,
superstructure, dan microstructure.
Dari penelitian yang saya lakukan dengan menggunakan tiga aspek
analisis di atas, saya mendapat kesimpulan bahwa Abu Dujanah direpresentasikan
negatif oleh penulis, yang terkadang dilakukan dengan cara implisit. Penulis
sangat pandai dalam menyusun ide-ide tentang representasi Abu Dujanah.
Penyajian sisi positif dari Abu Dujanah dijadikan penyeimbang agar representasi
negatif Abu Dujanah tidak terlalu eksplisit.
ii
Maranatha Christian University
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................i
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... ii
CHAPTER ONE : INTRODUCTION ................................................................1
Background of the Study ..................................................................................1
Statement of the Problem .................................................................................4
Purpose of the Study .........................................................................................4
Method of Research ..........................................................................................5
Organization of the Thesis ................................................................................5
CHAPTER TWO : THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ....................................6
2.1 Macrostructure ............................................................................................7
2.2 Superstructure .............................................................................................7
2.3 Microstructure ............................................................................................9
CHAPTER THREE : ANALYSIS OF THE REPRESENTATION OF ABU
DUJANAH IN TEMPO ARTICLE ENTITLED “MAMA’S BOYS” ......14
3.1 Macrostructure Analysis ...........................................................................14
3.2 Superstructure Analysis ............................................................................17
3.3 Microstructure Analysis ...........................................................................27
CHAPTER FOUR : CONCLUSION ................................................................33
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................37
APPENDICES ......................................................................................................40
i
Maranatha Christian University
APPENDICES
Article Tempo Magazine
18 September 2006
Page 16-17
Cover Story
A New Breed of Terrorists
Mama’s Boys
Noordin M. Top relies on several people to escape from the police. Abu Dujanah is
one of them.
(1)
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at vanishing. Authorities have difficulty
in recognizing him, let alone arrest him. He name is at the top of the police’s
most-wanted list. He is, after all, an expert in bomb making and armaments. In
Indonesia, he is a field commander and a bomb strategist. His name is Abu
Dujanah.
(2) This diminutive 37-year-old has become such a threat to public security that
Surya Dharma, Director of Security and Transnational Affairs of the National
40
Police, has repeatedly called on the public to be extra cautious about the man.
“After an in-depth study of the terrorists network in Indonesia,” said this threestar police general at the Police Academy in Sukabumi, West Java,” I can say
that Abu Dujanah is a very dangerous man.”
(3) According to sources in the police department, the capture of Abu Dujanah is
currently a police priority. For the past several weeks, the team of the 88th
Antiterrorism Special Detachment has heightened its search for this man.
(4) Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States intelligence authorities. Ainul learned to read the
Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a religious teacher who had strong links to the
Darul Islam separatist movement.
(5) In the mid-1980s, after changing his name to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There he met many mujahideen who later
convinced him to join the fighting in Afghanistan. He was there from 1989 to
1991, and was trained at the Afghanistan Mujahideen Military Academy.
(6) There he honed his lethal skills. He trained in the use of light armaments, bomb
making and guerilla tactics. Abu Dujanah also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being involved in the October 12, 2002
bombings in Bali.
(7) Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a former instructor at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy. According to him, Abu Dujanah was “smart,
diligent, and active.” He was able to adapt quickly to his surroundings. “He is
41
very fluent in Arabic and English,” said the author of the book, Exposing the
Jamaah Islamiyah to Tempo last week.
(8) It was his fluency in Arabic that enabled Abu Dujanah to connect with and gain
the trust of high-ranking Al Qaeda members. He has even met privately with
Osama bin Laden, the leader of a terrorist organization, according to the CIA.
(9) After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a teacher at the Luqmanul Hakiem
Islamic Boarding School in Johor, Malaysia. At the time, the Luqmanul Hakiem
was led by Muchlas-now sentenced to death for his involvement in the October
2002 Bali bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also once taught at this school.
From here, Abu Dujanah developed a very close relationship with the police’s
most wanted fugitive.
(10) Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara. In October 2002, he was promoted to
the position of secretary of the JI markaziyah (headquarters).
(11) According to Brig. Gen. Surya Dharma, Abu Dujanah is currently protecting
Noordin Top. He, among others, found safe accommodations for Noordin, a
fugitive with a Rp1 billion bounty on his head. “Abu Dujanah is protecting
Noordin,” Surya added.
(12) This is not surprising, given that Abu Dujanah, as recalled by Nasir Abas, is a
leader who is very protective of his friends. For this reason, he is convinced that
Abu Dujanah will never hand Noordin over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.” said Nasir.
42
(13) It is evident from this story how much Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon
after escaping a police raid on Jalan Kebon Kembang in Bandung at the end on
2003. Noordin fled to Yogyakarta. There according to Nasir, Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
(14) Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by email. Abu Dujanah immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo, Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a member of the JI, to use as a place to
hide. “Noordin was taken care of and protected by Abu Dujanah, but he could
not go anywhere.” said Nasir .
(15) The situation changed after a bomb exploded at the Australian embassy in
Jakarta on September 9.2004. According to Nasir, from that time on. Noordin no
longer sought protection with the activists of the Indonesian Islamic Nation
(NII), which he left was “not radical enough.” He began to rely more on JI
activists. “That is why Jemaah Islamiyah members are sworn to protect each
other.” said Nasir.
(16) From the testimony of some terrorist suspect who have been jailed since 2005,
Noordin often hides out in Pekalongan, Solo, Semarang, and Temanggung,
Central Java. These places were Noordin’s favorite hideouts, not only because
they have strong Islamic communities, but also due to favorable conditions in the
region.
(17) After the death of Dr. Azahari Husin in November last year, Noordin selected
hideouts in highly populated areas or in remote areas beyond the reach of
cellular phone services. Noordin has made new cells in several regions.
43
(18) Noordin uses different names in each cell. In Semarang he used the names
Ridwan, Ahmad, and Farhan. In Temanggung, he called himself Herman. In
Pekalongan he said he was Jat or Hazmi. However, there is a code word used by
cell members to refer to him: “My mama.”
(19) A Tempo source with the police said that Abu Dujanah is currently screening
new recruits for Noordin. “Noordin will only accept those he recommends,” said
the officer, who is familiar with the details of the terrorists hunt.
(20) In addition to Abu Dujanah, Noordin is also relying on Rino alias Tedy.
According to several terrorist suspects, he is a mystery. In his early 30s, he is the
one who helped make the video recording of Noordin’s statement about the
October 2005 bombing in Bali.
(21) According to Subur Sugiyanto alias Abu Mujahid, the suspect who was arrested
in Semarang early this year, Tedy is graduate of Ma’had Darusysyahadah,
Boyolali, Central Java. He comes from Wonogiri and is known to be a computer
expert. “Tedy has military and warfare abilities,” cited an investigation report, a
copy of which was obtained by Tempo.
(22) Tedy was also the one who found the rental house for Azahari and Noordin on
Jalan Flamboyan in Batu, East Java. This is where Azahari was killed in a police
raid, in November last year. According to a witness, Tedy also once bought three
pistols which were paid for with the proceeds from selling the stolen gold.
(23) Several others are still on the run from the police. They include Dulmatin and
Umar Patek, who are suspected of being involved in the October 2002 Bali
Bombing and are believed to be hiding in Mindanao, South Philippines. There
44
are also Zulkarnaen, Qotada, Nuim, and Zulkifli bin Hir. According to Nasir
Abas, they are experienced fighters.
(24) These veterans of Afghanistan may still be dangerous. According to Mohammad
Cholily, 28, who last week was sentenced to 18 years imprisonment in the Bali
bombing case, Azahari once swore: bombings targeted at Western interests will
be carried out once a year.
Table 1. Superstructure analysis in the article “Mama’s Boys”
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
2
2
3
3
Paragraph
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept
at vanishing. Authorities have difficulty
in recognizing him, let alone arrest him.
He name is at the top of the police’s mostwanted list. He is, after all, an expert in
bomb making and armaments. In
Indonesia, he is a field commander and a
bomb strategist. His name is Abu
Dujanah.
This diminutive 37-year-old has become
such a threat to public security that Surya
Dharma, Director of Security and
Transnational Affairs of the National Police,
has repeatedly called on the public to be
extra cautious about the man. “After an indepth study of the terrorists network in
Indonesia,” said this three-star police
general at the Police Academy in Sukabumi,
West Java,” I can say that Abu Dujanah is
a very dangerous man.”
According to sources in the police
department, the capture of Abu Dujanah is
currently a police priority. For the past
several weeks, the team of the 88th
Antiterrorism Special Detachment has
heightened its search for this man.
45
Schematic
Categories
Main event
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
4
4
5
5
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He
was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan
Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States
intelligence authorities. Ainul learned to
read the Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a
religious teacher who had strong links to
the Darul Islam separatist movement.
In the mid-1980s, after changing his name
to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There
he met many mujahideen who later
convinced him to join the fighting in
Afghanistan. He was there from 1989 to
1991, and was trained at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy.
There he honed his lethal skills. He
trained in the use of light armaments,
bomb making and guerilla tactics. Abu
Dujanah also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being
involved in the October 12, 2002
bombings in Bali.
Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a
former instructor at the Afghanistan
Mujahideen Military Academy. According
to him, Abu Dujanah was “smart, diligent,
and active.” He was able to adapt quickly
to his surroundings. “He is very fluent in
Arabic and English,” said the author of the
book, exposing the Jamaah Islamiyah to
Tempo last week.
It was his fluency in Arabic that enabled
Abu Dujanah to connect with and gain
the trust of high-ranking Al Qaeda
members. He has even met privately with
Osama bin Laden, the leader of a
terrorist organization, according to the
CIA.
After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a
teacher at the Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic
Boarding School in Johor, Malaysia. At
the time, the Luqmanul Hakiem was led by
46
Background
(history)
Background
(history)
Background
(history)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Background
(history)
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
Muchlas-now sentenced to death for his
involvement in the October 2002 Bali
bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also
once taught at this school. From here, Abu
Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted
fugitive.
Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the
Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering
the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.
In October 2002, he was promoted to the
position of secretary of the JI markaziyah
(headquarters).
According to Brig. Gen. Surya Dharma,
Abu Dujanah is currently protecting
Noordin Top. He, among others, found
safe accommodations for Noordin, a
fugitive with a Rp1 billion bounty on his
head. “Abu Dujanah is protecting
Noordin,” Surya added.
This is not surprising, given that Abu
Dujanah, as recalled by Nasir Abas, is a
leader who is very protective of his
friends. For this reason, he is convinced that
Abu Dujanah will never hand Noordin
over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.”
said Nasir.
It is evident from this story how much
Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon
after escaping a police raid on Jalan
Kebon Kembang in Bandung at the end
of 2003. Noordin fled to Yogyakarta.
There according to Nasir, Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by
email.
Abu
Dujanah
immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo,
Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to
hide. “Noordin was taken care of and
47
Background
(history)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Background
(history)
Background
(history),
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
15
19
protected by Abu Dujanah, but he could
not go anywhere.” said Nasir
A Tempo source with the police said that
Abu Dujanah is currently screening new
recruits for Noordin. “Noordin will only
accept those he recommends,” said the
officer, who is familiar with the details of
the terrorists hunt.
Consequences
(verbal
reaction)
Table 2. Representation of Abu Dujanah in the verbal reaction category
No
1
Paragraph
No
2
2
3
3
7
4
8
5
11
Source
Utterance
Surya Dharma,
Director of
Security and
Transnational
Affairs of the
National Police
Police
Department
“After an in-depth study
of the terrorists network
in Indonesia,”... I can say
that Abu Dujanah is a
very dangerous man.”
the
capture
of
Abu
Dujanah is currently a
police priority.
Nasir Abas,
Abu Dujanah was “smart,
former instructor diligent, and active.” He
at the
was able to adapt quickly
Afganishtan
to his surroundings. “He
Mujahideen
is very fluent in Arabic
Military
and English,”
Academy
CIA
It was his fluency in
Arabic that enabled Abu
Dujanah to connect with
and gain the trust of highranking
Al
Qaeda
members. He has even
met privately with Osama
bin Laden, the leader of a
terrorist organization
Surya Dharma, Abu Dujanah is currently
Director of
protecting Noordin Top.
Security and
He, among others, found
Transnational
safe accommodations for
48
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
(-)
(+)
(-)
(-)
Affairs of the
National Police
6
12
7
14
8
19
Noordin, a fugitive with a
Rp1 billion bounty on his
head. “Abu Dujanah is
protecting Noordin,”
Nasir Abas,
is a leader who is very
former instructor protective of his friends.
at the
For this reason, he is
Afganishtan
convinced
that
Abu
Mujahideen
Dujanah will never hand
Military
Noordin over the police.
Academy
“Even though he may not
necessarily agree with
Noordin’s actions.”
Nasir Abas,
“Noordin was taken care
former instructor of and protected by Abu
at the
Dujanah, but he could not
Afganishtan
go anywhere.”
Mujahideen
Military
Academy
The police
Abu Dujanah is currently
officer
screening new recruits for
Noordin. “Noordin will
only accept those he
recommends,”
(+)
(+)
(-)
Table 3. Representation of Abu Dujanah in the background (history) category
No
1
Paragraph
No
4
Sentences
Abu Dujanah was born Ainul Bahri. He
was raised in Cianjur, West Java the
hometown of Hambali alias Riduan
Isamuddin, the terrorist suspect currently
being held by the United States intelligence
authorities. Ainul learned to read the
Qur’an from Dadang Hafidz, a religious
teacher who had strong links to the Darul
Islam separatist movement.
49
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
2
5
3
6
4
9
5
10
6
13
7
14
In the mid-1980s, after changing his name
to Abu Dujanah, this Sundanese man
continued his studies in Pakistan. There he
met many mujahideen who later convinced
him to join the fighting in Afghanistan. He
was there from 1989 to 1991, and was
trained at the Afghanistan Mujahideen
Military Academy.
There he honed his lethal skills. He trained
in the use of light armaments, bomb
making and guerilla tactics. Abu Dujanah
also had a close friendship with
Zulkarnaen, who is suspected of being
involved in the October 12, 2002 bombings
in Bali.
Abu Dujanah became a teacher at the
Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic Boarding
School in Johor, Malaysia ... From here,
Abu Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted
fugitive.
Abu Dujanah then helped to expand the
Jamaah Islamiyah (JI). He was the
secretary of the Mantiqi II area, covering
the region of Sumatra, Java, Bali, West
Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa Tenggara.
In October 2002, he was promoted to the
position of secretary of the JI markaziyah
(headquarters).
It is evident from this story how much
Noordin relies on Abu Dujanah. Soon after
escaping a police raid on Jalan Kebon
Kembang in Bandung at the end of 2003.
Noordin fled to Yogyakarta ... Noordin was
having trouble finding a hideout.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by
email.
Abu
Dujanah
immediately
responded by asking him to go to Solo,
Central Java. In his town. Abu Dujanah
provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to hide.
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
(-)
Table 4. List of Words of Representation Abu Dujanah in “Mama’s Boys” Article
50
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
2
2
3
7
4
9
5
12
6
14
Paragraph
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at
(-)
vanishing. Authorities have difficulty in
recognizing him, let alone arrest him. His name is
at the top of the police’s most-wanted list. He is,
after all, an expert in bomb making and
armaments. In Indonesia, he is a field commander
and a bomb strategist. His name is Abu Dujanah.
This diminutive 37-year-old has become such a
(-)
threat to public security that Surya Dharma,
Director of Security and Transnational Affairs of
the National Police, has repeatedly called on the
public to be extra cautious about the man. “After
an in-depth study of the terrorists network in
Indonesia,” said this three-star police general at
the Police Academy in Sukabumi, West Java,” I
can say that Abu Dujanah is a very dangerous
man.”
Abu Dujanah is known to Nasir Abas, a former
(+)
instructor at the Afghanistan Mujahideen Military
Academy. According to him, Abu Dujanah was
“smart, diligent, and active.” He was able to
adapt quickly to his surroundings. “He is very
fluent in Arabic and English,” said the author of
the book, exposing the Jamaah Islamiyah to
Tempo last week.
After Afghanistan, Abu Dujanah became a teacher
(-)
at the Luqmanul Hakiem Islamic Boarding School
in Johor, Malaysia. At the time, the Luqmanul
Hakiem was led by Muchlas-now sentenced to
death for his involvement in the October 2002
Bali bombing. Noordin Mohammad Top also once
taught at this school. From here, Abu Dujanah
developed a very close relationship with the
police’s most wanted fugitive.
This is not surprising, given that Abu Dujanah, as
(+)
recalled by Nasir Abas, is a leader who is very
protective of his friends. For this reason, he is
convinced that Abu Dujanah will never hand
Noordin over the police. “Even though he may not
necessarily agree with Noordin’s actions.” said
Nasir.
Noordin then contacted Abu Dujanah by email.
(+)
Abu Dujanah immediately responded by asking
51
him to go to Solo, Central Java. In his town. Abu
Dujanah provided him with the house of Fauzan, a
member of the JI, to use as a place to hide.
“Noordin was taken care of and protected by
Abu Dujanah, but he could not go anywhere.”
said Nasir
Table 5. List of Rhetorical Figures of Representation of Abu Dujanah
No
1
Paragraph
No
1
Paragraph
He could be a latter-day Houdini, adept at
vanishing. Authorities have difficulty in
recognizing him, let alone arrest him. His name
is at the top of the police’s most-wanted list. He
is, after all, an expert in bomb making and
armaments. In Indonesia, he is a field
commander and a bomb strategist. His name is
Abu Dujanah.
52
Abu Dujanah’s
Representation
(-)
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Terrorism became the most important issue that occurred in Indonesia some
time ago. It was caused by the bombs which exploded in Bali twice. It happened in
2002 and 2005. Hundreds of people died including some tourists from various
countries. The attacks happened in the most popular places in Bali, especially to
tourists.
Noordin M. Top is mentioned as the main suspect of both events. Noordin and
his followers are said to be the members of Jamaah Islamiyah group, the organization
that has relationship with Al-Qaeda, an international terrorist organization. Noordin is
known as the expert of bomb making who is clever at recruiting some people to be
his followers. Noordin could recruit them by washing their brain, so that they were
influenced and became his followers. One of them was Abu Dujanah, who helped
Noordin execute his plans. That causes this organization to grow rapidly and they
1
Maranatha Christian University
succeed in executing all Noordin’s plans.
In my thesis, I take an article which presents a discussion about Abu
Dujanah, one of Noordin’s followers. The article is entitled “Mama’s Boys”. It was
published in Tempo magazine dated September 18, 2006 and written by Budi
Setyarso and Imron Rosyid.
I choose this topic to be analyzed because this occasion was very important
and became a complicated problem for Indonesia and even the world at that time. The
existence of terrorists became a great threat for Indonesia and the world. It was
caused because the main suspect, Noordin M. Top, has many followers who helped
him to do his action. Furthermore, I want to know how Abu Dujanah as one of
Noordin’s followers is represented by Tempo as the cover story in this magazine.
In my opinion, Tempo has strong statements to convince the reader about (the
representation of) someone in its articles. That is the reason why I choose Tempo
magazine as the source of my data. I use text analysis in order to show the negative or
positive representation Abu Dujanah in the case of terrorism at that time. To analyze
this data, I will use van Dijk’s theory as my basic theory. By doing this analysis, I
hope I can find how a text is written as the main topic in this magazine.
Text analysis becomes significant because it helps people can know how
authors express their writing in news. Authors write news report to express their
thoughts and opinions. They usually will focus on something or someone that is
important to be written and discussed. Sometimes, the purpose of authors is to make
the reader have the same thought and opinion with them. And also each author has
different ways or styles of language to write a text. In this analysis, we can see the
2
Maranatha Christian University
way the authors write this news. Therefore, from this analysis we can know what
representation that authors want to make because how they express their feelings or
opinions about something or someone in a news report determines the reader’s
perspective.
Teun A. van Dijk is a professor of Discourse Studies at the University of
Amsterdam who focused on literary theory, text grammar, discourse pragmatics and
the psychology of text processing in his earlier research and also the author of several
books such as edited The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, the introductory book
Discourse Studies, and The Study of Discourse. (discourse.org) For my thesis, I use
van Dijk’s theory about news schemata that presents how a news report is written and
explaining the parts of news that make a news report useful and interesting to be read.
In doing my analysis, I limit the scope to the micro level only, which consists
of the macrostructure, microstructure and superstructure analyses. From these
strategies, I will obtain the most important information that the authors want to tell
the reader and also how Abu Dujanah is represented in this text.
At last, I hope this thesis will be useful for those who read it and get an idea
of how to analyze a text, especially news in the mass. I also hope this thesis can
makes everyone who reads it understand more about how something or someone is
represented in a news report.
(698 words)
3
Maranatha Christian University
Statement of the Problem
There are three problems that will be discussed in this thesis:
1. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
macrostructure analysis?
2. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
microstructure analysis?
3. What is the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
superstructure analysis?
Purpose of the Study
There are three purposes of this thesis, they are:
1. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
macrostructure analysis.
2. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
microstructure analysis.
3. To find out the representation of Abu Dujanah in the text based on the
superstructure analysis.
Method of Research
I started my thesis by finding the data in the Tempo magazine. After that I
searched for the theory about representation in van Dijk’s discourse analysis on news
schemata in the Internet and I found the van Dijk’s theory about micro level analysis.
It contains macrostructure, superstructure, and microstructure analysis. It becomes
4
Maranatha Christian University
the basic of my theory to analyze the data. Then, I analysed the data and finally I
wrote my research report.
Organization of the Thesis
My thesis is divided into four chapters. Chapter One contains the introduction
of the thesis, including the background of the study, statement of the problem,
purpose of the study, method of research and organization of the thesis. Chapter Two
contains the theoretical framework. After that there is Chapter Three, which provides
the analysis of the data. The last chapter, Chapter Four provides the conclusion of the
analysis and at the end of the thesis there are Bibliography and Appendices.
5
Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
In this last chapter, I would like to draw some conclusion of the
representation of Abu Dujanah in Tempo article entitled “Mama’s Boys”.
According to the previous chapter, I get some research result that refers to the
representation of Abu Dujanah in the three aspects of the micro level:
macrostructure, superstructure and microstructure analyses.
In the macrostructure analysis, I analyse the summary of the article found
in the upper headline, main headline and lead of this article. The upper headline is
Cover Story a New Breed of Terrorists. The main headline in this article is
Mama’s Boys and the lead is Noordin M. Top relies in several people to escape
from the police. Abu Dujanah is one of them. From the headlines and lead, it is
clear that Abu Dujanah is represented negatively because there is the word
terrorists and the relationship between Noordin as the master of terrorism and
Abu Dujanah as one of his followers is illustrated to be very close.
33
Maranatha Christian University
The authors provide the term Mama’s Boys in the main headline to
describe the realationship between Noordin M. Top and Abu Dujanah. Besides,
the authors use the phrase New Breed in the upper headline to give the impression
to the reader that there is a new group of terrorists that has appeared. I think the
way of the authors present the summary of the article is very unique. These words
would make the reader want to read the whole article. In addition, the authors
mention the name Abu Dujanah as one of the Noordin’s followers in the lead to
make the reader get more curious about him.
In the superstructure analysis of this article, I find fifteen paragraphs that
represent Abu Dujanah. The most categories that I find are verbal reaction
categories and backgrounds. There are eight verbal reactions and seven
backgrounds of Abu Dujanah. From eight verbal reactions, I find three positive
statements of Abu Dujanah and five negative statements of Abu Dujanah.
Moreover, in the backgrounds, all the paragraphs present negative representation
of Abu Dujanah. Therefore, there are twelve paragraphs that present negative
representation and three positive representation of Abu Dujanah. The presentation
of the three positive statements of Abu Dujanah are right away contradicted by the
other verbal reactions in the following or previous paragraphs. Hence, from this
analysis, it is seen that the authors present Abu Dujanah negatively in a subtle
way.
This is a very interesting point because at first the authors seem to want to
make the reader confused about the representation Abu Dujanah. Yet, after a more
thorough analysis, it is clear how Abu Dujanah is represented. Consequently, the
34
Maranatha Christian University
reader should pay more attention to how the authors organize their ideas as this
will reveal the representation of Abu Dujanah.
In the third analysis, in the microstructure analysis, I focus on the stylistic
aspects, namely in the lexical style and the use of rhetorical figures. In lexical
style, I analyze the words that the authors use to represent Abu Dujanah. There are
thirteen words that represent Abu Dujanah. Some of those words are literally
negative in meaning and some of them are contextually negative in meaning. The
words literally having negative meaning are dangerous, smart, dilligent, active,
threat, and protective. Besides, the words or phrases contextually having negative
meaning can be seen in the sentence such as His name is at the top of the police’s
most-wanted list; He is, after all, an expert in bomb making and armaments; he is
a field commander and a bomb strategist; Abu Dujanah developed a very close
relationship with the police’s most wanted fugitive; Noordin was taken care of
and protected by Abu Dujanah.
From the words that the authors use to represent Abu Dujanah, the authors
use six positive words of Abu Dujanah and seven negative words of him. At first,
the reader may get confused about the representation of Abu Dujanah because of
the more or less balanced presentation of negative and positive things about him.
Yet, the reader should be more critical in identifying the sources that state the
presentation of Abu Dujanah. The positive statements of Abu Dujanah are stated
by Nasir Abas, a man who has the negative description because he has been
involved in the terorrist’ network. On the other hand, the negative statements of
Abu Dujanah are stated by the police department, CIA, and the authors
themselves. The reader has to know which sources are more credible to present
35
Maranatha Christian University
Abu Dujanah. Thus, the reader should be more careful when reading this article so
as to find out how the authors represent Abu Dujanah in their article.
Still in the microstructure analysis, in the stylistic aspects, I find the use of
figure of speech in this article. There is an interesting metaphor in the first
paragraph. Abu Dujanah is described to be like a latter-day Houdini. Houdini is an
illusionist with his sensational escape actions and he is also popular about the
escape tricks from police handcuffs and jails. The authors describe Abu Dujanah
to be like Houdini because it is difficult to arrest Abu Dujanah as he is clever to
escape from the police’s pursuit.
Based on this finding, I am certain that in doing a text analysis it is
essential that the reader is asked to be highly critical to find out how a particular
character is represented in the text.
As an overall comment, I think the authors are good in putting forward and
organizing their ideas about Abu Dujanah. The subtle way in representing Abu
Dujanah is approriate because they know that terrorism is a sensitive case.
It is very interesting to analyse a text and I suggest that further researchers
who want to take text analysis as topic for thesis should have to be more critical in
analysing a text. In addition,they have not only to understand about text that to be
analysed but also know about the background information or the issues that are
related to the text or article source.
(1.000 words)
36
Maranatha Christian University
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Setyarso, Budi and Imron Rasyid. “Mama’s Boys,” Tempo Magazine 18 Sep.2006, pp
16-17.
References
Abuza, Zachary. Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror. United States
of America: Lynne Rienner, 2003.Print.
“Active.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Biographical note Teun A van Dijk.” discourse.org .n. pag. Web. 25 April. 2013.
Central Intelligence Agency. About CIA, 2006. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Commander.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Dangerous.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Diligent.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Expert.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Fluent.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Fugitive.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
37
Maranatha Christian University
Institute for the Study of Violent Groups. The Institute for the Study of Violent
Groups, 2012. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Jemaah Islamiyah (a.k.a. Jemaah Islamiah).” Council of Foreign Relations. Council
on Foreign Relations, 2009. Web. 20 March 2014
“Mama’s boy.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Mama’s boy.” Urban Dictionary. Urban Dictionary Online, 1999-2013. Web. 18
November 2013.
“Most.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Mujahideen.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Protective.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
Racheedus. “Profil Noordin M. Top, Sang Gembong Teroris” wordpress.com. 19
September 2009. Web. 25 April. 2013.
“Smart.” Def. 3. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Strategist.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
“Take care of sb.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010.
Print.
The Great Harry Houdini. Houdini His Life and His Art, 2013. Web. 20 March 2014.
“Threat.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Critical Discourse Analysis. Handbook of Discourse Analysis. 352371. Oxford : Blackwell, 2001. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Discourse and Manipulation. Discourse & Society. 359-383. 1993.
Print.
38
Maranatha Christian University
van Dijk, T. A. News Schemata. Studying Writing. 155-186. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage,
1986. Print.
van Dijk, T. A. Principles of Critical Discourse Analysis. Discourse & Society. 249283. 1993. Print.
“Wanted.” Def. 1. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. 8th ed. 2010. Print.
39
Maranatha Christian University