THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN “AMERICAN SNIPER” MOVIE | Karya Tulis Ilmiah
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER?
MOVIE
LINK DOWNLOAD [342.75 KB]
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
Presented to STKIP PGRI JOMBANG
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (S.Pd)
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
JOMBANG
2015
APPROVAL SHEET
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
Approved on: 1st December 2015
Advisor,
Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd
APPROVAL SHEET
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN
?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
This thesis was examined and accepted by board of examiners of
STKIP PGRI JOMBANG
Board of Examiners
Name Signature
Head of Examiner : Adib Darmawan, M.A ( )
Examiner I : Nanang Fitrianto, M.Pd ( )
Examiner II : Diana Mayasari, M.Pd ( )
Examiner III : Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd ( )
Jombang,
Acknowledged by:
Head of English Department
Drs. Adib Darmawan, M.A
MOTTO
?Life is a game with obstacles encountered and when there is a chance, we have to seize it.?
?You will never know the true answer, before you try.?
By: Hitam Putih
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
1. My beloved parents (Muzayyaroh) and (Sadaruan, S.Pd.I) who always support and pray the best for me.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to praise to Allah SWT, The God Almighty who has been giving me some mercies and blessings so that I
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 1/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
can finish my bachelor study by completing this thesis.
Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis.
They are:
1. Dr. Winardi, S.H, M.Hum, as the chief of STKIP PGRI Jombang,
2. Drs. Adib Darmawan, M.A., as the head of English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang.
3. Ida Setyawati, S.Pd., M.Pd., as the secretary of English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang.
4. Afi Ni'amah, S.Pd., M.Pd., as my advisor who has guided, advised me, and shared her knowledge that I can accomplish this
thesis.
5. All of the lecturers in STKIP PGRI Jombang, especially in English Department.
6. All of my friends in STKIP PGRI Jombang especially 2011-D Class who have given me support and accompany my days in
campus.
The last, any critics and suggestions from the readers are hoped in order to improve this thesis as appropriately as possible.
Jombang, 1st December 2015
The Researcher
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
MOTTO iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study 1
B. Problem of the study 5
C. Objective of the Study 5
D. Significance of the Study 6
E. Scope and Limitation 7
F. Definition of Key Terms 7
CHAPTER II :REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Pragmatics 9
B. Context 11
C. Movie 14
D. Speech Act 14
E. Types of Illocutionary Acts 18
F. The Functions of Illocutionary Acts 19
G. Previous studies 20
H. Synopsis 22
I. Theoretical Framework 25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design 27
B. Source of data and data 28
C. Instrument of the study 28
D. Procedure of collecting data 29
E. Procedure of analyzing data 29
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Finding 32
B. Discussion 53
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 2/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
A. Conclusion 58
B. Suggestion 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Munir, Mishbahul. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in ?American Sniper? Movie. Thesis. English Department of STKIP
PGRI Jombang. Advisor: Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd.
Keywords: Pragmatics, Illocutionary Act, American Sniper Movie
This thesis discussed illocutionary acts in ?American Sniper? movie. Illocutionary act is one of the elements of speech act which
studies about speaker intended meaning in his or her utterance. There are five types of illocutionary acts, such as: assertive or
representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. Illocutionary acts can be found in movie. The researcher used
?American Sniper? movie to find out the types of illocutionary act produced by main character (Chris Kyle). The researcher used
theory of speech act especially illocutionary act to understand what the speaker means by saying the utterances in ?American
Sniper? movie. Based on the statement above, the researcher conducted research entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in
American Sniper Movie.?
The problems discussed in this research were the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) and the
functions of each utterance uttered by the main character in ?American Sniper? movie.
This research used qualitative method because the researcher in this research described any information by gathering the utterances
that were uttered by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
The result of the research discussion showed that there were four types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle)
in ?American Sniper? movie. They were: assertive or representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. In this research, the
researcher didn't find declarative type in his utterances in ?American Sniper? movie. In this research, there were four functions used
by the main character. Those were competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher discusses Background of the study, Problem of the study, Objective of the study, Significance of the
study, Scope and Limitation, and Definition of key terms.
A. Background of the study
Communication always occurs in the daily life of all human beings in the world because it is a part of life to communicate with
others. Language is a tool of communication used by people to communicate and to express their feelings such as sad or happy, to
express thoughts and ideas with others in order to get or to achieve what they want in their communication.
When we have conversation with others, we produce an utterance as type of action in the process of communication. That means
language can be used by many people to express their activities such as requesting, ordering, thanking, promising, refusing,
asserting, and treating. Those are called speech act. Speech act is the act of saying something. In our social life, we always
communicate to share our intention to the hearer (addressee).
We usually make an utterance with intended meaning of what our words given. Meaning can be understood via context of what the
speaker intention. Understanding the context will make us easy to catch the speaker means in his/her utterances. In daily
communication, people do not only say something but also force someone (addressee) to do something for him/her. Thus, people
should have the ability to interpret the meaning of speaker's utterances in order that the communication can be reached.
To understand the speaker means, we have to consider it based on the context of the utterance. The study of speaker meaning is
called pragmatics. Pragmatics is one of the branches of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in context of the
speaker utterance. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a
listener (or reader). It has consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or
phrases and those utterances might mean by themselves (Yule, 1996:3). Furthermore, Griffiths (2006:132) defines that pragmatics is
the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of communications, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning. In addition, by
studying pragmatics, we can talk about people's intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of
actions that they are performing when they speak (Yule, 1996:4).
From the statement above, it can be understood that pragmatics is used to study about speaker meaning according to the context of
the utterances and situation where it occurs. In pragmatics, we do not only interpret the meaning of a speaker to the single word or
sentence but we have to interpret what the speaker means. There are many advantages that we can learn from pragmatics study such
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 3/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
as: understanding meaning based on context of the speaker utterances, speakers assumptions, goals, etc. In pragmatics, we have to be
able to interpret the speaker utterance in order to understand the actual meaning of speaker utterance.
Speech act is one of the branches of pragmatics because it has important role in the study of communication. Speech act has three
types of acts such as, locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act. All of them have different function in understanding speaker
utterances. As stated by Austin (1962) in Meyer (2009) that when speaking (or writing, for that matter), we perform various ?acts?:
locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. The difference between locutionary and illocutionary acts is sometimes
referred to as, respectively, the difference between ?saying? and ?doing.?
Illocutionary act studies about nonliteral meaning of the speaker utterances. Based on Searle (1999, 145) in Wardhaugh said that
illocutionary acts must be performed ?intentionally.' In order to communicate something in a language that will be understood by
another speaker as an utterance it must be correctly uttered with its conventional meaning and satisfy in truth conditions. We have to
perform illocutionary act with intended meaning as uttered by a speaker to the hearer based on the situation and real condition. We
need more knowledge to interpret the speaker utterance which has intended meaning by studying illocutionary act. There are several
kinds of illocutionary act based on Searle (1975) in Hughes and Gartsman (2007:117-118) states the classifications of illocutionary
act; representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives.
The researcher analyzes illocutionary act because most people still have misunderstanding when they have conversation with others.
It occurs because of not knowing what is meant by the speaker utterance or sentence. In a communication, people use their way of
speaking by certain means of the utterances expressed so, it is essential for them to know what the utterance means when it is
delivered. When a sentence is said by a speaker, it does not refer to what actually means by the sentence but it has indeed meaning.
Film entitled ?American Sniper? which had been released in 2014 is interesting to analyze because it tells a true story of the main
character (Chris Kyle) who has been becoming the legend of sniper in US navy. Before going to the SEALs, he wants to be a
cowboy as his father did. His father (Wayne Kyle) teaches him to shoot because Wayne Kyle wants him has the ability to shoot like
him. Then, when he (Chris Kyle) is watching TV, he knows that the news said that there is a war in Iraq which has been killed more
than 80 people dead and 1700 people injured. After knowing that accident, he goes to Armed Forces to join the SEALs. Then, he
becomes one of the marines and is sent to Iraq to protect people there in order to save them from the War.
This movie has been nominated in MTV Movie Award in 2014 although it didn't win the nomination. But this movie has won MTV
Movie award in Video Editing category in 2014. The main character of the movie (Chris Kyle) won the best male performance
category.
There are several researchers which have conducted the same fields of study on speech act before. In this research, the researcher
does not discuss generally speech act study, but in a more specific study or illocutionary act will be the focus of this research.
Therefore, the researcher conducts research entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Act in ?American Sniper? Movie?. From the
tittle, the researcher would like to analyze the utterances in the movie produced by the main character of the movie (Chris Kyle).
B. Problem of the study
Related to the background of the study above, the researcher formulates the problems of the study as follows:
1. What are the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie?
2. What are the functions of each utterances expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie?
C. Objective of the study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the researcher is going to analyze the following objectives:
1. To know the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
2. To know the functions of each utterances expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
D. Significance of the study
The researcher expects that the result of this research can give contribution for:
1. Theoretically
Giving some contributions to explore the knowledge of speech act theory especially illocutionary acts. The researcher hopes that the
readers will understand about the theory of speech act especially illocutionary act when they read this research in order to get the
additional knowledge of it.
2. Practically
The researcher hopes that this research can help the readers to understand the theories of speech act especially illocutionary acts. It
can also be one of the references for the readers to study about the types of illocutionary acts and it can be used as an additional
knowledge in pragmatics and other fields of linguistics. The result of this research can be used by the teacher in Teaching Language
of English to teach the students about types of illocutionary acts. The result also can be used as one of the references and additional
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 4/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
information for the next researchers.
E. Scope and Limitation
In this research, the researcher focuses on analyzing the utterances of illocutionary acts which are used in ?American Sniper? movie.
The researcher also limits the character that is Chris Kyle as the main character of the movie.
F. Definition of Key terms
1. Speech Act
Speech act is the basic units of linguistic interaction, such as give a warning to, greet, apply for, tell what, and confirm an
appointment (Griffiths, 2006: 148). When we utter something to someone, our utterance also performs various acts such as
requesting, asking, stating, offering, thanking, etc. For example, ?Can you pass the salt for me?? it is included in requesting.
2. Illocutionary Act
The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance (Yule, 1996:48). When people say to others, they
actually do not only say but their utterances also perform an act. For example, ?It is hot in this class.? (Speaker) and the statement
means that the speaker wants the listener to turn the fan on or the speaker wants the listener to open the window.
3. American Sniper movie
American Sniper is one of action movies which had been released in 2014. This movie told about a man whose name is Chris Kyle.
He lived in high disciplinary education of his father. Since a child, his father taught him to shoot as well as him (his father). His
father was a cowboy and he wanted Chris to be a cowboy like him. Chris Kyle really wanted to be a cowboy but because of the
condition of War in Iraq, he finally decided to join the Navy in order to protect people there. He worked hard to be the Navy until
Chris became the US Navy. From the War, Chris became the legend of sniper in the history of US Navy and also in the world.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews the related theories as follows: Pragmatics, Context, Movie, Speech act, Types of Speech act,
and Functions of illocutionary acts.
A. Pragmatics
When people hear an utterance, they do not only try to understand to the single word or sentence uttered but also try to understand
the meaning of what the speaker said. To understand the meaning, the speaker needs to pay attention via context in order that the
communication can run well.
Talking about language, we have known the two branches of linguistics which focus on the study of meaning. Those are pragmatics
and semantics studies. Pragmatics refers to the study of meaning based on the context of situation or it can be said speaker meaning
while semantics refers to the study of meaning based on the sentence or word meaning. Both of them refer to the relationship of
meaning but in different side.
Pragmatics is the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of communications, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning
(Griffiths, 2006:132). Pragmatics focuses on the study of meaning and it is more deeply in the context of meaning or speaker's actual
meaning. We have to know the pragmatics itself to understand the meaning of something according to the context of situation. Every
utterances of someone or person may have another meaning. We cannot decide what the speaker means literally because what he or
she says may be different with his or her intended meaning of his or her utterances. We have to understand the context of the
speaker's saying. It is essential for us to study about meaning correlated with context of situation. Talking about context, we should
have more knowledge to catch the speaker meaning or speaker's utterance.
Fromkin (2003:173) in Siti Khafidloh (2013)
The study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences is called semantics. Subfields of semantics are lexical
semantics, which is concerned with the meanings of the words, and the meaning relationships among words; and phrasal, or
sentential semantics, which is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word. The study of how contexts affects
meaning ? for example, how sentence ?It's cold in here' comes to be interpreted as ?Close the window' in certain situations ? is called
pragmatics.
Pragmatics is about the use of language in context, where context includes both the linguistics and/or situational context of an
utterance/ text sentence. It is appropriately stated by Fromkin et al. (2011:167) that pragmatics is concerned with our understanding
of language in context. Communication clearly depends on not only recognizing the meaning of words in an utterance, but
recognizing what speakers mean by their utterances. Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or ?speaker meaning? (Yule,
2010:127). When we speak with others, it is important for us to interpret the meaning and also understand what the speaker means in
the communication. They do not only interpret a single word but also interpret what is meant by their utterances.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 5/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
Yule stated in his book ?Pragmatics? that pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms (1996: 4). It means that pragmatics focused on the linguistics forms of a speaker in which they are correlated each other.
Furthermore, it is based on the speaker meaning and linguistics forms. Pragmatics emphasizes on the meaning of either word or
sentence based on the speaker's utterance and context of situation.
From the above statements, generally, definition of pragmatics cannot be separated from language and context. Thus, it can be
concluded that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning of an utterance based on context so that, the communication can run well.
We have to realize that the ability of language is not only from the appropriateness of the grammatical rules but also from
pragmatics rules.
B. Context
To understand what a speaker means, we have to consider it with its context. Context is the important part in understanding about
pragmatic meaning because we can catch the actual meaning of a speaker when uttering an utterance which has intended meaning.
By knowing the context, we can assume what is meant by speaker utterance and how the hearer interprets what a speaker means in
order to understand the intended meaning of a speaker.
Leech (1983:13) defines that context is any background knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer and which
contributes the hearer's interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance. Based on Mey (2001:41) states that context is
about understanding what things are for; it is also what gives our utterances their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be
counted as true pragmatic acts.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that context is the basic knowledge of what speaker and hearer have in their minds
to understand the speaker utterance and the hearer can interpret what the speaker means in his or her utterance. In pragmatics,
context determines what is said by a speaker and it does not refer to a single word or sentence but the speaker meaning.
According to Cutting (2002:3) stated that there are three sorts of contexts:
1. Situational context: the immediate physical copresence, the situation where the interaction is taking place at the moment of
speaking.
Example:
A male lecture from London is explaining a mathematical problem to a male pupil from London, named Berkam:
Lecturer : Forty-nine? Why do you say forty-nine?
Pupil : Cos there's another one here.
Lecturer : Right, we've got forty-nine there, haven't we? But there's two, okay? Now, what is it that we've got two of? Well, let me
give you a clue. Erm, this here is forty, that's four tens, four tens are forty.
2. Background knowledge context
The second type of context is that of assumed background knowledge. This can be either:
a. Cultural general knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life.
b. Interpersonal knowledge, specific and possibly private knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves.
Example:
Her : How are you?
Him : Ok
Her : Did you have friends in and get a video last night?
Him : Oh, I had friends in but we just watched a little TV.
Her : All right.
Him : That was great, How do you feel?
Her : Ok
3. Co-textual context
Co-text refers to the words or sentences surrounding any piece of written (or spoken) text (linguistic context).
Example:
a. The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.
b. The cheese sandwich left without paying.
C. Movie
Movie is a recording of moving images that tells a story and that people watch on a screen or television
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/movie)
Movie is a picture movement that has sequence events which tell a story and it is usually shown on television. People watch movie
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 6/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
to entertain themselves. They can choose movie that they like such as sad movie, fun movie or horror movie. All kinds of movies
have their own genres in entertaining people. People can feel comfort and glad when watching fun movie. People can feel sad or cry
in their heart when watching sad movie. People can also feel very afraid when watching horror movie. What is told in a story of
movie can make people to get more knowledge after watching movie that they are interested in.
D. Speech Acts
When people say something to others, they do not only say things. They perform an act by speaking. According to Yule (1996:47)
says that in attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words,
they also perform actions via those utterances?. In communication, people do not only deliver utterances which have been structured
but they also perform certain force in their utterances. Furthermore, he adds that actions performed via utterances are generally
called speech acts. Based on Mey (2001:95) states that speech acts are verbal actions happening in the world. Uttering speech act,
the speakers do something with their words. The speaker performs an activity that brings about a change in the existing state of
affairs.
From both definitions, the researcher concludes that speech act is an action which is done by the speaker with their utterances. When
speaker utters speech act, it means that the speaker also does something with his or her words.
All utterances which are said by a speaker have meaning in its form. It also has certain function in human communication.
Sometimes, people deliver utterances with intended meaning because what speaker says may be different with what is intended by a
speaker in his or her utterance. It is important for us to be able to interpret what the speaker means in his or her words or sentences in
order to get the aims in the communication.
In understanding the form of the utterances, we have known three forms of acts which are subdivision of speech act, such as
locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. The followings are the discussion of three types of acts which become the
main core in human speech:
1. Locutionary act
Locutionary act is the basic act of producing a meaningful expression of an utterance. It deals with meaning of word or sentence
which is appropriate in the dictionary and principle of syntax. The locutionary act is the act of saying something (Riemer, 2010:109).
From the definition above, the researcher concludes that locutionary act is the act of uttering something to the addressee literally or it
can be said that the meaning of sentence is equal with what the speaker utterance without considering to the context. Thus, in
pragmatic view, locutionary act has less important role in understanding speech act. For example, ?You will get your hands blown
off?. A speaker performs the locutionary act of stating that the hearer will get their hands blown off.
2. Illocutionary act
Most people sometimes deliver an utterance with intended meaning to the addressee (hearer). Illocutionary act is performed via the
communicative force of an utterance. Illocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind. Someone might utter to
make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for other communicative purpose. This is also generally known as the illocutionary
force of the utterance (Yule, 1996:48).
Other definition from Hurford et al. (2007:273) said that the illocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act
viewed in terms of the utterance's significance within a conventional system of social interaction. One way to think about the
illocutionary act is that it reflects the intention of the speaker in making the utterance in the first place. In addition, Riemer (2010:
109) explores that illocutionary act is the act that the speaker performs in saying something
From those definitions, it can be concluded that illocutionary act is the action of a speaker through the utterance which has an
illocutionary force, i.e. ?You will get your hands blown off? performs illocutionary act of warning. The utterance has illocutionary
force of a warning, thanking, congratulating, and advising.
3. Perlocutionary act
It is the result of hearer's interpretation of an utterance. When people are communicating, they also make certain effect via their
utterances. Perlocutionary act is the act which is done by a speaker to produce an effect on the hearer's interpretation by a given
utterance. According to Hurford et al. (2007:271) states that the perlocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is
the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others. In Riemer (2010: 109) defines perlocutionary act is the act of producing
an effect in the hearer by means of the utterance. So, perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee towards the speaker utterance.
From those definitions, it can be concluded that perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee's interpretation of the utterance. For
example, ?You will get your hands blown off?. The effect of the utterance is that the speaker may be to dissuade the hearer from
playing with a lighter and a stick of dynamite, to frighten the hearer, to encourage them to go on provocatively waving a naked
flame in front of a bag of fireworks.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 7/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
E. Types of Illocutionary Acts
According to Searle, he classified illocutionary act into five types. Those are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and
declarative. Searle (1975) in Cruse (2002:342) has classified the types of illocutionary acts as follows:
1. Assertives
Assertives commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition: state, suggest, boast, complain, claim, report, warn (that).
2. Directives
Directives have the intention of eliciting some sort of action on the part of the hearer (get the addressee to do something towards
what the speaker said): order, command, request, beg, beseech, advise (to), warn (to), recommend, ask, ask (to).
3. Commissives
Commissives commit the speaker to some future action: promise, vow, offer, undertake, contract, and threaten.
4. Expressives
Expressives make known the speaker' psychological attitude to a presupposed state of affairs: thank, congratulate, condole, praise,
blame, forgive, pardon.
5. Declaratives
Declaratives are said to bring about a change in reality: that is to say, the world is in some way no longer the same after they have
been said. The point about these is, first, that they cause a change in the world over and above the fact that they have been carried
out. The second point is that they standardly encode such changes: resign, dismiss, divorce (in Islam), christen, name, open (e.g. an
exhibition), excommunicate, sentence (in court), consecrate, bid (at auction), declare (at cricket).
In this research, the researcher will give exploration types of illocutionary act according to Searle theory of speech act. Those
classifications of illocutionary act are commissive, representative or assertive, directive, expressive, and declarative. They will be
the focus of this research in understanding the type illocutionary acts.
F. The Function of Illocutionary Acts
Leech (1993:104) has proposed the illocutionary acts based on its functions. It is based on how illocutionary acts relate to the social
goals or purposes of arranging and setting up in a polite ways. There are four types of illocutionary act functions such as,
competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive. The form types of illocutionary acts functions are described below:
1. Competitive aims at competing with the social purposes, such as ordering, asking, demanding, and begging. It is intended to
produce some effects through action by the hearer. For example, ?I ask your money, please? it is kind of asking.
2. Convivial aims in compliance with the social purposes, for instance offering, inviting, greeting, thanking and congratulating. For
example, ?Can I help you with this?? it is kind of offering.
3. Collaborative aims at ignoring the social purposes as like asserting, reporting, announcing, and instructing. It commits the speaker
to the truth of expressed proposition. For example, ?I like this book?. It is kind of reporting.
4. Conflictive aims at conflicting against the social purposes, such as threatening, accusing, and reprimanding. If you say again ?I
will say to your father?. It is kind of threatening.
G. Previous Studies
There are several studies which have been conducted previously by researchers. The previous studies have their own classifications
in their research. In this research, the researcher explains each of the previous studies briefly as follows:
The first previous study was conducted by Wardani who graduated in 2011. Her study entitled ?An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in
Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time Movie?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of illocutionary acts used in Dastan's utterances as the
main character based on the contexts occurred in the Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time movie.
The second previous study was conducted by Faidhah who graduated in 2014. Her study entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Act
of The Novel ?Port Royal? by Linda Chaikin?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of utterances in all chapters taken from novel ?Port
Royal? by Linda Chaikin. She focused on the types of illocutionary acts used in the novel itself. She used descriptive research
approach in her study.
The third previous study was conducted by Zumaroh who graduated in 2012. Her study entitled ?The Analysis of Speech Act Used
in ?Air Force One? Movie Script?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of utterances in the dialogue taken from Air Force One movie
script. Her focus of the study is in the kinds of speech act that are used in the movie script. She used descriptive qualitative in her
study.
From the three previous studies which have been described above, the researcher conducts the similar research entitled ?The
Analysis of Illocutionary act in American Sniper Movie?. Those previous studies are used to help the researcher in giving general
view for people about speech act. The researcher distinguished the similarities among three previous studies with the research
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 8/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
conducted by the researcher. The first, the researcher used pragmatics approach to analyze the utterances. The second, the researcher
analyzed types of illocutionary acts and this research has several differences among three previous studies. First, the researcher used
American Sniper movie which is considered as action movie while three previous studies used novel, movie script, and the sand of
time movie considered as dramatic movie as the object. Second, the researcher used the theory of illocutionary act by Searle in this
research and those previous studies tended to use Austin's theory of illocutionary act in analyzing the utterances.
H. Synopsis
This film tells the story from the childhood of Chris Kyle up to his tragic death. He was born of a simple family cowboy with a very
high education discipline of his father who was a cowboy.
Since the beginning, Chris implanted protective properties to his brother who is often bullied at school. His father taught him to be a
predator to protect the family. From there the character of Chris who had the instinct to protect evidenced after he joined the US
Army despite including a little old time register themselves, i.e. at the age of 30 years. Exercise of the father who taught him to shoot
the animals hunted in the jungle was very helpful in his career to become a sniper.
In Ramadi, Iraq, the city where he was assigned had made his name very well known and most casualties from the enemy. On the
other hand, there are hundreds of US soldiers who he rescued from Al-Qaeda fighters who was under the command of Abu Musab
al-Zarqawi. Wild state in Iraqi cities covered chaos into a hostile arena combat for US troops. Besides patriotists ready to confront,
there also is no less accurate sniper Chris Kyle on the enemy side.
He is a recipient of a gold medal athlete Syrian sniper the sniper also succeeded in killing dozens or even dozens of US troops. Even
Chris Kyle himself almost became a victim of his shot. Two friends of Kyle became victims shot, witnessed in front of his own eyes.
The event that is spurred him to engage in retaliation. There is one point, the operation is devoted to search for the Syrian sniper
hiding in high-rise building which is actually quite impossible to find. But by Chris Kyle actual shooting glasses according to his
friends far beyond the reach of the shot, the shot smelling speculation proved successful sniper killing of the enemy.
Although it has the killing instinct is very high, but the humanist side Chris Kyle displayed on this film. He's not a cold-blooded in
real life. One time she had cheated by her boyfriend, but he did not kill his girlfriend affair. There was one when well when he had
to shoot women and children who carry the mortar that will be thrown at a convoy of US troops, but with extreme caution, and he
was forced to shoot them dead.
On one other occasion, Chris Kyle let go of a little boy who was about to direct the bazooka guns toward the US military. As a
husband for Taya and father for her children, Chris is very responsible. But the patriotic spirit demonstrated higher than his role as
head of the family. Chris Kyle was willing to leave his wife for the sake of duty of the state as much as 4x, 2x them when his wife
during the pregnancy.
Although it has been sacrificed for the country, the life story of soldiers who have received various awards stars of this country are
not comparable with the reciprocal she did. There are events in which her baby abandoned by hospital nurses. Even the tragic end of
his life who died at the hands of a young veteran whose family wanted her help.
I. Theoretical Framework
Linguistics is the study of language. One of the branches of linguistics which study about meaning of language is pragmatics and
semantics studies. Those terms focus on the study of meaning in language but in different side.
As stated by Griffiths (2006:1)
Semantics is the study of the ?toolkit? for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and in its patterns for
building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence meanings. Pragmatics is concerned with the use of these tools in
meaningful communication. Pragmatics is about the interaction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into
account contexts of use.
Semantics is the study about sentence meaning while pragmatics is the study about speaker meaning according to the context of the
utterance. On the other hands, semantics is about to understand the meaning of a sentence which is elaborated literally. In semantics,
we do not need to consider the meaning based on context of the speaker and addressee. Pragmatics studies about meaning in context
of a speaker. Talking about context is very interesting because it can determine the actual meaning of a speaker on the hearer's
interpretation. Pragmatics meaning depends on the context of the speaker utterance.
In pragmatics, we have the terms speech act which understands about speech form of the speaker. There are three kinds of speech
acts such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
This research aims at understanding illocutionary acts which are expressed by the main character in the movie entitled ?American
Sniper?. After finding the utterances which include in the types of illocutionary act, the researcher analyzes the utterances expressed
by the main character based on the classifications of illocutionary act.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 9/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher showed the way of conducting this research such as: Research design, Source of data and data,
Instrument of the study, Procedure of collecting data, and Procedure of analyzing data.
A. Research Design
Research designs are the specific procedures involved in the research process: data collection, data analysis, and report writing
(Creswell, 2012:20). It means that research design is procedures or steps which have important roles in the research process such as
data collection, data analysis, and report writing.
In this research, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method is defined as a research procedure
which produces descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person (Bogdan and Taylor 1975:5 in Moleong
2002:4). It can be said that qualitative research method is a procedure of research which results the data in words form and it does
not form numerical as the result because the data will be in the form of descriptions or written form as the result of qualitative
research.
The researcher used qualitative method because in this research, the researcher described any information by gathering the
utterances that were uttered by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
This research also included in phenomenological research because in this research, the researcher found out phenomenon or
utterances expressed by the main character included in the types of illocutionary act in ?American Sniper? movie.
B. Source of data and data (object of study)
Mack (2005:3) states that the source of data is something that is obtained in the form of textual, such as: audiotapes, videotapes,
film, and field notes. The source of data in this research used by the researcher was American Sniper movie because the data of this
research were taken from the movie.
This research focused on illocutionary act used by the main character in the movie of ?American Sniper?. Thus, the data of this
research were taken from the utterances produced by main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie. In this research, the
researcher's object was the American movie entitled ?American Sniper? which limited the utterances found in the movie itself. The
utterances in the movie were the ones that included in the type of illocutionary acts.
C. Instrument of the study
The instrument of this research is essential to get the data. The main instrument of this research was the researcher himself. As stated
by Bogdan (1975:29) qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and the researcher as the key instrument.
From the statement above, the researcher concluded that the instrument of this research was the researcher himself as the major
instrument in this research and had an important role to obtain the data. The researcher used this way because the data of this
research was in the form of words. The researcher gathered and analyzed the data based on the collected data in accordance with the
types of illocutionary acts.
The secondary instrument of this research was an observation beside human as key instrument in qualitative research because the
researcher also used field notes to collect and analyze the data in American Sniper movie or Chris Kyle's utterances in this case. As
stated by Creswell (2009:181) said that qualitative observations are those in which the researcher takes field notes on the behavior
and activities of individuals at the research site.
D. Procedure of collecting data
In collecting the data, the researcher has conducted several steps as the followings:
1. The researcher found out the movie and also the script of it by downloading from the internet.
2. After finding the movie and the script, the researcher watched American Sniper movie three times then analyzed the script of
movie. The researcher concerned to Chris's utterances.
3. Then the researcher found out and then took notes the utterances included in the type and the functions of illocutionary act
expressed by Chris Kyle in American Sniper movie.
4. After getting all data needed, the researcher identified each of his utterances based on the theories of illocutionary act.
5. After identifying each of his utterances, the researcher classified the data which dealt with this research.
E. Procedure of analyzing data
Data analysis is the most complex and mysterious phase of qualitative research. Data analysis in qualitative research is a
time-consuming and difficult process because typically the researcher faces massive amounts of field notes, interview transcripts,
audio recordings, video data, reflections, or information from documents, all of which must be examined and interpreted. (Ary,
2010: 481). This research used field notes to analyze the data and needed much time and also hard process to interpret the collected
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 10/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
data.
After collecting the data, the researcher continued analyzing the data which have been collected as the followings:
1. Reviewing
The first step, the researcher reviewed the data or utterances which have been collected from the movie expressed by the main
character.
2. Identifying
The second step, the researcher identified the data based on the theories of illocutionary act according to Searle. He classified
illocutionary act into five types such as: assertive/representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.
3. Classifying
The third step, the researcher classified the data or the utterances which were included in the types of illocutionary act expressed by
the main character into assertive/representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.
4. Describing
The fourth step, the researcher described and analyzed the types and the functions of illocutionary acts found in Chris' utterances.
5. Concluding
The last step, the researcher gave conclusion based on the analyses which have been conducted.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher presents research findings of illocutionary act expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle). This
chapter is divided into two sections. They are research finding and discussion. The finding is also divided into two parts. Those are
the types of illocutionary act and the functions of illocutionary act.
A. Findings
1. The Types of Illocutionary Act
1) Assertives
a) Oh. Uh, no I wanted to be a cowboy, but? I don't know. I did that. I thought I was meant for something more. (IA-1)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, when Taya asks Chris ?Did you always want to be a soldier?? then Chris answers ?I wanted to be a cowboy but I
did that and I felt like I was meant for more?. In his utterance, Chris tells to her about what he has in his own. He said that he has
become a cowboy and has the ability to shoot since he was child. He really wants to be a soldier.
b) Negative sir. There is something out there. (IA-2)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, when Chris tries to shoot towards the target, then PO Tosh asks him to close his eye but Chris says to him that
there is something there. Thus, Chris doesn't close his eye in order to shoot appropriately on target.
c) There was a kid who barely had any hair on his balls. Mother gives him a grenade. Sends him out there to kill Marines. Dude, that
was evil like I never seen before. (IA-3)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, Chris tells to Biggles that this kid is still a child but his mother gives him a grenade to kill Marines. They both are
out of building and his mother is carrying a grenade in her cloth towards the Marines.
d) Uhn, fuck. They were clean, right? (IA-4)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? and it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition because Chris knows that those shots are off target so, he says, ?And they were clean, right??
e) I got six?well, that's not true. I got eight?but they dragged two off. (IA-5)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, Chris reports to Marc Lee that he has killed eight men but he only says six men because two of his guys are killed
so, he counts his kills six.
f) It's a boy! (IA-9)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. When Taya calls him, she tells Chris that he will have a son from her as what he expects at first.
g) Hey, some help here? My daughter's crying. That's my daughter over there. I think she is crying. Tend to her, please! Excuse me.
Hey! Hey where you going? Hey! Hey, would you tend to my daughter, please? Hey! Hey, tend to my daughter, please! Right now!
(IA-17)
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 11/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
When Chris at the hospital to visit his daughter, he knows that his daughter is crying but Chris cannot enter to the room so he only
looks at his daughter from the door. Chris tries to call the nurse but she doesn't care of him. Chris wants the nurse to tend to his
daughte
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER?
MOVIE
LINK DOWNLOAD [342.75 KB]
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
Presented to STKIP PGRI JOMBANG
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris (S.Pd)
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
SEKOLAH TINGGI KEGURUAN DAN ILMU PENDIDIKAN
PERSATUAN GURU REPUBLIK INDONESIA
JOMBANG
2015
APPROVAL SHEET
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN ?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
Approved on: 1st December 2015
Advisor,
Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd
APPROVAL SHEET
THE ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN
?AMERICAN SNIPER? MOVIE
By:
MISHBAHUL MUNIR
NIM. 1171074
This thesis was examined and accepted by board of examiners of
STKIP PGRI JOMBANG
Board of Examiners
Name Signature
Head of Examiner : Adib Darmawan, M.A ( )
Examiner I : Nanang Fitrianto, M.Pd ( )
Examiner II : Diana Mayasari, M.Pd ( )
Examiner III : Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd ( )
Jombang,
Acknowledged by:
Head of English Department
Drs. Adib Darmawan, M.A
MOTTO
?Life is a game with obstacles encountered and when there is a chance, we have to seize it.?
?You will never know the true answer, before you try.?
By: Hitam Putih
DEDICATION
This thesis is dedicated to:
1. My beloved parents (Muzayyaroh) and (Sadaruan, S.Pd.I) who always support and pray the best for me.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to praise to Allah SWT, The God Almighty who has been giving me some mercies and blessings so that I
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 1/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
can finish my bachelor study by completing this thesis.
Secondly, I would like to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis.
They are:
1. Dr. Winardi, S.H, M.Hum, as the chief of STKIP PGRI Jombang,
2. Drs. Adib Darmawan, M.A., as the head of English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang.
3. Ida Setyawati, S.Pd., M.Pd., as the secretary of English Department of STKIP PGRI Jombang.
4. Afi Ni'amah, S.Pd., M.Pd., as my advisor who has guided, advised me, and shared her knowledge that I can accomplish this
thesis.
5. All of the lecturers in STKIP PGRI Jombang, especially in English Department.
6. All of my friends in STKIP PGRI Jombang especially 2011-D Class who have given me support and accompany my days in
campus.
The last, any critics and suggestions from the readers are hoped in order to improve this thesis as appropriately as possible.
Jombang, 1st December 2015
The Researcher
TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
APPROVAL SHEET iii
MOTTO iv
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the study 1
B. Problem of the study 5
C. Objective of the Study 5
D. Significance of the Study 6
E. Scope and Limitation 7
F. Definition of Key Terms 7
CHAPTER II :REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Pragmatics 9
B. Context 11
C. Movie 14
D. Speech Act 14
E. Types of Illocutionary Acts 18
F. The Functions of Illocutionary Acts 19
G. Previous studies 20
H. Synopsis 22
I. Theoretical Framework 25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Research Design 27
B. Source of data and data 28
C. Instrument of the study 28
D. Procedure of collecting data 29
E. Procedure of analyzing data 29
CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Finding 32
B. Discussion 53
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 2/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
A. Conclusion 58
B. Suggestion 59
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
ABSTRACT
Munir, Mishbahul. 2015. The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in ?American Sniper? Movie. Thesis. English Department of STKIP
PGRI Jombang. Advisor: Afi Ni'amah, M.Pd.
Keywords: Pragmatics, Illocutionary Act, American Sniper Movie
This thesis discussed illocutionary acts in ?American Sniper? movie. Illocutionary act is one of the elements of speech act which
studies about speaker intended meaning in his or her utterance. There are five types of illocutionary acts, such as: assertive or
representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative. Illocutionary acts can be found in movie. The researcher used
?American Sniper? movie to find out the types of illocutionary act produced by main character (Chris Kyle). The researcher used
theory of speech act especially illocutionary act to understand what the speaker means by saying the utterances in ?American
Sniper? movie. Based on the statement above, the researcher conducted research entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Acts in
American Sniper Movie.?
The problems discussed in this research were the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) and the
functions of each utterance uttered by the main character in ?American Sniper? movie.
This research used qualitative method because the researcher in this research described any information by gathering the utterances
that were uttered by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
The result of the research discussion showed that there were four types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle)
in ?American Sniper? movie. They were: assertive or representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. In this research, the
researcher didn't find declarative type in his utterances in ?American Sniper? movie. In this research, there were four functions used
by the main character. Those were competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive.
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
In this chapter, the researcher discusses Background of the study, Problem of the study, Objective of the study, Significance of the
study, Scope and Limitation, and Definition of key terms.
A. Background of the study
Communication always occurs in the daily life of all human beings in the world because it is a part of life to communicate with
others. Language is a tool of communication used by people to communicate and to express their feelings such as sad or happy, to
express thoughts and ideas with others in order to get or to achieve what they want in their communication.
When we have conversation with others, we produce an utterance as type of action in the process of communication. That means
language can be used by many people to express their activities such as requesting, ordering, thanking, promising, refusing,
asserting, and treating. Those are called speech act. Speech act is the act of saying something. In our social life, we always
communicate to share our intention to the hearer (addressee).
We usually make an utterance with intended meaning of what our words given. Meaning can be understood via context of what the
speaker intention. Understanding the context will make us easy to catch the speaker means in his/her utterances. In daily
communication, people do not only say something but also force someone (addressee) to do something for him/her. Thus, people
should have the ability to interpret the meaning of speaker's utterances in order that the communication can be reached.
To understand the speaker means, we have to consider it based on the context of the utterance. The study of speaker meaning is
called pragmatics. Pragmatics is one of the branches of linguistics which is concerned with the study of meaning in context of the
speaker utterance. Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a
listener (or reader). It has consequently, more to do with the analysis of what people mean by their utterances than what the words or
phrases and those utterances might mean by themselves (Yule, 1996:3). Furthermore, Griffiths (2006:132) defines that pragmatics is
the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of communications, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning. In addition, by
studying pragmatics, we can talk about people's intended meanings, their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of
actions that they are performing when they speak (Yule, 1996:4).
From the statement above, it can be understood that pragmatics is used to study about speaker meaning according to the context of
the utterances and situation where it occurs. In pragmatics, we do not only interpret the meaning of a speaker to the single word or
sentence but we have to interpret what the speaker means. There are many advantages that we can learn from pragmatics study such
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 3/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
as: understanding meaning based on context of the speaker utterances, speakers assumptions, goals, etc. In pragmatics, we have to be
able to interpret the speaker utterance in order to understand the actual meaning of speaker utterance.
Speech act is one of the branches of pragmatics because it has important role in the study of communication. Speech act has three
types of acts such as, locutionary, illocutionary and perlocutionary act. All of them have different function in understanding speaker
utterances. As stated by Austin (1962) in Meyer (2009) that when speaking (or writing, for that matter), we perform various ?acts?:
locutionary acts, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary acts. The difference between locutionary and illocutionary acts is sometimes
referred to as, respectively, the difference between ?saying? and ?doing.?
Illocutionary act studies about nonliteral meaning of the speaker utterances. Based on Searle (1999, 145) in Wardhaugh said that
illocutionary acts must be performed ?intentionally.' In order to communicate something in a language that will be understood by
another speaker as an utterance it must be correctly uttered with its conventional meaning and satisfy in truth conditions. We have to
perform illocutionary act with intended meaning as uttered by a speaker to the hearer based on the situation and real condition. We
need more knowledge to interpret the speaker utterance which has intended meaning by studying illocutionary act. There are several
kinds of illocutionary act based on Searle (1975) in Hughes and Gartsman (2007:117-118) states the classifications of illocutionary
act; representatives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declaratives.
The researcher analyzes illocutionary act because most people still have misunderstanding when they have conversation with others.
It occurs because of not knowing what is meant by the speaker utterance or sentence. In a communication, people use their way of
speaking by certain means of the utterances expressed so, it is essential for them to know what the utterance means when it is
delivered. When a sentence is said by a speaker, it does not refer to what actually means by the sentence but it has indeed meaning.
Film entitled ?American Sniper? which had been released in 2014 is interesting to analyze because it tells a true story of the main
character (Chris Kyle) who has been becoming the legend of sniper in US navy. Before going to the SEALs, he wants to be a
cowboy as his father did. His father (Wayne Kyle) teaches him to shoot because Wayne Kyle wants him has the ability to shoot like
him. Then, when he (Chris Kyle) is watching TV, he knows that the news said that there is a war in Iraq which has been killed more
than 80 people dead and 1700 people injured. After knowing that accident, he goes to Armed Forces to join the SEALs. Then, he
becomes one of the marines and is sent to Iraq to protect people there in order to save them from the War.
This movie has been nominated in MTV Movie Award in 2014 although it didn't win the nomination. But this movie has won MTV
Movie award in Video Editing category in 2014. The main character of the movie (Chris Kyle) won the best male performance
category.
There are several researchers which have conducted the same fields of study on speech act before. In this research, the researcher
does not discuss generally speech act study, but in a more specific study or illocutionary act will be the focus of this research.
Therefore, the researcher conducts research entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Act in ?American Sniper? Movie?. From the
tittle, the researcher would like to analyze the utterances in the movie produced by the main character of the movie (Chris Kyle).
B. Problem of the study
Related to the background of the study above, the researcher formulates the problems of the study as follows:
1. What are the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie?
2. What are the functions of each utterances expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie?
C. Objective of the study
Based on the statement of the problem above, the researcher is going to analyze the following objectives:
1. To know the types of illocutionary acts used by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
2. To know the functions of each utterances expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
D. Significance of the study
The researcher expects that the result of this research can give contribution for:
1. Theoretically
Giving some contributions to explore the knowledge of speech act theory especially illocutionary acts. The researcher hopes that the
readers will understand about the theory of speech act especially illocutionary act when they read this research in order to get the
additional knowledge of it.
2. Practically
The researcher hopes that this research can help the readers to understand the theories of speech act especially illocutionary acts. It
can also be one of the references for the readers to study about the types of illocutionary acts and it can be used as an additional
knowledge in pragmatics and other fields of linguistics. The result of this research can be used by the teacher in Teaching Language
of English to teach the students about types of illocutionary acts. The result also can be used as one of the references and additional
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 4/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
information for the next researchers.
E. Scope and Limitation
In this research, the researcher focuses on analyzing the utterances of illocutionary acts which are used in ?American Sniper? movie.
The researcher also limits the character that is Chris Kyle as the main character of the movie.
F. Definition of Key terms
1. Speech Act
Speech act is the basic units of linguistic interaction, such as give a warning to, greet, apply for, tell what, and confirm an
appointment (Griffiths, 2006: 148). When we utter something to someone, our utterance also performs various acts such as
requesting, asking, stating, offering, thanking, etc. For example, ?Can you pass the salt for me?? it is included in requesting.
2. Illocutionary Act
The illocutionary act is performed via the communicative force of an utterance (Yule, 1996:48). When people say to others, they
actually do not only say but their utterances also perform an act. For example, ?It is hot in this class.? (Speaker) and the statement
means that the speaker wants the listener to turn the fan on or the speaker wants the listener to open the window.
3. American Sniper movie
American Sniper is one of action movies which had been released in 2014. This movie told about a man whose name is Chris Kyle.
He lived in high disciplinary education of his father. Since a child, his father taught him to shoot as well as him (his father). His
father was a cowboy and he wanted Chris to be a cowboy like him. Chris Kyle really wanted to be a cowboy but because of the
condition of War in Iraq, he finally decided to join the Navy in order to protect people there. He worked hard to be the Navy until
Chris became the US Navy. From the War, Chris became the legend of sniper in the history of US Navy and also in the world.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In this chapter, the researcher reviews the related theories as follows: Pragmatics, Context, Movie, Speech act, Types of Speech act,
and Functions of illocutionary acts.
A. Pragmatics
When people hear an utterance, they do not only try to understand to the single word or sentence uttered but also try to understand
the meaning of what the speaker said. To understand the meaning, the speaker needs to pay attention via context in order that the
communication can run well.
Talking about language, we have known the two branches of linguistics which focus on the study of meaning. Those are pragmatics
and semantics studies. Pragmatics refers to the study of meaning based on the context of situation or it can be said speaker meaning
while semantics refers to the study of meaning based on the sentence or word meaning. Both of them refer to the relationship of
meaning but in different side.
Pragmatics is the study of how senders and addressees, in acts of communications, rely on context to elaborate on literal meaning
(Griffiths, 2006:132). Pragmatics focuses on the study of meaning and it is more deeply in the context of meaning or speaker's actual
meaning. We have to know the pragmatics itself to understand the meaning of something according to the context of situation. Every
utterances of someone or person may have another meaning. We cannot decide what the speaker means literally because what he or
she says may be different with his or her intended meaning of his or her utterances. We have to understand the context of the
speaker's saying. It is essential for us to study about meaning correlated with context of situation. Talking about context, we should
have more knowledge to catch the speaker meaning or speaker's utterance.
Fromkin (2003:173) in Siti Khafidloh (2013)
The study of linguistic meaning of morphemes, words, phrases and sentences is called semantics. Subfields of semantics are lexical
semantics, which is concerned with the meanings of the words, and the meaning relationships among words; and phrasal, or
sentential semantics, which is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word. The study of how contexts affects
meaning ? for example, how sentence ?It's cold in here' comes to be interpreted as ?Close the window' in certain situations ? is called
pragmatics.
Pragmatics is about the use of language in context, where context includes both the linguistics and/or situational context of an
utterance/ text sentence. It is appropriately stated by Fromkin et al. (2011:167) that pragmatics is concerned with our understanding
of language in context. Communication clearly depends on not only recognizing the meaning of words in an utterance, but
recognizing what speakers mean by their utterances. Pragmatics is the study of what speakers mean, or ?speaker meaning? (Yule,
2010:127). When we speak with others, it is important for us to interpret the meaning and also understand what the speaker means in
the communication. They do not only interpret a single word but also interpret what is meant by their utterances.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 5/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
Yule stated in his book ?Pragmatics? that pragmatics is the study of the relationships between linguistic forms and the users of those
forms (1996: 4). It means that pragmatics focused on the linguistics forms of a speaker in which they are correlated each other.
Furthermore, it is based on the speaker meaning and linguistics forms. Pragmatics emphasizes on the meaning of either word or
sentence based on the speaker's utterance and context of situation.
From the above statements, generally, definition of pragmatics cannot be separated from language and context. Thus, it can be
concluded that pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning of an utterance based on context so that, the communication can run well.
We have to realize that the ability of language is not only from the appropriateness of the grammatical rules but also from
pragmatics rules.
B. Context
To understand what a speaker means, we have to consider it with its context. Context is the important part in understanding about
pragmatic meaning because we can catch the actual meaning of a speaker when uttering an utterance which has intended meaning.
By knowing the context, we can assume what is meant by speaker utterance and how the hearer interprets what a speaker means in
order to understand the intended meaning of a speaker.
Leech (1983:13) defines that context is any background knowledge assumed to be shared by speaker and hearer and which
contributes the hearer's interpretation of what speaker means by a given utterance. Based on Mey (2001:41) states that context is
about understanding what things are for; it is also what gives our utterances their true pragmatic meaning and allows them to be
counted as true pragmatic acts.
From the definitions above, it can be concluded that context is the basic knowledge of what speaker and hearer have in their minds
to understand the speaker utterance and the hearer can interpret what the speaker means in his or her utterance. In pragmatics,
context determines what is said by a speaker and it does not refer to a single word or sentence but the speaker meaning.
According to Cutting (2002:3) stated that there are three sorts of contexts:
1. Situational context: the immediate physical copresence, the situation where the interaction is taking place at the moment of
speaking.
Example:
A male lecture from London is explaining a mathematical problem to a male pupil from London, named Berkam:
Lecturer : Forty-nine? Why do you say forty-nine?
Pupil : Cos there's another one here.
Lecturer : Right, we've got forty-nine there, haven't we? But there's two, okay? Now, what is it that we've got two of? Well, let me
give you a clue. Erm, this here is forty, that's four tens, four tens are forty.
2. Background knowledge context
The second type of context is that of assumed background knowledge. This can be either:
a. Cultural general knowledge that most people carry with them in their minds, about areas of life.
b. Interpersonal knowledge, specific and possibly private knowledge about the history of the speakers themselves.
Example:
Her : How are you?
Him : Ok
Her : Did you have friends in and get a video last night?
Him : Oh, I had friends in but we just watched a little TV.
Her : All right.
Him : That was great, How do you feel?
Her : Ok
3. Co-textual context
Co-text refers to the words or sentences surrounding any piece of written (or spoken) text (linguistic context).
Example:
a. The cheese sandwich is made with white bread.
b. The cheese sandwich left without paying.
C. Movie
Movie is a recording of moving images that tells a story and that people watch on a screen or television
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/movie)
Movie is a picture movement that has sequence events which tell a story and it is usually shown on television. People watch movie
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 6/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
to entertain themselves. They can choose movie that they like such as sad movie, fun movie or horror movie. All kinds of movies
have their own genres in entertaining people. People can feel comfort and glad when watching fun movie. People can feel sad or cry
in their heart when watching sad movie. People can also feel very afraid when watching horror movie. What is told in a story of
movie can make people to get more knowledge after watching movie that they are interested in.
D. Speech Acts
When people say something to others, they do not only say things. They perform an act by speaking. According to Yule (1996:47)
says that in attempting to express themselves, people do not only produce utterances containing grammatical structures and words,
they also perform actions via those utterances?. In communication, people do not only deliver utterances which have been structured
but they also perform certain force in their utterances. Furthermore, he adds that actions performed via utterances are generally
called speech acts. Based on Mey (2001:95) states that speech acts are verbal actions happening in the world. Uttering speech act,
the speakers do something with their words. The speaker performs an activity that brings about a change in the existing state of
affairs.
From both definitions, the researcher concludes that speech act is an action which is done by the speaker with their utterances. When
speaker utters speech act, it means that the speaker also does something with his or her words.
All utterances which are said by a speaker have meaning in its form. It also has certain function in human communication.
Sometimes, people deliver utterances with intended meaning because what speaker says may be different with what is intended by a
speaker in his or her utterance. It is important for us to be able to interpret what the speaker means in his or her words or sentences in
order to get the aims in the communication.
In understanding the form of the utterances, we have known three forms of acts which are subdivision of speech act, such as
locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act. The followings are the discussion of three types of acts which become the
main core in human speech:
1. Locutionary act
Locutionary act is the basic act of producing a meaningful expression of an utterance. It deals with meaning of word or sentence
which is appropriate in the dictionary and principle of syntax. The locutionary act is the act of saying something (Riemer, 2010:109).
From the definition above, the researcher concludes that locutionary act is the act of uttering something to the addressee literally or it
can be said that the meaning of sentence is equal with what the speaker utterance without considering to the context. Thus, in
pragmatic view, locutionary act has less important role in understanding speech act. For example, ?You will get your hands blown
off?. A speaker performs the locutionary act of stating that the hearer will get their hands blown off.
2. Illocutionary act
Most people sometimes deliver an utterance with intended meaning to the addressee (hearer). Illocutionary act is performed via the
communicative force of an utterance. Illocutionary act is an utterance with some kind of function in mind. Someone might utter to
make a statement, an offer, an explanation, or for other communicative purpose. This is also generally known as the illocutionary
force of the utterance (Yule, 1996:48).
Other definition from Hurford et al. (2007:273) said that the illocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is the act
viewed in terms of the utterance's significance within a conventional system of social interaction. One way to think about the
illocutionary act is that it reflects the intention of the speaker in making the utterance in the first place. In addition, Riemer (2010:
109) explores that illocutionary act is the act that the speaker performs in saying something
From those definitions, it can be concluded that illocutionary act is the action of a speaker through the utterance which has an
illocutionary force, i.e. ?You will get your hands blown off? performs illocutionary act of warning. The utterance has illocutionary
force of a warning, thanking, congratulating, and advising.
3. Perlocutionary act
It is the result of hearer's interpretation of an utterance. When people are communicating, they also make certain effect via their
utterances. Perlocutionary act is the act which is done by a speaker to produce an effect on the hearer's interpretation by a given
utterance. According to Hurford et al. (2007:271) states that the perlocutionary act carried out by a speaker making an utterance is
the act of causing a certain effect on the hearer and others. In Riemer (2010: 109) defines perlocutionary act is the act of producing
an effect in the hearer by means of the utterance. So, perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee towards the speaker utterance.
From those definitions, it can be concluded that perlocutionary act is the effect on the addressee's interpretation of the utterance. For
example, ?You will get your hands blown off?. The effect of the utterance is that the speaker may be to dissuade the hearer from
playing with a lighter and a stick of dynamite, to frighten the hearer, to encourage them to go on provocatively waving a naked
flame in front of a bag of fireworks.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 7/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
E. Types of Illocutionary Acts
According to Searle, he classified illocutionary act into five types. Those are assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and
declarative. Searle (1975) in Cruse (2002:342) has classified the types of illocutionary acts as follows:
1. Assertives
Assertives commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition: state, suggest, boast, complain, claim, report, warn (that).
2. Directives
Directives have the intention of eliciting some sort of action on the part of the hearer (get the addressee to do something towards
what the speaker said): order, command, request, beg, beseech, advise (to), warn (to), recommend, ask, ask (to).
3. Commissives
Commissives commit the speaker to some future action: promise, vow, offer, undertake, contract, and threaten.
4. Expressives
Expressives make known the speaker' psychological attitude to a presupposed state of affairs: thank, congratulate, condole, praise,
blame, forgive, pardon.
5. Declaratives
Declaratives are said to bring about a change in reality: that is to say, the world is in some way no longer the same after they have
been said. The point about these is, first, that they cause a change in the world over and above the fact that they have been carried
out. The second point is that they standardly encode such changes: resign, dismiss, divorce (in Islam), christen, name, open (e.g. an
exhibition), excommunicate, sentence (in court), consecrate, bid (at auction), declare (at cricket).
In this research, the researcher will give exploration types of illocutionary act according to Searle theory of speech act. Those
classifications of illocutionary act are commissive, representative or assertive, directive, expressive, and declarative. They will be
the focus of this research in understanding the type illocutionary acts.
F. The Function of Illocutionary Acts
Leech (1993:104) has proposed the illocutionary acts based on its functions. It is based on how illocutionary acts relate to the social
goals or purposes of arranging and setting up in a polite ways. There are four types of illocutionary act functions such as,
competitive, convivial, collaborative, and conflictive. The form types of illocutionary acts functions are described below:
1. Competitive aims at competing with the social purposes, such as ordering, asking, demanding, and begging. It is intended to
produce some effects through action by the hearer. For example, ?I ask your money, please? it is kind of asking.
2. Convivial aims in compliance with the social purposes, for instance offering, inviting, greeting, thanking and congratulating. For
example, ?Can I help you with this?? it is kind of offering.
3. Collaborative aims at ignoring the social purposes as like asserting, reporting, announcing, and instructing. It commits the speaker
to the truth of expressed proposition. For example, ?I like this book?. It is kind of reporting.
4. Conflictive aims at conflicting against the social purposes, such as threatening, accusing, and reprimanding. If you say again ?I
will say to your father?. It is kind of threatening.
G. Previous Studies
There are several studies which have been conducted previously by researchers. The previous studies have their own classifications
in their research. In this research, the researcher explains each of the previous studies briefly as follows:
The first previous study was conducted by Wardani who graduated in 2011. Her study entitled ?An Analysis of Illocutionary Act in
Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time Movie?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of illocutionary acts used in Dastan's utterances as the
main character based on the contexts occurred in the Prince of Persia: The Sand of Time movie.
The second previous study was conducted by Faidhah who graduated in 2014. Her study entitled ?The Analysis of Illocutionary Act
of The Novel ?Port Royal? by Linda Chaikin?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of utterances in all chapters taken from novel ?Port
Royal? by Linda Chaikin. She focused on the types of illocutionary acts used in the novel itself. She used descriptive research
approach in her study.
The third previous study was conducted by Zumaroh who graduated in 2012. Her study entitled ?The Analysis of Speech Act Used
in ?Air Force One? Movie Script?. In her study, she analyzed kinds of utterances in the dialogue taken from Air Force One movie
script. Her focus of the study is in the kinds of speech act that are used in the movie script. She used descriptive qualitative in her
study.
From the three previous studies which have been described above, the researcher conducts the similar research entitled ?The
Analysis of Illocutionary act in American Sniper Movie?. Those previous studies are used to help the researcher in giving general
view for people about speech act. The researcher distinguished the similarities among three previous studies with the research
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 8/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
conducted by the researcher. The first, the researcher used pragmatics approach to analyze the utterances. The second, the researcher
analyzed types of illocutionary acts and this research has several differences among three previous studies. First, the researcher used
American Sniper movie which is considered as action movie while three previous studies used novel, movie script, and the sand of
time movie considered as dramatic movie as the object. Second, the researcher used the theory of illocutionary act by Searle in this
research and those previous studies tended to use Austin's theory of illocutionary act in analyzing the utterances.
H. Synopsis
This film tells the story from the childhood of Chris Kyle up to his tragic death. He was born of a simple family cowboy with a very
high education discipline of his father who was a cowboy.
Since the beginning, Chris implanted protective properties to his brother who is often bullied at school. His father taught him to be a
predator to protect the family. From there the character of Chris who had the instinct to protect evidenced after he joined the US
Army despite including a little old time register themselves, i.e. at the age of 30 years. Exercise of the father who taught him to shoot
the animals hunted in the jungle was very helpful in his career to become a sniper.
In Ramadi, Iraq, the city where he was assigned had made his name very well known and most casualties from the enemy. On the
other hand, there are hundreds of US soldiers who he rescued from Al-Qaeda fighters who was under the command of Abu Musab
al-Zarqawi. Wild state in Iraqi cities covered chaos into a hostile arena combat for US troops. Besides patriotists ready to confront,
there also is no less accurate sniper Chris Kyle on the enemy side.
He is a recipient of a gold medal athlete Syrian sniper the sniper also succeeded in killing dozens or even dozens of US troops. Even
Chris Kyle himself almost became a victim of his shot. Two friends of Kyle became victims shot, witnessed in front of his own eyes.
The event that is spurred him to engage in retaliation. There is one point, the operation is devoted to search for the Syrian sniper
hiding in high-rise building which is actually quite impossible to find. But by Chris Kyle actual shooting glasses according to his
friends far beyond the reach of the shot, the shot smelling speculation proved successful sniper killing of the enemy.
Although it has the killing instinct is very high, but the humanist side Chris Kyle displayed on this film. He's not a cold-blooded in
real life. One time she had cheated by her boyfriend, but he did not kill his girlfriend affair. There was one when well when he had
to shoot women and children who carry the mortar that will be thrown at a convoy of US troops, but with extreme caution, and he
was forced to shoot them dead.
On one other occasion, Chris Kyle let go of a little boy who was about to direct the bazooka guns toward the US military. As a
husband for Taya and father for her children, Chris is very responsible. But the patriotic spirit demonstrated higher than his role as
head of the family. Chris Kyle was willing to leave his wife for the sake of duty of the state as much as 4x, 2x them when his wife
during the pregnancy.
Although it has been sacrificed for the country, the life story of soldiers who have received various awards stars of this country are
not comparable with the reciprocal she did. There are events in which her baby abandoned by hospital nurses. Even the tragic end of
his life who died at the hands of a young veteran whose family wanted her help.
I. Theoretical Framework
Linguistics is the study of language. One of the branches of linguistics which study about meaning of language is pragmatics and
semantics studies. Those terms focus on the study of meaning in language but in different side.
As stated by Griffiths (2006:1)
Semantics is the study of the ?toolkit? for meaning: knowledge encoded in the vocabulary of the language and in its patterns for
building more elaborate meanings, up to the level of sentence meanings. Pragmatics is concerned with the use of these tools in
meaningful communication. Pragmatics is about the interaction of semantic knowledge with our knowledge of the world, taking into
account contexts of use.
Semantics is the study about sentence meaning while pragmatics is the study about speaker meaning according to the context of the
utterance. On the other hands, semantics is about to understand the meaning of a sentence which is elaborated literally. In semantics,
we do not need to consider the meaning based on context of the speaker and addressee. Pragmatics studies about meaning in context
of a speaker. Talking about context is very interesting because it can determine the actual meaning of a speaker on the hearer's
interpretation. Pragmatics meaning depends on the context of the speaker utterance.
In pragmatics, we have the terms speech act which understands about speech form of the speaker. There are three kinds of speech
acts such as locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.
This research aims at understanding illocutionary acts which are expressed by the main character in the movie entitled ?American
Sniper?. After finding the utterances which include in the types of illocutionary act, the researcher analyzes the utterances expressed
by the main character based on the classifications of illocutionary act.
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 9/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
In this chapter, the researcher showed the way of conducting this research such as: Research design, Source of data and data,
Instrument of the study, Procedure of collecting data, and Procedure of analyzing data.
A. Research Design
Research designs are the specific procedures involved in the research process: data collection, data analysis, and report writing
(Creswell, 2012:20). It means that research design is procedures or steps which have important roles in the research process such as
data collection, data analysis, and report writing.
In this research, the researcher used qualitative research method. Qualitative research method is defined as a research procedure
which produces descriptive data in the form of words written or spoken of the person (Bogdan and Taylor 1975:5 in Moleong
2002:4). It can be said that qualitative research method is a procedure of research which results the data in words form and it does
not form numerical as the result because the data will be in the form of descriptions or written form as the result of qualitative
research.
The researcher used qualitative method because in this research, the researcher described any information by gathering the
utterances that were uttered by the main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie.
This research also included in phenomenological research because in this research, the researcher found out phenomenon or
utterances expressed by the main character included in the types of illocutionary act in ?American Sniper? movie.
B. Source of data and data (object of study)
Mack (2005:3) states that the source of data is something that is obtained in the form of textual, such as: audiotapes, videotapes,
film, and field notes. The source of data in this research used by the researcher was American Sniper movie because the data of this
research were taken from the movie.
This research focused on illocutionary act used by the main character in the movie of ?American Sniper?. Thus, the data of this
research were taken from the utterances produced by main character (Chris Kyle) in ?American Sniper? movie. In this research, the
researcher's object was the American movie entitled ?American Sniper? which limited the utterances found in the movie itself. The
utterances in the movie were the ones that included in the type of illocutionary acts.
C. Instrument of the study
The instrument of this research is essential to get the data. The main instrument of this research was the researcher himself. As stated
by Bogdan (1975:29) qualitative research has the natural setting as the direct source of data and the researcher as the key instrument.
From the statement above, the researcher concluded that the instrument of this research was the researcher himself as the major
instrument in this research and had an important role to obtain the data. The researcher used this way because the data of this
research was in the form of words. The researcher gathered and analyzed the data based on the collected data in accordance with the
types of illocutionary acts.
The secondary instrument of this research was an observation beside human as key instrument in qualitative research because the
researcher also used field notes to collect and analyze the data in American Sniper movie or Chris Kyle's utterances in this case. As
stated by Creswell (2009:181) said that qualitative observations are those in which the researcher takes field notes on the behavior
and activities of individuals at the research site.
D. Procedure of collecting data
In collecting the data, the researcher has conducted several steps as the followings:
1. The researcher found out the movie and also the script of it by downloading from the internet.
2. After finding the movie and the script, the researcher watched American Sniper movie three times then analyzed the script of
movie. The researcher concerned to Chris's utterances.
3. Then the researcher found out and then took notes the utterances included in the type and the functions of illocutionary act
expressed by Chris Kyle in American Sniper movie.
4. After getting all data needed, the researcher identified each of his utterances based on the theories of illocutionary act.
5. After identifying each of his utterances, the researcher classified the data which dealt with this research.
E. Procedure of analyzing data
Data analysis is the most complex and mysterious phase of qualitative research. Data analysis in qualitative research is a
time-consuming and difficult process because typically the researcher faces massive amounts of field notes, interview transcripts,
audio recordings, video data, reflections, or information from documents, all of which must be examined and interpreted. (Ary,
2010: 481). This research used field notes to analyze the data and needed much time and also hard process to interpret the collected
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 10/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
data.
After collecting the data, the researcher continued analyzing the data which have been collected as the followings:
1. Reviewing
The first step, the researcher reviewed the data or utterances which have been collected from the movie expressed by the main
character.
2. Identifying
The second step, the researcher identified the data based on the theories of illocutionary act according to Searle. He classified
illocutionary act into five types such as: assertive/representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.
3. Classifying
The third step, the researcher classified the data or the utterances which were included in the types of illocutionary act expressed by
the main character into assertive/representative, directive, commissive, expressive, and declarative.
4. Describing
The fourth step, the researcher described and analyzed the types and the functions of illocutionary acts found in Chris' utterances.
5. Concluding
The last step, the researcher gave conclusion based on the analyses which have been conducted.
CHAPTER IV
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
In this chapter, the researcher presents research findings of illocutionary act expressed by the main character (Chris Kyle). This
chapter is divided into two sections. They are research finding and discussion. The finding is also divided into two parts. Those are
the types of illocutionary act and the functions of illocutionary act.
A. Findings
1. The Types of Illocutionary Act
1) Assertives
a) Oh. Uh, no I wanted to be a cowboy, but? I don't know. I did that. I thought I was meant for something more. (IA-1)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, when Taya asks Chris ?Did you always want to be a soldier?? then Chris answers ?I wanted to be a cowboy but I
did that and I felt like I was meant for more?. In his utterance, Chris tells to her about what he has in his own. He said that he has
become a cowboy and has the ability to shoot since he was child. He really wants to be a soldier.
b) Negative sir. There is something out there. (IA-2)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, when Chris tries to shoot towards the target, then PO Tosh asks him to close his eye but Chris says to him that
there is something there. Thus, Chris doesn't close his eye in order to shoot appropriately on target.
c) There was a kid who barely had any hair on his balls. Mother gives him a grenade. Sends him out there to kill Marines. Dude, that
was evil like I never seen before. (IA-3)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, Chris tells to Biggles that this kid is still a child but his mother gives him a grenade to kill Marines. They both are
out of building and his mother is carrying a grenade in her cloth towards the Marines.
d) Uhn, fuck. They were clean, right? (IA-4)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? and it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition because Chris knows that those shots are off target so, he says, ?And they were clean, right??
e) I got six?well, that's not true. I got eight?but they dragged two off. (IA-5)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. Here, Chris reports to Marc Lee that he has killed eight men but he only says six men because two of his guys are killed
so, he counts his kills six.
f) It's a boy! (IA-9)
The utterance includes in the type of illocutionary act ?Assertive? because it commits the speaker to the truth of the expressed
proposition. When Taya calls him, she tells Chris that he will have a son from her as what he expects at first.
g) Hey, some help here? My daughter's crying. That's my daughter over there. I think she is crying. Tend to her, please! Excuse me.
Hey! Hey where you going? Hey! Hey, would you tend to my daughter, please? Hey! Hey, tend to my daughter, please! Right now!
(IA-17)
Output as PDF file has been powered by [ Universal Post Manager ] plugin from www.ProfProjects.com
| Page 11/25 |
This page was exported from - Karya Tulis Ilmiah
Export date: Sun Sep 3 7:19:15 2017 / +0000 GMT
When Chris at the hospital to visit his daughter, he knows that his daughter is crying but Chris cannot enter to the room so he only
looks at his daughter from the door. Chris tries to call the nurse but she doesn't care of him. Chris wants the nurse to tend to his
daughte