Illocutionary Act in The Movie "Die Another Day".

(1)

ILLOCUTIONARY ACT IN THE MOVIE

“DIE ANOTHER DAY”

I MADE TEGUH SETIAWAN 1201305021

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS

UDAYANA UNIVERSITY

DENPASAR

2016

(2)

(3)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my greatest thanks to God Almighty, Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for the great blessing that leads to the completion of

this paper entitled “Illocutionary Acts in the Movie “Die Another Day” ”. There are no proper words to convey my deep gratitude and respect for any help and contribution from many sides.

Secondly, I have to thank my research supervisors, Dra. Luh Putu Laksminy, M.Hum and Dr. Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini, S.S M.Hum, without their assistance and dedicated involvement in every step throughout the process, this paper would have never been accomplished. I would like to thank very much for all lecturers who has given your knowledge and also your support and understanding over these past four years.

Thirdly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my beloved parents, I Made Riang Sidarta and Ketut Suarni, for their support in both financially and mentally especially for their understanding, attention, and love so that I could strong in facing all the obstacles during my study and during the completion of this paper. My thanks also dedicated to my beloved girlfriend Novita Rahayu for accompanying and entertaining me when I am bored and down. Last but not least, to my best friends in English Department, especially our SOMPLUG group; Gung Wira, Dewa Sidanes, Ari, Budi, Cahya, Dwi, Bion, Ray,

(4)

Rico, Wahyu and Widi, these four years moments with you all are priceless experiences for my life.

Denpasar, February 2016

(5)

iii

ABSTRACT

This study mainly focused on the discussion of illocutionary acts which is the act of performing an act via an utterance. Specifically, this study has some purposes related to the problems, namely to identify the types of illocutionary act and to analyze the functions of those types in the movie “Die Another Day”.

The data was taken from the utterance in the movie entitled “Die Another

Day”. It was chosen because utterances that were founded and the dialogues contain the illocutionary acts in this movie. The data was collected by observing and watching the movie and writing down the conversation in the movie. After that, the data was classified into types of illocutionary act and the functions of those types that supported the emergence of the illocutionary acts.

There are two theories used in conducting this study. The first theory is theory of types of illocutionary acts proposed by Searle (1976) and supported by Yule (1996). The theory is used to analyze the types of illocutionary acts toward the utterance in the movie. The other theory used in this study is proposed by Hymes (1974) about the Ethnography of communication that provides a model to analyze the context of situation; the model is known as model of S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G. This theory is used to find out the intended meaning of the utterance to analyze the function of those types of illocutionary acts.

Regarding to the analysis, there were five types of illocutionary acts found in the movie, namely Representatives, Directives, Commissives, Expressives, and Declaratives. The functions found regarding to those types, there were boasting, concluding, claiming, affirming, informing, requesting, commanding, warning, suggesting, inviting, threatening, promising, offering, apologizing, thanking, congratulating, blaming and declaring.

(6)

TABLE OF CONTENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... i

ABSTRACT ... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... iv

CHAPTER I: INTODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Problems ... 3

1.3 Aim ... 3

1.4 Scope of Discussion ... 4

1.5 Research Method ... 4

1.5.1 Data Source... 4

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data ... 5

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data ... 6

CHAPTER II: LITERARY REVIEW, CONCEPTS, AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 8

2.1 Literary Review ... 8

2.2 Concept ... 11

2.2.1 Speech Act ... 11

2.2.2 Illocutionary Act ... 12

2.2.3 Context of Situation ... 12

2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 13

2.3.1 Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts ... 14

2.3.2 Types of Directness ... 16

2.3.3 Type of Illocutionary Acts ... 17

2.3.3 Theory of Ethnography of Speaking ... 19

CHAPTER III: ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS IN THE MOVIE “DIE ANOTHER DAY” ... 22

(7)

3.2 Representatives ... 25

3.2.1 Boasting ... 25

3.2.2 Concluding... 27

3.2.3 Claiming ... 28

3.2.4 Affirming ... 30

3.2.5 Informing ... 31

3.3 Directives ... 36

3.3.1 Requesting ... 37

3.3.2 Commanding ... 38

3.3.3 Warning ... 40

3.3.4 Suggesting ... 41

3.3.5 Inviting... 42

3.4 Commissives ... 47

3.4.1 Threatening ... 48

3.4.2 Promising ... 50

3.4.3 Offering ... 51

3.5 Expressives ... 56

3.5.1 Apologizing ... 56

3.5.2 Thanking ... 58

3.5.3 Congratulating ... 59

3.5.4 Blaming ... 61

3.6 Declaratives ... 62

3.6.1 Declaring ... 63

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION ... 69

(8)

1 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Background

Every person believes that communication makes our life exist. Communication becomes a main part in life. Communication cannot be separated with language that we used; human uses language as the way to communicate. Language is used to make people enable to have more interaction with others to convey their ideas, feelings, or thoughts clearly. Communicating with someone defined as the delivery of messages. Therefore, the message must accepted by saying appropriately. Kind of situation when communication involves the language and the context belongs to pragmatics; pragmatics studies meaning in relation to speech situation (Leech, 1983: 6)

There are many ways in defining pragmatics. One of the definitions that can be taken as the understanding for pragmatics is the study of the relation between language and context. According to Mullany (2010: 10) pragmatics refers to meaning construction in specific interactional context, it also cites to the study of meaning in use or meaning in interaction. In other words, at pragmatics we study about the meaning of the context between the speaker and the hearer and also its meaning. According to Yule (1996: 4), with pragmatics people can talk

people’s intended meanings, their assumption, their purposes or goals, and the kinds of action that they are performing when they speak. The utterance that contains the act of doing something is called speech act (Levinson, 1983:21)

(9)

Studying speech act is important to make us comprehend what message that undiscovered in every utterance. Speech act also decided by the language ability of speaker to convey the message in communication. According to Parker (1986:16) speech acts are highly delicate to the context of the utterances in particular to the relationship between the speaker and the hearer. According to Austin (1970), by speaking, a person performs an act or does something. Austin defined speech act as what actions we perform when we produce utterance. He states that there are three basic types of speech act, namely locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. From those three types of speech act, illocutionary act is considered quite complex. Illocutionary act defined that the making of statement, offer, promise, etc, in uttering a sentence (Levinson, 1983:236). In uttering something, the real meaning of the utterance is often confusing for the hearer to understand the meaning of the speaker. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the problem from that phenomena.

This study was focused on analyzing the types of illocutionary act and

the functions of those illocutionary act in a movie entitled “Die Another Day”

(2002). Many people like watching movie. However, not all of them understand about the form or the function of language that used there and they do not care about the form or the functions of communication used in the movie. Movie is defined as a motion picture considered especially as a source of entertainment or

as an art form (Webster’s third new international dictionary, 1981:1480). Actually, a lot of subjects that can be learned and gotten after watching a movie, such as about the educational, moral or others value that implied there, and the

(10)

language and the dialogue or utterance they use; learn about the literary elements

in the movie. “Die Another Day” movie is a famous action/adventure movie

although this movie was released in 2002, that movie is always shown on TV every year, especially on holidays such as Christmas holidays, semester breaks, and the year-end holidays because this movie interesting and a lot of people like it; they never bored to watch it. This movie tells about the mission to North Korea that done by Bond (actor) as he leads, during which he is betrayed and, after seemingly killing a rogue North Korean colonel, is captured and imprisoned.

1.2Problems

From the background that has presented above, some problems may come up such as:

1) What types of illocutionary acts are found in the movie “Die Another

Day”?

2) What are the functions of those illocutionary acts in the movie “Die Another Day”?

1.3Aims

Every research has a specific aim or an expected objective that has to be achieved. The specific aims to be achieved in this study are:

1) To identify the types of illocutionary acts are found in the movie “Die

(11)

2) To analyze the functions of those illocutionary acts in the movie “Die Another Day”.

1.4Scope of Discussion

In order to make a discussion relevant, the scope of discussion in this

paper was focused on analyzing illocutionary acts in the movie “Die Another Day”. The main points that were discussed are the types of illocutionary acts using the theory that was proposed by Searle (1976) and supported by Yule (1996) and its functions of those illocutionary acts through the utterances found in the movie using ethnography of speaking theory proposed by Hymes (1974).

1.5Research Methods

An appropriate method is compulsory for conducting research. A research method principally comprises the procedure determining the sample and presenting the analysis of the finding and drawing the conclusion. The research method is classified into three parts, namely:

i. Data Source

ii. Method and Technique of Collecting Data iii. Method and Technique of analyzing data

1.5.1 Data Source

The primary data of this research is the form of dialogue among all of

(12)

on types of illocutionary acts are found in the movie. Moreover, the data was taken from the utterance in the dialogue, in this case from the movie. The data used in this study was taken from the utterances in the movie “Die Another Day” that had been downloaded from the internet.

The movie was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli, and directed by Lee Tamahori in 2002. It is a famous action/adventure movie in that year, that movie is always shown on TV every year, especially on holidays such as Christmas holidays, semester breaks, and the year-end holidays because this movie interesting and a lot of people like it; they never bored to watch it. This movie tells about the mission to North Korea that done by Bond (actor), he is sent to investigate the connection between a North Korean terrorist and a diamond mogul who is funding the development of an international space weapon.

This movie is very interesting, because it tells about the mission. It means many utterances that were founded and the dialogues contain the illocutionary acts. Because of that, it is very worth in order to be analyzed.

1.5.2 Method and Technique of Collecting Data

In this research, the documentation and library research were used in collecting the data because generally the data are obtained from written sources, including the literatures, such as letters, diary, biography, novel, movie script and so on. In applying the library research, there are some steps were applied with influence on the observation technique to be followed as the followings.

First, the movie “Die Another Day” was downloaded and watched. Second, the dialogue from the movie was read and observed thoroughly and

(13)

comprehensively in order to understand it more easily the movie and the illocutionary acts within the script and the context of situation that influences the occurrence of illocutionary acts as well at the same time was scanned. Third, the conversation in the movie was written down to get the utterance that related to the problem as the data. Fourth, from the dialogue, the utterances that were related to the types of illocutionary acts were written down and classified, including Representative, Directives, Commisives, Expressive, and Declarative. The last, the collected utterance were written down to show the function of those types that supported the emergence of the illocutionary acts. Classifying the data into different list, obviously important, especially in part of analysing the data, it was easier because the list of data have been classified.

1.5.3 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data

The data was analyzed by applying qualitative method. The qualitative method has been used since this study analyzes the social phenomena like speech acts and the data are analyzed subjectively depends on the writer’s knowledge. The collected data was analyzed descriptively and clearly based on theories applied in this study. The first step of analyzing data was classifying the data into each type of illocutionary act using theory proposed by Searle (1976) and supported by Yule (1996). First, the collected data was analysed based on the theory that concern on the main five types of illocutionary acts. On the other word, the utterances in the dialogue were analysed that considered as types of illocutionary act. In addition, the form of directness of the utterances were little bits analyzed in order to enrich the analysis

(14)

Afterwards, the analysis of the context of situation involved in the movie to determine the function of those illocutionary acts through looking at the intended meaning of the utterance by watching the movie. The context of situation was analyzed using the theory of ethnography of S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G (setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequences, keys, instrumentalities, norms, and genre) proposed by Dell Hymes (1974). The analysis was presented by firstly showing the data in the form of conversation. The utterances later on that were analysed are in bold and italic types; therefore the readers can understand the illocutionary acts.

(15)

CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPTS AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1Literary Review

This subchapter was aimed at discussing the literary review from the undergraduate thesis and journal. There are several previous studies that related to the topic in this study done by some student of English Department, Faculty of Art and Culture, Udayana University. Therefore this study is conducted in order to give some contributions to finish the analysis.

Andari thesis (2011) entitled “Speech Act In The Movie Green Hornet” discusses about speech act components; they are Locutionary act, Illocutionary act, and Perlocutionary act. The theory that is used in her study to analyze the problems is purposed by Austin (cited in Allan, 1986:175). The relation is in part of analyzing the function using Ethnography of communication in pragmatic by Hymes. Her study of speech act had contributed this study in giving as clear description of speech act and the examples taken from the movie as well. She does explain about the context of situation that influences the function of illocutionary act. However, her study is different from this study since she focused on all components of speech act and the explanation of types of illocutionary act only in general without exploring and analyzing it.

Setiarini thesis (2011) entitled “The Equalities Words of Illocutionary

(16)

the equalities of illocutionary predicates and psychological predicates as the sub-division of the study of Speech Act. Speech act verb actually denote psychological effects which can be attained either by linguistic or by non-linguistic means. In analyzing the data, theory of Geoffrey Leech (1983) was applied in this study. The advantage of her study is that it gives description of some types of illocutionary acts that will support the data of this study. Therefore, by combining the theory of illocutionary act, the theory is richer. The strength of her study is in the discussion. She discussed details about the word illocutionary predicate and psychological predicates; she also chooses a good movie that contains many illocutionary acts in its dialogue.

A study entitled “Illocutionary Act in “My Fair Lady” by Alan Jay Lerner” by Purwaningsih (2006) focused on analyzing types of illocutionary acts, namely assertive, directive, commissive, expressive and declarative. However, after analyzing the data, from five types of illocutionary acts, only four types that founded in her study; those are assertive, directive, commissive and expressive, in this case all the types of illocutionary acts. The differences of this study is the object of study, she used drama as an object. Although this study has a weakness, it gives the explanation about illocutionary acts clearly by giving more example in order the readers can easy to understand the analysis and can get important point. Besides the previous study, which are relevant to be reviewed, there are articles from the Pragmatic International Journal reviewed in this study.

Ad-Darraji international article’s (2012) entitled “Offering as a Comissive and Directive Speech Act: Consequence for Cross-Cultural Communication” focuses

(17)

on the speech Act theory on offer as one of the speech acts which can be subsumed under two categories namely commissive and directives. This article also discusses the art of offer from different perspectives. It also focuses on the speech act of offering from philosophical, social, and cultural views. The relation of this study is in part of analyzing types of illocutionary, but this article is more specific since discusses only two types of illocutionary act, namely comissive and directive. The strength in this article is there are two participant who help in making this article. On the other wor, this article was done by group of people, so make easier in order to do it because they can coordinate with each other to make a good research.

The other article in the Pragmatic International Journal entitled “Speech

Act of Promising among Jordania” by Ariff and Mugableh (2013). This journal focuses on the study is on the pragmatic analysis of speech act of ‘promising’ in Jordanian Arabic and concentrates on the analysis of the most prominent strategies of promising gender, for example male promise and female promise. Besides, the analysis has shown that there is a gender difference in the use of linguistic forms in the speech act of promising among Jordanian. This article is more specific that previous article. He analyzed only a types of illocutionary acts from five types of illocutionary acts, namely it focuses on one of the function in Commissives class. Besides, more expert in literature review is used in this international journal, so this article is supported by more theories in order to enrich the theory and also the analysis.

(18)

2.2Concepts

Concept is a broad abstract idea or a guiding general principle. In this study there is a concept that was used that are related to the topic. This is the concept of speech act include illocutionary acts as the component of speech acts. The concept which would be elaborated was:

2.2.1 Speech Acts

According to Austin (1970), by speaking, a person performs an act or does something. Austin defined speech act as what actions we perform when we produce utterance. When the speaker produced an utterance, it means the speaker performing a certain kind of acts such as giving order, asking question, making request or promises. The point of Austin works is in the performative verbs. As the result, the act intended can be seen through the verb of the situation in which these verbs are used. The speech act is no longer focused on the sentence, but the issuing of an utterance in a speech situation.

Searle (1969) state that speaking a language is engaging in a role governed from behavior. In book “Speech Act: An Essay in The Philosophy of

Language” (1969) also state that speaking a language is also performing speech act, such as making a statement, giving command, asking question, asking promises, and so on and abstractly, acts such as referring and predicting.

In the beginning, concept of speech act according to Austin and Searle have explained. The definition about speech act is also given by other experts who concern at this branch of science. From Yule (1996: 47)., he said that speech act is

(19)

actions performed via utterance Furthermore, Parker (1986: 14) defined speech act as every utterance of speech act constitutes some sort of fact. In addition, Mey (1994: 111) viewed that speech act are actions happening in the world, that is, they bring about a change in the existing state of fairs.

2.2.2 Illocutionary Act

The concept of an illocutionary acts is central to the concept of speech act. According to Austin, illocutionary act defined that the making of statement, offer, promise, etc, in uttering a sentence (Levinson, 1983:236). Yule also defined illocutionary act was an utterance with some kind of function in mind. It is performed via the communicative force of an utterance (Yule, 1996:48). Illocutionary act can be defined as the utterance which does not only have the semantic meaning but also has a certain force.

Searle (1969:24) states that, “In performing an illocutionary act one

characteristically performs propositional acts and uttering word. Another definition about illocutionary act is also given by other experts who concern in that, namely based on Leech (1986:24), he argues that illocutionary refers to a speech act identified with reference to the hearer.

2.2.3 Context of Situation

The meaning of an utterance in speech act can be related to the context of situation. An utterance which is uttered in a different context of situation can be interpreted differently. By using theory ethnography of speaking, the meaning of the utterance in dialogue is easily interpreted by the hearer. It is important to understand about the definition of ethnography first from some expert.

(20)

Ethnography definition according to Gerry Phillipsen (in Hymes, 1974)

is a method to analyze communication behaviours, seeking to answer the “why” and “how come” question of human communication. In addition, Del Hymes (1974) introduces the Etnographic Communication that provides a model to analyse the context of situation of an utterance. The model is known as a model of S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G. Those are setting and scene, participants, ends, act sequence, key, instrumentalities, norms, and genre.

2.3Theoretical Framework

According to Austin in Levinson (1983: 228), the utterances of the people are not used just to say things for instance, to describe states of affairs but rather actively to do things. In uttering sentences it is also doing things. In order to make it distinct, what ways the utterance said to be performing actions should be clarified. Austin divided three basic senses in which in saying something one are doing something, and therefore three kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed: the locutionary act, illocutionary acts, and perlocutionary act (Levinson, 1983:236).

2.3.1 Locutionary, Illocutionary, and Perlocutionary Acts

Austin (in Levinson, 1983:236) that isolates three basic senses in which in saying something one is doing something, and hence three kinds of acts that are simultaneously performed: locution, illocution, and perlocution act.

(21)

a. Locutionary Act

It is the act of saying, the literal meaning of the utterances. Locutionary act is the description about what the speakers said. Locutionary Act defined that the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense and reference (Levinson, 1983:236). On the other word in locution act, speaker produces a meaningful linguistic expression. From the explanation above can be concluded that locutionary is the speaker’s utterance. For examples someone said “you can’t do

that”, it is a simple act that is performed in saying something, in this case the saying of the speaker. The locutionary was the utterances itself, “you can’t do

that” (Levinson, 1983:237).

b. Illocutionary act

Illocutionary act is defined as the making of statement, offer, promise, etc, in uttering a sentence, by virtue of the conventional force associated with it (or with its explicit performative paraphrase) (Levinson, 1983:236). Furthermore, Yule (1996:48) said that we form an utterance with some kind of function in mind. This means, in every utterance that we produced it is also another act that performed inside the utterance. From the definition that the expert said, it can be

concluded that illocution act/ force are the speaker’s intention toward the utterance he says. The example, “you can’t do that” said by someone in appropriate circumstances. It had illocutionary force protesting something that may hearer done (Levinson, 1983:237).

(22)

c. Perlocutionary act

Austin also distinguished the third part of speech acts, the perlocutionary. Perlocutionary Act is defined as the bringing about of effect on the audience by means of uttering the sentence, such effects being special to the circumstances of utterance (Levinson, 1983:236). On the other word, perlocutionary act is the hearer’s reaction toward the speaker’s utterance. In the

same example with utterance “you can’t do that” the perlocutionary effect of the

utterance may to checking the addressee’s action, or bringing him to his senses, or simply annoying him (depends on the hearer’s reaction) (Levinson, 1983:237).

These are the example of the speech act with its component:

“Tomorrow is holiday”

Locutionary act: the utterance  tomorrow is holiday

Illocutionary act: the meaning  an act of reminding not to go to school, campus, or office; or an act of inviting to go to out; depending on the context.

Perlocutionary act: reaction  the hearer will not go to school, campus or office; or agree to go to out.

Give me some cash (Peccei,1999: 44)

Locutionary act: the utterance  Give me some cash

Illocutionary act: the meaning  it is may be performed an act of requesting some money.

(23)

not give some money to the speaker.

2.3.2 Types of Directness

According to Parker, there are two dimensions of speech act found (1986:17-20). The dimensions are directness and literalness. However, this study only focused on Directness, namely direct and indirect speech act.

a. Direct speech act

This type has a direct relationship between a structure and the function (Yule, 1996:55). A statement that said directly from the speaker to the hearer that usually in the form of imperative sentence is defined of direct speech act. It can be concluded that direct speech act is where the utterance said appropriate with the function of the sentence such as a declarative sentence is to inform something and without expecting an answer from the hearer because imperative sentence that is used by the speaker.

For example an utterance “move out that way!” this utterance said by a speaker to the hearer to move from his place. It is clear and appropriate that the speaker gives command to the hearer.

b. Indirect Speech Act

As George Yule (1996:55) says in his book that indirect speech act is utterance which has an indirect relationship between a structure and the function. In other words, this speech act is performed indirectly through the performance of another speech act. The explanation above can be concluded that indirect speech

(24)

act used utterance that the meaning was depends upon the context, such as an interrogative sentence used not to ask but to order some act or something to do.

“Can you pass the salt?” this word was interrogative, but it is no answer for it, marely an act that follows this utterance. Indirect speech acts are generally considered more polite than direct speech act (Yule, 1996: 56).

2.3.3 Types of Illocutionary Acts

To make it clear about the meaning from the utterance, Searle (1976) classifies the types of illocutionary acts. There are five types of illocutionary acts that have different characteristics, they are representatives, directives, commissives, expressive, and declaratives.

a. Representatives

Representatives in Yule (1996:53) tells about the truthfully of the utterance. Representatives, which commit the speaker to the truth of the expressed proposition (paradigm cases: asserting, concluding, etc.) (Levinson, 1983:240). In other words, it represents external reality by making their utterance/ words fit with the world as they believe it to be. Representatives are a statement which commits the speaker to something being the case. This type performs actions such as: stating, describing, affirming, boasting, concluding, claiming, and etc. For

example: “no one can make a better cake than me”, this utterance is a representatives that boasting about himself and disparage others.

(25)

b. Directives

Directives, which are attempts by the speaker to get the addressee to do something (paradigm cases: requesting, questioning) (Levinson, 1983:240). In other words, the utterance in this category attempts to make the addressee perform an action. Directives perform commanding, ordering, requesting, warning, suggesting, inviting, and etc. For example, because the garage was mess, Ed said on Fey “clean it up!” it’s mean that Ed commanding Fey to clean the messy (Peccei, 1999: 52).

c. Commissives

In commissives, speakers commit themselves to a future act which will make the words fit their words (Peccei, 1999:51). Commissives, which commit the speaker to some future course of action (paradigm cases: promising, threatening, offering) (Levinson, 1983:240). Commissives perform promising, vowing, planning, threatening, offering, and etc. For example, in dialogue:

Frank: I will go to your home to finish our assignments.

George: My dad is sick

Frank: I promise not to speak loudly

Frank wants to commit something to George. George will allow Frank to go to his home because Frank believes that George will not disturb his father.

d. Expressives

Searle make a one category for speech act that focus on primarily on

representing the speaker’s feeling, it was expressive, which express a psychological state (Levinson, 1983:240). The expressions such as thanking,

(26)

apologizing, welcoming, condoling, congratulating, and etc, produce in this

category. “I thank to you, you had already helped me yesterday” is the example of thanking in expressive types. It reflects that the speaker requires some thanking to hearer.

e. Declaratives

firing, christening, and etc. For example utterance: “Governor of Jakarta Joko Widodo resigns because he becomes the Indonesian President. This utterance by the vice governor to declare the resigning the governor and will changed by his vice.

2.3.4 Theory of Ethnography of Speaking

The theory of ethnography of speaking is proposed by Hymes (1974). Hymes constructes the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G, under which he grouped the sixteen types within eight divisions:

a. Setting and Scenes

Setting refers to the time and place, i.e the concrete physical circumstances under which the speech act takes place. Scene refers to the abstract psychological setting or the cultural definition of the situation.

(27)

b. Participants

The participants are the speaker and the hearer. There are about who produces utterances and who receives them. It can also be said as sender-receiver, or addresser-addressee.

c. Ends

Ends are the conventionally recognized and expected effects or outcomes of an exchange as well as the personal goals that the participants expected to accomplish in speech acts.

d. Act Sequence

Act Sequence is about the content and the actual form of what is said. That is the precise words used, how they are used and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at the moment in which the conversation takes place.

e. Key

Key refers to the ways used by the participants of the exchange in performing speech acts. Key include the tone and the manner in using the language; whether it is light-hearted, serious, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, ect.

f. Instrumentalities

This element refers to the means of communication used in performing the speech act. It includes the channel employed during the speech act and the forms of speech language, dialect, ect.

(28)

g. Norm

Norms are specific behaviors and properties in speaking and also how this may be viewed by someone who shared them. Norms of interaction and

interpretation are varied according to the participants’ social status.

h. Genre

Genre is the categories, topics of the conversation. It refers to distinguish types of utterances, such as poems, proverbs, sermon, prayers, lectures, and editorials. They are all marked is specific ways in contrast to casual speech.

(29)

(1)

act used utterance that the meaning was depends upon the context, such as an interrogative sentence used not to ask but to order some act or something to do.

2.3.3 Types of Illocutionary Acts

a. Representatives

(2)

b. Directives

c. Commissives

Frank: I will go to your home to finish our assignments. George: My dad is sick

Frank: I promise not to speak loudly

Frank wants to commit something to George. George will allow Frank to go to his home because Frank believes that George will not disturb his father.

d. Expressives

Searle make a one category for speech act that focus on primarily on representing the speaker’s feeling, it was expressive, which express a psychological state (Levinson, 1983:240). The expressions such as thanking,

(3)

apologizing, welcoming, condoling, congratulating, and etc, produce in this category. “I thank to you, you had already helped me yesterday” is the example of thanking in expressive types. It reflects that the speaker requires some thanking to hearer.

e. Declaratives

Declarations, which effect immediate changes in the institutional state of affairs and which tend to rely on elaborate extra linguistic institutions (Levinson, 1983:240). The paradigm cases are: declaring, excommunicating, declaration war, firing, christening, and etc. For example utterance: “Governor of Jakarta Joko Widodo resigns because he becomes the Indonesian President. This utterance by the vice governor to declare the resigning the governor and will changed by his vice.

2.3.4 Theory of Ethnography of Speaking

The theory of ethnography of speaking is proposed by Hymes (1974). Hymes constructes the acronym, S-P-E-A-K-I-N-G, under which he grouped the sixteen types within eight divisions:

a. Setting and Scenes

(4)

b. Participants

The participants are the speaker and the hearer. There are about who produces utterances and who receives them. It can also be said as sender-receiver, or addresser-addressee.

c. Ends

Ends are the conventionally recognized and expected effects or outcomes of an exchange as well as the personal goals that the participants expected to accomplish in speech acts.

d. Act Sequence

This element refers to the means of communication used in performing the speech act. It includes the channel employed during the speech act and the forms of speech language, dialect, ect.

(5)

g. Norm

Norms are specific behaviors and properties in speaking and also how this may be viewed by someone who shared them. Norms of interaction and interpretation are varied according to the participants’ social status.

h. Genre

(6)

Illocutionary Act in The Movie "Die Another Day".