THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT OF HAZEL GRACE IN THE FAULT IN OURS STARS MOVIE.
THE ILLOCUTIONARY ACT OF HAZEL GRACE
IN THE FAULT IN OURS STARS MOVIE
A THESIS
Submitted to English Department of State University of Medan
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SEPTIA ELISABETH NAINGGOLAN
Registration Number. 211 322 0036
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not been previously been submitted
for assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan, July
2015
Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan
Reg.No. 2113220036
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise the Almighty God, Jesus Christ, for His blessing and strength to
guiding the writer to complete this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at English Department,
Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan (UNIMED). During
the process of writing this thesis, the writer is indebted to many people for their
help, guidance, comments and suggestions who always contributed and extended
their valuable assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The
writer would like to extend her sincere gratitude and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. H. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts, State University of Medan, and Vice Dean I, Vice Dean II, Vice
Dean III, and all the Administrative Staff.
Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English Department.
Department and as her Academic Counselor.
S.S., M.Hum., her Thesis Adviser.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S.S., M.Hum., her Examiner of this thesis.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Dra.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Juli Rachmadani Hasibuan,
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd, Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Pd and
All Lecturers and staffs of English Department who taught, helped and
given contribution of knowledge, advices, guidance and providing the
academic administration during her academic years in English
Department.
Special thanks to her lovely parents, the best dad and mom in her life,
Eston Tongku H. Nainggolan and Rosalina Pardede for moral support,
love, patience, prayers, and also finance support while accomplished this
thesis. Thank you for everything.
ii
Her best friend, Astrid Marintan Sihombing, Damayanti Saragih,
Desi Vera Veronika Napitupulu, Gina Damayanti Batubara, thank you
for love, support, laugh and beautiful day spent together during ten years.
Her close friend, Andrea Veronica Sembiring, Juni Arta Sari
Tambunan, Hotmarina Pangaribuan, thank you for crazy beautiful
moment spent together in four years.
All her classmates, English Literature A & B 2011, who always share
their advices, motivation, thought, knowledge, love, loyalties, help and
beautiful day spent together during accomplished this thesis. And to the
other that can not be mentioned one by one. Love you.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to
English Department. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices are
expected from the readers.
Medan, July 2015
Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan
Reg.No. 2113220036
iii
ABSTRACT
Nainggolan, Septia Elisabeth. The Illocutionary Act of Hazel Grace in The
Fault in Our Stars Movie. A Thesis. English Department. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2015
This study deals with Illocutionary Act of Hazel Grace as the main character in
The Fault in Our Stars movie. The objectives of the study was discovered the
types of Illocutionary Act which were used by Hazel Grace as the main character
and described in what contexts that she used in The Fault in Our Stars movie. The
subject of this study was The Fault in Our Stars movie and each spoken words or
the conversation by Hazel Grace that was written in The Fault in Our Stars movie
script became the source of the data. The data were collected by browsing and
downloading from internet. This study was conducted by using qualitative
descriptive design. The result of analyzing types and the contexts of Illocutionary
Act were used by Hazel Grace as main character such as representatives with
34.6% (236 utterances), directives with 24.3% (166 utterances), expressives with
22.2% (152 utterances), declaratives with 15.5% (106 utterances) and
commissives with 3.4% (23 utterances) and made representative became the most
dominant type. And representative context was the dominant context because The
Fault in Our Stars movie used first person, main character’s point of view from
perspective of the main character that Hazel Grace used like informing,
describing, sharing, believing, stating a fact, assuming, predicting and also
complaining which make her like a narrator in that movie because she informs,
describes, shares about her diseases, her interests, her thought also about life or
everything, and what she believe by herself.
Keywords: Speech Acts, Illocutionary Act, The Fault in Our Stars Movie.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................
vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
1
A. The Background of Study .................................................................
1
B. The Problems of Study......................................................................
6
C. The Objectives of the Study ..............................................................
6
D. The Scope of the Study .....................................................................
6
E. The Significance of Study .................................................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..........................................
8
A. Pragmatics .........................................................................................
8
B. Speech Acts .......................................................................................
9
C. Classification of Speech Acts ...........................................................
10
1. Locutionary Act ..........................................................................
10
2. Illocutionary Act .........................................................................
10
3. Perlocution Act ...........................................................................
11
D. Classification of Illocutionary Act ....................................................
11
1. Representatives ...........................................................................
12
2. Directives ....................................................................................
13
3. Expressives .................................................................................
13
4. Commissives ...............................................................................
14
5. Declarations ................................................................................
14
E. The Brief of Movie Definition ..........................................................
15
iii
F. The Brief of The Fault in Our Stars Movie Script ...........................
16
G. Synopsis of The Fault in Our Stars Movie .......................................
19
H. The Character Hazel Grace in The Fault in Our Stars Movie ..........
28
I. Relevant Studies................................................................................
30
J. Conceptual Framework .....................................................................
33
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................
36
A. Research Design ................................................................................
36
B. The Source of Data ...........................................................................
36
C. The Techniques of Collecting Data ..................................................
37
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data ..................................................
37
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .....................................
39
A. The Data ............................................................................................
39
B. The Data Analysis .............................................................................
40
1. The Types of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars movie .....................................................
40
2. The Analysis of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars movie .....................................................
41
a. Representatives .....................................................................
41
b. Directives ..............................................................................
43
c. Expressives ...........................................................................
45
d. Declaratives ...........................................................................
47
e. Commisives...........................................................................
48
C. Research Findings .............................................................................
49
D. Discussion .........................................................................................
51
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .............................
52
A. Conclusion ........................................................................................
52
B. Suggestion .........................................................................................
53
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
54
iv
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 4.1
The Total Number and Percentage of the
Types of Illocutionary Act ..................................................
v
40
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A The Identification of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars Movie .............................................
56
Appendix B The Script of The Fault in Our Stars Movie .....................
78
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of Study
Human need language as a tool for communication, to interact to the other
people. But a good communication will be success if listener can understand what
speaker meaning by his or her words. Because the words are not only to say
something, but also to do something on the same time. When we have a
conversation with the other people. Sometimes we as speaker expect them as
listener to recognize what we speak, what we want, what we act by our words. For
example, when we ask a question, we want them to realize that it is a request for
information, because we need some information that we did not know but they
did.But if they as listener fail to misinterprete it, they can not catch what speaker
say, they are judged as having misunderstood. It will be occurred
miscommunication among speaker and listener. It also means when people have a
conversation, there occurs utterances. When speaker says something, the speaker
does not just say it exactly, there are some implicit meaning behind that words.
They need illocutionary act to help them to interpret what they want in
conversation as the speaker and listener, so they can understand the meaning of
their conversation without misunderstanding and miscommunication among them.
Illocutionary act is one type of speech acts. Based on Austin (in Levinson
1969 : 12) point of view, speech acts are classify into three, locutionary act,
illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Where locutionary act, the words the
1
2
speaker uses. Illocutionary act, what speaker doing by using those words :
commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc. Illocutionary act
emphasizes that if we say something, it means that we also do something. And
perlocutionary act, the effect of those words on the hearer. Then on 1969, Searle
continued Austin’s theory about illocutionary act by dividing illocutionary act into
five classes, such as representatives as is reporting, describing, affirming,
identifying, etc; directives as is commanding, ordering, requesting, warning,
advising, etc; expressives as is thanking, apologizing, congratulating, blaming,
etc; commissive as is promising, offering, swearing, etc and declarations as is
naming, sentencing, appointing, etc.
There are also some relevant studies from previous researchers about
speech acts, such as “Doing Things with Words: A Speech Act Analysis of a
Christian Wedding” by Ahidjo Embugushiki (2010), which he found that
Christian wedding vows are not mere descriptive statements but illocutionary act
(commissives and declarations), the explication of which should be necessarily
related to acts of social performance, deducible from the context of situation, and
in “Facebook Status Updates: A Speech Act Analysis” by Sanaa Ilyas and Dr.
Qamar Khushi (2012), they found that speech act analysis of the status updates
examined not only the communicative function of language but also how language
is being employed as form of social action. Because status updates people not
only expressed their emotions but also shared details about their daily life
activities as to what they were doing or what was going on in their lives at that
moment.
3
Also in “A Speech Act Analysis of the Acceptance of Nomination Speeches
of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O.Abiola” by Samuel Alaba Akinwotu
(2013), he found that selected political speeches as pieces of discourse with
specific goals that accounts for the structure, meaning and communicative
functions of speeches as naturally occurring utterances produced in particular
socio-cultural contexts for the accomplishment of some goals. It presents and
documents some of the significant illocutionary acts that convey the intention of
the speakers in the selected speeches. Based on three previous researchers above,
it makes the researcher get inspiration to do analysis in different object from them
and choose movie.
Talk about movie, nowadays so many people love to watch movie.
Because movie is representation of the real conversation in our natural society.
With watching movie they can get some information, knowledge, experiences,
inspiration and also moral lesson in the movie. But sometimes they as watcher
think that they already understand enough all the utterances that found in that
movie among the characters. In fact, they may not know about the meaning
expressed in the acts because they do not know much about linguistics, especially
illocutionary act. Which illocutionary act means the speaker (in the movie, actor
or actress) doing act when tell something.
To uncover the utterances of character on movie, the researcher was
analyzed this study by using speech acts theory but focuses on illocutionary act.
The researcher has chosen The Fault in Our Stars movie, because while watching
this movie, the researcher found some difficulties in understanding what the
4
character’s dialogue mean. And opting the Hazel Grace’s dialogue because Hazel
Grace has the most utterances that belong to illocutionary act. Because she is the
main character in The Fault in Our Stars movie. It is important to get the meaning
of illocutionary act in each utterances that can be found in movie, to avoid the
misinterpreting, misunderstanding and miscommunication and also to get a good
understanding on the whole story in the movie.
Let see some examples of illocutionary act that are taken from the
dialogue of The Fault in Our Stars movie :
1. Gus
Hazel
Gus
Hazel
: There’s always that possibility. Come on Hazel Grace.
Take a risk.
: I don’t… Really? That is disgusting.
: What?
: What? Do you think that that’s cool or something? You
just ruined this whole thing.
The situation in the conversation above is in front of their support group
placed. In that moment, Gus takes cigarette box from his pocket and puts a
cigarette between his lips. Hazel hates it and said “What? Do you think that that’s
cool or something? You just ruined this whole thing.”. It is a kind of disliking in
expressives types of illocutionary act. It means that Hazel dislikes someone who
thinks you are cool when smoking.
2. Hazel
Gus
Hazel
Gus
: I like your suit.
: Thank you. It’s the first time I’ve ever worn it.
: That’s not the suit you wear to funerals?
: No. That one is not nearly this nice.
This utterance is a question from Hazel to Gus in which she wants to know
about that suit. Hazel wants to inquire. It is a kind of requesting from Hazel to
Gus, if it is true his suit for his funeral in future. So Hazel’s statement is a kind of
5
directives in illocutionary act. It also can be a statement of mocking for Gus
because Gus said it’s his first time to wear that suit. And he wear it on their date.
3. Gus
Hazel
: I don’t suppose you can just forget about this. You know,
just treat me like I’m not dying.
: I don’t think you’re dying, Augustus. You’ve just got a
touch of cancer.
In this situation, Gus tells Hazel about his dreadfully ill at that time. Long
time he did not suffered from his disease. But it is reappear. This utterance is a
promise from Hazel to Gus in which Gus wants her not to treat him like he’s
dying though it is factual, in implicit Hazel took the promise to Gus with sentence
‘I don’t think you’re dying, Augustus. You’ve just got a touch of cancer’. Hazel
makes her promise with that sentence and also want to calm his down. Hazel’s
statement here is a kind of commissives in illocutionary act.
The researcher was analyzed what actually the meaning of the Hazel
Grace’s utterance, by analyzing the types of illocutionary act she used, such as
state what she believe (representatives), express what she wants (directives),
express some feelings that she feels, as is statement of pleasure, likes, dislikes
(expressives), express what she intends by commiting herself to do some future
actions (commissives), and some declarations (declaratives). And also describe in
what context of illocutionary act that Hazel Grace used in The Fault in Our Stars
movie.
B.
The Problems of The Study
6
Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study can be
formulated as the following :
1. What types of illocutionary act are used on Hazel Grace’s utterance in The
Fault in Our Stars movie?
2. In what context does Hazel Grace used illocutionary act in The Fault in
Our Stars movie?
C.
The Objectives of The Study
Related to the problems of study formulated above, the objectives of the
study are as follows :
1. To discover the types of illocutionary acts which are used on Hazel
Grace’s utterance in The Fault in Our Stars movie.
2. To describe the reasons in what context Hazel Grace uses illocutionary act
in The Fault in Our Stars movie.
D.
The Scope of The Study
The scope of the study is based on pragmatics theory about speech acts
that the researcher focuses on the illocutionary acts, such as representatives,
directives, expressives, commissives, and declaratives from Austin and Searle’s
theory to identify the types of illocutionary act that are found on Hazel Grace and
in what context Hazel Grace used illocutionary act in The Fault in Our Stars
movie.
E.
The Significance of The Study
7
Theoretically, the findings of study are expected to be useful for other
researchers who are interested in illocutionary act, this research will help them to
find out the information that they want based on illocutionary act in movie, for
people who are interested in movie, watcher, to get the more information about
illocutionary act in movie and for scriptwriters to help them to create a good
movie script with implicit meaning on the right context of illocutionary act in
character’s dialogue.And practically, this findings can give some information and
knowledge to researchers, watchers, and scriptwriters. For researchers and
watchers, this findings can help them to avoid the misunderstanding and
miscommunication, so they can understand the implicit meaning when they have a
conversation with the other people and when they want to analyze something that
related to illocutionary act by knowing the types of illocutionary act. For
scriptwriters, this findings can help them how to create a good movie script to
attract watcher with the actor and actress dialogue in the movie.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
CONCLUSION
After collecting and analyzing the data, it can be concluded that :
1. All types of Illocutionary Act were used by Hazel Grace as the main
character in The Fault in Our Stars movie with total number 683
utterances. The total number and percentages of each types are
Representatives 34.6% with total number 236 utterances, Directives 24.3%
with total number 166 utterances, Expressives 22.2% with total number
152 utterances, Commissives 3.4% with total number 23 utterances, and
Declaratives 15.5% with total number 106 utterances. So, the most
dominant type that Hazel Grace used is Representatives 34.6% with total
number 236 utterances.
2. Representatives context mostly used when Hazel Grace was going to
inform, describe, believe, complain and predict. Directives context mostly
used when Hazel Grace was asking someone to do something such as
command, request, warn, beg, insist, ask, pray and questioning.
Expressives context mostly used when she was going to share her feeling
like happiness, sadness, unsure, disappointed, apologize, to give thank, her
thinking, and greeting. Commissives context used when she was going to
commit for some future action like refuse, promise and accept.
Declaratives context used when she was going to declare something.
52
53
B.
SUGGESTION
Refering to the conclusion above, there are some suggestions which are
useful for :
1. all movie watcher, to understand about Illocutionary Act that actor and
actress dialogue used in movie especially The Fault in Our Stars movie
and in Hazel Grace’s dialogue, also to avoid the misunderstanding and
miscommunication when they have a conversation with the other people.
2. movie scriptwriters, to help them to create a good movie script with
implicit meaning on the right context of Illocutionary Act in actor and
actress’s dialogue, so they also can attract watchers with the actor and
actress dialogue in the movie.
3. other researchers, to help them to find out the information that they want
based on Illocutionary Act in movie.
IN THE FAULT IN OURS STARS MOVIE
A THESIS
Submitted to English Department of State University of Medan
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
By:
SEPTIA ELISABETH NAINGGOLAN
Registration Number. 211 322 0036
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LANGUAGES AND ARTS
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2015
DECLARATION
I have familiarized myself with the University’s Policy on Academic
integrity. Except where appropriately acknowledged, this thesis is my own work,
has been expressed in my own words, and has not been previously been submitted
for assessment.
I understand that this paper may be screened electronically or otherwise
for plagiarism.
Medan, July
2015
Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan
Reg.No. 2113220036
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise the Almighty God, Jesus Christ, for His blessing and strength to
guiding the writer to complete this thesis. This thesis is aimed to fulfill the
requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S-1) at English Department,
Faculty of Languages and Arts, State University of Medan (UNIMED). During
the process of writing this thesis, the writer is indebted to many people for their
help, guidance, comments and suggestions who always contributed and extended
their valuable assistances in the preparation and completion of this thesis. The
writer would like to extend her sincere gratitude and special thanks to:
Prof. Dr. H. Syawal Gultom, M.Pd., the Rector of State University of
Medan.
Dr. Isda Pramuniati, M.Hum., the Dean of Faculty of Languages and
Arts, State University of Medan, and Vice Dean I, Vice Dean II, Vice
Dean III, and all the Administrative Staff.
Meisuri, MA., the Secretary of English Department.
Department and as her Academic Counselor.
S.S., M.Hum., her Thesis Adviser.
Immanuel Prasetya Gintings, S.S., M.Hum., her Examiner of this thesis.
Prof. Dr. Hj. Sumarsih, M.Pd., the Head of English Department, Dra.
Syamsul Bahri, S.S., M.Hum., the Head of English Literature
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd and Juli Rachmadani Hasibuan,
Drs. Johan Sinulingga, M.Pd, Dra. Masitowarni Siregar, M.Pd and
All Lecturers and staffs of English Department who taught, helped and
given contribution of knowledge, advices, guidance and providing the
academic administration during her academic years in English
Department.
Special thanks to her lovely parents, the best dad and mom in her life,
Eston Tongku H. Nainggolan and Rosalina Pardede for moral support,
love, patience, prayers, and also finance support while accomplished this
thesis. Thank you for everything.
ii
Her best friend, Astrid Marintan Sihombing, Damayanti Saragih,
Desi Vera Veronika Napitupulu, Gina Damayanti Batubara, thank you
for love, support, laugh and beautiful day spent together during ten years.
Her close friend, Andrea Veronica Sembiring, Juni Arta Sari
Tambunan, Hotmarina Pangaribuan, thank you for crazy beautiful
moment spent together in four years.
All her classmates, English Literature A & B 2011, who always share
their advices, motivation, thought, knowledge, love, loyalties, help and
beautiful day spent together during accomplished this thesis. And to the
other that can not be mentioned one by one. Love you.
Without their deep and sympathetic understanding, this thesis could not
complete. Over all, the writer hopes this thesis can give a bit contribution to
English Department. Therefore, comments, critics, suggestions and advices are
expected from the readers.
Medan, July 2015
Septia Elisabeth Nainggolan
Reg.No. 2113220036
iii
ABSTRACT
Nainggolan, Septia Elisabeth. The Illocutionary Act of Hazel Grace in The
Fault in Our Stars Movie. A Thesis. English Department. Faculty of
Languages and Arts. State University of Medan. 2015
This study deals with Illocutionary Act of Hazel Grace as the main character in
The Fault in Our Stars movie. The objectives of the study was discovered the
types of Illocutionary Act which were used by Hazel Grace as the main character
and described in what contexts that she used in The Fault in Our Stars movie. The
subject of this study was The Fault in Our Stars movie and each spoken words or
the conversation by Hazel Grace that was written in The Fault in Our Stars movie
script became the source of the data. The data were collected by browsing and
downloading from internet. This study was conducted by using qualitative
descriptive design. The result of analyzing types and the contexts of Illocutionary
Act were used by Hazel Grace as main character such as representatives with
34.6% (236 utterances), directives with 24.3% (166 utterances), expressives with
22.2% (152 utterances), declaratives with 15.5% (106 utterances) and
commissives with 3.4% (23 utterances) and made representative became the most
dominant type. And representative context was the dominant context because The
Fault in Our Stars movie used first person, main character’s point of view from
perspective of the main character that Hazel Grace used like informing,
describing, sharing, believing, stating a fact, assuming, predicting and also
complaining which make her like a narrator in that movie because she informs,
describes, shares about her diseases, her interests, her thought also about life or
everything, and what she believe by herself.
Keywords: Speech Acts, Illocutionary Act, The Fault in Our Stars Movie.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...........................................................................
iv
LIST OF TABLE ........................................................................................
vi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................
vii
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ..............................................................
1
A. The Background of Study .................................................................
1
B. The Problems of Study......................................................................
6
C. The Objectives of the Study ..............................................................
6
D. The Scope of the Study .....................................................................
6
E. The Significance of Study .................................................................
7
CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..........................................
8
A. Pragmatics .........................................................................................
8
B. Speech Acts .......................................................................................
9
C. Classification of Speech Acts ...........................................................
10
1. Locutionary Act ..........................................................................
10
2. Illocutionary Act .........................................................................
10
3. Perlocution Act ...........................................................................
11
D. Classification of Illocutionary Act ....................................................
11
1. Representatives ...........................................................................
12
2. Directives ....................................................................................
13
3. Expressives .................................................................................
13
4. Commissives ...............................................................................
14
5. Declarations ................................................................................
14
E. The Brief of Movie Definition ..........................................................
15
iii
F. The Brief of The Fault in Our Stars Movie Script ...........................
16
G. Synopsis of The Fault in Our Stars Movie .......................................
19
H. The Character Hazel Grace in The Fault in Our Stars Movie ..........
28
I. Relevant Studies................................................................................
30
J. Conceptual Framework .....................................................................
33
CHAPTER III. RESEARCH METHOD ..................................................
36
A. Research Design ................................................................................
36
B. The Source of Data ...........................................................................
36
C. The Techniques of Collecting Data ..................................................
37
D. The Techniques of Analyzing Data ..................................................
37
CHAPTER IV. DATA AND DATA ANALYSIS .....................................
39
A. The Data ............................................................................................
39
B. The Data Analysis .............................................................................
40
1. The Types of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars movie .....................................................
40
2. The Analysis of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars movie .....................................................
41
a. Representatives .....................................................................
41
b. Directives ..............................................................................
43
c. Expressives ...........................................................................
45
d. Declaratives ...........................................................................
47
e. Commisives...........................................................................
48
C. Research Findings .............................................................................
49
D. Discussion .........................................................................................
51
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION .............................
52
A. Conclusion ........................................................................................
52
B. Suggestion .........................................................................................
53
REFERENCES ............................................................................................
54
iv
LIST OF TABLE
Page
Table 4.1
The Total Number and Percentage of the
Types of Illocutionary Act ..................................................
v
40
LIST OF APPENDICES
Pages
Appendix A The Identification of Illocutionary Act by Hazel Grace in
The Fault in Our Stars Movie .............................................
56
Appendix B The Script of The Fault in Our Stars Movie .....................
78
vi
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
The Background of Study
Human need language as a tool for communication, to interact to the other
people. But a good communication will be success if listener can understand what
speaker meaning by his or her words. Because the words are not only to say
something, but also to do something on the same time. When we have a
conversation with the other people. Sometimes we as speaker expect them as
listener to recognize what we speak, what we want, what we act by our words. For
example, when we ask a question, we want them to realize that it is a request for
information, because we need some information that we did not know but they
did.But if they as listener fail to misinterprete it, they can not catch what speaker
say, they are judged as having misunderstood. It will be occurred
miscommunication among speaker and listener. It also means when people have a
conversation, there occurs utterances. When speaker says something, the speaker
does not just say it exactly, there are some implicit meaning behind that words.
They need illocutionary act to help them to interpret what they want in
conversation as the speaker and listener, so they can understand the meaning of
their conversation without misunderstanding and miscommunication among them.
Illocutionary act is one type of speech acts. Based on Austin (in Levinson
1969 : 12) point of view, speech acts are classify into three, locutionary act,
illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. Where locutionary act, the words the
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speaker uses. Illocutionary act, what speaker doing by using those words :
commanding, offering, promising, threatening, thanking, etc. Illocutionary act
emphasizes that if we say something, it means that we also do something. And
perlocutionary act, the effect of those words on the hearer. Then on 1969, Searle
continued Austin’s theory about illocutionary act by dividing illocutionary act into
five classes, such as representatives as is reporting, describing, affirming,
identifying, etc; directives as is commanding, ordering, requesting, warning,
advising, etc; expressives as is thanking, apologizing, congratulating, blaming,
etc; commissive as is promising, offering, swearing, etc and declarations as is
naming, sentencing, appointing, etc.
There are also some relevant studies from previous researchers about
speech acts, such as “Doing Things with Words: A Speech Act Analysis of a
Christian Wedding” by Ahidjo Embugushiki (2010), which he found that
Christian wedding vows are not mere descriptive statements but illocutionary act
(commissives and declarations), the explication of which should be necessarily
related to acts of social performance, deducible from the context of situation, and
in “Facebook Status Updates: A Speech Act Analysis” by Sanaa Ilyas and Dr.
Qamar Khushi (2012), they found that speech act analysis of the status updates
examined not only the communicative function of language but also how language
is being employed as form of social action. Because status updates people not
only expressed their emotions but also shared details about their daily life
activities as to what they were doing or what was going on in their lives at that
moment.
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Also in “A Speech Act Analysis of the Acceptance of Nomination Speeches
of Chief Obafemi Awolowo and Chief M.K.O.Abiola” by Samuel Alaba Akinwotu
(2013), he found that selected political speeches as pieces of discourse with
specific goals that accounts for the structure, meaning and communicative
functions of speeches as naturally occurring utterances produced in particular
socio-cultural contexts for the accomplishment of some goals. It presents and
documents some of the significant illocutionary acts that convey the intention of
the speakers in the selected speeches. Based on three previous researchers above,
it makes the researcher get inspiration to do analysis in different object from them
and choose movie.
Talk about movie, nowadays so many people love to watch movie.
Because movie is representation of the real conversation in our natural society.
With watching movie they can get some information, knowledge, experiences,
inspiration and also moral lesson in the movie. But sometimes they as watcher
think that they already understand enough all the utterances that found in that
movie among the characters. In fact, they may not know about the meaning
expressed in the acts because they do not know much about linguistics, especially
illocutionary act. Which illocutionary act means the speaker (in the movie, actor
or actress) doing act when tell something.
To uncover the utterances of character on movie, the researcher was
analyzed this study by using speech acts theory but focuses on illocutionary act.
The researcher has chosen The Fault in Our Stars movie, because while watching
this movie, the researcher found some difficulties in understanding what the
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character’s dialogue mean. And opting the Hazel Grace’s dialogue because Hazel
Grace has the most utterances that belong to illocutionary act. Because she is the
main character in The Fault in Our Stars movie. It is important to get the meaning
of illocutionary act in each utterances that can be found in movie, to avoid the
misinterpreting, misunderstanding and miscommunication and also to get a good
understanding on the whole story in the movie.
Let see some examples of illocutionary act that are taken from the
dialogue of The Fault in Our Stars movie :
1. Gus
Hazel
Gus
Hazel
: There’s always that possibility. Come on Hazel Grace.
Take a risk.
: I don’t… Really? That is disgusting.
: What?
: What? Do you think that that’s cool or something? You
just ruined this whole thing.
The situation in the conversation above is in front of their support group
placed. In that moment, Gus takes cigarette box from his pocket and puts a
cigarette between his lips. Hazel hates it and said “What? Do you think that that’s
cool or something? You just ruined this whole thing.”. It is a kind of disliking in
expressives types of illocutionary act. It means that Hazel dislikes someone who
thinks you are cool when smoking.
2. Hazel
Gus
Hazel
Gus
: I like your suit.
: Thank you. It’s the first time I’ve ever worn it.
: That’s not the suit you wear to funerals?
: No. That one is not nearly this nice.
This utterance is a question from Hazel to Gus in which she wants to know
about that suit. Hazel wants to inquire. It is a kind of requesting from Hazel to
Gus, if it is true his suit for his funeral in future. So Hazel’s statement is a kind of
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directives in illocutionary act. It also can be a statement of mocking for Gus
because Gus said it’s his first time to wear that suit. And he wear it on their date.
3. Gus
Hazel
: I don’t suppose you can just forget about this. You know,
just treat me like I’m not dying.
: I don’t think you’re dying, Augustus. You’ve just got a
touch of cancer.
In this situation, Gus tells Hazel about his dreadfully ill at that time. Long
time he did not suffered from his disease. But it is reappear. This utterance is a
promise from Hazel to Gus in which Gus wants her not to treat him like he’s
dying though it is factual, in implicit Hazel took the promise to Gus with sentence
‘I don’t think you’re dying, Augustus. You’ve just got a touch of cancer’. Hazel
makes her promise with that sentence and also want to calm his down. Hazel’s
statement here is a kind of commissives in illocutionary act.
The researcher was analyzed what actually the meaning of the Hazel
Grace’s utterance, by analyzing the types of illocutionary act she used, such as
state what she believe (representatives), express what she wants (directives),
express some feelings that she feels, as is statement of pleasure, likes, dislikes
(expressives), express what she intends by commiting herself to do some future
actions (commissives), and some declarations (declaratives). And also describe in
what context of illocutionary act that Hazel Grace used in The Fault in Our Stars
movie.
B.
The Problems of The Study
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Based on the background of the study, the problems of the study can be
formulated as the following :
1. What types of illocutionary act are used on Hazel Grace’s utterance in The
Fault in Our Stars movie?
2. In what context does Hazel Grace used illocutionary act in The Fault in
Our Stars movie?
C.
The Objectives of The Study
Related to the problems of study formulated above, the objectives of the
study are as follows :
1. To discover the types of illocutionary acts which are used on Hazel
Grace’s utterance in The Fault in Our Stars movie.
2. To describe the reasons in what context Hazel Grace uses illocutionary act
in The Fault in Our Stars movie.
D.
The Scope of The Study
The scope of the study is based on pragmatics theory about speech acts
that the researcher focuses on the illocutionary acts, such as representatives,
directives, expressives, commissives, and declaratives from Austin and Searle’s
theory to identify the types of illocutionary act that are found on Hazel Grace and
in what context Hazel Grace used illocutionary act in The Fault in Our Stars
movie.
E.
The Significance of The Study
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Theoretically, the findings of study are expected to be useful for other
researchers who are interested in illocutionary act, this research will help them to
find out the information that they want based on illocutionary act in movie, for
people who are interested in movie, watcher, to get the more information about
illocutionary act in movie and for scriptwriters to help them to create a good
movie script with implicit meaning on the right context of illocutionary act in
character’s dialogue.And practically, this findings can give some information and
knowledge to researchers, watchers, and scriptwriters. For researchers and
watchers, this findings can help them to avoid the misunderstanding and
miscommunication, so they can understand the implicit meaning when they have a
conversation with the other people and when they want to analyze something that
related to illocutionary act by knowing the types of illocutionary act. For
scriptwriters, this findings can help them how to create a good movie script to
attract watcher with the actor and actress dialogue in the movie.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A.
CONCLUSION
After collecting and analyzing the data, it can be concluded that :
1. All types of Illocutionary Act were used by Hazel Grace as the main
character in The Fault in Our Stars movie with total number 683
utterances. The total number and percentages of each types are
Representatives 34.6% with total number 236 utterances, Directives 24.3%
with total number 166 utterances, Expressives 22.2% with total number
152 utterances, Commissives 3.4% with total number 23 utterances, and
Declaratives 15.5% with total number 106 utterances. So, the most
dominant type that Hazel Grace used is Representatives 34.6% with total
number 236 utterances.
2. Representatives context mostly used when Hazel Grace was going to
inform, describe, believe, complain and predict. Directives context mostly
used when Hazel Grace was asking someone to do something such as
command, request, warn, beg, insist, ask, pray and questioning.
Expressives context mostly used when she was going to share her feeling
like happiness, sadness, unsure, disappointed, apologize, to give thank, her
thinking, and greeting. Commissives context used when she was going to
commit for some future action like refuse, promise and accept.
Declaratives context used when she was going to declare something.
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B.
SUGGESTION
Refering to the conclusion above, there are some suggestions which are
useful for :
1. all movie watcher, to understand about Illocutionary Act that actor and
actress dialogue used in movie especially The Fault in Our Stars movie
and in Hazel Grace’s dialogue, also to avoid the misunderstanding and
miscommunication when they have a conversation with the other people.
2. movie scriptwriters, to help them to create a good movie script with
implicit meaning on the right context of Illocutionary Act in actor and
actress’s dialogue, so they also can attract watchers with the actor and
actress dialogue in the movie.
3. other researchers, to help them to find out the information that they want
based on Illocutionary Act in movie.