Lexical and structural ambiguity found in Zootopia movie.

LEXICAL AND STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY FOUND IN ZOOTOPIA _MOVIE

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

THESIS

By:

Frisca Candra Safitri Reg. Number A73213096

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2017

ABSTRACT

Safitri, Frisca Candra. 2017. Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Found In Zootopia

Movie. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities. The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The advisor: Murni Fidiyanti, M. A.

Key words: ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, structural ambiguity.

This research entitled “Lexical and Structural Ambiguity Found in Zootopia

Movie” reveals 3 problems, what is the lexical ambiguity found in Zootopia movie, what is the structural ambiguity found in Zootopia movie, and what are the most dominant types of ambiguity which appeared in Zootopia movie. The aims of this research are to describe the types of lexical ambiguity that used by Zootopia characters, to analyze the structural ambiguity that used by Zootopia characters and to explain the most dominant types of ambiguity in Zootopia movie.

The writer uses Stephen Ullmann theory in analyzing the types of lexical and structural ambiguity. Qualitative analysis and descriptive research designs are

selected to conduct this research. The writer herself becomes the only instrument –

human instrument. Reading and selecting the entire movie script of Zootopiabecome the steps of data collection. Then, the procedures of data analysis contain identifying, classifying and elaborating the data. Drawing the conclusion is also the last step required.

The result of this research shows that the most dominant types of ambiguity in this research is lexical ambiguity which produced for 41 times or 86% in out of 47 total number of data. Meanwhile structural ambiguity only produced 6 times or 14% in out of 47 data.

INTISARI

Safitri, Frisca Candra. 2017. Ambiguitas Leksikal dan Struktural yang Ditemukan dalam Film Zootopia. Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora. Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

Pembimbing: Murni Fidiyanti, M.A

Kata kunci: ambiguitas, ambiguitas leksikal, ambiguitas struktural.

Penelitian ini berjudul "Ambiguitas Leksikal dan Struktural yang Ditemukan dalam Film Zootopia" mengungkapkan 3 masalah, yakni apa ambiguitas leksikal yang ditemukan di dalam film Zootopia, apa arti ambiguitas struktural yang ditemukan di dalam film Zootopia, dan jenis ambiguitas mana yang paling dominan muncul di dalam film Zootopia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan jenis ambiguitas leksikal yang digunakan oleh karakter Zootopia, untuk menganalisis ambiguitas struktural yang digunakan oleh karakter Zootopia dan untuk menjelaskan jenis ambiguitas yang paling dominan pada film Zootopia.

Penulis menggunakan teori Stephen Ullmann dalam menganalisis jenis-jenis ambiguitas leksikal dan struktural. Analisis kualitatif dan desain penelitian deskriptif dipilih untuk melakukan penelitian ini. Penulis sendiri menjadi satu-satunya instrumen - instrumen manusia. Membaca dan memilih seluruh naskah film Zootopia menjadi langkah pendataan. Kemudian, prosedur analisis data berisi identifikasi, klasifikasi dan perincian data. Membuat kesimpulan juga merupakan langkah terakhir yang dibutuhkan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis ambiguitas yang paling dominan dalam penelitian ini adalah ambiguitas leksikal yang dihasilkan sebesar 41 kali atau 86% dari 47 jumlah data. Sedangkan ambiguitas struktural hanya menghasilkan 6 kali atau 14% dari 47 data.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover ... i

Inside Title ... ii

Declaration ... iii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv

Thesis Examiner’s Approval sheet ... v

Motto ... vi

Dedication ... vii

Acknowledgment ... viii

Table of Contents ... ix

List of Appendices ... xii

Abstract ... xiii

Intisari ... xiv

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statements of the Problems ... 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 5

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 6

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 8

2.1 Definition of Semantics... 8

2.2 Meaning and Lexical Meaning... 9

2.3 Ambiguity ... 10

2.3.1 Types of Ambiguity ... 10

2.3.1.1 Phonological Ambiguity ... 11

2.3.1.2 Lexical Ambiguity ... 11

2.3.1.3 Structural Ambiguity ... 18

2.4 Part of Speech ... 19

2.5 Kinds of Phrase ... 21

2.6 Labeled and Bracketed Sentences or Phrases ... 22

2.7 Previous Study ... 23

CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 27

3.1 Research Design ... 27

3.2 Instruments ... 28

3.3 Data and Data Source ... 28

3.4 Technique of Data Collection ... 29

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis ... 30

4.1 Findings ... 32

4.1.1 Lexical Ambiguity ... 32

4.1.1.1 Homonymy ... 33

4.1.1.2 Polysemy ... 43

4.1.2 Structural Ambiguity ... 46

4.1.2.1 Phrase ... 47

4.1.3 The Frequency of Lexical and Structural Ambiguity ... 54

4.2 Discussions ... 57

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS... 60

5.1 Conclusions ... 60

5.2 Suggestions ... 61

REFERENCES ... 63

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents the background of the study, statement of the problems,

objectives of the study, significance of the study, scope & limitations and definition

of the key terms.

1.1Background of the Study

Language is the key to human communication, by the existence of language

people interact each other to express their feelings and ideas. To interact each other

they have to understand the meaning of the language in language communication.

Language has a meaning whether it is an oral language or a written language. As

Wierzbicka (1996:3) tells about the function of language that is as an instrument for

conveying meaning. Scientific study of language that is well known as linguistics.

Linguistics which has few branches that has correlation with language and meaning

are semantics and pragmatics. Linguistic semantics is concerned with the language

system that people have in common that makes them able to communicate with one

another, pragmatics is the study (and description) of how people actually use

language in communication (Kreidler, 1998:39). This study is focused on the actual

objects or ideas which a word refers, so semantics is the appropriate theory that

matches with this study. According to Palmer (1976:1) “Semantics is the technical

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word. A single word can have several meanings and it can be a problem. Word can be

interpreted in several meanings and sometimes it brings confusion to predict a certain

meaning in which someone tries to convey in a certain context. It leads people to get

several related meanings or different meanings instead. When it occurs, it called

ambiguity.

Ambiguity is one of language phenomenon that usually occurs in human daily

communication. According to Leech (1981:80), “An expression is said to be

ambiguous when more than one interpretation can be assigned to it”. This ambiguous expression can happen in one word or one phrase or sentence. Ambiguity may occur

because of the nature of words in a particular language. For example, The English

language has many words that have more than one meaning, when that words are not

delivered clearly by the speaker, they may show their ambiguous meanings.

Sometimes ambiguity occurs in an unconscious way, a speaker sometimes

doesn’t realize that his or her utterance carries more than one meaning. Therefore, the speaker gets the unpredictable response which makes him/her annoyed and finally

affects the relationship between the speaker and the interlocutor. Stephen Ullmann

(1977:156) divides ambiguity into three types: (1) phonetic, (2) structural, and (3)

lexical. Phonological ambiguity emerges from language sounds mixed that are

expressed because sometimes the words which form a sentence are said quickly.

Meanwhile, lexical ambiguity observes the language in the level of the word. This

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on dictionaries (Ramadani, 2015:2). The last type is structural ambiguity, according

to Hurford and Heasley (1983:128), this type of ambiguity happened because its

words relate to each other in different ways, even though none of the individual

words are ambiguous.

In recent years, ambiguity has been a special interest for researchers in the

past decades. There are some previous studies related to this study. The first study of

ambiguity has been carried out by Dimple Kapadia and Jufrizal, (2013). They had

done their research entitled Types of Semantic Ambiguity Found in The Editorials of

Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper. Their purpose of the study is to analyze types of

semantic ambiguity which are used in the editorials of The Jakarta Post daily

newspapers. They use Kreidler’s theories to analyze the ambiguities in The Jakarta

Post daily newspapers. The second research has been finished by Nanda Ramadani

(2015), she conducted a research to find the ambiguous words that have many lexical

meanings from the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper. She analyzed the

homonymy and polysemy found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post newspaper by

using Lyons and Leech theory to analyze the lexical ambiguity in the headlines of

The Jakarta Post newspaper.

Moreover, some other scholars have been making attempts to see the

appearance of ambiguity in various data source; for example, newspaper opinion

article (Tambunan, 2009; Kapadia and Jufrizal, 2013; Purwaningsih, 2014), English

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novel (Lutviana and Subiyanto, 2012). Furthermore, related to linguistics, studies of

ambiguity in language use are produced in: Word “random” (Kaplan et al., 2014),

argument (Ervas et al., 2015).According to the previous researches that have been

mentioned above, the writer intents to analyzethe word, phrase and sentence that

classified as lexical and structural ambiguity that found in zootopia movie. In

analyzing lexical ambiguity, the writer analyzes the ambiguous word. The word

which analyzed is based on the types of lexical ambiguity i.e homonymy and

polysemy. While analyzing structural ambiguity, the writer uses labeled and

bracketed sentence/phrase. The aim of labeled and bracketed sentence phrase is to

make the structure of grammatical sentences explicit in a language (Yule, 1985:77).

Lexical and structural ambiguity are the most common types that easily found in

daily conversation, in utterances or even in movie dialogue.

One of the interesting media to find out ambiguity is the movie or film.

Bordwell and Thompson (2008:3) states that film is an art form with a language and

aesthetic all its own. In movie, sometimes the film director does not realize if a single

dialogue can occur multiple meaning. In this research, the movie of Zootopia

produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios is the object of research. Zootopiais a

2016 American 3D computer-animated buddy comedy-adventure movie. The

directors of this movie are Byron Howard and Rich Moore, and the co-director is

Jared Bush. The story line of the movie is about the partnership between a rabbit

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disappearance of savage predator inhabitants of a mammalian metropolis. Zootopia

movie is one of appropriate object for analyzing lexical ambiguity. In Zootopia movie

there are many utterances in the dialogue that produced by the whole characters and it

possible to occurs more than one meaning in each utterance. Furthermore, to enrich

the existing studies on ambiguity, this research attempts to analyze the lexical and

structural ambiguity in Zootopia movie. This becomes the more specific topics in

examines the types of ambiguity through the movie.

1.2 Statements of the Problem

Concerning at the background, this study is conducted to answer the problems

which formulated in the following questions:

1. What is the lexical ambiguity found in Zootopia movie?

2. What is the structural ambiguity found in Zootopia movie?

3. What are the most dominant types of ambiguity which appeared in

Zootopia movie?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

This study is to investigate lexical and structural ambiguity in zootopia movie.

Specifically, this study tries to fulfill the following objectives:

1. To analyze the lexical ambiguity as found in Zootopia movie

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3. To determine the most dominant types of ambiguity in Zootopia movie.

1.4 Significance of the Study

The researcher expects that this study gives some contributions for theoretical

field and practical field. In the theoretical field, this study is expected to provide the

readers to improve their ability in understanding the ambiguous sentence, phrase or

word in written language. Practically, this study is giving more information about the

language study that used through the conversation in the movie as media of studying

the language. Further, this study may help the people who are interested in lexical and

structural ambiguity for their research.

1.5 Scope and Limitations

In this study, the researcher focused on ambiguity and types of ambiguity that

are lexical and structural ambiguity by using Stephen Ullmann’s theory as the main

framework in this study. The writer also intended to find out the most dominant types

both of structural and lexical in Zootopia movie. The data of this research is taken

from Zootopia movie. For the sake of clarity and due to the limited scope, the

researcher focuses in lexical and structural ambiguity by taking the entire utterances

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1.6 Definition of the Key Terms

a. Semantics is the branches of linguistics are especially concerned with words, the study of word meaning (Ullmann, 1972:1).

b. Ambiguity is a linguistics condition which can arise in a variety of spoken and written language. We are sometimes difficult to understand what the

speaker or the writer means (Ullmann, 1977: 156).

c. Lexical Ambiguity is when a single word has more than one meaning, for a word and there are factors which can be lexical ambiguity is a polysemy and

homonymy (Ullmann, 1977:158).

d. Structural Ambiguity is when a phrase or sentence has more than one underlying structure (Ullmann, 1977:156).

CHAPTER II

REVIEW RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter describe of the several theories related to this research. Those are

definition of semantics theories concept of meaning, definition of ambiguity, types of

ambiguity (phonological, lexical, and structural), part of speech, kind of phrase, kind

of sentence and the review of related studies, as follows in its term.

2.1 Definition of Semantics

Semantics is concerned with aspect of meaning in language. There are certain

kinds of meaning or certain aspects of meaning in Linguistics (Lyon, 1983: 139).

Hurford and Heasley (1983:1) say that semantics is defined as the study of meaning

in language. Semantic theory is a part of a larger enterprise, linguistic theory, which

includes the study of syntax (grammar) and phonetics (pronunciation) besides the

study of meaning. Meanwhile, Yule (2006:100) states that linguistic semantics deals

with the conventional meaning conveyed by the use of words, phrases and sentences

of a language, rather than on what an individual speaker might want them to a mean

on a particular occasion. This technical approach is concerned with objective or

general meaning and avoids trying to account for subjective or local meaning. So that

semantics can help an analysis to see the network of lexical relations in its complexity

(Missikova, 2009:67).

Dealing with the definition from the experts, it can be concluded that

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sentence that make it exhibit the phenomenon of synonym, ambiguity, redundancy,

and so forth.

2.2 Meaning and Lexical Meaning

As has already said on the explanation above, there is no very general

agreement either about the nature of meaning or about the way in which it should be

described, Kempson (1977:1) argues there is no way to determine whether it be false

or not. Besides, the word “meaning” is described in various definitions by

semanticists, for instance, Leech (1981:23) notes three points of meaning through the

following:

- Meaning involves the speaker’s intention to convey a certain meaning that may or may not be evident from the message itself.

- Consequently, interpretation by the hearer is likely to depend on the context.

- Meaning in the sense is something, which is performed rather than something

that exists in a static way. It involves action (the speaker produces and effects

on the hearer) and the interaction (the meaning being negotiated between the

speaker and the hearer on the basis of their mutual language).

While Leech has already noted three meaning, Chaer (2007:289) specified

meaning into lexical meaning. Chaer defines lexical meaning is a meaning that

possessed by a lexeme without any context. It is the actual thing that is observed

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large animal with four long legs” and the lexeme “house” has lexical meaning “the

building made for people to live in”.

2.3 Ambiguity

Ambiguity can arise in a variety of spoken and written language. If we listen

to the speaker’s utterance or read a book, we are sometimes difficult to understand what the speaker or the writer means. Ullmann (1977:156) defines ambiguity as a

linguistic condition which can arise in variety of ways. From a purely linguistic point

a view, he distinguishes ambiguity into three forms: phonetic, grammatical and

lexical. Ambiguity can happen in every situation in daily conversation or in the book.

In conversation, we have to listen what other person said carefully in order to avoid

misunderstanding or ambiguity.

Ambiguity happens because of the vague meaning. According to

Djajasudarma (1999:56), a meaning may be unclear because: (a) the word or sentence

is common (general). For example, the word “book” has multiple meaning; (b) the word or sentence which interpreted is not the same with the speaker / the writer’s

intention. The interpretation should depend on the context though the context is not

clear; (c) the meaning limit connected to language and non-language is not clear. For

example, there’s no limit to say that someone is clever at something; (d) the use of

the word or sentence is not familiar to us.

2.3.1 Types of Ambiguity

Stephen Ullmann (1977:156) divides ambiguity into three types:

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2.3.1.1 Phonological Ambiguity

Ullman (1972:103) states that ambiguity in the level of phonology arises from

the sound of language uttered not in written form. Hamidy (2009:2) says it occurs

when a set of sound can be interpreted in more than one way. Sometimes people

speak too fast and make other people feel doubt about the meaning or message of the

utterance so that people may interpret it in many ways. Hamidy argues that this type

of ambiguity arises at the level of the surface structure rather than the deep structure

(2009:2).

Example:

“I scream (I skri:m) or Icecream (aiskri:m).”

When the hearers hear the utterance above, they may have the different

interpretation whether “I scream” refers to the action “scream”or “ice cream” refers to the kinds of drink.

2.3.1.2 Lexical Ambiguity

According to Rodd Gaskell, and MarslenWilson (2002:245), ambiguous

words can refer to more than one concept on the basis of the context in which the

word occurs. Linguists attempt to clearly make a distinction in the ambiguity between

two types; polysemy and homonymy (Cruse, 1986; Lyons, 1977, 1981 as cited in

Rodd et al, 2002:245). According to Pateda (2001:202), lexical ambiguity is

considered the most common form that this phenomenon characteristic of natural

languages tends to take, due to the numerous occurrences of polysemous words and

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considered to be a single word that has more than one sense”. For example, the word walk is polysemous, as proven by the following examples:

- This armchair is too heavy to choose for them to walk it into the living room

(to move a large object by rocking it).

- He who dies a violent death in this church is sure to walk the tower.

(move to a place, haunting it as a ghost).

- The workers threatened to walk.

(to move about instead of working at the workplace because one is on strike).

- Walk with God!

(to walk the paths of life by acting in a moral way)

Lexical ambiguity can be divided into two types, i.e homonymy, and

polysemy. Murphy (2010:84) explains that homonymy means unrelated words which

have the same spoken or written form, but it is also possible that the unrelated words

have the same spoken and written forms. Meanwhile, a word that has two or more

meanings which are still related each other is polysemy.

1) Homonymy

Murphy (2010:84) explains homonymy happens when two forms of

meanings involve two different lexemes that just happen to have the same

spoken and written forms or it also can be the same either spoken or written

form. It means homonymy happens in the case of two or more lexemes that

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both forms, but the meaning is unrelated each other. In accordance, Jackson

(2000:61) explains that homonymy refers to a situation in which two or more

lexemes have the same shape. The shape of words in homonymy is considered

as similar sound or written form. It also can be similar both in sound and

written forms. However, homonyms are also considered separate lexemes that

have unrelated meanings. Homonymy is specifically categorized into three

types i.e. homograph which is related with written form of the word, and

homophone which is related to the spoken form of word, and absolute which

is related to written and spoken forms.

- Homograph

According to Murphy (2010:84), homograph means that two or more

words have the same written form but different pronunciations. It is only

concerned with the written form of words which is the same. For example:

Lead pronounced as:

1. (li:d) means an action to go with or in front of a person to show the way

2. (led) means heavy soft grayish metal. (Jackson, 2000:61)

The previous word shows the example of homograph. “Lead” has the

same spelling, but how it is pronounced is different as well as the meaning.

“Lead” pronounced as (li:d) means an action to go with or in front of a person to show the way, while “lead” pronounced as (led) means heavy soft grayish

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metal. Thus, it can be seen that similar words with different pronunciation can

lead to different meanings even if the written form is the same.

- Homophone

According to Murphy (2010:84), homophone happens in a situation

where two or more words are spelled differently but pronounced the same.

Murphy also explains that homophone as the opposite of homograph only

concerns with the pronunciation of words which is the same but the written

form is different, for example:

Pearl [pɜ:l] means a small hard shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of an oyster, and Purl [pɜ:l] means a stitch used in knitting.

The two words above are the examples of the homophone. The words

“Pearl” and “Purl” are exactly different in spelling, but how they are

pronounced is the same. “Pearl” means a small hard shiny white ball, while

“purl” means a stitch used in knitting. This similarity of how the words are

pronounced can be a kind of difficult to predict what word is actually used in

the utterance. Thus, this is how homophone exists in the utterance.

- Absolute

According to Murphy (2010:94), absolute homonymy happens when

the different words have the same spoken and written forms. For example:

Lie (laɪ) means:

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2. The position of a body in flat or horizontal. (Leech, 1968:210)

The word “lie” is an example when both spelling and pronunciation are the same. The word “lie” exactly has the same spelling and also pronunciation. It can be called as absolute homonymy because both aspects

are the same. However, the meaning is exactly different. “Lie” means saying

something that is not true, while “lie” also means a position of the body in flat or horizontal. It shows that the words which have the same spelling and

pronunciation cannot be said clearly that the words also have the same

meaning.

2) Polysemy

According to Jackson and Etienne (2000:58), the term polysemy is

derived from the Greek “poly” which means many and “semeion” which

means sign. Meanwhile, Murphy (2010:84) states that polysemy refers to the

situation where a word has two or more distinct meanings but those are still

related in sense. It can be said that the sense might be similar, but the meaning

is different based on the context of the words. The meaning of a single word

can be different and it depends on the context of the word. It can cause the

difficulty to determine the exact meaning of one word in a particular context.

Besides, this is what is meant by meaning and sense. In general, meaning

refers to the understanding of humanity through a word or sign which can be

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the words or expressions of a single language which holds between those

words or expressions and what that expression stands for on a particular

occasion of its utterance (Lyons in Jackson and Etienne, 2000:56). In

polysemy, there are several meanings of a word but people might understand

how the sense of those meanings is related. For example:

Coat:

a) An outer garment with sleeves for wearing outdoors

b) Ananimaľs covering of fur

c) A covering of paint or similar material.(Murphy, 2010)

Based on this example, the word “coat” can be understood in three

meanings, but they actually have relation. These three meanings are related

since they have the same concept which is an outer layer of something, but

these three meanings are used in different contexts. People might be difficult

to determine one meaning which fits in particular context. Polysemy word still

relates in sense which causes difficulty to determine the meanings. A word

might have many different meanings in different contexts. People cannot be

too sure of one meaning of word which is conveyed in a particular event in

which it is possible to have any other meanings. It also means that polysemy

involves a single word with several meanings and the similar sense (Murphy,

2010:89). Thus, in the case of polysemy, the word is expected to have relation

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Board:

a) A long thin flat piece of cut wood

b) A flat surface with pattern, used for playing a game on

c) A flat piece of material used for putting food on.(Jackson, 2000:58)

This is another example of polysemy. It is almost the same with the

previous example that one word can be understood in several meanings, but it

is still related. By looking at the example, “board” has three meanings.

However, the senses of these three meanings are related. These three

meanings can be identified as having the same sense because the sense of the

three meanings are that board is a kind of flat piece of material.

3) The Differentiation of Homonymy and Polysemy

Homonymy and polysemy identify a word in different ways. The

differences between homonymy and polysemy are how they interpret the

meaning and the form of word. Homonymy involves two lexemes which have

the same form either spoken or written. Meanwhile, polysemy is a word

which has two meanings or more, but the sense is still related (Murphy,

2010:84). There is a special case that homonymy perhaps involves two

lexemes which have the same form both spoken and written. According to

Murphy (2010:88), how to differentiate the words as homonymy or polysemy

depends on the meaning or sense of the word, for example, the word “lie”.

The meaning of “lie” can be “saying something that is not true” and “position of body in flat or horizontal”. “Lie” is categorized as homonymy because the

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word has two different meanings. It is not a polysemy word because the sense

of the two meaning is not related. The first meaning refers to something that

people say in conversation, while the second meaning refers to the act of

doing something. Another example is the word “coat”. It is a polysemy

because the meaning is still related. The word “coat” has three meanings. The

first meaning is the outer garment with sleeves for wearing outdoors. The

second meaning is an animal covering of fur. The third meaning is a covering

of paint or similar material. These meanings are different in context butthey

have the same sense which is an outer layer on something. That is how

homonymy and polysemy are different.

2.3.1.3 Structural Ambiguity

Structural (grammatical) ambiguity is caused by grammatical factors,

grammatical ambiguities emerge to unit of linguistics that is called sentence or

phrase. According to Stephen Ullmann (1997:157) grammatical ambiguity can be

looked in three sides.

First possibility is ambiguity that is caused by process of the words

grammatical formulation. In English, there are prefix and suffix can make ambiguity.

For example, suffix –able in English is not forever contains same meaning like

desirable, readable, eatable, knowable, debatable, because, desirable and readable are

adjective, whereas eatable, knowable, and debatable are just same in format. And for

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to bring in, but it also means pit or dent. The words contain any meanings when these

words in context of sentence. Second possibilities, ambiguity in phrase same

equivocal phrasing. Every word that forms phrase actually is clear but the

combination can be interpreted more than one meanings. For example, “I met a number of old friends and acquaintances,” word old (long time or not young) in this

sentence can be connected by friends and acquaintances. In sentence above, where is

meant by old, what are friends or acquaintances? To avoid ambiguity like this, we

need a context or element of supra segmental that follow. Third possibilities,

ambiguity that emerge in context, what is individual context or situational context?

For example in minor sentence “go!” What does it mean? People can ask, where do

you go? When do you go? Why do you go? To avoid ambiguity in context, we have

to know in what is the context people say.

2.4 Part of Speech

Part of speech is the traditional term for a grammatical class of words. Yule,

(2006:74) divides it into 8 types; they are noun, article, adjective, verbs, adverb,

preposition, pronoun, conjunction.

a. Nouns are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) and

abstract ideas (love) as if they were all things.

b. Articles are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases

classifying those “things” (e.g. You can have a banana or an apple) or identifying them as already known (e.g. I will take the apple).

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c. Adjectives are words used typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to (e.g. happy people, large objects, a strange

experience).

d. Verbs are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and states (be, have) involving people and things in events (e.g. Jessica is ill and has a

sore throat so she can’t talk or go anywhere).

e. Adverbs are words used typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some adverbs, such as

really and very, are also used with adjectives to modify information about

things (e.g. Really large objects move slowly. I had a very strange experience

yesterday).

f. Prepositions are words (at, in, on, near, with, without) used with nouns in

phrases providing information about time (e.g. at five o’clock, in the

morning), place (e.g. on the table, near the window) and other connections

(e.g. with a knife, without a thought) involving actions and things.

g. Pronouns are words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of noun phrases, typically referring to people and things already known (e.g. She talks to

herself. They said it belonged to you).

h. Conjunctions are words (and, but, because, when) used to make connections

and indicate relationships between events (e.g. Chantel’s husband was so

sweet and he helped her a lot because she couldn’t do much when she was

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2.5 Kinds of Phrase

Crystal (1980:170) states that phrase is a term used in grammatical analysis to

refer to a single element of structure containing more than one word, and lacking the

subject-predicate structure typical of clauses; a part of a structural hierarchy falling

between a word and a clause. Eastwood (2012:3) distinguishes phrase into five types:

noun phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase, adjectival phrase, and prepositional

phrase.

a. Noun phrase is the construction into which nouns most commonlyenter, and of which they are the head word (Crystal, 1980:170). Eastwood

(2012:168-169) explains about noun phrase; it can be a noun on its own (e.g. Silence is

gold). It can be the subject, object, or complement of a sentence (e.g. The

vehicle hit the tree). It can be combination between noun with articles (a

house), possessives (my job), demonstratives (this way), quantifiers (many

cars), adjectives (a good idea), or with another noun (a car accident).

b. Verb phrase consists of the main verb and one or more auxiliaries (Crystal, 1980:170). For example: is coming, may be coming, get up to, etc.

c. Adverbial phrase functions in sentence as the adverbial, its head word and modifier are adverb. For example: yesterday morning, very quickly, rather

quietly, etc.

d. Adjectival phrase functions in sentence as the adjectival, its head word is adjective. For example: very important, extremely hot, etc.

22

e. Prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, the object of the preposition and the modifiers (if any). For example: in the corner, under the big tree, etc.

2.6 Labeled and Bracketed Sentences or Phrases

Yule (1985: 75) states that an alternative type of diagram is design to show

how the constituents in sentence structure can be marked off via labeled and

bracketed sentences or phrases. The first step is to put brackets (one on each side)

around each constituent, and then more brackets around each combination of

constituents. For example:

With this procedure, the different constituent of the sentence are shown at the

word level – (the); at the phrase level - (the boy); and at the sentence level – (the dog

followed the boy). We can, of course, labeled each constituent with grammatical

terms such as “Art” (= article), “N” (= noun), “NP” (= noun phrase), “V” (= verb), “VP” (= verb phrase) and “S” (= sentence). In the following diagram, these labels are

placed beside each bracket which marks the beginning of a constituent. The result is a

23

2.7 Previous Study

This research deals with some previous researchers but it has difference in

some matters. In this previous related studies, the writer would like to review three

others studies which have been done by Kristiana Tri Wahyuni (2014), Dimple

Kapadia and Jufrizal (2013), and Susan Kristianty (2006).The first research by the

title Lexical Ambiguity Represented through Pun and Wordplay in The Script of

Romeo and Juliet Adapted by David Hundsness is focused on lexical ambiguity in the

script of Romeo and Juliet adapted by David Hundsness which is seen from stylistic

perspective. This research has three objectives: (1) to identify the forms of lexical

ambiguity in the script of Romeo and Juliet adapted by David Hundsness, (2) to find

out how lexical ambiguity is represented through pun and wordplay in the script of

Romeo and Juliet adapted by David Hundsness, and (3) to interpret the effects of

lexical ambiguity represented through pun and wordplay towards the meanings in the

script of Romeo and Juliet adapted by David Hundsness. The findings of the research

shows that there are two types of lexical ambiguity are found. They are homonymy

24

homonymy, only two of them occur. They are absolute homonymy (73.91%) and

homophone (4.35%). The absent type is homograph. Homonymy is the most frequent

form of lexical ambiguity in the script in which two or several lexemes have the same

spoken or written forms or even both. The finding of polysemy shows that the same

words which have several distinct meanings can still be related in sense. Then, there

are three types of pun and wordplay that occur in the script i.e. punning repetition

(54.54%), the asyntactic pun (9.10%), and the etymological pun (36.36%) Punning

repetition is the most dominant type since the characters use a lot of repetitions of

word. Meanwhile, syllepsis does not occur in the script. Finally, the two effects of

lexical ambiguity are shown in the script. They are humorous (12.5%) and ironic

effects (87.5%). Ironic effect is mostly shown in the script rather than humorous

effect. This finding shows that the script tends to capture the ironic side of the story

of Romeo and Juliet.

The second research is conducted by Dimple Kapadia and Jufrizal (2013). In

his research entitledTypes of Semantic Ambiguity Found in The Editorials of Jakarta

Post Daily Newspaper. Their research is focused on classifying the types of semantic

ambiguity trough the editorials Jakarta Post daily newspapers. However, in this

research, they only found lexical and structural ambiguity in their object. The data of

this study are ambiguous expressions which were used in the editorials of The Jakarta

Post daily newspapers. The ambiguous expressions can be words, phrases, or

sentences. They choose editorials from ten editions of The Jakarta Post newspapers as

25

2012.From the publication of ten editions of the Jakarta Post newspapers, they found

113 ambiguous expressions used in different types. From 113 data, structural

ambiguity is used 60 times (53.10%) and lexical ambiguity is used 53 times

(46,90%).

The third research is conducted by Susan Kristianty (2006), by the title The

Structural and Lexical Ambiguity Found in Cleo Magazine Advertisements, her goals

are to analyze the words/ sentences that can be structurally and lexically ambiguous,

the meaning, frequency and dominantly appear in advertisements of Cleo Magazine.

She applied the theory of structural and lexical ambiguity from Hurford and

Heasley’s theory (1984). She also used the theory of syntactic structures by Adrian Akmajian (1995) and Nelson Francis (1954). She found the ambiguity in the

advertisements by those theories and also finds the meanings from the dictionary.

This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. In analyzing the data, she

identified the structurally ambiguous sentences by using Tree Diagrams or IC

Analysis. Moreover, she found that there are five structural ambiguities including

three declarative sentences, one adjective phrase, and one noun phrase. There are also

10 lexical ambiguities that are included in the advertisements; there are four nouns,

two verbs, three adjectives and one adverb. Finally, she found that lexical ambiguity

occurs more frequently than structural ambiguity of advertisements in Cleo

Magazine.

Based on the previous study above, researcher will show the difference

26

first researcher analyzed only on lexical ambiguity in the script of Romeo and Juliet

adapted by David Hundsness using stylistic theory, but this research not only

analyzes lexical ambiguity but also structural ambiguity. Next, the difference between

second research and this research is on the data source. The researcher attempts to

analyze of ambiguity found in The Editorials of Jakarta Post Daily Newspaper, while

the first researcher used the data source taken from Zootopia movie.

Subsequently, the third research analyzed structural ambiguity also, but the

data source is the advertisement in Cleo Magazine by using Harford and Heasley’s

theory. On the other hand, the difference showed from the data source and the

objective of the research. This research does not only analyze structural ambiguity but

also lexical ambiguity. Finally, looking all of the previous studies above, the writer

wants to enrich the knowledge and extend the previous research especially on lexical

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter discusses the method that used by the writer in this research

including research approach, data source, research instruments, techniques of data

collection and techniques of data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In conducting this research, the writer used descriptive qualitative method

because it analyzed the data in the form of words, phrases and sentence descriptively.

Glass and Hopkins (1984: 65) stated that descriptive research studies in which the

researcher does not interact with the participant include observational studies of

people in an environment and studies involving data collection using existing records.

The writer concerned on the interpretation and analysis of the object with some help

of library research. Thus, the writer applied descriptive research todescribe the data

that had been collected.

The qualitative data explained and interpreted clearly included word, phrase,

clause, and sentence. furthermore, Creswell (1994:1) stated that qualitative research is

an inquiring the process of understanding a social or human problem based on the

building a complex, holistic picture, formed of the words, reporting the detail views

of informants and conducted in a natural setting. In this research, the writer used

descriptive qualitative to point out about discussed, analyzed and found the ambiguity

in the movie. This study classified with descriptive qualitative since the data are

28

The data of this study analyzed descriptively based on the script of Zootopia movie

by Jared Bush and Phil Johnston. The data interpreted systematically dealt with

theoretical of ambiguity displayed in the second chapter. Besides, the writer used

descriptive methods to analyze the data and then describe the finding to answer the

research question.

3.2 Instruments

One thing that is very important to obtain the data of the research is the

instrument.The instrument is a tool of the writer thoughtful facilitatedto collect the

data in order to easily the process analyze.According to Merriam (2009:15), since

understanding the goal of this research, the human instrument, which is able to be

immediately responsive and adaptive, would seem to be the ideal means of collecting

and analyzing data.The key instrument of this research is the researcher herself,

because it is impossible to investigate the data without the interpretation from the

researcher herself. The researcher herself collected, interpreted, analyzed and draw a

conclusion. A script of Zootopia movie contributes as the first instrument that used by

the writer.

3.3 Data and Data Source

The data source of this research was taken from “Zootopia” movie. The data

source of this study is the script of “Zootopia” movie product in 2016. Furthermore,

data which used are transcription of all the characters which contains lexical and

29

3.4 Technique of Data Collection

The writer collected the data by accessing the official website of “Zootopia”

movie as follows:

1. Downloading the movie from internet

The writer started conducting this research by downloading Zootopia movie.

The writer downloaded the movie from http://lk21.me/ on August 15, 2016.

2. Watching Zootopia movie

The writer watched Zootopia movie for several times in order to got

understanding of the whole story.

3. Matching the scripts with the movie

The writer looked the transcript of the movie from the internet and matched it

with the movie for making the writer easier.

4. Deriving the data

In this step, the data was derived and carried by arranging it based on page

and duration of the movie.

5. Identifying the data

The writer identified the words, phrases, and sentences which was lexically

and structurally ambiguous in Zootopia movie

6. Analyzing the data

The writer analyzed the words, phrases and sentences which was lexically and

structurally ambiguous appeared in Zootopia movie. The writer search the

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the most frequently appeared kinds of words and phrases which lexically and

structurally ambiguous in Zootopia movie.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer did several steps to analyze the data from

the data source:

1. Identified the words, phrases, and sentences which are possibly ambiguous.

2. Classified the types of ambiguitywith made a mark in every part to make the

analyzing process easier. It represented numeral of data within the page which

line side. For example (1/1/25) it means the one of language style shows in

first data on page one in line twenty-five.

Note:

(1/ -/ -): The data

(-/ 1/ -): The page of script

(-/ -/ 25): The line sentences of the script

3. Analyzed the types of ambiguity

In this step the writer numbered the data into two main points

a. Lexical ambiguity

The writer analyzed the types of lexical ambiguity, by identified the types

of lexical ambiguity i.e homonymy and polysemy.

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Analyzed the structural ambiguity by identified the class word with

applied the labeled and bracketed sentence/phrase. The writer classified

into kinds of phrases or sentence.

4. Calculated the frequency of ambiguity types to got the most dominant types of

ambiguity and distributed the result into the table

No. Types of Ambiguity Class of Words, Sentence or Phrases Frequency Percentage

1.

Lexical

Ambiguity

Homonymy

Absolute

Homograph

Homophone

Polysemy

2.

Structural

Ambiguity

Phrase

Noun Phrase

Verb Phrase

Adverbial Phrase

Adjectival Phrase

Prepositional Phrase

Total

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer discusses the finding of lexical and structural

ambiguity in Zootopia movie. The writer uses Stephen Ullmann theory to analyze

lexical and structural ambiguity in Zootopia movie. In lexical ambiguity, the writer

analyzes the types of lexical ambiguity based on the kinds of the word which known

as part of speech. The kinds of phrase analyzed in structural ambiguity and it is based

on Yule theory. Furthermore, the writer analyzes the frequency of structural and

lexical ambiguity on the movie based on the theory.

4.1 Findings

The finding of this study is divided into two parts based on the research

problems. The first partis about lexical ambiguity that found in Zootopia movie. In

this part the writer also analyzes the types of lexical ambiguity in the words that

categorize as lexical ambiguity. The second part is the structural ambiguity that found

in Zootopia movie, in this part the writer analyzes the kinds of phrase which

categorizes as structural ambiguity.

4.1.1 Lexical Ambiguity

The first research question is related to lexical ambiguity. Rodd Gaskell and

Marslen Wilson (2002:245) stated that ambiguous words refer to more than one

concept on the basis of the context in which the words occurs. Linguist attempts to

33

polysemy. The further explanations and examples for each type are presents as

follows.

4.1.1.1 Homonymy

Homonymy occurs when the characters in the script use two words which

have the same written or spoken form or even both. Based on Murphy

categorization(2010:84)there are three forms of homonymy i.e. homograph,

homophone, and absolute homonymy. There are absolute homonymy, homograph

and homophone which occur in the Zootopia movie. Absolute homonymy occurs 9

times, homograph occurs 6 times and homophone occurs 8 times out of the total 47

data.

1) Absolute Homonymy

Absolute homonymy occurs when two different words have the same

spoken and written forms. However, they have the meanings which are

unrelated. They create ambiguity in the context. There are three examples of

absolute homonymy which is portrayed in Zootopia movie. The first data

shown below:

Data 14/26/6

Judy : Hey! Nick walks on, calmly. Alright, slickNick, you‟re under

arrest.

Nick : Really, for what?

Judy : Gee I don‟t know, how „bout selling food without a permit,

transporting undeclared commerce across borough lines, false advertising...

34

The word “slick” which is underlined in dialogue above is classified as

absolute homonymy because the word “slick” have two meanings and both of

those meanings are different or unrelated. There are two meanings of this

word which are possible to be interpreted in the dialogue. First, the word

“Slick” refers to someone who can speak with easily but not sincere honest.

Second, the word “slick” means smooth or slippery.

The context of situationin the dialogue above shows that Judy tries to

arrest Nick Wilde, Nick Wilde is a fox with a lot of opinions. Nick lies to

Judyby saying that Finnick is his son. In facts, Finnick is his brother. Nick

wants to gain Judy‟s sympathy and wants to earn a lot of money for himself and Finnick. By that reason, Judy feels anger to Nick and threatens to arrest

him, but Nick retorts by claiming he is do nothing illegal and having all the

required permits and paperwork in check to allow such schemes to take place.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because

“someone who can speak with easily but not sincere honest” is related to the

physical appearance of Nick Wilde which makes Judy called him Slick Nick.

Whereas the second meaning is also appropriate with the context above

because “smooth or slippery” is related to the physical appearance of Nick Wilde which makes Judy called him Slick Nick.However, both meanings are

fit in the context.

Similar to the previous data, the second data also shows the

35

Data 30/52/1

Nick : First off, you throw like a bunny, second, you‟re a very sore

loser. See ya later, Officer Fluff, so sad this is over, I wish I

could‟ve helped more.

Judy : The thing is, you don‟t need a warrant if you have probable

cause, and I‟m pretty sure I saw a shifty low-life climbing the

fence, so you‟re helping plenty. Come on [minutes 00:45:19-00:45:37]

This data has similar point with the data 14 above, the word “sad” is also classified as absolute homonymy since the the word “sad” have two

meanings and both of those meanings are different or unrelated.There are two

meanings of this word which are possible to be interpreted in the

dialogue.First, the word “sad” means an unhappy feeling. Second, the word

“sad” means happy.

The context of situation in the story at that time shows that Judy and

Nick arrive at a big gate parking which is chained and they can see a few

limos parking inside. Nick feels that he has already helps Judy too much and

he wants Judy‟s voice recorder is given to him and he thought that after he helps Judy to run the plate, he can say goodbye to Judy.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because

“unhappy feeling” is related to something that causes Nick feels unhappy at

that time. Whereas the second meaning is also appropriate with the context

above because “happy” is related with Nick feeling when he have to say good bye to Judy. It happens because Nick has no interest to help Judy at that time.

36

The word “sad” in the dialogue is classified as the absolute homonymy because both meanings are different. An unhappy feeling is a feeling when

someone feels down. Meanwhile, happy feeling is a kind of feeling when a

person is attracted to something. Hence, the feeling of unhappiness and happy

define to the contrast condition.

The third data of absolute homonymy shown below:

Data 26/46/9

Nick : Flash is the fastest guy in there, you need something done,

he‟s on it.

Judy : I hope so, we are really fighting the clock and every minute

counts. Wait. They‟re all sloths?! [minutes 00:40:43-00:41:30]

The word “fastest” in the dialogue above which uttered by Nick is the

ambiguous one. There are two meanings of the word “fastest” which can

interpret. First, the word “fastest” refers to move quickly. Second, the word

“fastest” refers to very slow.

The context of situation in the dialogue above shows that Nick tells

Judy about his friend named Flash. According to Nick, Flash is the fastest guy

in the Department of Mammal Vehicles (DPV). Judy feels so excited because

she can solve the case quickly with Flash helps.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because

“move quickly” is contrast with the fact and Judy does not know what exactly

the species of Flash at that time. Whereas the second meaning is also

37

describe how sloth it is. Then, “very slow” is appropriate meaning for a

mammal that moves slowly named sloths.

2) Homograph

Homograph occurs when two or more words have the same written

form but different pronunciations. It is only concern with the written form of

words which is the same. There first data of homograph shown below:

Data 23/39/3

Judy : Pawpsicle.

Clawhauser : The murder weapon!

Judy : Get your pawpsicle...

Clawhauser : Yeah, „cause that... What does that mean?

Judy : It means I... have a lead.

[minutes 00:34:31-00:34:45]

In this data, the word “lead” indicates as homograph because it has the

same spelling, but how it pronounces is different as well as the meaning.

There are two meanings of this word which can be interpreted. First, The

word “lead” pronounced as (li:d) means a winning position. Second, the word “lead” pronounced as (led) means show way or direction.The context of situation in the story at that time is when Judy tries to solve the case by

examining the file of Emmit Otterton.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because the

word “lead” pronounced as (li:d) which means “winning position” is related to Judy‟s perception. She believes that she can be the winner to against Nick

38

context above because the word “lead” pronounced as (led) which means

“show way or direction” is related to the direction that own by Judy that can

help her to find Emmit Otterton. Besides, both meaning are fits in the context

because it can be implied that Judy wants to say that she want to solve the

case.

The second data of homograph shown below:

Data 27/46/9

Nick : Flash is the fastest guy in there, you need something done,

he‟s on it.

Judy : I hope so, we are really fighting the clock and every minute

counts. Wait. They‟re all sloths?! [minutes 00:40:43-00:41:30]

This dialogue is another data of homograph in Zootopia movie. The

word “minute” in the dialogue above is ambiguous one because it has the same spelling, but how it pronounces is different as well as the meaning.

There are two meanings of this word which can be interpreted. First, the word

“minute” pronounced as (mɪn.ɪt) means time. Second, the word “minute”

pronounced as (maɪ‟nu:t) means the extremely small thing. The context of

situation in the dialogue above shows that Nick tells Judy about his friend

named Flash. According to Nick, Flash is the fastest guy in the Department of

Mammal Vehicles (DPV). Judy feels so excited because she can solve the

case quickly.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because the

39

means Judy wants to fight for each minute in the clock to solve the

case.Whereas the second meaning is also appropriate with the context above

because the word “minute” pronounced as (maɪ‟nu:t) which has meaning “the

extremely small thing”. It means Judy considers each time to solve the case

quickly. Besides, both meaning are fits in the context because it implies that

Judy wants to say if she wants to solve the case quickly. The third data of

homograph shown below:

Data 40/70/25

Nick : So fluffy! Judy : Hey!

Nick : Sheep never let me this close.

Judy : You can‟t just touch a sheep‟s wool...

Nick : It‟s like cotton candy.

Judy : Stop it!

[minutes 01:01:14-01:01:36]

The word “close” which is underlined in the dialogue above is classified as homograph because it have the same spelling, but how it

pronounces is different as well as the meaning.There are two meanings of this

word which can be interpreted. First, the word “close” pronounced as (kloʊz)

means not open minded, it means the sheep does not let anyone else touches

their wool puff. Second, the word “close” pronounced as (kloʊz) means near,

it means Nick never in near position with sheep before.

The context of situation in the dialogue above shows that Judy and

Nick come to Bellwether in order to asks some help about accessing the traffic

40

the computer. Then, Nick touches Bellwether‟s wool puff because she thinks

that wool puff is so fluffy.

The first meaning is appropriate with the context above because the

word “close” pronounced as (kloʊz) which has meaning “not open minded”, it

means the sheep does not let anyone else touches their wool puff. Whereas the

second meaning is also appropriate with the context above because the word

“close” pronounced as (kloʊz) which has meaning “near”, it means Nick

never in near position with sheep before. However, both meaning are fits in

the context because it implies that Nick wants to touch Bellwether‟s wool

puff.

3) Homophone

Homophone occurs when two different words have the same spoken

forms. In other words, this type of homonymy focuses on the matter of sound

which can lead the listener to get multiple interpretations. Below is the first

data of the phenomenon of homophone:

Data 10/21/1

Jerry : Listen, I don‟t know what you‟re doing skulking around

during daylight hours, but I don‟t want any trouble in here... So

hit the road.

Nick : I‟m not looking for any trouble either, sir. I simply want to

buy a Jumbo Pop for my little boy.

[minutes 00:18:36-00:18:51]

In the dialogue above, the word “road” is the ambiguous one. It can be seen that the word “road” have the same pronounce as the word “rode”.

41

The context of situation in the dialogue above is when Nick tries to

buy a jumbo pop for Finnick but Jerry doesn‟t want to serve any ice cream for

him. Thus Jerry wants Nick to leaves his café because there are another

elephant wants to buy his ice cream.

When the speaker says (roʊd), it can refer to the word “road” or

“rode”. When “hit the road” is uttered by Jerry, the listener relates it to the

way to get out. It means Jerry wants Nick to get out from his café. When “hit the rode” is uttered by Jerry, the listener relates it with go fora ride, this meaning is not appropriate in the context of the dialogue above.The second

data of homophone shown below:

Data 16/29/26

Stu : Meter maid, meter maid!

Judy : Dad!

Stu : Meter maid, meter maid!

Judy : DAD!

Stu : You know what? It‟s been a really long day, I should really…

Bonnie : That‟s right. You get some rest!

Stu : Those meters aren‟t gonnamaid themselves.

[minutes 00:27:24-00:27:33]

In the dialogue above, the word “maid” is the ambiguous one. It can

be seen the word “maid” have the same pronounce as the word “made”. The

context of situation of the dialogue above is when Judy already finished her

first day in Zootopia Police Department (ZPD). When Judy sits on her desk,

42

recognize that Judy wears a parking officer uniform and they feel so happy

because that was the safest job in the force.

When the speaker says (meɪd), it refers to the word “maid” or “made”.

When “maid” is uttered by Stu Hopps, the listener relates it to the servant. It

means Judy is a parking duty officer. When “made” is uttered by Stu Hopps,

the listener relatesit to make something, this meaning is not appropriate in the

situation of the dialogue above.

The third data of homophone is shown below:

Data 31/53/31

Nick : The most feared crime boss in Tundratown. They call him Mr. Big and he does not like me, so we gotta go!

Judy : I‟m not leaving, this is a crime scene.

Nick : Well, it‟s gonna be an even bigger crime scene if Mr. Big

finds me here, so we‟re leaving right now! [minutes 00:46:45-00:46:56]

In the dialogue above, the word “scene” is the ambiguous one. It can

be seen the word “scene” have the same pronounce as the word “seen”.

The context of situation in the dialogue above is when Judy and Nick

get inside the limo to find the clue about Emmit Otterton. Nick realized that

the owner of the limo is Mr. Big who is the most feared crime boss in

Zootopia.

When the speaker says (si:n), it refers to the word “scene” or “seen”.

When “scene” is uttered by Judy, the listener relates it to the area. It means Judy believe that the limo is one of the crime scenes that she had investigated.

43

When the word “seen” is uttered by Judy, the listener relates it to be seen, this meaning is not appropriate with the situation in the dialogue above.

4.1.1.2 Polysemy

Polysemy occurs when one word has two or more distinct meanings but those

meaning still related. It can be said that the sense might be similar, but the meaning is

different based on the situation of the word. It can cause difficulty to determine the

exact meaning of the word in a particular situation.

The finding shows that polysemy often exists in the dialogue. There are 16 out

of 47 data which categorized as polysemy. The first data of polysemy shown below:

Data 9/15/36

Judy : Greasy walls... rickety bed... Kudu : Shut up!

Oryx : You shut up! Kudu : No! You shut up!

Judy : Crazy neighbors... I love it!

[minutes 00:13:05-00:13:15]

The word “crazy” which is uttered by Judy is an ambiguous one. There are

two meanings of this word which can be interpreted in the dialogue. First, the word

“crazy” refers to foolish people. It occurs when Judy thinks if they yelling each other

just because to stops the conversation. The second interpretation, the word “crazy”

refers to annoyed. Kudu and Oryx are the argumentative neighbors and their voices

are very loud. So Judy can hear their conversation through the wall and they always

offers some gruff commentary. By that reason, Judy thinkthat her neighbors is

44

The context of situation in this dialogue shows that Judy comes to Zootopia

city then she arrived at her apartment for the first time. She talks about the condition

in her apartment. Judy Hopps meets her neighbors for the first time, their names are

Kudu Pottoser and Oryx Pottoser. They are a couple boy which live in the Grand

Pangolin Arms apartment building. When Judy tries to introduce herself to them,

Kudu rudely informs her that they are loud, with Oryx adds that they shouldn‟t expect

to apologize for it. Kudu and Oryx yells each other to shut up, by that reason Judy

said that they are the crazy neighbor.

Besides, both meaning of the word “crazy” shows that this word

canclassifiesas polysemy. The reason is the first meaning “foolish people” and the

second meaning “annoying people” are two meaning which is related. Both can be understood as a kind of bad attitude about someone.

Below is the second data of polysemy:

Data 29/51/11

Nick : Madam, I have a fake badge. I would never impede your pretend investigation.

Judy : It‟s not a pretend investigation! Look, see him? This otter is missing.

Nick : Well then they should have gotten a real cop to find him.

Judy : What is your problem? Does seeing me fail somehow make you feel

better about your own sad, miserable life?

[minutes 00:44:43-00:44:59]

In the dialogue above, the word “miserable” which is uttered by Judy is an ambiguous one. There are two meanings of this word which can interpreted in the

dialogue. First, the word “miserable” means very unhappy. It means that Judy thinks

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entertain Nick from his unhappy life. The second interpretation, the word “miserable”

refers to the low quality of value of something. It means that Judy asks Nick about

the quality of Nick‟s life, so Judy can know the reason why Nick doesn‟t want to help her. However, both meanings are possible to be interpreted in the dialogue.

The context of situation in this dialogue shows the conversations between

Judy and Nick Wilde. After Judy and Nick go to the ZPD for running a plate. Then

they go to a place that have been told by Flash, the friends of Nick. They arrive at a

big gate parking which is chained but they can see a few limo parking inside which

covers in the snow. Nick shows his unwanted feeling by says that Judy effort just a

fake because Judy is a meter maid, not a real cop. Judy answers Nick statement by

saying that Nick has a miserable life.

Besides, it shows that the word “miserable” can be classifiedas polysemy

since the two meanings of “miserable” are related. The first and the second meaning

can be understood as a bad condition of someone‟s life. The third data of polysemy

shown below:

Data 37/66/3

Judy : Thank you.

Nick : Never let „em see that they get to you

Judy : So, things do get to you...

Nick : No... I mean, not anymore. But I was small and emotionally

unbalanced like you once. Judy : Har-har.

Nick : No, it‟s true. I think was 8, or maybe 9, and all I wanted to do was

join the Junior Ranger Scouts.

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The word “small” which is uttered by Nick in the dialogue above is an

ambiguous one. There are two meanings of this word which can be interpreted in the

dialogue. First, the word “small” can be interpreted as young age. It means that Nick

tells about his attitude when he still young. He is emotionally and unbalanced like

Judy sometimes. The second interpretation of “small” is unexperienced. It means that

while Nick attitude was emotionally unbalanced because he still does not have much

experience to face all of his problem in his life. The context of situation in the

dialogue above shows that Nick gives Judy a motivation because Judy is the first

bunny cop in Zootopia. By that reason, everyone doubts her. Then, Nick compared

between Judy‟s life and his life when he was a kid.

Besides, it shows that the word “small” can classified as polysemy. The

reason is the first meaning “young age” and the second meaning “unexperienced” is

still related. Thus, both meanings are possible to be interpreted in the dialogue. Both

can be understood as a low level in deciding the attitude.

4.1.2 Structural Ambiguity

Structural ambiguity occurs when the presence of two or more possible

meanings for one single phrase. There are 6 data contain the types of structural

ambiguity in Zootopia movie. The 6 data are from sentence and phrase. In phrase, the

structural ambiguity happened in five kinds of phrase according to its form: noun

phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase, adjective phrase and prepositional phrase. In

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or phrase in the object, there are two kinds of case which indicate an ambiguous

structure: noun phrase, and adjective phrase.

4.1.2.1 Phrase

Every word form phrases, actually apparent, but the combination could be

construed more than one sense. There are two kinds of structural ambiguity in phrase

that found in Zootopia movie. That is noun phrase and adjective phrase.

1) Noun Phrase

Noun phrase is a group of words that work together to name and

describe person, place, thing, or idea with a noun or pronoun as its head. In

Zootopia movie, the writer found 4 cases of noun phrase in out of 7 data of

structural ambiguity. The first data is shown below:

Data 4/6/25

Gideon Grey : You scared now?

Travis : Lookit her nose twitch. She is scared!

Gideon Grey : Cry little baby bunny.

[minutes 00:04:51-00:05:01]

The dialogue above is a kind of structural ambiguity, it is shown by

the noun phrase “cry little baby bunny”. This phrase has two different forms

which also change the meaning of the phrase. The context of situation in the

dialogue above is when Gideon Grey tries to make Judy cries by pushing Judy

to the ground.The structural ambiguity in the dialogue above shown through

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In the diagram (a) the verb cry modifies the adjective phrase “little

baby bunny”. So, the phrase means “the little baby bunny cries”. Diagram (b)

shows the verb cry only modifies the word little. So, the phrase means the

baby bunny just little cries. The second data is presented below:

Data 8/15/12

Armadillo : And welcome to the Grand Pangolin Arms. “Luxury

Apartments with Charm.” Complimentary de-lousing

once a month. Don‟t lose your key

Judy : Thank you!

[minutes 00:12:48-00:12:56]

The dialogue above is a kind of structural ambiguity it is shown by the

noun phrase “luxury apartment with charm”. This phrase has two different

forms which also change the meaning of the phrase. The context of situation

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time and the armadillo welcomed Judy arrival. The structural ambiguity in the

dialogue above is shown through the following diagrams:

In the diagram (a) the word luxury modifies the whole phrase

“apartments with charm”. So, the phrase means “an apartment which luxury

and charm”. Diagram (b) shows the word “luxury” only modifies the word

“apartment”. So, the phrase means “a luxury apartment and the apartment feel

so charm”. The third data is shown below:

Data 23/39/3

Judy : Pawpsicle.

Clawhauser : The murder weapon!

Judy : Get your pawpsicle...

Clawhauser : Yeah, „cause that... What does that mean?

Judy : It means I... have a lead.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents two major parts: conclusions and suggestions. The conclusions section deals with the findings and discussion related to the objectives of the study. Meanwhile, the suggestions section discusses several suggestions for readers and other researchers who might want to improve and conduct a similar research.

5.1Conclusions

The writer analyzes the types of lexical and structural ambiguity by using Stephen Ullmann theory. From the finding of the first and the second research problem, the writer finds the difference which appears between lexical and structural ambiguity in Zootopia movie. The result from the finding and discussion are simply explained below.

There are 41 data reflecting the lexical ambiguity. Besides, as employed in Zootopia movie, the two types of lexical ambiguity, which are homonymy and polysemy are found in the movie. Then, there are three types of homonymy which are found. They are homophone (21,27), absolute homonymy (19,14%) and homograph (12,76%). Polysemy (34,04%) is the most frequently occurring types of lexical ambiguity. The characters in the movie use words which are ambiguous to be interpreted in the dialogue. They mostly use a word which has two or more distinct meanings but those are still related. The second position is homophone (21,27%). Homophone happens when there are two words which have the same spoken form

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used by the characters in the movie. In the third position absolute homonymy (19,14%). This type happens when the characters use words which have more than one meaning and the meaning are different or unrelated. Then, the last position is homograph (12,76%). Homograph happens when there are two words have the same written form used by the character in the script. It means the ambiguity occurs in the matter of sound in which it can make listener have multiple interpretations.

There are some structural ambiguity happen Zootopia movie. Therefore, understanding the structural aspect, the writer knows the meaning of the phrase and understanding the structure of the phrase in the object. Over the analysis of structural ambiguity in Zootopia movie there are 6 data of structural ambiguity found in this research. The writer found some types of ambiguity. In phrase there are two types of phrase, including 4 data of noun phrase (9%) and 2 data of adjectival phrase (5%). The most dominant types between lexical and structural ambiguity in this research is lexical ambiguity which produced for 41 times or 87% in out of 47 total numbers of data.

5.2 Suggestions

Ambiguity is an interesting phenomenon to learn and to analyze. It can happen in any situation whether in daily conversation or in written sources. Sometimes people likes to make their listeners or readers confused of what they speak or write, Because there's some advantages that they want to get for example: in advertisement and in literature (the writer usually uses it to beautify review their works).

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However, there are some people too accidentally do/ make their listeners/ readers feel confused. This ambiguity depends on the knowledge of the listener/ reader, if they have a wide knowledge, it may be possible to avoid this case. Through this thesis, it is recommended that the readers may have discussed another subject such as phonetic ambiguity since this thesis only discusses about lexical and structural ambiguity. Hopefully, by doing this, it will expand our knowledge not only about lexical and structural ambiguity in Zootopia movie, but also about phonetic ambiguity in other sources.

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