T LIN 1201214 Table of content
DAFTAR ISI
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN......................................................................................i
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................................ii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN................................................................................iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH....................................................................................v
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ........................................................... ...........................xi
DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian .............................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah Penelitian .......................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Definisi Operasional ...................................................................................... 5
1.6 Penutup .......................................................................................................... 6
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 7
2.1. Analisis Linguistik Klinis ............................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Anak Tunagrahita .......................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Landasan Biologis dan Neurologis pada Bahasa ........................................ 11
2.1.3 Transmisi dan Persepsi Bunyi ...................................................................... 17
2.1.4 Gangguan Artikulasi Tinjauan Klinis .......................................................... 19
2.2. Bunyi Bahasa dan Tata Bunyi BI .................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Jenis-jenis Bunyi Bahasa.............................................................................. 22
2.2.2 Fonem, Alofon, Grafem, dan Unsur Suprasegmental BI ............................. 23
2.2.3 Bunyi Vokal dan Konsonan BI ................................................................... 24
2.2.3.1 Bunyi Vokal BI ....................................................................................... 24
2.2.3.2 Bunyi Konsonan BI ................................................................................. 25
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.2.4 Struktur Sukukata, Deret, dan Gugus Konsonan ....................................... 27
2.2.5 Fitur Distingtif Konsonan .......................................................................... 29
2.3. Teori Pola Perubahan Bunyi .......................................................................... 30
2.3.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 30
2.3.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 31
2.3.1.1.1 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.2 Retrofleksi .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.3 Palatalisasi .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.4 Velarisasi ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.1.1.5 Glotalisasi............................................................................................... 32
2.3.1.2 Proses Distribusi ....................................................................................... 32
2.3.1.2.1 Aspirasi ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 33
2.3.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 33
2.3.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................ 34
2.3.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 34
2.3.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop ................................................................................. 34
2.4. Penelitian Sebelumnya tentang Gangguan Artikulasi pada Anak TG ........... 34
2.5. Penutup........................................................................................................... 36
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ..............................................................37
3.1. Permasalahan Penelitian................................................................................. 37
3.2. Metode Penelitan ............................................................................................ 37
3.3 Sumber Data dan Data ................................................................................... 39
3.4. Informan Penelitian dan Teknik Pemilihannya .............................................. 39
3.5. Prosedur Pengumpulan Data .......................................................................... 41
3.5.1 Observasi ...................................................................................................... 41
3.5.2 Wawancara .................................................................................................. 42
3.6. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................................ 43
3.7. Prosedur Analisis Data ................................................................................... 43
3.8. Penutup........................................................................................................... 46
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
BAB IV DATA DAN ANALISIS DATA .............................................................47
4.1 Analisis Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI ........................................... 47
4.1.1 Pola Adisi Konsonan BI ............................................................................... 49
4.1.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi................................................................................... 49
4.1.1.2 Proses Distribusi ...................................................................................... 49
4.1.2 Pola Substitusi .............................................................................................. 50
4.1.3 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI ................................... 55
4.2 Analisis Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI berdasarkan Posisi ........... 56
4.2.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 56
4.2.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 57
4.2.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 57
4.2.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 58
4.2.1.2 Proses Distribusi ...................................................................................... 58
4.2.1.2.1 Aspirasi .................................................................................................. 57
4.2.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 59
4.2.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 67
4.2.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 67
4.2.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 68
4.2.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 69
4.2.3.4 Pola Omisi Ganda .................................................................................... 70
4.2.4 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi ........................................................... 71
4.3 Analisis Gangguan Artikulasi Gugus Konsonan BI....................................... 72
4.3.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).....................................................................................72
4.3.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ....................................................................................72
4.3.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.1.3 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.2 Proses Distribusi ....................................................................................... 73
4.3.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 74
4.3.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 78
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.3.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 78
4.3.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 79
4.3.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 80
4.3.3.4 Pola Omisi Ganda .................................................................................... 81
4.3.4 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Gugus Konsonan BI ......................... 81
4.4 Analisis Gangguan Artikulasi Deret Konsonan BI ........................................ 83
4.4.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 83
4.4.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 83
4.4.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 84
4.4.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 84
4.4.1.1.3 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 84
4.4.2 Proses Distribusi .......................................................................................... 85
4.4.3 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 86
4.4.4 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 90
4.4.4.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 91
4.4.4.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 91
4.4.4.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 93
4.4.4.4 Pola Omisi Ganda ..................................................................................... 93
4.4.5 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi ........................................................... 94
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .....................................................................96
5.1 Simpulan ......................................................................................................... 96
5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................... 99
5.3 Penutup............................................................................................................ 99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .........................................................................................100
LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................106
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN......................................................................................i
ABSTRAK...............................................................................................................ii
HALAMAN PERNYATAAN................................................................................iii
KATA PENGANTAR............................................................................................iv
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH....................................................................................v
DAFTAR ISI ........................................................................................................vii
DAFTAR SINGKATAN ........................................................... ...........................xi
DAFTAR TABEL..................................................................................................xii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Latar Belakang Penelitian .............................................................................. 1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah Penelitian .......................................................................... 3
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian ........................................................................................... 4
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Definisi Operasional ...................................................................................... 5
1.6 Penutup .......................................................................................................... 6
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ................................................................................. 7
2.1. Analisis Linguistik Klinis ............................................................................... 7
2.1.1 Anak Tunagrahita .......................................................................................... 8
2.1.2 Landasan Biologis dan Neurologis pada Bahasa ........................................ 11
2.1.3 Transmisi dan Persepsi Bunyi ...................................................................... 17
2.1.4 Gangguan Artikulasi Tinjauan Klinis .......................................................... 19
2.2. Bunyi Bahasa dan Tata Bunyi BI .................................................................. 21
2.2.1 Jenis-jenis Bunyi Bahasa.............................................................................. 22
2.2.2 Fonem, Alofon, Grafem, dan Unsur Suprasegmental BI ............................. 23
2.2.3 Bunyi Vokal dan Konsonan BI ................................................................... 24
2.2.3.1 Bunyi Vokal BI ....................................................................................... 24
2.2.3.2 Bunyi Konsonan BI ................................................................................. 25
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
2.2.4 Struktur Sukukata, Deret, dan Gugus Konsonan ....................................... 27
2.2.5 Fitur Distingtif Konsonan .......................................................................... 29
2.3. Teori Pola Perubahan Bunyi .......................................................................... 30
2.3.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 30
2.3.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 31
2.3.1.1.1 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.2 Retrofleksi .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.3 Palatalisasi .............................................................................................. 31
2.3.1.1.4 Velarisasi ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.1.1.5 Glotalisasi............................................................................................... 32
2.3.1.2 Proses Distribusi ....................................................................................... 32
2.3.1.2.1 Aspirasi ................................................................................................ 32
2.3.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 33
2.3.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 33
2.3.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................ 34
2.3.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 34
2.3.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop ................................................................................. 34
2.4. Penelitian Sebelumnya tentang Gangguan Artikulasi pada Anak TG ........... 34
2.5. Penutup........................................................................................................... 36
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN ..............................................................37
3.1. Permasalahan Penelitian................................................................................. 37
3.2. Metode Penelitan ............................................................................................ 37
3.3 Sumber Data dan Data ................................................................................... 39
3.4. Informan Penelitian dan Teknik Pemilihannya .............................................. 39
3.5. Prosedur Pengumpulan Data .......................................................................... 41
3.5.1 Observasi ...................................................................................................... 41
3.5.2 Wawancara .................................................................................................. 42
3.6. Waktu dan Tempat Penelitian ........................................................................ 43
3.7. Prosedur Analisis Data ................................................................................... 43
3.8. Penutup........................................................................................................... 46
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
BAB IV DATA DAN ANALISIS DATA .............................................................47
4.1 Analisis Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI ........................................... 47
4.1.1 Pola Adisi Konsonan BI ............................................................................... 49
4.1.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi................................................................................... 49
4.1.1.2 Proses Distribusi ...................................................................................... 49
4.1.2 Pola Substitusi .............................................................................................. 50
4.1.3 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI ................................... 55
4.2 Analisis Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Konsonan BI berdasarkan Posisi ........... 56
4.2.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 56
4.2.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 57
4.2.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 57
4.2.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 58
4.2.1.2 Proses Distribusi ...................................................................................... 58
4.2.1.2.1 Aspirasi .................................................................................................. 57
4.2.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 59
4.2.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 67
4.2.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 67
4.2.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 68
4.2.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 69
4.2.3.4 Pola Omisi Ganda .................................................................................... 70
4.2.4 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi ........................................................... 71
4.3 Analisis Gangguan Artikulasi Gugus Konsonan BI....................................... 72
4.3.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).....................................................................................72
4.3.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ....................................................................................72
4.3.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.1.3 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 73
4.3.1.2 Proses Distribusi ....................................................................................... 73
4.3.2 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 74
4.3.3 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 78
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.3.3.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 78
4.3.3.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 79
4.3.3.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 80
4.3.3.4 Pola Omisi Ganda .................................................................................... 81
4.3.4 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Gugus Konsonan BI ......................... 81
4.4 Analisis Gangguan Artikulasi Deret Konsonan BI ........................................ 83
4.4.1 Pola Adisi (Addition).................................................................................... 83
4.4.1.1 Proses Koartikulasi ................................................................................... 83
4.4.1.1.1 Palatalisasi ............................................................................................. 84
4.4.1.1.2 Glotalisasi.............................................................................................. 84
4.4.1.1.3 Labialisasi ............................................................................................. 84
4.4.2 Proses Distribusi .......................................................................................... 85
4.4.3 Pola Substitusi (Substitution) ....................................................................... 86
4.4.4 Pola Omisi (Omission) ................................................................................. 90
4.4.4.1 Pola Omisi Aferesis ................................................................................. 91
4.4.4.2 Pola Omisi Sinkop ................................................................................... 91
4.4.4.3 Pola Omisi Apokop .................................................................................. 93
4.4.4.4 Pola Omisi Ganda ..................................................................................... 93
4.4.5 Frekuensi Pola Gangguan Artikulasi ........................................................... 94
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN .....................................................................96
5.1 Simpulan ......................................................................................................... 96
5.2 Saran ............................................................................................................... 99
5.3 Penutup............................................................................................................ 99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .........................................................................................100
LAMPIRAN .........................................................................................................106
Maria Ulfah Fathimah, 2014
Deteksi Dini Pola Gangguan Artikulasi Pada Anak Tunagrahita Di Indonesia
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu