S ING 1002791 Table of content

TABLE OF CONTENTS

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ....................................................................

i

ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................

ii

PREFACE ................................................................................................................

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................

v


LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................

ix

LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................

xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................

xii

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................

1

1.1 Background of the Study .....................................................................


1

1.2 Research Questions ..............................................................................

4

1.3 Aims of the Study ................................................................................

4

1.4 Significance of the Study .....................................................................

5

1.5 Scope of the Study ...............................................................................

5

1.6 Clarification of Key Terms .................................................................


5

1.7 Organization of the Paper ...................................................................

6

CHAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW ...............................................................................................

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

7

2.1 The Concept of Psycholinguistics........................................................

7

2.2 Defining Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) .......................................


8

2.2.1 Autism as a Language Disorder ..................................................

8

2.2.2 Speech in Autism ........................................................................

9

2.3 Phonological System ...........................................................................

11

2.3.1 Phoneme Inventory .....................................................................

11

2.3.1.1 Definition of Phoneme...................................................


12

2.3.1.2 Place & Manner of Articulation ....................................

12

2.3.2 Charting Consonant Sounds........................................................

13

2.4 Phonological Analysis .........................................................................

15

2.5 Phonological Patterns ..........................................................................

16

2.5.1 Definition of Phonological Patterns ............................................


16

2.5.2 Types of Phonological Patterns ..................................................

17

2.5.2.1 Substitution ....................................................................

17

2.5.2.2 Assimilation ...................................................................

18

2.5.2.3 Syllable Structure (Reduction) ......................................

18

2.6 Previous Studies...................................................................................


21

2.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................

23

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................

24

3.1 Predictions ...........................................................................................

24

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu


3.2 Research Design ..................................................................................

25

3.3 Data Collection ....................................................................................

25

3.3.1 Research Site and Participants. ...................................................

25

3.3.2 Data Collection Techniques. .......................................................

26

3.3.3 Data Transcription ......................................................................

26


3.4 Procedures of Data Analysis ................................................................

28

3.5 Example of Data Analysis ...................................................................

29

3.6 Phonetic Symbols & Conventions .......................................................

29

3.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................

30

CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..............................................................................

31


4.1 Participants’ Sound Production ...........................................................

31

4.1.1 The Production of Fricative Sounds. .....................................

31

4.1.2 The Production of Affricative Sounds. ..................................

33

4.1.3 The Production of Approximant (glide) sounds. ...................

34

4.1.4 Regular Alternation. ..............................................................

35


4.1.4.1 Plosive Sounds. ........................................................

36

4.1.4.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /p/ .....................

36

4.1.4.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /k/ .....................

39

4.1.4.2 Approximant (lateral) sounds. ..................................

40

4.1.5 Special Case Alternation........................................................

42

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

4.1.5.1 Nasal Sounds. ...........................................................

43

4.1.5.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /n/ .....................

43

4.1.5.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /ŋ/ .....................

45

4.1.5.2 Approximant (liquid) Sound.....................................

49

4.1.6 Irregular Alternation. .............................................................

51

4.2 Participants’ Phonological Patterns .....................................................

53

4.2.1 Substitution Processes ...........................................................

56

4.2.2 Syllable Structure (Consonant Reduction) ............................

60

4.2.3 Other Processes......................................................................

62

4.3 The Comparison of Participants’ Sound Production
in Spontaneous Speech & in Single-words Production .......................

66

4.4 Concluding Remarks............................................................................

68

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...................................................................

70

5.1 Conclusions..........................................................................................

70

5.2 Suggestions ..........................................................................................

71

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................

73

APPENDICES

79

BAB V

........................................................................................................

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1

Chart of Consonant Sounds (Yule, 1998)

Table 2.2

Categorization of Phonological Processes (Substitution)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)

Table 2.3

19

Categorization of Phonological Processes (Assimilation)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)

Table 2.4

13

20

Categorization of Phonological Processes (Syllable Structure)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)

20

Table 3.1

Example of Phonetic Transcription

28

Table 3.2

Example of Data Analysis

29

Table 4.1

The Production of Fricative Sounds

32

Table 4.2

Word-initial /h/ observed in Participants’ Sound Production

33

Table 4.3

The Production of Affricative Sounds

34

Table 4.4

The Production of Approximant glide sounds-phoneme /w/ & /j/

35

Table 4.5

The Production of Plosive Sounds-phoneme /p/

36

Table 4.6

The Production of Plosive Sounds-onset /k/

39

Table 4.7

The Production of Plosive Sounds-coda /k/

40

Table 4.8

The Production of Approximant lateral sound-phoneme /l/

41

Table 4.9

The Production of Approximant lateral sound-onset /l/

42

Table 4.10 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /n/

43

Table 4.11 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /n/

44

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Table 4.12 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /ŋ/

45

Table 4.13 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /ŋ/

46

Table 4.14 Nasal Overlap in Participants’ Sound Production

47

Table 4.15 The Production of Approximant trilled sound-phoneme /r/

50

Table 4.16 The Irregular Alternation

51

Table 4.17 Participants’ Phonological Patterns

54

Table 4.18 Substitution Processes observed in Participants’ Sound Production

56

Table 4.19 Sample Data of Liquid to Liquid Substitution /r/ → [ l ]

56

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1

Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Single-words Production

Figure 4.2

Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech

Figure 4.3

66

Other Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech

Figure 4.4

66

67

Other Processes produced by Participants
in Single-word Production

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

67

LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I

Pronunciation Test (Single-word production)

Appendix II

Participants’ error sound production
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)

Appendix III

Participants’ Phonological Patterns
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)

Appendix IV

Regular, Special Case, and Irregular Alternations

Appendix V

Conversation Data Transcription

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu