S ING 1002791 Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ....................................................................
i
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................
ii
PREFACE ................................................................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study .....................................................................
1
1.2 Research Questions ..............................................................................
4
1.3 Aims of the Study ................................................................................
4
1.4 Significance of the Study .....................................................................
5
1.5 Scope of the Study ...............................................................................
5
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms .................................................................
5
1.7 Organization of the Paper ...................................................................
6
CHAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW ...............................................................................................
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
7
2.1 The Concept of Psycholinguistics........................................................
7
2.2 Defining Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) .......................................
8
2.2.1 Autism as a Language Disorder ..................................................
8
2.2.2 Speech in Autism ........................................................................
9
2.3 Phonological System ...........................................................................
11
2.3.1 Phoneme Inventory .....................................................................
11
2.3.1.1 Definition of Phoneme...................................................
12
2.3.1.2 Place & Manner of Articulation ....................................
12
2.3.2 Charting Consonant Sounds........................................................
13
2.4 Phonological Analysis .........................................................................
15
2.5 Phonological Patterns ..........................................................................
16
2.5.1 Definition of Phonological Patterns ............................................
16
2.5.2 Types of Phonological Patterns ..................................................
17
2.5.2.1 Substitution ....................................................................
17
2.5.2.2 Assimilation ...................................................................
18
2.5.2.3 Syllable Structure (Reduction) ......................................
18
2.6 Previous Studies...................................................................................
21
2.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................
24
3.1 Predictions ...........................................................................................
24
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2 Research Design ..................................................................................
25
3.3 Data Collection ....................................................................................
25
3.3.1 Research Site and Participants. ...................................................
25
3.3.2 Data Collection Techniques. .......................................................
26
3.3.3 Data Transcription ......................................................................
26
3.4 Procedures of Data Analysis ................................................................
28
3.5 Example of Data Analysis ...................................................................
29
3.6 Phonetic Symbols & Conventions .......................................................
29
3.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
30
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..............................................................................
31
4.1 Participants’ Sound Production ...........................................................
31
4.1.1 The Production of Fricative Sounds. .....................................
31
4.1.2 The Production of Affricative Sounds. ..................................
33
4.1.3 The Production of Approximant (glide) sounds. ...................
34
4.1.4 Regular Alternation. ..............................................................
35
4.1.4.1 Plosive Sounds. ........................................................
36
4.1.4.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /p/ .....................
36
4.1.4.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /k/ .....................
39
4.1.4.2 Approximant (lateral) sounds. ..................................
40
4.1.5 Special Case Alternation........................................................
42
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.5.1 Nasal Sounds. ...........................................................
43
4.1.5.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /n/ .....................
43
4.1.5.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /ŋ/ .....................
45
4.1.5.2 Approximant (liquid) Sound.....................................
49
4.1.6 Irregular Alternation. .............................................................
51
4.2 Participants’ Phonological Patterns .....................................................
53
4.2.1 Substitution Processes ...........................................................
56
4.2.2 Syllable Structure (Consonant Reduction) ............................
60
4.2.3 Other Processes......................................................................
62
4.3 The Comparison of Participants’ Sound Production
in Spontaneous Speech & in Single-words Production .......................
66
4.4 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
68
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...................................................................
70
5.1 Conclusions..........................................................................................
70
5.2 Suggestions ..........................................................................................
71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................
73
APPENDICES
79
BAB V
........................................................................................................
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
Chart of Consonant Sounds (Yule, 1998)
Table 2.2
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Substitution)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
Table 2.3
19
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Assimilation)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
Table 2.4
13
20
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Syllable Structure)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
20
Table 3.1
Example of Phonetic Transcription
28
Table 3.2
Example of Data Analysis
29
Table 4.1
The Production of Fricative Sounds
32
Table 4.2
Word-initial /h/ observed in Participants’ Sound Production
33
Table 4.3
The Production of Affricative Sounds
34
Table 4.4
The Production of Approximant glide sounds-phoneme /w/ & /j/
35
Table 4.5
The Production of Plosive Sounds-phoneme /p/
36
Table 4.6
The Production of Plosive Sounds-onset /k/
39
Table 4.7
The Production of Plosive Sounds-coda /k/
40
Table 4.8
The Production of Approximant lateral sound-phoneme /l/
41
Table 4.9
The Production of Approximant lateral sound-onset /l/
42
Table 4.10 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /n/
43
Table 4.11 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /n/
44
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.12 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /ŋ/
45
Table 4.13 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /ŋ/
46
Table 4.14 Nasal Overlap in Participants’ Sound Production
47
Table 4.15 The Production of Approximant trilled sound-phoneme /r/
50
Table 4.16 The Irregular Alternation
51
Table 4.17 Participants’ Phonological Patterns
54
Table 4.18 Substitution Processes observed in Participants’ Sound Production
56
Table 4.19 Sample Data of Liquid to Liquid Substitution /r/ → [ l ]
56
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1
Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Single-words Production
Figure 4.2
Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech
Figure 4.3
66
Other Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech
Figure 4.4
66
67
Other Processes produced by Participants
in Single-word Production
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
67
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I
Pronunciation Test (Single-word production)
Appendix II
Participants’ error sound production
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)
Appendix III
Participants’ Phonological Patterns
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)
Appendix IV
Regular, Special Case, and Irregular Alternations
Appendix V
Conversation Data Transcription
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ....................................................................
i
ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................
ii
PREFACE ................................................................................................................
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..........................................................................................
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................
v
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................
ix
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................
xi
LIST OF APPENDICES ............................................................................................
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................
1
1.1 Background of the Study .....................................................................
1
1.2 Research Questions ..............................................................................
4
1.3 Aims of the Study ................................................................................
4
1.4 Significance of the Study .....................................................................
5
1.5 Scope of the Study ...............................................................................
5
1.6 Clarification of Key Terms .................................................................
5
1.7 Organization of the Paper ...................................................................
6
CHAPTER II
LITERARY REVIEW ...............................................................................................
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
7
2.1 The Concept of Psycholinguistics........................................................
7
2.2 Defining Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) .......................................
8
2.2.1 Autism as a Language Disorder ..................................................
8
2.2.2 Speech in Autism ........................................................................
9
2.3 Phonological System ...........................................................................
11
2.3.1 Phoneme Inventory .....................................................................
11
2.3.1.1 Definition of Phoneme...................................................
12
2.3.1.2 Place & Manner of Articulation ....................................
12
2.3.2 Charting Consonant Sounds........................................................
13
2.4 Phonological Analysis .........................................................................
15
2.5 Phonological Patterns ..........................................................................
16
2.5.1 Definition of Phonological Patterns ............................................
16
2.5.2 Types of Phonological Patterns ..................................................
17
2.5.2.1 Substitution ....................................................................
17
2.5.2.2 Assimilation ...................................................................
18
2.5.2.3 Syllable Structure (Reduction) ......................................
18
2.6 Previous Studies...................................................................................
21
2.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
23
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................
24
3.1 Predictions ...........................................................................................
24
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2 Research Design ..................................................................................
25
3.3 Data Collection ....................................................................................
25
3.3.1 Research Site and Participants. ...................................................
25
3.3.2 Data Collection Techniques. .......................................................
26
3.3.3 Data Transcription ......................................................................
26
3.4 Procedures of Data Analysis ................................................................
28
3.5 Example of Data Analysis ...................................................................
29
3.6 Phonetic Symbols & Conventions .......................................................
29
3.7 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
30
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS..............................................................................
31
4.1 Participants’ Sound Production ...........................................................
31
4.1.1 The Production of Fricative Sounds. .....................................
31
4.1.2 The Production of Affricative Sounds. ..................................
33
4.1.3 The Production of Approximant (glide) sounds. ...................
34
4.1.4 Regular Alternation. ..............................................................
35
4.1.4.1 Plosive Sounds. ........................................................
36
4.1.4.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /p/ .....................
36
4.1.4.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /k/ .....................
39
4.1.4.2 Approximant (lateral) sounds. ..................................
40
4.1.5 Special Case Alternation........................................................
42
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
4.1.5.1 Nasal Sounds. ...........................................................
43
4.1.5.1.1 The Production of Phoneme /n/ .....................
43
4.1.5.1.2 The Production of Phoneme /ŋ/ .....................
45
4.1.5.2 Approximant (liquid) Sound.....................................
49
4.1.6 Irregular Alternation. .............................................................
51
4.2 Participants’ Phonological Patterns .....................................................
53
4.2.1 Substitution Processes ...........................................................
56
4.2.2 Syllable Structure (Consonant Reduction) ............................
60
4.2.3 Other Processes......................................................................
62
4.3 The Comparison of Participants’ Sound Production
in Spontaneous Speech & in Single-words Production .......................
66
4.4 Concluding Remarks............................................................................
68
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...................................................................
70
5.1 Conclusions..........................................................................................
70
5.2 Suggestions ..........................................................................................
71
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................
73
APPENDICES
79
BAB V
........................................................................................................
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1
Chart of Consonant Sounds (Yule, 1998)
Table 2.2
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Substitution)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
Table 2.3
19
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Assimilation)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
Table 2.4
13
20
Categorization of Phonological Processes (Syllable Structure)
in Normal Child Speech Development (Bowen, 2009)
20
Table 3.1
Example of Phonetic Transcription
28
Table 3.2
Example of Data Analysis
29
Table 4.1
The Production of Fricative Sounds
32
Table 4.2
Word-initial /h/ observed in Participants’ Sound Production
33
Table 4.3
The Production of Affricative Sounds
34
Table 4.4
The Production of Approximant glide sounds-phoneme /w/ & /j/
35
Table 4.5
The Production of Plosive Sounds-phoneme /p/
36
Table 4.6
The Production of Plosive Sounds-onset /k/
39
Table 4.7
The Production of Plosive Sounds-coda /k/
40
Table 4.8
The Production of Approximant lateral sound-phoneme /l/
41
Table 4.9
The Production of Approximant lateral sound-onset /l/
42
Table 4.10 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /n/
43
Table 4.11 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /n/
44
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Table 4.12 The Production of Nasal Sounds-phoneme /ŋ/
45
Table 4.13 The Production of Nasal Sounds-coda /ŋ/
46
Table 4.14 Nasal Overlap in Participants’ Sound Production
47
Table 4.15 The Production of Approximant trilled sound-phoneme /r/
50
Table 4.16 The Irregular Alternation
51
Table 4.17 Participants’ Phonological Patterns
54
Table 4.18 Substitution Processes observed in Participants’ Sound Production
56
Table 4.19 Sample Data of Liquid to Liquid Substitution /r/ → [ l ]
56
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 4.1
Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Single-words Production
Figure 4.2
Phonological Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech
Figure 4.3
66
Other Processes produced by Participants
in Spontaneous Speech
Figure 4.4
66
67
Other Processes produced by Participants
in Single-word Production
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
67
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I
Pronunciation Test (Single-word production)
Appendix II
Participants’ error sound production
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)
Appendix III
Participants’ Phonological Patterns
(in spontaneous speech and Single-word production)
Appendix IV
Regular, Special Case, and Irregular Alternations
Appendix V
Conversation Data Transcription
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Aisya Gusnelia, 2014
An Analysis of Phonological Featuresof Autistic Children
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu