PROYECTO DE TESIS DE MAGISTER 2008

!"#

$%%&

' ( )!
( *'+ ,-*. /*0' ,#1! (
23*,*/*0'
$ 3' 4!#1(
53'
'- ( , 23 *'+ ,-*. #! , 6 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , 5#/ (*" #, ' (
23*,*/*0'
$ 7
$%%%8 9 ' ::;8 9 ' ::&? 13,/ '
#1- ' ! 3 ,-! , 3-@'-*/ ,
( 3,#
( ( '.3
(#, 4! ' */ ,
/ ,*- '
23
,-#, A

4(#, , ' ! 4! , '- -*+#,
(
' ! /0 # /-B ' (#,
4! ' */ ,
' !
' -3! ( 4 !
,C *'+ ,-*. ! /0 # ,
4!# 3/
(
4! ' *" A
$
! (#, 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , ,-#,
# (#, ,#'
.! '
3-*(*
43 , ,#' - '-# 3'
*# 4 !
63 ! (#, ,-3 * '- ,
4! ' ! /# #

3'
+* '/*
3' 4!#/ ,#
4! ' *" A
D*-#,#
),
, * 4#!- ', E ( ! 23
,-#, 4 -!#' ,
9 1( 23 4!# 3/ ' (#, (3 '#, + !C ' , .B' (
.! #
/ '-! (*" /*0' 23
((#, -* ' ' ' ( 3,# /#!! /-#
( ( '.3
( , 3 ,-! !*#, , /!
4!#4#!/*#' ' +* '/* ,
( 9 1*(*
( 4! ' *"
4 ! 3, ! ,3 /#'#/* * '-#
$ ' ( /# 3'*/ /*0' ! (
#, 4!#5 ,#! ,

! /#'#/ ' 23
, * 4! ,/*' *1(
!( , ( #4#!-3'*
(#, 4! ' */ ,
D4 !*
'- ! /#' ( ( '.3 4 ! 23 (#.! ' #1- ' ! ( /# 4 - '/* /# 3'*/ -*+
6 (*'.FC,-*/
' (
$
# '- !*#! /#'(( +
4( '- ! ( ,*.3* '- 4! .3'G/0 # , 43
' #1- ' !
,-#, 4 -!#' ,
( ( '.3 5#/ (*"
' ( ,*.'*5*/ #H ((*, 7$%%
? 5*!
23
I(#,
*#, 23 9 ' ,* #
4(

#, ,#' ( ,
,
4#! - '-# #/34 '
3' (3. ! / '-! ( ' ( *'+ ,-*. /*0'
23*,*/*0'
$ /-3 ( 6 ' (
* )/-*/
( ( '.3 J
( (3"
(#
'/*#' # ( #1A -*+# 4!*'/*4 (
,- 4!#6 /-# , *'+ ,-*. ! (
5 /-*+*
3' # (#
-# #(0.*/# *D-# *'- .! # ' 3' /3!,#
,4 E#(
/# #
4 !
A#! ! ( /# 4 - '/* /# 3'*/ -*+ 6 (*'.FC,-*/
3'#, &

,-3 * '- , 4!#+ '* '- ,
*'' ,##,

#,

'5#23 ,

-# #(0.*/#, 23 ,
1#! !)' ' ,- 4!#6 /-# ,#' (
6 (
,-#, #, '5#23 , /#',-*-36 ' 3'
#+* * '-#
+#(3/*0'
'-!#
( '5#23 /# 3'*/ -*+# 6 '# ! ,3(- - ' *5C/*(
D4 !*
'- ! /#' ((#,
-! +@,
( *, E#
3'*

, * )/-*/ ,
' , .3' #
#1A -*+#
,- 4!#6 /-# , *, E ! 3'
! "
' ( /3 ( ,
*'/#!4#! !)' (#, '5#23 ,
'/*#' #, 6 ' ( /3 ( , 4! /-*/ !)' 1 ,- '- ( ,
/3 -!# 9 1*(*
, (*'.FC,-*/ , 6 (3 .# * 4(
'- !(
#,
-#, , #1- ' !)'
3' ,-3 *# /3 ,* D4 !*
'- ( K 4! L- ,- 6 4#,-L- ,- L
' 3' .!34# D4 !*
'- (
& ,-3 * '- ,
*'' ,#( 4!#40,*-#
( ,

#, 4!3 1 , , !)
5*'*! ,3 '*+ (
/# 4 - '/*
'- , 6 + (3 ! 6 * .'#,-*/ !
/3)'-# , 1C ' '- , 6 /3)'-# 4! ' * !#'
,43@,
9 1 ! (( + #
/ 1# (
'*
* )/-*/
#,
-#, ! /#.* #, , !)' ' (*" #,
4C!*/
'- 4 ! (3 .#
(( . !
/#'/(3,*#' , ,#1! ( *'+ ,-*. /*0' ! (*"
,
/*!
-! +@,
,*'+ ,-*. /*0' , 4! - '

#1- ' ! *'5#!
/*0' /( ! 6 4! /*,
' (# /#'/ !'* '( /# 4 - '/* /# 3'*/ -*+#L(*'.FC,-*/
(#, (3 '#, '- , 6
,43@,
9 / ! ,- /3!,# 6 4#' !
! (* + /3)' 5 /-*+#, , ' ( '5#23 4#!
! ,6
( '5#23
##4 ! -*+#
-!

3//*0' 4 !,#' (

/# 3'*/ /*0' , 3' 5 '0
'# *'9 ! '( ! ( /*0' .!34 (
(#, , ! , +*+#,
6 5 /-*+
'- ,*.3 ,* ' #
,3

* 4#!- '/* 4 ! ( ,34 !+*+ '/*
,4 /* , .! . !* ,
( ' / ,*
,- 1( / ! +C'/3(#, 6 ! ( /*#' !, /#'
(#,
),
,/3 ( , , /3' !* , /#( .*#, *',-*-3/*#' ,
3/ -*+ , 6 / '-!#,
#/ '- , ,-)' */- ' # /3!,#,
( '.3 , (#, 23 23* ! ' 4! ' ! 3'
$ #
'-!
,-#, /3!,#,
( '.3 , 23 ,
,-)' ', E ' # ,
'/3 '-! '
/3!,#,
,4 E#( -# #, ((#, /#' ( 5*'
/ 4 /*- !
(#, 4! ' */ ,

(#.! !
/# 4 - '/*
/# 3'*/ -*+#L(*'.FC,-*/
4 !
4# !
, '+#(+ !,
1* '
(
/# 3'*/ !, /#' (#,
),
!" #$" !% &"

'%( "#

36 '
* 4 C, ' - ( 4! , '- 3' ,*-3 /*0' (.# /# 4(*/
' /3 '-#
(
', E '"
,4 E#( /# #

' ( , ,/3 ( , , /3' !* , K ! ,* '-M,
#(( . N3 'M, #(( .
- - '*,( 3, #(( .
*,9#4M, *.9 /9##( - #, M,
*.9 /9##(
'-! #-! , K , + 23 (#, 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , ,-)' 9 /* ' #
*'- '-#,
23 ,3, (3 '#, , ' /# 4 - '- , /# 3'*/ -*+ 6 (*'.FC,-*/
'( (*/ '/* !,
(
', E '"
*
(#, ,-3 * '- , / ,* '3'/
3 ,-! '
- ' ! ( /# 4 - '/* /# 3'*/ -*+ 4 !
, '+#(+ !,
' ( +*
! ( 53 !
(
3(
'
5 /-# ,3 /# 4 - '/*
'
(
,4 E#(
,
), (*'.FC,-*/
23
/# 3'*/ -*+ L , 1 ' 9 1( ! 1* ' ,#1! ( ( '.3 L 6 ( + !
, 23 '# ,
,-)
, !!#(( ' # '* 4! /-*/ ' # ,35*/* ''- ( /# 4 - '/* /# 3'*/ -*+
( D
*' ! /3*
#,
'( 'B
!#
,-3 * '- , 23
,-) 4! ' * ' #
,4 E#( ,
!) /3 '23 9 6 4#/#, ,-3 * '- , 23 (# ,-3 * ' ' ( ,
,/3 ( , , /3' !* ,
36 '
*'
* -# , 9 !) ( 4! .3'- IG 23@ ,
1
,- ,*-3 /*0' 1!3
#! HJ ( ! (*" ! 3'
'/3 ,- 4 ! *'- '- ! #1- ' !
3' ! ,43 ,, + !) 23 ( ! "0' ,
36 , '/*((
(#, ,-3 * '- , ,-)'
13!!* #, 6 / ', #,
(
' !
' 23 ,
,-) ', E ' # ,4 E#(
(.3'#,
,3, !.3
'-#, ,#' 23 6 '# ( , *'- ! ,
4! ' ! ,4 E#( 4#!23 ( ,
5 ,-* * 6 ,#1! -# # '# , ,* '- ' #-*+ #, /3!, !(#
,- ,*-3 /*0' ,
1
23 (#, 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , ' 36 '
,/#'#/ ' (#,
'5#23 ,
-# #(0.*/#, ' 1#. 6 4#! - '-# , /#'5#!
' ' ', E ! ,4 E#(
3-*(*" ' # 3'
-# #(#.C -! */*#' ( (
*,
-# #(#.C 4#! ( /3 (
4! ' * !#' ,4 E#( 6 ( B'*/
-# #(#.C
( /3 ( -* ' ' /#'#/* * '-#,
/*! + !
,3,
-# #(#.C ,
', E '" ,
!-*/3( ' ' -#!'# ( #$
%
"
( #$
( '.3

, 1 ,
' 23
4 ! ( ! ,3 (*,,-3 *#
- (( #
"
, .3*
/#'#/* * '-# (
#! /*#' , 6 - D-# ' ( * *#
&
,#' (
6#! 5#/#
- '/*0'
1 ,
' (#, - D-#,
( /-3! 3, #, 6 ,
', E '
'
)
)&
*
,

%
4! '

"
! 3'
23

( '.3
! ,3(-

(
( ,-3 *#
3'
! -3!
# 1 ' 5*/* !,
(
#! ,-#
1
D*,-*! 3'
4#! (
4(*/ /*0'
,D-! 'A !# 6 +*/ + !,
, ( //*0'
+#/ 13( !*# ,
-! +@,
'
(

#! /*0' , (
4 !( /( ,
,4 ! 23
-! 3//*#' ,
4! , '- /*0' 6
A !/*/*#, .!

3'*
,
(#,
',
,-3
-*/ (

1),*/
', E '" 6 4!)/-*/
( ( '.3
' .! '
*/
(
'5 -*" (
(3 '#, (/ '/ ' (-#, ,-)' ! , ' ( / (*
,3,
E (
"
,-# ,
-! +@,
*#
( , ! .( , .!
-*/ ( , 23 , 4! /-*/ ' (3 .# /#'
,
( (3 '# , (
*#
*',-!3//*0'

'(
/-3 (*
(
4 !*/*0'
'3 + ,
-# #(#.C , 6 '5#23 , * )/-*/#,
( ,4 E#( /# #
K '5#23
# 3'*/ -*+#
'5#23 4#!
! ,
'5#23
##4 ! -*+#
-/ K ' ( 3' # 6 ( /! /* '- 3,#
((#, , 9 / /
+ " ), +* '- ,#1! -# # ' 36 ' 23 6 '# ,
1 !C
', E ! ,4 E#(
* '- 3'
-# #(#.C -! */*#' (
,@-# # -! */*#' ( 5! /3 ''/!
5!3,-! /*0' ' (#, (3 '#, 6
,' !
4#/#, ,-3 * '- , + ' (
' / ,*
,-3 * ! 6 4! ' ! 3' ( '.3
D-! 'A !
,- ! (*
,- /
#, 43'-#, * 4#!- '- , 7 ? (#, ,-3 * '- , ' / ,*- ' , ! #-*+ #,
- ( 5#!
23
*,5!3- '
,3 4!#/ ,#
4! ' *" A 6 7$? , 9 / ' / , !*# 23 (#,
3/ #! , 6 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , '/3 '-! ' '3 +#, @-# #,
', E '"
23 *'+#(3/! ' (
#-*+ /*0' 6 ( 4 !-*/*4 /*0' /-*+
(#, (3 '#,
')%

"*'$)%

( ' /* * '-#
( '5#23 /# 3'*/ -*+# ' (#, E#, =% ,343,# 3' /
1*#
4 ! *.
' ( /#'/ 4/*0'
( ( '.3 6
,3 ', E '"
'- ,
,3
4 !*/*0' , /#'/ 1C ( ( '.3 /# # 3' ,*,,*.'#, 4 ! -! ', *-*! *
,
#,
@-# #,
', E '"
( '.3 , D-! 'A ! , 7 ? - ( , /# # ( 3 *#L
(*'.3 ( 6 ( 3 *# #! (
,/ ', 1 ' ' (
', E '" 5#!
(
( .!
)-*/ 6
( -! 3//*0'
#' ( ,3!.* * '-#
(#, '5#23 , /# 3'*/ -*+#, ( ( '.3
/# * '"
/#'/ 1*!, 1),*/
'- /# # 3' *',-!3
'-#
/# 3'*/ /*0' 6 4#!
(# - '-# ( @'5 ,*,
(
', E '"
4 ,
, ! (
, !!#((#
(
(#, (3 '#,
( @-# # /# 3'*/ -*+# , / '-!
), ' ( 5(3* " 6 ' ( , ,-! - .* , 23 -* '
( ,-3 * '- 4 ! ! ,#(+ ! ,*-3 /*#' , 23
' ( /#!! //*0' ,
/*! ( #1A -*+#
1),*/#
(
', E '"
3'
$ , !) (
, !!#((#
( / 4 /*
4 !
/# 3'*/ !,
' (
( '.3
D-! 'A !
'#
(
# *'*#
( ,
,-!3/-3! ,
(*'.FC,-*/ , ( @-# # -! */*#' ( '# 4#'C @'5 ,*, ' ( 4!# 3//*0' /# 3'*/ -*+
( ,-3 * ',*'# ' (
, !!#((#
4-*-3 , /# # ( ( /-3!
#1! ,
/(),*/ ,
( 4!#/ ,#
', E '" L 4! ' *" A
( '.3 , , A3,-*5*/
' -@! *'#,
#,
4 !,4 /-*+ ,
3/ -*+ , ( *
(*,- 6 ( 4! . )-*/
+*,*0' *
(*,(
( '.3
'5 -*" (#, ,4 /-#, 5 /-*+#,
( * *#
' - '-# 23 ( +*,*0'
4! . )-*/
'5 -*" ( 53'/*#' (*
3' * *#
#! #-! 4 !- 6 /#',* ! ' #
23
( ,-3 * '1 #1- ' ! ( )D* #
4!#+ /9#
( * *#
', E # ,3
D4 !* '/*
4! ' *" A
1
,- !
),
'/(
' 3' 1 , /3(-3! (
,0(*
),
,# (
', E '" L 4! ' *" A
3' * *#
-* ' /# #
#1A -*+# 4!*'/*4 ( 4#- '/* ! ( (3 '#
, !!#(( ! 6
A#! ! ,3 /# 4 - '/*
/# 3'*/ -*+ 6 (*'.FC,-*/
' ( * *#
- ! *' #
'-# (#, *'+ ,-*.
> 9 '
::&8
3 ,-! ,
( 3,#

#! , /# # (#, 4!#5 ,#! ,
( '.3 , 7 6
:::?
),
D*,- /* !+* '/*
4C!*/ 23
(
! , , / '-! # ' ( ,*.'*5*/ # 6 , 5 /-*+# ' (
, !!#((#
/# 3'*/ -*+ 6 (*'.FC,-*/ 7 *.9-1#W' $%%$8 ((*, $%% 8

@

, - 4 , 6 /-*+*

,

A /3/*0'

( - ,*, ,#' ( , ,*.3* '- ,

+*,*0' *1(*#.!)5*/
!#53' *" /*0' ' ( ( /-3!
' -#!'#
-# #(0.*/#, 23 , !)' *'- .! #, ' ( /3!,#
,4 E#(
$

/ 1# - ' !) 3'
3! /*0'
23*+ (* ' #
$; 9#! , Q

')(*,*, 6 + (3 /*0'
(
'*
* )/-*/
+ (3 /*0'
( 4! L- ,- 6 ( 4#,-L- ,3-*(*"
L '- !4! - /*0'
(#, ! ,3(- #, #1- '* #,
L ')(*,*,
4C!*/#
(#,
-#,
L

Q

'5#23 ,

!#.!
/*0' 6 *, E#
(
'*
* )/-*/
L (* *- /*0'
( 'B
!#
,-3 * '- ,
L ')(*,*,
' / ,*
,
(#, ,-3 * '- , 6
- ! *' /*0'
( '*+ (
/# 4 - '/* 23 ,
,-3 * !)
L , !!#((#
(
'*
* )/-*/
/#!
/#' (#, , *, 4 ,#, 4!#43 ,-#, 4#!
,- *! O T '0' 7 ::%? 6 ,- *! 7$%%;L$%%Q?
A /3/*0'
(
'*
* )/-*/
L
'*
* )/-*/ 23 , (( + !)
/*'/# ,
' , # 23*'/ , ,*#' ,
/( , , 4! , '/* ( ,

;

(#,

*,/3,*0'

=

(#,

//*0'

-#, 6 ! ,3(-

4(

'6

(

(

'# ),
*'3-#,

-# #(#.C

*D-

,- / !-

'--

#, #1- '* #,

( - ,*,

, - 4 , 4!#43 ,- ,

(

, !!#((#

( - ,*, , + '

* '-

!*

!
,-!
$%%&

!C# #
' ,
+*,*0' *1(*#.!)5*/
!#.!

/*0' 6

A /3/*0'

*, E#

//*0'

(

(

')(*,*, 6 + (3 /*0'

*,/3,*0'

$

(#,

-#,

( - ,*,

(

;

Q

=

P

&

:

%

$

;

Q

=L
$

! '
7 :&P? I
3!496 7 , ?
'- !' -*#' (
((*,
#
$%%
'*+ !,*-6 ! ,,
,- *!

9 *(

!' !

#'-!*13-*#', -#
,>
,*.'J '
.( W##
(*55,
S

- .

/

D5#!

D5#!

,
"

43'- ,

!*

'*+ !,*

1!*A

LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
*,4#'*1(
'

::%
1(
XQ

"

,- *!
O S T '0' ::% Y ( *, E#
3' , .3'
( '.3 Z
)
LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL
D5#!
*'
''
S#9',#'
/
+ (#4

*

$%%;L$%%Q

&
'-#'*#

' (*' '
! '-*/
((

::;

3'*

0

S#9',#' O
( D ' !*

$

*

, * )/-*/ , 4 ! (
', E '"
&
) PL& 44 QQL:%
1

#(31 / ::;*
,,#/* -*#' 5#!

-, 2

- .

34 !+*,*#'

2

'

/

3!!*/3(3

'-

R! ,9 '

:&
D5#!

S $%%%

3
!.

2

3

#'

-

#,-#'

/ ! WL

*((
*.9-1#W'
::$ I ' -9 6
/#3!, 5#! 6#3'. /9*( ! 'J '
7 ,?
/
'
'*+ !,*-6 #5 -- W
! ,,

# *- -9
, (+ ,H
/# 4! 9 ',*#'L1 ,
#3!/9 ' S - S#9'
9* !! ' 6 S
(*
'
/
,
-- W

/> 6
::: I '43- *'- ! /-*#' ' , /#' ( '.3 .
4*!*/ ( ,-3 6 #5 23 ,-*#' 5#! 3( -*#' *'
J 3
2
45, 667 87*

+ (#4

'-

!-C'
!*,
$%%
IGN3@ ,*.'*5*/
-! 1 A !
' /( , , /#'
/# 3'*/ -*+ ,HJ ' ( '.3 [ ,
X $
!/ (#'
*! //*0'
' ! (
*'.FC,-*/
' ! (*- - (3'6
3' '
1!* .
(, '
#!>

:&: !
'*+ !,*-6 ! ,,
O

! '-*/

R . '
((

-

::$ I 1#3, 2

/
##4 ! -*+
/ 9 :

- ! ,
#(C-*/
W

!'*'.J
.

'

3

'
-

R ,,( ! 7
4
L %

#!>
?
W

*/9 ! , S
/
7$'
9 '
3< =

O
?

# . !, $%%
#' #'
1!* .

2

/

::; I /!*-*/ ( ' (6,*, #5 -9
& 48, 547 67*

> 9 '
::=1
/#'
*',-!3/-*#' ' S 8 8>*

,>L

,

::= 2 ?

1

-