Membedah Peta Bisnis Pasar ERP di Indone
Membedah Peta Bisnis Pasar ERP di Indonesia
Kontribusinya bagi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Nasional
Prof. Richardus Eko Indrajit
[email protected]
Pertanyaan Utama
Benarkah keberadaan teknologi informasi
(terutama ERP) memberikan kontribusi yang
signifikan terhadap perkembangan ekonomi
Jika YA, seberapa jauh kontribusi dimaksud ?
Jika TIDAK, apa alasannya ?
Hipotesa Sementara:
TI berperan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung
dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun
- Tidak semua kontribusi TI bersifat tangible (terlihat)
- Tidak semua kontribusi TI bersifat quantifiable
(terhitung)
Perhitungan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi GDP = ???
Pendekatan dalam menghitung GDP:
The Product/Output Approach;
The Income approach; and
The Expenditure approach.
Setiap pendekatan memiliki kelebihan dan
kekurangannya masing-masing
Konteks teknologi informasi dapat ditemukan
dalam komponen setiap formula, baik secara
langsung maupun tidak langsung
Profil GDP Dunia
Prinsip Utama
Pada hakekatnya, menggunakan pendekatan
apapun, seyogiyanya hasilnya akan sama
Perbedaannya terletak pada cara pandang,
sebagai berikut:
The Product Approach sums the outputs of every class
of enterprise to arrive at the total
The Income Approach works on the principle that the
incomes of the productive factors must be equal to the
value of their product
The Expenditure Approach works on the principle that
all of the product must be bought by somebody
1. Expenditure Approach
GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
C
I
G
X
M
: Private Consumption
: Gross Investment
: Government Spending
: Export
: Import
Contoh konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk
C
I
G
X
M
: belanja bandwidth/pulsa/internet
: investasi infrastuktur telekomunikasi
: belanja modal teknologi
: ekspor produk/jasa kreatif berbasis digital
: impor produk/jasa komponen teknologi
2. Income Approach
GDP = COE + GOS+ GMI + TP&M – SP&M
COE
GOS
GMI
TP&M
SP&M
: Compensation of Employees
: Gross Operating Surplus
: Gross Mixed Income
: Taxes
: Subsidi Produk dan Impor
Konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk
COE
GOS
GMI
TP&M
SP&M
: nilai gaji karyawan yang memanfaatkan TI
: keuntungan perusahaan setelah menerapkan TI
: keuntungan lain dari usaha berbasis TI (UKM)
: akumulasi pajak melalui pemanfaatan TI
: subsidi dan nilai impor produk/jasa TI
3. Production Approach
GDP = Sigma (P&S)
Sigma (P&S) : Market value of all final goods and services
Contoh konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk nilai
total industri yang terkait dengan perencanaan,
pengkajian, perancangan, pembangunan, penerapan,
pengembangan, pengawasan, dan pelaksanaan tata
kelola produk/jasa teknologi informasi dan komunikasi,
meliputi sektor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Industri Infastruktur Telekomunikasi
Industri Piranti Keras dan Jaringan
Industri Piranti Lunak dan Sistem Database
Industri Pengembangan Fasilitas/Sarana TI
Industri Jasa-Jasa Teknologi Informasi
Prinsip Pembuktian
GDP
GDP
GDP
= C + I + G + (X – M)
= COE + GOS+ GMI + TP&M – SP&M
= Sigma (P&S)
Ketiga rumus di atas pada dasarnya memperlihatkan
bahwa secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, TI
secara tangible maupun intangible memberikan
kontribusi positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi
Permasalahannya terletak pada perhitungan, karena
tidak semua manfaat yang diberikan dapat dinyatakan
dalam angka (quantifiable)
Peran ERP: Operational Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Automate and integrate the enterprise value chain
2
Improve and maintain business process functionality
3
Lower process costs
4
Compliance with external laws and regulations
5
Transparency
6
Compliance with internal policies
7
Improve and maintain operational and staff productivity
Peran ERP: Customer Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Improve customer orientation and service
2
Offer competitive products and services
3
Service availability
4
Agility in responding to changing business requirements
5
Cost optimisation of service delivery
Peran ERP: Financial Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Expand market share
2
Increase revenue
3
Return on investment
4
Optimise asset utilisation
5
Manage business risks
Peran ERP: Growth Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Product/business innovation
2
Obtain reliable and useful information for decision making
3
Acquire and maintain skilled and motivated personnel
ERP Profil di Indonesia
Pasar ERP di Indonesia
COMPANY
BIG
MED
SML
GOV
MIC
Manufaktur dan Produksi
EDU
SOC
BIG
SML
Kem
Uni
Paud
Ormas
LPNK
Int
SD
Forum
LNS
STing
SMP
Asos
Otda
Aka
SMA
Perhim
Legs
CC
SMK
Gerak
Yudk
PPJJ
NonF
Event
Perbankan dan Keuangan
Pertambangan dan Energi
Transportasi dan Pariwisata
Media dan Telekomunikasi
Pertanian dan Peternakan
Kehutanan dan Kelautan
Konstruksi dan Real Estate
Makanan dan Kesehatan
Distribusi dan Logistik
Jasa-Jasa Lainnya
Literatures/KSFs
Wenrich, et. al. (2009)
Wu & Wong (2007)
Soja (2006)
Yahaya et.al. (2006)
Zhang et.al. (2006)
Tsai, et.al (2005)
Motwani, et.al (2005)
Gargeya and Brady (2005)
Sun et.al. (2005)
Bhatti (2005)
Somer and Nelson (2004)
Umble et.al. (2003)
Mashari (2003)
Kumar et.al. (2003)
Hong & Kim (2002)
Allen et al. (2002)
Roseman et al. (2001)
Esteves and Pastor (2000)
Parr and Shanks (2000)
Kale (2000)
Brown and Vessay (1999)
Holland and Light (1999)
Summer (1999)
Total number citations
Budget
O
O
O
O
change management
O
strategic initiative
3
O
O
project management
O
O
O
O
7
O
2
O
O
O
5
O
O
O
culture readiness
1
learning capacity
network relationship
O
1
knowledge sharing capacity
O
1
O
1
O
1
IT Leverangability
process management
1
O
organization readiness
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
14
top management
implementation consultant
O
O
O
steering committee
O
O
O
O
O
O
9
O
1
O
O
O
3
project champion
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
13
project team skill & composition
vendor's tool
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
O
4
vendor‐customer partnership
vendor support
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
8
user training
customization
O
package selection
O
O
O
O
5
O
1
O
1
management expectation
O
O
O
O
4
data analysis, conversion & accuration
O
O
O
O
O
O
6
BPR
Business Vision / Define Goal
O
O
O
O
4
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
9
O
O
2
legacy system
ERP Strategy / Strategic Planning
O
1
O
1
client acceptance
monitoring & Feedback
O
O
O
O
O
5
communication & Troubleshooting
O
O
2
end user
1
O
Kinerja
O
O
O
O
4
infrastructure
O
O
O
O
O
5
strong product ERP (SW/HW)
O
O
O
risk management
O
O
5
O
O
O
O
O
5
user involvement
Kunci Sukses ERP di Dunia
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
10
time frame (project schedule)
Kajian Kunci Sukses ERP di Indonesia
Kunci Sukses Implementasi di Indonesia
TECHNOLOGY
SELECTION
PROJECT
FORMULATION
IMPLEMENTATION
&
DEVELOPMENT
DEPLOYMENT
(operational, support,
monitoring,
maintenance)
ORGANIZATION
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
Identify
Org.
Maturity
Level
Define
Clear
Goals &
Obj.
TOP MGMT
DECISION
FOR GOING
LIVE
Refining Clear
Goals &
Objectives
Project Scope &
Schedule
Initiate
Project
Budget
Evaluation &
Audit
System
Project
Monitoring
ORGANIZATION
Documentation of ERP Implementation
ERP System Customizing
PROCESS
Functional
Req.
Building
Select. Of
Consultan
BPR
Reporting
Dev. Imp.
Plan
ERP Imp.
Strategy
Req.
Gathering
Software Change
PROCESS
Gap
Analysis
Eval. Of
IT Invest.
CHANGE MANAGEMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT
Unit/Functional Testing
Determine
Project Team
Composition
User Training
Integration
with Legacy
System
ERP Product
Selection
Appl
Refine
Bug
Legacy System
Retain/Replace
Integration
Testing
Data
Infra.
Analysis
of Existing
IS/IT
Update
Patches
Upgrade
ERP
Version
Online Support Services –
ERP Vendor
Database
Product
Selection
Analysis of
Trend
Technology
Database
Retain/
Replace
Data
Analysis &
Migration
Monitoring
Data
Data Testing
& Validation
Refining &
Cleaning
Data
DATA
DATA
Monitor
App
Infra.
Appl
HW/Network
Monitoring
Performance
Installing
Hardware/
Network
Hardware
Product
Selection
Network
Redesign/
Retain
Hardware/
Network
Testing
Increase
HW/Network
Performance
Hardware Vendor Support
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
Data
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
PEOPLE
APPLICATION
User Acceptance Test
Define Role of
Project Team
Initiate Team
Formation
APPLICATION
(operational, support,
monitoring,
maintenance)
DEPLOYMENT
IMPLEMENTATION
&
DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
FORMULATION
TECHNOLOGY
SELECTION
PROJECT
PREPARATION
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
Define
Steering
Committee
PEOPLE
Kerangka Implementasi di Indonesia
PROJECT
PREPARATION
Tantangan Adopsi ERP
Pertanyaan
Utama
Justifikasi biaya dan manfaat
Garansi keberhasilan
Dukungan pemangku kepentingan
Mitigasi risiko terburuk
Pilihan teknologi dan konsultan
Pilihan dan Skenario Strategi
Tren
Industri
Teknologi
Informasi
Outsourcing
Cloud Computing
Shared Resources and Services
Open standard and platform
Flexibility and Modularity
Thank You
Questions and Answers Session
Prof.
Richardus Eko Indrajit
Kontribusinya bagi Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Nasional
Prof. Richardus Eko Indrajit
[email protected]
Pertanyaan Utama
Benarkah keberadaan teknologi informasi
(terutama ERP) memberikan kontribusi yang
signifikan terhadap perkembangan ekonomi
Jika YA, seberapa jauh kontribusi dimaksud ?
Jika TIDAK, apa alasannya ?
Hipotesa Sementara:
TI berperan secara langsung maupun tidak langsung
dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun
- Tidak semua kontribusi TI bersifat tangible (terlihat)
- Tidak semua kontribusi TI bersifat quantifiable
(terhitung)
Perhitungan Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
Pertumbuhan Ekonomi GDP = ???
Pendekatan dalam menghitung GDP:
The Product/Output Approach;
The Income approach; and
The Expenditure approach.
Setiap pendekatan memiliki kelebihan dan
kekurangannya masing-masing
Konteks teknologi informasi dapat ditemukan
dalam komponen setiap formula, baik secara
langsung maupun tidak langsung
Profil GDP Dunia
Prinsip Utama
Pada hakekatnya, menggunakan pendekatan
apapun, seyogiyanya hasilnya akan sama
Perbedaannya terletak pada cara pandang,
sebagai berikut:
The Product Approach sums the outputs of every class
of enterprise to arrive at the total
The Income Approach works on the principle that the
incomes of the productive factors must be equal to the
value of their product
The Expenditure Approach works on the principle that
all of the product must be bought by somebody
1. Expenditure Approach
GDP = C + I + G + (X – M)
C
I
G
X
M
: Private Consumption
: Gross Investment
: Government Spending
: Export
: Import
Contoh konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk
C
I
G
X
M
: belanja bandwidth/pulsa/internet
: investasi infrastuktur telekomunikasi
: belanja modal teknologi
: ekspor produk/jasa kreatif berbasis digital
: impor produk/jasa komponen teknologi
2. Income Approach
GDP = COE + GOS+ GMI + TP&M – SP&M
COE
GOS
GMI
TP&M
SP&M
: Compensation of Employees
: Gross Operating Surplus
: Gross Mixed Income
: Taxes
: Subsidi Produk dan Impor
Konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk
COE
GOS
GMI
TP&M
SP&M
: nilai gaji karyawan yang memanfaatkan TI
: keuntungan perusahaan setelah menerapkan TI
: keuntungan lain dari usaha berbasis TI (UKM)
: akumulasi pajak melalui pemanfaatan TI
: subsidi dan nilai impor produk/jasa TI
3. Production Approach
GDP = Sigma (P&S)
Sigma (P&S) : Market value of all final goods and services
Contoh konteks TI dapat ditemukan dalam bentuk nilai
total industri yang terkait dengan perencanaan,
pengkajian, perancangan, pembangunan, penerapan,
pengembangan, pengawasan, dan pelaksanaan tata
kelola produk/jasa teknologi informasi dan komunikasi,
meliputi sektor:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Industri Infastruktur Telekomunikasi
Industri Piranti Keras dan Jaringan
Industri Piranti Lunak dan Sistem Database
Industri Pengembangan Fasilitas/Sarana TI
Industri Jasa-Jasa Teknologi Informasi
Prinsip Pembuktian
GDP
GDP
GDP
= C + I + G + (X – M)
= COE + GOS+ GMI + TP&M – SP&M
= Sigma (P&S)
Ketiga rumus di atas pada dasarnya memperlihatkan
bahwa secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, TI
secara tangible maupun intangible memberikan
kontribusi positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi
Permasalahannya terletak pada perhitungan, karena
tidak semua manfaat yang diberikan dapat dinyatakan
dalam angka (quantifiable)
Peran ERP: Operational Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Automate and integrate the enterprise value chain
2
Improve and maintain business process functionality
3
Lower process costs
4
Compliance with external laws and regulations
5
Transparency
6
Compliance with internal policies
7
Improve and maintain operational and staff productivity
Peran ERP: Customer Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Improve customer orientation and service
2
Offer competitive products and services
3
Service availability
4
Agility in responding to changing business requirements
5
Cost optimisation of service delivery
Peran ERP: Financial Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Expand market share
2
Increase revenue
3
Return on investment
4
Optimise asset utilisation
5
Manage business risks
Peran ERP: Growth Perspectives
No
Business Objectives
1
Product/business innovation
2
Obtain reliable and useful information for decision making
3
Acquire and maintain skilled and motivated personnel
ERP Profil di Indonesia
Pasar ERP di Indonesia
COMPANY
BIG
MED
SML
GOV
MIC
Manufaktur dan Produksi
EDU
SOC
BIG
SML
Kem
Uni
Paud
Ormas
LPNK
Int
SD
Forum
LNS
STing
SMP
Asos
Otda
Aka
SMA
Perhim
Legs
CC
SMK
Gerak
Yudk
PPJJ
NonF
Event
Perbankan dan Keuangan
Pertambangan dan Energi
Transportasi dan Pariwisata
Media dan Telekomunikasi
Pertanian dan Peternakan
Kehutanan dan Kelautan
Konstruksi dan Real Estate
Makanan dan Kesehatan
Distribusi dan Logistik
Jasa-Jasa Lainnya
Literatures/KSFs
Wenrich, et. al. (2009)
Wu & Wong (2007)
Soja (2006)
Yahaya et.al. (2006)
Zhang et.al. (2006)
Tsai, et.al (2005)
Motwani, et.al (2005)
Gargeya and Brady (2005)
Sun et.al. (2005)
Bhatti (2005)
Somer and Nelson (2004)
Umble et.al. (2003)
Mashari (2003)
Kumar et.al. (2003)
Hong & Kim (2002)
Allen et al. (2002)
Roseman et al. (2001)
Esteves and Pastor (2000)
Parr and Shanks (2000)
Kale (2000)
Brown and Vessay (1999)
Holland and Light (1999)
Summer (1999)
Total number citations
Budget
O
O
O
O
change management
O
strategic initiative
3
O
O
project management
O
O
O
O
7
O
2
O
O
O
5
O
O
O
culture readiness
1
learning capacity
network relationship
O
1
knowledge sharing capacity
O
1
O
1
O
1
IT Leverangability
process management
1
O
organization readiness
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
14
top management
implementation consultant
O
O
O
steering committee
O
O
O
O
O
O
9
O
1
O
O
O
3
project champion
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
13
project team skill & composition
vendor's tool
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
O
4
vendor‐customer partnership
vendor support
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
8
user training
customization
O
package selection
O
O
O
O
5
O
1
O
1
management expectation
O
O
O
O
4
data analysis, conversion & accuration
O
O
O
O
O
O
6
BPR
Business Vision / Define Goal
O
O
O
O
4
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
9
O
O
2
legacy system
ERP Strategy / Strategic Planning
O
1
O
1
client acceptance
monitoring & Feedback
O
O
O
O
O
5
communication & Troubleshooting
O
O
2
end user
1
O
Kinerja
O
O
O
O
4
infrastructure
O
O
O
O
O
5
strong product ERP (SW/HW)
O
O
O
risk management
O
O
5
O
O
O
O
O
5
user involvement
Kunci Sukses ERP di Dunia
O
O
O
3
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
10
time frame (project schedule)
Kajian Kunci Sukses ERP di Indonesia
Kunci Sukses Implementasi di Indonesia
TECHNOLOGY
SELECTION
PROJECT
FORMULATION
IMPLEMENTATION
&
DEVELOPMENT
DEPLOYMENT
(operational, support,
monitoring,
maintenance)
ORGANIZATION
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
Identify
Org.
Maturity
Level
Define
Clear
Goals &
Obj.
TOP MGMT
DECISION
FOR GOING
LIVE
Refining Clear
Goals &
Objectives
Project Scope &
Schedule
Initiate
Project
Budget
Evaluation &
Audit
System
Project
Monitoring
ORGANIZATION
Documentation of ERP Implementation
ERP System Customizing
PROCESS
Functional
Req.
Building
Select. Of
Consultan
BPR
Reporting
Dev. Imp.
Plan
ERP Imp.
Strategy
Req.
Gathering
Software Change
PROCESS
Gap
Analysis
Eval. Of
IT Invest.
CHANGE MANAGEMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT
Unit/Functional Testing
Determine
Project Team
Composition
User Training
Integration
with Legacy
System
ERP Product
Selection
Appl
Refine
Bug
Legacy System
Retain/Replace
Integration
Testing
Data
Infra.
Analysis
of Existing
IS/IT
Update
Patches
Upgrade
ERP
Version
Online Support Services –
ERP Vendor
Database
Product
Selection
Analysis of
Trend
Technology
Database
Retain/
Replace
Data
Analysis &
Migration
Monitoring
Data
Data Testing
& Validation
Refining &
Cleaning
Data
DATA
DATA
Monitor
App
Infra.
Appl
HW/Network
Monitoring
Performance
Installing
Hardware/
Network
Hardware
Product
Selection
Network
Redesign/
Retain
Hardware/
Network
Testing
Increase
HW/Network
Performance
Hardware Vendor Support
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE
Data
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
PEOPLE
APPLICATION
User Acceptance Test
Define Role of
Project Team
Initiate Team
Formation
APPLICATION
(operational, support,
monitoring,
maintenance)
DEPLOYMENT
IMPLEMENTATION
&
DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT
FORMULATION
TECHNOLOGY
SELECTION
PROJECT
PREPARATION
PLAN – ACT – SENSE - LEARN
Define
Steering
Committee
PEOPLE
Kerangka Implementasi di Indonesia
PROJECT
PREPARATION
Tantangan Adopsi ERP
Pertanyaan
Utama
Justifikasi biaya dan manfaat
Garansi keberhasilan
Dukungan pemangku kepentingan
Mitigasi risiko terburuk
Pilihan teknologi dan konsultan
Pilihan dan Skenario Strategi
Tren
Industri
Teknologi
Informasi
Outsourcing
Cloud Computing
Shared Resources and Services
Open standard and platform
Flexibility and Modularity
Thank You
Questions and Answers Session
Prof.
Richardus Eko Indrajit