Community Radio and Gender Towards an Inclusive Public Sphere
Community Radio and Gender
Towards an Inclusive Public Sphere
Dr Kanchan K. Malik
Daniela Bandelli
India Media Symposium – Public Spheres, the Media & Social Change in India School of Journalism and Communication - The University of Queensland
21-23 November 2012
Overview
• CR in the framework of
Gender, Development and
Voice
• Obstacle for a full participation
of women
• Case studies: Radio Sangham
and Radio Namaskar
• Recommendations for
strengthening the
empowerment potential of CR
Radio Sangham
Radio Namaskar
2
Downloaded from: http://www.map-zone.net/map/india/
The status of women in India
• Elimination of discrimination is an “accepted social goal of
the country” (Joseph & Sharma, 1994, p. 17);
• legislative achievements and political entitlements in
Panchayat.
However…
• “Informal networks of males are the real sites of power”
(Kotwal, 2008, p. 220);
• election of women representatives in Panchayat not
translated in active participation;
• discrimination in access to healthcare and nutrition, sexselective abortions and female infanticide are causes of
death for 42 million of women per year (Kapur, 2010).
3
Voice:
injecting women’s experience into development
Through CR women relief from a condition of “voice
poverty” where voice means “inclusion and
participation in social, political, and economic
processes, meaning making, autonomy, and expression”
(Tacchi & Kiran, 2008, p. 31).
Effective voice is a “basic dimension of human life”. It
includes the act of speaking and the act of paying
attention (Couldry, 2010, p. 7).
“It is that act of speech of ‘talking back’, that is no mere
gesture of empty words; that is the expression of our
movement from object to subject - the liberated voice”
(bell hooks, 1989, p. 9).
4
Women in Media
Globally, women are the most disadvantaged in terms
of access to media, both as receivers and producers of
information (WACC, 2010a).
Causes:
• poorer than men;
• discriminated against in the right to education;
• confined to domestic roles and childcare;
• limited mobility and prospects for establishing interpersonal communication.
5
Women in Media in India
The 2010 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP)
country report:
• only 22% of news subjects are women (13% in radio);
• ordinary and disadvantaged women’s views are
almost absent;
• women tend to represent popular opinion.
Lack of opportunity to :
access relevant information
produce communicative acts
6
Community Radio:
“subaltern counterpublics” or “public
sphericules”
“parallel discursive arenas where members of
subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourses, which in turn permit them to formulate
oppositional interpretations of their identities, interests,
and needs”.
(Fraser, 1990, p. 67)
CR generates what Gitlin (1998) calls “public
sphericules”. In these sites, non-elite groups set counterhegemonic agenda and forms of solidarity.
7
Discriminatory gender norms:
hindering factor for a full participation
• Radio devices are monopolised by men;
• submission to parents and in-laws;
• culturally non acceptable for women to stay out late at
night and interact with male reporters;
• radio activity is to be subordinated to housework and
relocation to husband’s village after marriage;
• in the long-term men replace women in field-based work
with the ostensible intention of protecting them.
(Bandelli, 2012a; Pavarala & Malik, 2007 and 2009)
8
Case Study (1)*: Sangham Radio
Dalit women’s voice on 90.4 FM
First CR in rural India - Supported by DDS
Machnoor village, Medak District (AP)
narrowcasting since 1998, on air since
2008.
2 reporters + 16 sangham supervisors;
Community shareholders: Rs. 50 from
5000 members of the 75 sangham.
Content:
agricultural info for semi-arid regions;
traditional knowledge and community care
of natural resources; education and
literacy; violence against women and
gender justice; local cultures, songs and
dramas.
*based on field visits by Vinod Pavarala & Kanchan Malik 2001-2012
9
A reversal of the top-down, male
dominated communication model
Women within the community as
repositories of local knowledge;
professional experts rarely featured;
95% participation by women listeners
Discussion of sangham activities;
women participate in Panchayat meetings;
husbands gradually recognize their work.
10
Case Study (2)*: Radio Namaskar
First CR in Orissa
Run by Young India NGO
on air since February 2010
250,000 potential listeners
72 listeners groups; 300 SHGs.
5 young women reporter out of 8 team members + 4 pgm
advisors.
Contents: health and welfare schemes, interactive sessions with
farmers, gender and women’s rights, local happenings, children,
youth, sport and volunteerism, interviews with locally known
figures, programmes recorded at villages, letters and phone-calls
from listeners.
*qualitative research conducted by Daniela Bandelli in April 2011
11
Women communication needs fulfilled
Received messages (contents):
• Rights (Right To Information);
• employment;
• education;
• health;
• traditional knowledge, local culture and entertainment.
Communicative acts (functions):
• Speaking out on social problems and local governance;
• expressing skills and artistic inclinations;
• engaging in social activism;
• establishing relations and dialogue;
• practicing communication skills;
• familiarization with the media.
12
Women’s communication needs fulfilled
…enhanced possibility to enter the public sphere
•
•
•
•
Jingles: right to receive proper services at Anganwadi centres
listeners denounced irregularities in the quantity of dal
debate with citizens and public officers
women from Kunanga brought a sample of dal to the studio,
sent it to the Prime Minister of India and to the Chief Minister
of Orissa.
• sample found insect-infested
• issue covered heavily in the local press (cases of corruption)
Tangible results: more than 50 centres now supply the right
quantity of dal; committee composed of local mothers is now in
charge of purchasing the dal from local farmers.
(Bandelli, 2012b)
13
The empowerment process
• Awareness on rights and condition of women,
informative choices, plans for the future;
• literacy, IT skills;
• public speaking, cultural discourse on silenced
women voice reversed;
• position within the family enhanced;
• will to work as agents of change within the
community.
14
Recommendations
Drawn from The Word Association of Community Radio Broadcasters AMARC Gender
Policy*, adopted by CR Forum of India
Women as
Listeners “ensuring a supportive, secure environment in and
around the station”.
- Equal partners in development initiatives; ad-hoc listening
sessions and women-focused pgm.
Producers of media content “capacity-building is a key
component for achieving gender parity” and must be “for both
men and women”.
- Context-specific training; value voice; accommodate daily
agenda and provide space for children.
15
Recommendations (2)
Decision-makers “In order for women to be meaningfully
represented at all levels of the community radio station, quotas
for participation need to be set for ownership, management and
production, including women’s participation in technical
management”.
- Policy embracing respect for women and equality.
Portrayals women must be represented “in their diversity,
instead of emphasising stereotyped roles”.
- Gender sensitivity training; gender-specific programming;
engender content and women as experts; no-tolerance policy for
objectification.
* AMARC-WIN Gender Policy:
http://www.amarc.org/documents/Gender_Policy/GP4CR_English.pdf
16
References
AMARC-WIN. (2008). Gender Policy for Community Radio. AMARC-WIN.
Bandelli, D. (2012a). Indian Women in Community Radio: The Case Studies of Radio Namaskar in Orissa and Radio Dhadkan
in Madhya Pradesh. Journal of South Asia Women Studies (forthcoming).
Bandelli, D. (2012b). Radio Namaskar: a catalyser of Change. Media Development, 1/2012, 48-50.
Couldry, N. (2010). Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism. London: Sage Publications.
Fraser, C., & Restrepo-Estrada, S. (2002). Community Radio for Change and Development, Development, 45(4), 69-73.
Gitlin, T. (1998). Public sphere or public sphericules?. In T. Liebes, & J. Curran (Eds.), Media, ritual, identity (pp. 168-175).
London: Routledge.
Joseph, A., & Sharma K. (Eds.). (1994). Whose News? The Media and Women's Issues. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Kapur, N. (2010). Everyday Equality. South Asia: UNIFEM/UNWOMEN.
Kotwal, L. M. (2008). Contesting Power in Panchayats. In V. Kalpagam, & J. Arunachalam (Eds.), Rural Women and
Development in India. Issues and Challenges (pp. 219-237). New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
hooks, b. (1989). Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Pavarala, V., & Malik, K. K. (2007). Other Voices: the Struggle for Community Radio in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Pavarala, V., & Malik, K. K. (2009). Study commission by and Report submitted to National Foundation for India New Delhi in
July 2009.
Tacchi, Jo, & Kiran, M. S. (Eds.). (2008). Finding a Voice: Themes and Discussions. New Delhi. UNESCO.
WACC. (2010a). Global Media Monitoring Project 2010.
WACC. (2010b). Gender Media Monitoring Project. Country Report India.
Pictures taken during field-work research by the authors Bandelli and Malik. The third picture on the first slide has been
17
shared by Young India NGOs.
Towards an Inclusive Public Sphere
Dr Kanchan K. Malik
Daniela Bandelli
India Media Symposium – Public Spheres, the Media & Social Change in India School of Journalism and Communication - The University of Queensland
21-23 November 2012
Overview
• CR in the framework of
Gender, Development and
Voice
• Obstacle for a full participation
of women
• Case studies: Radio Sangham
and Radio Namaskar
• Recommendations for
strengthening the
empowerment potential of CR
Radio Sangham
Radio Namaskar
2
Downloaded from: http://www.map-zone.net/map/india/
The status of women in India
• Elimination of discrimination is an “accepted social goal of
the country” (Joseph & Sharma, 1994, p. 17);
• legislative achievements and political entitlements in
Panchayat.
However…
• “Informal networks of males are the real sites of power”
(Kotwal, 2008, p. 220);
• election of women representatives in Panchayat not
translated in active participation;
• discrimination in access to healthcare and nutrition, sexselective abortions and female infanticide are causes of
death for 42 million of women per year (Kapur, 2010).
3
Voice:
injecting women’s experience into development
Through CR women relief from a condition of “voice
poverty” where voice means “inclusion and
participation in social, political, and economic
processes, meaning making, autonomy, and expression”
(Tacchi & Kiran, 2008, p. 31).
Effective voice is a “basic dimension of human life”. It
includes the act of speaking and the act of paying
attention (Couldry, 2010, p. 7).
“It is that act of speech of ‘talking back’, that is no mere
gesture of empty words; that is the expression of our
movement from object to subject - the liberated voice”
(bell hooks, 1989, p. 9).
4
Women in Media
Globally, women are the most disadvantaged in terms
of access to media, both as receivers and producers of
information (WACC, 2010a).
Causes:
• poorer than men;
• discriminated against in the right to education;
• confined to domestic roles and childcare;
• limited mobility and prospects for establishing interpersonal communication.
5
Women in Media in India
The 2010 Global Media Monitoring Project (GMMP)
country report:
• only 22% of news subjects are women (13% in radio);
• ordinary and disadvantaged women’s views are
almost absent;
• women tend to represent popular opinion.
Lack of opportunity to :
access relevant information
produce communicative acts
6
Community Radio:
“subaltern counterpublics” or “public
sphericules”
“parallel discursive arenas where members of
subordinated social groups invent and circulate counterdiscourses, which in turn permit them to formulate
oppositional interpretations of their identities, interests,
and needs”.
(Fraser, 1990, p. 67)
CR generates what Gitlin (1998) calls “public
sphericules”. In these sites, non-elite groups set counterhegemonic agenda and forms of solidarity.
7
Discriminatory gender norms:
hindering factor for a full participation
• Radio devices are monopolised by men;
• submission to parents and in-laws;
• culturally non acceptable for women to stay out late at
night and interact with male reporters;
• radio activity is to be subordinated to housework and
relocation to husband’s village after marriage;
• in the long-term men replace women in field-based work
with the ostensible intention of protecting them.
(Bandelli, 2012a; Pavarala & Malik, 2007 and 2009)
8
Case Study (1)*: Sangham Radio
Dalit women’s voice on 90.4 FM
First CR in rural India - Supported by DDS
Machnoor village, Medak District (AP)
narrowcasting since 1998, on air since
2008.
2 reporters + 16 sangham supervisors;
Community shareholders: Rs. 50 from
5000 members of the 75 sangham.
Content:
agricultural info for semi-arid regions;
traditional knowledge and community care
of natural resources; education and
literacy; violence against women and
gender justice; local cultures, songs and
dramas.
*based on field visits by Vinod Pavarala & Kanchan Malik 2001-2012
9
A reversal of the top-down, male
dominated communication model
Women within the community as
repositories of local knowledge;
professional experts rarely featured;
95% participation by women listeners
Discussion of sangham activities;
women participate in Panchayat meetings;
husbands gradually recognize their work.
10
Case Study (2)*: Radio Namaskar
First CR in Orissa
Run by Young India NGO
on air since February 2010
250,000 potential listeners
72 listeners groups; 300 SHGs.
5 young women reporter out of 8 team members + 4 pgm
advisors.
Contents: health and welfare schemes, interactive sessions with
farmers, gender and women’s rights, local happenings, children,
youth, sport and volunteerism, interviews with locally known
figures, programmes recorded at villages, letters and phone-calls
from listeners.
*qualitative research conducted by Daniela Bandelli in April 2011
11
Women communication needs fulfilled
Received messages (contents):
• Rights (Right To Information);
• employment;
• education;
• health;
• traditional knowledge, local culture and entertainment.
Communicative acts (functions):
• Speaking out on social problems and local governance;
• expressing skills and artistic inclinations;
• engaging in social activism;
• establishing relations and dialogue;
• practicing communication skills;
• familiarization with the media.
12
Women’s communication needs fulfilled
…enhanced possibility to enter the public sphere
•
•
•
•
Jingles: right to receive proper services at Anganwadi centres
listeners denounced irregularities in the quantity of dal
debate with citizens and public officers
women from Kunanga brought a sample of dal to the studio,
sent it to the Prime Minister of India and to the Chief Minister
of Orissa.
• sample found insect-infested
• issue covered heavily in the local press (cases of corruption)
Tangible results: more than 50 centres now supply the right
quantity of dal; committee composed of local mothers is now in
charge of purchasing the dal from local farmers.
(Bandelli, 2012b)
13
The empowerment process
• Awareness on rights and condition of women,
informative choices, plans for the future;
• literacy, IT skills;
• public speaking, cultural discourse on silenced
women voice reversed;
• position within the family enhanced;
• will to work as agents of change within the
community.
14
Recommendations
Drawn from The Word Association of Community Radio Broadcasters AMARC Gender
Policy*, adopted by CR Forum of India
Women as
Listeners “ensuring a supportive, secure environment in and
around the station”.
- Equal partners in development initiatives; ad-hoc listening
sessions and women-focused pgm.
Producers of media content “capacity-building is a key
component for achieving gender parity” and must be “for both
men and women”.
- Context-specific training; value voice; accommodate daily
agenda and provide space for children.
15
Recommendations (2)
Decision-makers “In order for women to be meaningfully
represented at all levels of the community radio station, quotas
for participation need to be set for ownership, management and
production, including women’s participation in technical
management”.
- Policy embracing respect for women and equality.
Portrayals women must be represented “in their diversity,
instead of emphasising stereotyped roles”.
- Gender sensitivity training; gender-specific programming;
engender content and women as experts; no-tolerance policy for
objectification.
* AMARC-WIN Gender Policy:
http://www.amarc.org/documents/Gender_Policy/GP4CR_English.pdf
16
References
AMARC-WIN. (2008). Gender Policy for Community Radio. AMARC-WIN.
Bandelli, D. (2012a). Indian Women in Community Radio: The Case Studies of Radio Namaskar in Orissa and Radio Dhadkan
in Madhya Pradesh. Journal of South Asia Women Studies (forthcoming).
Bandelli, D. (2012b). Radio Namaskar: a catalyser of Change. Media Development, 1/2012, 48-50.
Couldry, N. (2010). Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics after Neoliberalism. London: Sage Publications.
Fraser, C., & Restrepo-Estrada, S. (2002). Community Radio for Change and Development, Development, 45(4), 69-73.
Gitlin, T. (1998). Public sphere or public sphericules?. In T. Liebes, & J. Curran (Eds.), Media, ritual, identity (pp. 168-175).
London: Routledge.
Joseph, A., & Sharma K. (Eds.). (1994). Whose News? The Media and Women's Issues. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Kapur, N. (2010). Everyday Equality. South Asia: UNIFEM/UNWOMEN.
Kotwal, L. M. (2008). Contesting Power in Panchayats. In V. Kalpagam, & J. Arunachalam (Eds.), Rural Women and
Development in India. Issues and Challenges (pp. 219-237). New Delhi: Rawat Publications.
hooks, b. (1989). Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Pavarala, V., & Malik, K. K. (2007). Other Voices: the Struggle for Community Radio in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Pavarala, V., & Malik, K. K. (2009). Study commission by and Report submitted to National Foundation for India New Delhi in
July 2009.
Tacchi, Jo, & Kiran, M. S. (Eds.). (2008). Finding a Voice: Themes and Discussions. New Delhi. UNESCO.
WACC. (2010a). Global Media Monitoring Project 2010.
WACC. (2010b). Gender Media Monitoring Project. Country Report India.
Pictures taken during field-work research by the authors Bandelli and Malik. The third picture on the first slide has been
17
shared by Young India NGOs.