LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER IN THE PACIFIER MOVIE.

LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY THE MAIN CHARACTER

IN

THE PACIFIER

MOVIE

THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fullfilment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Fitria Tahta Alfina Reg. Number: A03212041

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

ABSTRACT

Alfina, Fitria T. 2015. A study of Language Functions Used by the Main Character in “The Pacifier” Movie. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya. The Advisor : Mohammad Thoriqussu’ud, M.Pd.

Keyword : Discourse Analysis, Language Functions, Context, The Pacifier This study investigates language functions used by the main character in “The Pacifier” movie in talking to Mr. Plummer’s children who has disrespectful behavior. The objectives of the study are to find the kinds of language function used by Shane as the main character of the movie in talking to the children and to describe the context of language functions used by the main character in talking to the children.

This study uses descriptive qualitative approach. It is categorized as discourse analysis because this study focuses on analysis the phenomena of talk in interaction. The data are collected from the utterances of Shane as the main character in the movie and the data source is the script of “The Pacifier” movie. The data collecting method used is documentation. The researcher used it to collect data of dialogue of “The Pacifier” movie’s script. The researcher uses Holmes’s theory to analyze language functions and Hymes’ theory to describe the context of the language functions.

The result of this study shows there are only seven from eight types of language functions categorized by Holmes that found in Shane’s utterance when doing verbal communication with the children. They are expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, phatic, heuristic and commissive functions of language. By all of these, expressive function is the most dominant kind of language functions used by the main character in talking to the children in the movie with fourty four utterances used. Instead, the main character has never used the poetic function of language. The researcher also finds the context of the use of language functions such as setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norms and genre which appeared on Shane’s utterances.

INTISARI

Alfina, Fitria T. 2015. A study of Language Functions Used by the Main Character in “The Pacifier” Movie. Thesis. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora, Universitas Islam NegeriSunan Ampel Surabaya. Pembimbing : Mohammad Thoriqussu’ud, M.Pd.

Kata Kunci : Discourse Analysis, Fungsi-Fungsi Bahasa, Konteks, The Pacifier Penelitian ini meneliti tentang fungsi-fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter utama di film The Pacifier dalam berbicara kepada anak-anak tuan Plummer yang memiliki perilaku kurang sopan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan macam-macam fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Shane sebagai karakter utama di film The Pacifier dalam berbicara kepada anak-anak dan untuk mendiskripsikan konteks dari fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter utama dalam berbicara kepada anak-anak.

Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Hal ini termasuk kategori discourse analysis karena penelitian ini menganalisa fenomena berbicara dalam interaksi. Data di penelitian ini dikumpulkan dari ucapan-ucapan Shane sebagai tokoh utama film dan sumber data di penelitian ini di ambil dari naskah film The Pacifier. Metode yang digunakan adalah dokumentasi yang mana peneliti menggunakannya untuk mengumpulkan data dari naskah film The Pacifier. Peneliti menggunakan teori dari Holmes untuk menganalisis fungsi-fungsi bahasa dan teori dar Hymes untuk mendiskripsikan konteks dari penggunaan fungsi-fungsi bahasa.

Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya ada tujuh dari delapan jenis-jenis fungsi bahasa yang telah dikategorikan oleh Holmes yang ditemukan pada ucapan-ucapan Shane ketika melakukan komunikasi verbal dengan anak-anak. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, phatic, heuristic dan commissive. Dari semua ini, fungsi expressive adalah jenis yang paling dominan dari fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter utama dalam berbicara kepada anak-anak di film dengan menggunakan empat puluh empat ucapan. Sebaliknya, karakter utama tidak pernah menggunakan fungsi puitis bahasa. Selain itu, peneliti juga menemukan konteks dari penggunaan fungsi bahasa seperti setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norms dan genre yang muncul dalam ucapan-ucapan Shane.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Inside Cover ... i

Inside Title ... ii

Declaration ... iii

Thesis Advisor’s Approval ... iv

Thesis Examiner’s Approval ... v

Motto ... vi

Dedication ... vii

Acknowledgement ... viii

Table of Contents ... x

Abstract ... xii

Intisari ... xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1. Background of the Study ... 1

1.2. Statement of the Problem ... 9

1.3. Objective of the Study ... 10

1.4. Significance of the Study ... 10

1.5. Scope and Limitation ... 11

1.6. Definition of Key Terms ... 11

CHAPTER II: LITERARY REVIEW ... 13

2.1. Discourse Analysis ... 13

2.2. The Basic Functions of Language ... 15

2.2.1. Transactional Function ……… 15

2.2.2. Interactional Function ……….. ... 16

2.3. Types of Language Functions ... 17

2.3.1.The Expressive Functions ... 17

2.3.4.The Metalinguistic Functions ... 19

2.3.5.The Poetic Functions ... 19

2.3.6.The Phatic Functions ... 20

2.3.7.The Heuristic Functions ... 20

2.3.8.The Commissive Functions ... 20

2.4. The Features of Context ………. 21

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 25

3.1. Research Design ... 25

3.2. Research Instrument ... 26

3.3. Data and Data Sources ... 26

3.4. Data Collections ... 27

3.5. Data Analysis ... 28

CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 32

4.1. Findings ... 32

4.1.1.Types of Language Functions and Context Analysis ... 33

4.2. Discussion ... 68

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 74

REFERENCES ... 77

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This first chapter explains about the basic of the research that includes the reason why the researcher choose the topic in background of the study, statement of the problems which are investigated, objectives of the study, expectation of some target readers in significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study and the definition of the key terms.

1.1Background of study

Many visual arts were created to entertained people in this world, such as movie or film. Movie is one kind of literary works that has become popular thing for the people nowadays. According to Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary, movie is a series of moving pictures which is usually shown in a cinema or on television and often telling a story. It is also categorized into several genres such as adventure, action, comedy, romance, crime and gangster, horror, cartoons animation, thrillers, epics/historical and so on. From all movie genres above, some of them were made based on human experiences.

Movie is also considered as an important art form, in which carried out a source of popular entertainment and a powerful medium for educating. It is because movie involves a conversation between the characters to share and convey the

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conversation has become the significant way for exchanging their opinions. So movie also can be said as a representative of human life where the situation and setting of the conversation reflect to the real life of society. In addition, through the movie, we can learn about how languages that used in the conversations involved in the movie itself.

The Pacifier is American action movie directed by Adam Shankman and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant. It tells about Lieutenant Shane Wolfe, an undercover agent who was assigned to protect a government scientist, Howard Plummer, who has invented a devise that could usurp control of all nuclear missiles. Unfortunately, the Mr. Plummer is killed by agent who wants to take control of his invention. Shane feels like a failure to keep him save. Then, Shane was assigned to stay in Mr. Plummer residence in order to search for a secret project called GHOST hidden somewhere in the house. Besides, he also assigned to protect five of Mr. Plummer’s children namely Zoe, Seth, Lulu, Peter, and baby Tyler while their mother travel to Switzerland because the government is still seeking the missing invention and they want the Mr. Plummer’s wife to aid them in the process of locating. At the first, Shane is awkward and difficult to take care of the children because he was a solider and not a nanny, but it was a task that he had to do.

Moreover, Mr. Plummer’s children are stubborn and very difficult to be controlled,

but Shane with his basically as a solider who were closed toward the discipline, tried

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communication. So that in the end they all began to adapt toward Shane’s parenting style, which is attached to the firmness and discipline like in the military.

Looking at these phenomena, the researcher considered language is very important tool to establish a close relationship between one person to another.

According to Armstrong and Ferguson (2010:5), language as a set of ‘meaning

-making resources’ that are crucial to everyday communication and which enable speakers not only to convey information to each other but also maintain social relationship in the sense of both transaction and interaction. Therefore, it is clear that language is a functional since it is not only use to provide information; instead, it is used to perform multiple purposes.

People are saying for specific purposes. They communicate each other to share information, ideas, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, even ask, or order something in their daily interactions. They use language in order to fulfill those different purposes. Each purpose can be known as a language function. Halliday (1992) stated a functional approach to language means investigating how language is used: trying to find out what purposes that language serves for us, and how people are able to achieve these purposes through speaking and listening, reading and writing (Ambrosio et.al., 2015:107). By looking at that statement, we can recognize that the function of the language refers to the purpose of the use of language itself and how the listener can understand the messages, which are carried out by the purpose of the speaker uses the language.

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In doing communication, people may not realize that spoken or written sentences also carry several functions. As an example if a man says, “turn on the lamp!” This sentence carries a function; it is directive function. Directive functions means asking someone to do something. The example above clearly shows that the speaker wants the hearer to turn on the lamp. People use language in their daily conversation in order to construct meaning and to get attention from whom they are speaking with. On the contrary, when people speak to other with no purpose, of course they will not get the attention from the hearer because the hearer does not get the intended meaning of the utterances. Therefore, language with its various functions is very important in having good communication since by noting the function of language can lead people to understand the purpose conveyed by someone’s utterance.

As stated by Halliday (1992) in the previous, language function is not only study about what language is used for, but also study about how language is used. It means that when people read or hear the utterances, they not only try to know the definition of word, but they also want to understand the meaning of the writer or speaker conveys. Moreover, the use of language that serves the function is influenced by many factors. People use the utterances in a different language and different context. The meanings of the speaker utterances are depend on the interpretation of the hearer. In understanding the intended meaning of the speaker, the hearer must understand the situation that influences the utterances. The situation here means the context of the utterances that make acceptable by the hearer.

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Hymes (1964) stated that the role of context in interpretation as, on the one hand, limiting the range of possible interpretations and, on the other, as supporting the intended interpretation. Thus, Hymes (1964) sets about specifying the features of context and the mnemonic device of SPEAKING grid as a heuristic for the various factors he deems to be relevant in the identification of speech event. Such factors are

‘setting’, ‘participants’, ‘ends’, ‘act sequences’, ‘key’, ‘instrumentalities’, and ‘genre’

(Brown and Yule 1983:37). Considering above, it is important to understand the use of language function in a communication along with identify the context that influenced the use of language itself.

Study about language function itself has been observed and investigated by a number of researchers. The first one is study done by Agwin Degaf (2010), under the title A Study of Language Functions Used by the Caretakers of Autistic Children in “Miracle Run”. The objectives of the study are to find out the kinds and the effectiveness of language functions used by caretakers in the film and to describe the most dominant kinds of language functions found. The researcher used M.A.K Halliday theory on language functions. The result of the study showed the effective of language functions which is found in the film are regulatory function which used in 19 utterances, interactional function is used in 6 utterances, imaginative function is used 5 utterances, personal function is used in 2 utterances then heuristic function and representational function are used in 1 utterance. Based on the result above, regulatory function is the most dominant function used by caretaker. Meanwhile, the

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Yasmin Mari Ambrosio et. Al (2015) in their research entitled Analysis of Language Functions in Children’s Classroom Discourse. The researchers used the proposed framework of Kumupulainen & Wray (1997) on analyzing the various

functions of language among children’s discourse and the most preponderant

functions of language in children’s classroom discourse. Findings of this study revealed that there were categorized (e.g. interrogative, responsive, organization) and uncategorized (e.g. code-switching, polite expressions, expression of sarcasm, repetition/emphasis, self-correction) language functions that come into play. Besides, the most preponderant language functions were the informative, organizational, affectional, interrogative, and responsive. In addition, results showed that children tend to use informative function in their conversations with one possible reason is they express and communicate ideas based on previous knowledge learned from home, school and community. Instead, hypothetical and heuristic functional categories were not evident in children’s classroom talk.

Furthermore, Istinganatun ‘Aliyah (2015) in her study about Language Functions of Toyota Advertisement Headlines, she investigated about the linguistic features and the kind of language functions of Toyota advertisement headlines. To described the linguistic features of the headlines, the analysis uses grammar, lexical semantic and phonology, whereas to classify the function, Roman Jackobson’s language function theory is applied. The data are taken from Toyota India website. In this research, the writer found that the headlines used grammatical features included three sentence types (declarative, interrogative and imperative) and the use of certain

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tenses (simple present tense, present continous tense, feature tense and present perfect tense) for expressing different language functions. Similarly, the lexical features including nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, numerals, and figurative language (personification) express the different language functions too. The phonological features like special diction and musical devices (including consonance, assonance, rhyme) express poetic and phatic functions. Besides, this research also finds that to deliver particular messages, the headlines employ various combinations of language functions. From the 6 categories of language function, 5 data refers to referential, conative, and emotive functions; 17 data refers to referential, phatic and conative functions; 2 data refers to phatic, emotive and conative functions; 43 data refers to referential, conative, poetic and phatic functions; 28 data refers to referential, conative, poetic, phatic and emotive functions.

Based on those previous researches above, all of the researchers concerned their researches in analysis of language functions although they are emphasized their researches in different proposed theory, object, and research problems. The first researcher conducted his study by use M.A.K Halliday’s theory to explore the kinds and the effectiveness of language functions used by the caretaker of autistic children in the movie. The second researchers conducted their study by use Kumpulainen and Wray (1997) theory to investigate the various function of language and the most

preponderant functions in children’s conversation occur in the classroom. The third

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language functions on advertisement, but she also investigated the grammatical feature of language functions.

By all of these, the researcher interests to analyze the similar research about language function that prefers to work on the research about the movie entitled Language Functions Used by the Main Character in The Pacifier Movie. However, this present research is different from the previous researches that have been mentioned above, although one of them also used movie as the subject of the study. In this present study, the researcher emphasizes to investigate the several functions of language based on Holmes (2013) along with the examination of context by the proposed framework of Hymes (1974).

The researcher chooses the topic of language function because language itself serves a range of functions such as for the media of personal relationship, for expressing the feeling and so on. On the other hand, language functions are interested to analyze in order to understand the function of utterances and the intended meaning behind the utterances by knowing the context of situation when the utterance produced. Here, the importance of language function leads the hearers to achieve the

purpose of someone’s speech correctly, so that the goal of communication can be

reached.

The researcher uses a movie as subject of this research because movie can be as a medium of education through the moral and social value that involved in the movie itself. Besides, trough the movie, the researcher want to know the true meaning of the purpose of using language in conversation happens in the movie. Meanwhile

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the researcher chooses The Pacifier movie as the subject of the research because this movie is presented uniquely since as we know that generally a caretaker is a woman with their love and tenderness, but in this movie, a character of caretaker is a navy in which he has no experience with children before. The use of language functions shows how Shane interacts and adjusts with the children’s misbehavior attitudes since he is a navy, yet on the other hand, he must became a caretaker for the children. By using language functions, Shane tries to convey what is on his mind, what he wants, and what he expects from the children.

In this case, discourse analysis becomes one of the important fields in understanding the language function because discourse analysis is concerned with investigating the relationship between text and context with the goal to get a better understanding of the language used in both spoken and written interactions.

1.2Statement of the Problems

This present study deals with the observation about language functions used by the man character in The Pacifier movie. Related to the background of the study, the researcher formulates the research problems to be analyzed in the present study as follows:

1. What kind of language functions are used by the character Shane in talking to the children in The Pacifier movie?

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1.3Objectives of the Study

Based on the statement of the problems above, the researcher formulates the research objectives of the study as follows:

1. To describe the kinds of language functions that are used by the character Shane in talking to the children in The Pacifier movie.

2. To describe the context of language functions that are used by the character Shane in talking to the children the children in The Pacifier movie.

1.4Significance of the Study

Theoretically, by conducting this research, the researcher expects that this research will give contribution to the development of discourse analysis theory, especially becomes comprehensives understanding of language functions. On the other hand, this research can enrich information for people or the next researchers who want concern their study on language functions especially used in movie.

Practically, through the result of this research, the writer want to show the functions of language which is made by the character Shane in talking to the children, so that the reader of this research will understand how to make good verbal communication with the children based on the functions of language. For the linguistic students, this research can be used as an additional reference to related linguistic research.

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1.5Scope and Limitation

This present research focuses on the discourse analysis which concern on the use of language functions and the interpretation of the context in the selected movie. The researcher examines the language functions that occurred in the utterances of the character Shane in talk to the five characters of children based on Janet Holmes’ (2013) theory of language functions. On the other hand, the researcher uses the theory of context that proposed by Dell Hymes (1974) to answer the second of problem statements. The researcher limits the discussion by take the data only from the utterances produced by the main character in The Pacifier movie which was released in March, 2005. It is because the main character in the selected movie has strong character which can lead the positive changes toward the children’s behavior.

1.6Definition of Key Terms

Discourse Analysis: One of linguistic branch, which is examines about language in use, whether produced both spoken and written, then taking on meaning in context for its users and perceived by them as purposeful, meaningful and connected. (Cook, 1994:25)

Language Functions: A functional approach to language means investigating how language is used: trying to find out what purposes that language serves for us, and how people are able to achieve these purposes through speaking and listening, reading and writing. (Halliday in Ambrosio et. al, 2015:107)

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Context: The background knowledge of what people know about each other and the world includes cultural knowledge and interpersonal knowledge such as what the know about various areas of life, what they know about the norms and expectations of the particular discourse community in which the communication is taking place. (Paltridge, 2006:54)

The Pacifier: An action movie which was directed by Adam Shankman and written by Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant. This film produced by Roger Birnbaum, Gary Barber and Jonathan Glickman. The main star of this movie was Vin Diesel. The film was released in March 2005 by Walt Disney Pictures. (https://rottentomatoes.com)

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents some terms of theories related with the topic of the research, which is the language functions. In this part, the researcher divides the discussion of theories into three sub chapters. The first sub chapter tells about discourse analysis since it has become the primary theory that cover all theory used in this research. The second sub chapter is about the theory of language function proposed by Janet Holmes (2013). The third sub chapter is about theory of context proposed by Dell Hymes (1964). All theories about are used to assist the researcher in answering the statement of the problem in her study.

2.1 Discourse Analysis

Discourse as opposed to text, is one of linguistic branch which studying about language in use, taking on meaning in context for its users and perceived by them as purposeful, meaningful and connected (Cook, 1994:25). On the other hand, discourse analysis focuses on knowledge about language beyond the word, clause, phrase, sentence that is needed for successful communication. Based on Paltridge (2006:2), discourse also considered as the relationship between language and the social and cultural context in which it is used and looks at patterns of organization across text Furthermore, Cook (2001:3) stated that although the main focus of discourse analysis is on language, it is not concerned with language alone. It is also examines the

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context of communication: who is communicating with whom and why; in what kind of society and situation; through what medium; how different types and acts of communication evolved; and their relationship to each other. By all of these, discourse analysis considered what people mean by what they say, how they work out of what people mean and the way language present the different views and understanding of the world includes an examination of how discourse is shape by relationship between participant and the effect of discourse has upon social identities and relations.

Discourse analysis is also regarded as the examination of language use by the members of a speech community. It involves analyzing both form and language function and includes both spoken interaction and written text with the aims at focusing on cultural and ethnic factors that aid in our interpretation and understanding of different texts and types of talk (Awal and Bahar: 2013). Here, the researcher analyze the script of The Pacifier movie in which it is included to discourse analysis study since the script is a verbal record of communicative act which then it is transferred to become the written language forms. That is why the researcher uses discourse analysis as a basic science in analyzing language functions in a movie with the goal to get a better understanding of the structure of language and how language function in communication.

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2.2 The Basic Function of Language

Language has a primary function to human live; it is to convey information to each other, or request services of some kind in a variety of situations, such as use language to apologize, refuse, giving direction, asking permission, and expressing a wish. Keraf (1997:1) stated the primary function of language is as communication tool between members of the society in the form of symbol of the sound produced by human vocal organs. It is supported by Brown and Yule (1983:1) argument, which stated the analysis of discourse deals with the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions which those forms are designed to serve human affairs. It means that all human being needs a language to interact with other people although they have different abilities to use and deliver the language itself. People can fulfill their need to survive through producing and receiving language.

However, Brown and Yule (1983:1) have been divided two major functions of language in order to emphasize convenience analytic, as follow:

2.2.1 Transactional Function

Transactional is a function of language, which serves in the expression of content. In this case, language used to transmit factual or propositional information so that the recipient gets the informative detail correct. For example, A doctor tells nurse how to administer medicine to a patient.

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2.2.2 Interactional Function

Interactional function is involved in expressing social relations and personal attitudes. In this case, conversational analysts have been particularly concerned with the use of language to negotiate, role-relationships, peer-solidarity, the exchange of turns in a conversation, the saving of face of both speaker and hearer. For example, Good morning. Lovely day isn’t it?

Furthermore, Halliday (1973) stated that a functional approach to language means investigating how language is used: trying to find out what purposes that language serves for us, and how people are able to achieve these purposes through speaking and listening, reading and writing (Ambrosio et. al, 2015:107). It means that function of language is an understanding about how language works in functional terms. Language is used to perform some kinds of communicative acts with the purpose to convey and interpret meaning in communication.

From the highlight about the definition of language function above, therefore, it can be concluded that in communication activity, people carry out several functions of language, in which these functions of language refers to the purpose of using language itself. Function of language itself is a function which is for a convey information and expressing social relationship. It also conveys the overt message and at the same time sets up or confirms the social identity and relationships of the people who are speaking or writing to another.

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2.3 Types of Language Function

This study uses theory of language functions proposed by Holmes (2013). Holmes (2013:275) stated in his book that there are eight categories of speech functions, in which each of those functions has its own characteristics and purposes. They are expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, poetic, phatic, heuristic and commissive functions. Three of them are recognized by many linguists although the precise labels they are given may differ and seem to be very fundamental functions of language because they derive from the basic components of any interaction. Those three functions are expressive (addressor), directive (addressee), and referential (message). Meanwhile, the categorization of the eight types of speech functions will describe in the following:

2.3.1 The Expressive Functions

According to Holmes (2013:275), the expressive is a kind of language function refers to the language used to express what the speaker’s mind or personal feelings. Furthermore, the term of expression focused on thoughts, attitude, needs, and opinions of the speaker in which delivered in different choice of words and intonation. People may express their thoughts by draw conclusions based on what they have experienced. People may express feelings to communicate their emotions. People may express their needs communicating in an instrumental way to help us get things done. These expressions are submissive to social factors and to the nature of

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the expression as positive (e.g. I’m feeling great today) or negative (e.g. I’m very gloomy tonight).

2.3.2 The Directive Functions

The directive function is the use of language to direct, influence and manage

one’s own or other’s action. Holmes (2013:277) clarifies that directive function refers

to the language used as an attempt to get someone to do something. On the other hand, this function is created to giving orders or making requests by using interrogatives, declaratives and imperatives statements. Imperative sentences may express a strict demand such as saying (e.g. Clear the table) or it can seem less demanding by using the politeness strategy such as saying (e.g. Clear the table, please). Context informs when and how people express directives and how people respond to them. In this case, the researcher concluded that language is a means of control, which consists of demanding an action, suggesting an action, requesting an action, dealing with permission, dealing with obligations or expectations and requesting information.

2.3.3 The Referential Functions

Referential function of language shows the condition of the speakers who want to share their knowledge or news toward the hearer. As cited by Holmes (2013:275), referential functions refer to utterances attempt to provide information. In this case, people may express observations by report on the sensory information they are taking or have taken in. This function may use trough different forms of speech

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such as declarative (e.g. At the third stroke it will be three o’clock precisely) or interrogative statements (e.g. what time is it?).

2.3.4 The Metalinguistic Functions

Holmes (2013:275) stated that metalinguistic function refers to the utterances comment on language itself. For example ‘Hegemony’ is not a common word. On the other hand, it is used to describe parts of language such as grammar or words that describe language itself. Another example is the word “ion” of the sentence means noun. Furthermore, Jackobson (1960:356) emphasized this function only focused attention on the code itself. It means that metalinguistic function reveals the condition in which the speakers want to clarify or correct the use of language itself. For example, speaker said, “I don’t like you.” – “Sorry what did you say?” asks the addressee.

2.3.5 The Poetic Functions

Poetic function reveals of how the speakers produces the utterances by using any kind of word plays. Considered to Holmes (2013:275), poetic function is the utterances of language that focus on aesthetic features of language. It is includes the use of linguistic features such as a poem, rhyming words, an-ear catching motto, alliteration or paronomasia and antithesis. For example, “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.”

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2.3.6 The Phatic Functions

Phatic reveals the condition of how the speakers show their sociability toward the hearer. It also can be known as a function of language that commonly used in everyday interaction includes greetings, complements, gossip, etc. According to Holmes (2013:275), phatic utterances express solidarity and empathy with others. The phatic function is, however, equally important from a sociolinguistic perspective. Phatic communication conveys an affective or social message rather than a referential one. One of the insights provided by sociolinguists has been precisely that language is not used to convey only referential information, but also expresses information about social relationships. For example, when two strangers are met and one of them say, “Hi, how are you, it’s cold!” the speaker is indicating a readiness to be friendly and to talk.

2.3.7 The Heuristic Function

Holmes (2013:276) argued in his book that Michael Halliday identified a function of language which is concerned with learning. This function was labeled by Halliday as heuristic and also glossed as the ‘tell me why’ function. The need of this function arose from the study of children language acquisition in which language is use to learn and discover. For example, “What is the function of tractor?”

2.3.8 The Commissive Function

Holmes (2013:276) regarded that the commissive function refers to the language used to deal with promises threats, with marriage views, bets and also

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declarations of war. Nevertheless, each category has its distinctive characteristics. The precise linguistic form used is crucial to bets, for instance. By uttering the words I bet . . . we ‘perform’ the bet. Similarly, the precise words uttered at particular points are crucial in a wedding ceremony. So it is possible to add a variety of further categories which may prove useful and illuminating for particular analyses. Simplify, Commissive function reveals what the speaker intends to commit themselves to do something in the future. Other examples are (1) I will clean my room, I promise. (2) You will get a punishment if you late again.

2.4 Features of Context

According to Paltridge (2006:54), an understanding of how language functions in context is central to an understanding of the relationship between what is said and what is understood in spoken and written discourse. It requires a consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances.

On the other hand, Cook (1999) defines context is just a form of knowledge the world and the term context can be used in a broad and narrow sense. In the narrow sense, it refers to (knowledge of) factors outside the text under consideration. In the broad sense, it refers to (knowledge of) these factors and to (knowledge of) other parts of the text under consideration, sometimes referred to as co-tex (Song: 2010). From the explanation above, one main point of the context is the environment in which a discourse occurs, beside, it can be concluded that context is the result of

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the hearer or the reader interprets the utterances based on the background knowledge of the utterances. It is important to understand the context of an utterance in order to help the hearer or reader to reveal the literal or the intended meaning of speaker’s utterances.

Georgakopoulo (1997) as cited in Fidayanti (2012: 98) stated that there are four types of context; they are context of situation, context of culture, context as co-text and cognitive conco-text. From the four types of conco-text above, conco-text of situations is the best codification of context elements that closed to the speech event. Context of situation includes who is speaking to whom, when, where, and for what purpose; the physical setting, the social scene in which the discourse occurs; the roles and status of the participants involved.

Context can be also known as speech event. Hymes (1974) stated that speech events is the most important one dealing with particular instances of speech exchanging, like exchange of greeting, enquiry and etc. Besides, in order to analyze speech events, some factors should be considered. One of the most comprehensive

lists of such factors is Hymes’ SPEAKING term, which is the abbreviation for

setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, and genre (Vakili et. al, 2012:27). The abbreviation of SPEAKING grid will be explained as follow:

‘S’ for Setting and Scene: Setting refers to the time and place which is the concrete physical circumstances in which speech takes place. Scene refers to the abstract psychological setting, or the cultural definition of the occasion. Within a

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particular setting, of course, participants are free to change scenes as they change the level of formality, or as they change the kind of activity in which they are involved.

‘P’ for Participants: It includes various combinations of speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver. They generally fill certain socially specified roles. A two-person conversation involves a speaker and hearer whose roles change.

E’ for Ends: It refers to the conventionally recognized and expected outcomes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that participations seek to accomplish on particular occasions. On the other hand, it is the goals or purposes that a speaker wishes to reach.

‘A’ for Act sequence: It refers to the actual form and content of what is said: the precise words used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is said to the actual topic at hand.

‘K’ for Key: In the course of social interaction, participants offer each other cues as how to interpret the message content. It refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message is conveyed such as lighthearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on. The key may also be marked nonverbally by certain kind of behavior, gesture, posture, or even deportment.

‘I’ for Instrumentalities: It refers to the choice of channel such as oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual form of speech employed, whether it will be deliver in a more formal way or a casual friendly one.

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The norm of interaction is the contextual custom in using the code, including for example allowance for an interruption, using gestures freely, addressing an audience, eye contacts, distance, asking questions about belief, etc.

‘G’ for Genre: It refers to the types of utterance that is being given such things as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lecture, and editorials. Different disciplines develop terms for kinds of speech acts and speech communities sometimes have their own terms for types.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this part, the researcher discusses about the methodology of the research which is consists of research design, research instrument, data and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

In this present research, the researcher applies the descriptive-qualitative method. Krathwohl (1993) stated that descriptive is a research methodology which has three main purposes of research: to describe, explain and validate findings (Knupfer and McLellan: 1197). It means that the description emerges following creative exploration and serves to organize the finding. Meanwhile, qualitative approach is an approach in which concerned on description and interpret the data rather than the counting of feature (Wray and Bloomer: 97). The emphasis is on exploring the types of strategy that particular speakers use in specific contexts with particular people. By all of these, the researcher uses both descriptive and qualitative method because the data analysis is presented through interpretation and the description of detail information about the kinds of language functions and the context of language functions used by character Shane in talking to the children in The Pacifier movie. The researcher also prefers to put any words of quotation rather than numeric data.

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3.2. Research Instrument

The main instrument of this research is human. As stated by Bogdan and Biklen (2007:4) even when equipment is used, however, the data are collected on the premises and supplemented by the understanding that is gained by being on location. In addition, mechanically recorded materials are reviewed in their entirety by the researcher with the researcher’s insight being the key instrument for analysis. Therefore, in this research, the main instrument is the researcher herself because she observed the objects, obtained the data, and analyzed them as well through her insight. Then, another supporting instrument that used to gather the data of this research are books, internet and laptop. Books and internets are used to collect some references for the research, whereas laptop is regarded as an instrument that help the researcher to conduct this research through all the process.

3.3. Data and Data Sources

According to Mukhtar (2013:99), data in the research is things known or assumed, means that something that is already occurring as empirical facts. The data of this research are collected from the utterances produced by the character Shane in talk with the five characters of children, which was dealing with the kinds of language functions. Whereas data source is sources that enable the researcher to get some information or data that is needed in a research (2013:107). The data sources of this research are taken from the script of the Pacifier movie, which consists of the conversation between Shane and the children.

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3.4. Data Collection

Creswell (2009:178) stated that data collection steps involve regulating the borders of the study by gathering information, which then enables to answer relevant question through unstructured or semistructured observations and interviews, documents, and visual materials. In this research, the researcher collects the data of the research through documentation in which the data may public documents or private documents and visual materials in which the data may take form of photographs, art objects, videotapes or any forms of sound. By all of these, the researcher collects the data by several steps below:

1. The researcher watch the movie based on the time sequence appearance in order to get deep understanding about how the character Shane interacts with the five characters of children in The Pacifier movie.

2. The researcher read the script of The Pacifier movie carefully while watch and listen the movie in order to get the accurate scrip that suitable with the dialogue in the movie.

3. The researcher underline the utterances of character Shane that contained kinds of language functions based on Holmes’s theory while doing communication with five characters of the children

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3.5. Data Analysis

Miles and Huberman (1990) proposed flow model analysis data, which is categorized into four steps; they are data collection, reduction data, data display, and verification or draw conclusions (2013:135). Therefore, after getting and collecting the data from the data source, the researcher analyzed the data by following the steps below:

1. Collecting Data

The researcher underlined all of the character Shane’s utterances that contained the use of language functions. Then, the researcher gives the

code on each of Shane’s utterances and put the collected data into table in

order to simplify them.

Table 3.1 Table sheet of language functions emerge in The Pacifier’s Movie.

Data Time

Sequences

Conversation Code Type of

Language Functions 27 00:54:59 –

00:55:09

Seth : You're gonna have to do the Panda dance or he won't stop.

Shane : (27.1) Oh, come on... I don't know how to do

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the Panda dance.

Seth : I'll write it down for you.

The researcher gives code on each of Shane’s utterances because Shane produced some utterances in each of data. Meanwhile, the researcher determines the data based on the context of the conversation. The code given for the type of language functions based on the abbreviation: Expressive (E), Directive (D), Referential (R), Metalinguistic (M), Poetic (P1), Phatic (P2), Heuristic (H), and Commissive (C).

2. Reduction Data

Data reduction is summarizing, choose things that are fundamental, and focus on important things so that the reduced data will provide a clear picture and make the researcher easily to conduct further data analysis. 3. Data Display

Miles and Huberman stated that the most frequent form of display data for qualitative research data has been narrative text (2013:135). In this research, the researcher divided the data displayed by firstly presented the data of language functions found in the table of percentage as follow: Table 3.2 Table sheet of language functions mostly emerge in The Pacifier’s Movie.

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No Types of Language Function Frequency Percentage (%) 1.

2.

Total 100%

Furthermore, the researcher presented them into narrative explanation based on Holmes’ language functions and Hymes’ context theories as the example below:

Data 27

Time: 00:54:59 – 00:55:09

Seth : You're gonna have to do the Panda dance or he won't stop. Shane : (27.1) Oh, come on... I don't know how to do the Panda

dance.

Seth : I'll write it down for you. Language Functions:

On the conversation above, Shane produces only one utterance in which it is refers to the expressive function of language. It is because Shane expresses his personal feelings and thoughts. In this scene, Shane feels confused when Seth asks him to do the Panda dance to Peter. Shane stated that he has lack of knowledge about the Panda dance by saying “Oh, come on... I don't know how to do the Panda dance.” However, Seth directly gives verbal response by answer Shane’s statement that he will give a direction to Shane to do the panda dance.

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Context:

The setting of the conversation is in Mr. Plummer’s house

especially inside Lulu’s room at night. The participants are Shane and

Seth. The end is Shane wants to show his inability to do the panda dance requested by Seth. The act sequence is firstly, Shane tells a story to make Lulu sleep and suddenly Seth comes and asks him to make Peter calm and sleep by doing panda dance. The key indicates the tone of the speech is sincerity. The instrument is indicates the channel of speech is orally and delivered in informal way. The norm is children have their own habit to make them sleep. The genre is expressive.

4. Conclusion Drawing/Verification

The last step of analyze the data is drawing conclusion. The researcher concludes the research based on the finding such as mention what kind of language functions that is found in the movie, what language function that mostly and rarely used by character Shane in the movie and how the context of situation behind the use of language functions.

CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS

In this chapter, the researcher presents two points. The first point of this chapter is data findings and the second point is discussions. Furthermore, this chapter provides more detail reflection on the findings and displays all the result of data analysis. Therefore, the research questions are answered within this chapter.

4.1 Findings

In this point, the researcher presents the findings from the data. Furthermore, the researcher provides the analysis of language function found in Shane’s utterances while doing communication with five children of Mr. Plummer in The Pacifier movie. The researcher has found many utterances contained the language function used by Shane as the main character in the movie. Therefore, the researcher takes some of the data finding analysis to be displayed in this section. By firstly, the researcher put on the type of language function found in Shane’s utterance on the following table:

Table 4.1 The frequencies and percentages of Language Functions in The

Pacifier Movie.

No. Type of Language Functions Frequency Percentage (%)

1 Expressive 44 32%

2 Directive 42 30%

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4 Metalinguistic 2 1%

5 Poetic 0 0%

6 Phatic 15 11%

7 Heuristic 2 1%

8 Commissive 5 4%

Total 139 100%

Based on the table 4.1 above, it is obvious the percentages of language functions show 32% refers to expressive functions. In the second with totally around 30% data is directive function. Referential functions with totally around 21% are regarded as the third rank. Metalinguistic and heuristic functions are equally found in only 1% data. The next one is Poetic function with totally 0% data. Phatic functions are found around 11% data. Meanwhile commissive functions are found in 4% data. Therefore, looking at the results, it can be concluded that the overall maximum of all language functions in The Pacifier movie deals with expressive functions with totally 32%, while the overall minimum refers to poetic functions with totally 0% data.

After the data are gathered in the table, the researcher analyzes the data by

presents the description of language function’s type and explanation of the context of

situation as follows:

4.1.1 Types of Language Function and Context onْShane’sْUtterancesْ

In this section, the researcher analyzes the data of utterances on the dialogue of conversation between Shane as the main character and the five children of Mr. Plummer based on Holmes’s theory of language functions. According to Holmes (2013), speech function or can be known as the function of language is categorized

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into eight types, they are expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic, poetic, phatic, heuristic and commissive function. Besides, the researcher interprets the context based on Hymes’ (1974) such setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norms and genre. The explanation of research findings can be seen as follow:

4.1.1.1 Expressive Functions

Expressive shows the truth condition of the meaning of someone’s utterances. Holmes (2013:275) stated that expressive functions of language refers to a kind of language function that state or express what the speaker’s mind or personal feeling. Furthermore, the term of expression focused on feeling, ideas, attitudes, and opinion of the speaker. The following are Shane’s utterances that included in expressive function of language:

Data 10

Time: 00:23:39 - 00:23:51

Shane : (10.1) Ah! God! Red Baby! Tyler : (crying)

Shane : (10.2) Alrighty. We'll try this. Soak that up a bit. Language Function:

From the dialogues above, Shane produced two utterances in which refer to the expressive functions of language. Firstly, Shane tried to change the baby’s diaper, but then he produced utterance “Ah! God! Red Baby!” It was his first experience to

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change the diaper of a baby. By utter the utterance above, Shane wants to reveal his feeling of disgusting. It also supported by his behaviors that cannot stop to groaned

and repelled when the baby’s diaper was opened. Secondly, he tried to convince

himself that everything will be fine and revealed his ideas to douche the baby by dips

the baby’s bottom half in the puddle of toilet. By all of these explanations, it is clear

that Shane’s utterances contain of expressive function because he used language to express his personal feeling and ideas.

Context:

The participants of the conversation are Shane and Tyler. The conversation occurs in the Mrs. Plummer’s house especially in the bathroom, at the morning. The purpose of the conversation is Shane tries to change the baby’s diaper. The chronological order is the baby was poop and Shane asks the eldest of Mr. Plummer’s children to help him but not everybody wants to help him to change the diaper. The baby does not stop to cry because he felt uncomfortable. Finally, Shane should change the baby’s diaper by himself. The key indicates that the tone is feeling disgust. The instrument is orally and delivers in informal way. The norm revealed that a man who has no experience with a baby tends to feel awkward and disgusting when they forced to change the baby’s diaper. The genre of Shane utterances is expressive.

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Data 14

Time: 00:32:51 – 00:33:01

Shane : (13.1) That guy don't have his head on right. Seth : I was fine! I don't need your help!

Language Function:

Based on the conversation above, Shane only produced one utterance in which it is refers to the expressive function of language. It is because Shane delivered his personal thought toward the hearer by said “That guy don't have his head on right.” In this case, Shane revealed to Seth about his personal thought about the vice-principal of Seth. Shane considered the vice vice-principal was insane because his absurd behavior. Besides, by revealed his personal thought about Seth’s vice-principal, Shane expected to have close relationship with Seth because it seemed like he has defended Seth. Overall, it is clear that Shane’s utterance contained expressive function.

Context:

The participants of the conversation are Shane as the addressor and Seth as the addressee. The setting of the conversation is in the yard of the school, at the daylight. The purpose is Shane reveal what he thinks about the vice principal. The chronological order is Shane supervised children’s activities in the yard, then, he saw Seth got into a fight with some of students. Shane tried to calm the situation, instead the vice principal discredit and insulted him and Seth. The key indicates the manner of the speaker is weirdness. The instrument is casual friendly. The norm revealed that

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adults tend to show an attitude as if they have defended the teenagers in order to establish the close relationship with them. The genre is expressive.

Data 15

Time: 00:33:53 – 00:36:05

Shane : (15.1) Very funny. (15.2) Thank you for the letter.

(Looks around at Scott and Zoe with show a tracking device) Zoe : (Suppressing a smile).

Seth : (Staring at Shane with terrified).

Peter : (Show his innocence’s face while eating snack).

Lulu : (Staring at Zoe with her hand makes a “you will die” gesture). Tyler : (Laughing).

Language Function:

On the conversation above, Shane produces two utterances in which they are refers to the use of expressive function. Firstly, Shane produced the utterance “Very funny.” in order to express his annoyed feeling on what has been done by Mr.

Plummer’s children toward him. Besides, he also supported by show his emotion of

aggravation on his face when he saw the innocence’s expression of Mr. Plummer’s children. Secondly, Shane insinuated his feeling of annoyed by saying “Thank you for the letter.” It means that he derided the children by thanked them for their mischievous attitude that put a note “HA HA HA” adhered on tracking device.

By overall, it obvious that Shane’s utterances carry out expression function of language because he expresses his personal feeling toward the hearer. He wants to reveal that he has annoyed to saw a children’s behavior that considers a tracking

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Context:

The participants that followed in the conversation above are Shane as the addressor (speaker) and Zoe, Seth, Lulu, Peter and Tyler as the addressee (hearer). The setting of the conversation is taken place in the family’s room of Mr. Plummer’s house. The purpose is Shane wanted to show how annoyed he felt on the behavior of Mr. Plummer’s children who have cooperated to tease Shane. Zoe and Seth are cooperated to tease Shane by throw away the tracking device which is set up by Shane to keep them saved. Shane detected where the tracking device throw in because he thinks that one of Mr. Plummer’s children trapped in danger. Then he comes home with much of dirt smearing his body. Everyone gasps then covers their noses. The key indicates the tone is annoyed. The instrument is orally and delivered in informal way. The norm is described that children tend to underestimate the serious thing without thinking about the risks. The genre is expressive.

Data 19

Time: 00:43:02 – 00:44:23

Zoe : Thanks a lot, Lt. Loser! Now I'm gonna be the school joke. I don't know what I'll say to my friends.

Shane : (19.1) You call those people your friends? They have no respect for you. They have no respect for your home. You have no respect for yourself!

Zoe : I do, too, respect myself!

Shane : (19.2) Company downstairs. That means you too (pointed Seth and Lulu). Zoe : You're not my dad. In case you haven't noticed, this family is going through a really hard time and you're just making everything a lot worse. You have no feelings. We hate you and you hate us. So why don't you just leave us alone?

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Language Function:

From the dialogue above, an underlined of Shane’s utterances is refers to the use of expressive function of language. In this case, Shane felt surprised of Zoe’s statement that stated people who joined in the party as her best friends. However, Shane expressed his personal opinion that all of people who joined in the party is not supposed to be called as friends because they just make a riot in Zoe’s home. Shane also argued that Zoe is not much different with her friend because she has allowed them to riot up her home. Zoe gives verbal response by answer Shane’s statement. These explanations clarified that Shane’s utterances are expressive function because he used language in order to express his personal feeling and opinion toward the hearer.

Context:

The participants of the conversation are Zoe, Shane, Seth and Lulu. The setting is in the upstairs of Mr. Plummer’s house especially in the hallway, at night. The purpose is Shane wants Zoe realize that her behavior to let her friends make a party and riot up her house is deplorable. The act sequence begins when Shane and Lulu are come home and found Zoe has made a party with her friends inside house. Shane stopped the party and asked all the people to clean up the house, then, he warned Zoe. The key indicates the tone is angry and annoyed. The instrument is orally and informal. The norm shows the teenagers tend to be angry when the stranger tries to warn and control them. The genre is expressive.

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Data 30

Time: 00:56:27 – 00:56:45

Shane : (30.1) Whoa! Whoa! Not bad. Lulu : Land! Solid land!

Shane : (30.1) I think it went well. Zoe : Oh, it's so dramatic. Language Function:

From the conversation above, it can be known that Shane used expressive function in both two utterances produced on the dialogue. In this scene, Shane commented to Zoe about how she had been driving the car. By said “Whoa! Whoa! Not bad.” Shane revealed that Zoe is already slightly capable of drive a car. Secondly, Shane delivered his opinion by said, “I think it went well.” when he saw Lulu and Seth’s condition, which they looked sick when dropped from a car driven by Zoe. Shane stated that nothing serious had happened and they will be fine. By these explanation, it is obvious that Shane carried out expressive function since he used language in order to express his personal feeling and opinion.

Context:

The participants are Shane, Lulu and Zoe. The conversation happened in the

school of Mr. Plummer’s children especially in the parking lot, at morning. Shane

was dropped Mr. Plummer’s children go to school by having the eldest one to drive the car. Unfortunately, two of them seemed sick when they out of car, but Shane

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appreciated the way of Zoe drive the car. The key indicates the tone is praise. The instrument of the speech is orally and informal. The genre is expressive.

4.1.1.2 Directive Functions

Directive shows the condition of the speakers who want to request some actions from the hearer. According to Holmes (2013:275), directive function refers to utterances attempt to get someone to do something. Shane’s utterances that included in directive function of language are presented below:

Data 4

Time: 00:15:45 -00:16:02 Peter : What are you doing?

Shane :(4.1)You're burning daylight! Move! Peter : It's Sunday. And it's 6am! You're insane!

Language Function:

On data above, Shane produces only one utterance. Shane used language in order to ask someone to do something. In this scene, Shane wants to request an action from Seth. He produced utterance “You're burning daylight! Move!” In this case, Shane gives a command by imperative statements through using question tag and add exclamation mark that indicates his command to Seth. Shane ordered Seth to get up and being sunbathed in the morning. Overall, it is clear that Shane carries out directive function of language in which he commanded the hearer through his utterances.

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Context:

The participants of the dialogue above are Shane and Seth. The dialogue happens in upstairs of Mr. Plummer’s house, especially in Seth’s bedroom, at the morning. The end is Shane wanted Seth to awaken up at the morning. The act sequence is Shane awakened up the kids by blowing the whistle. Shane enters Seth’s room and blow up the whistle louder. Seth got angry and pulls the blanket over his head, but Shane flips the mattress over spilling Seth to the floor. The key indicates that Shane equalize the way to awakened up the kids as a navy in order to make the kids discipline. The norm is wake up in the morning and being sunbathed is good for health. The genre of Shane utterance is directive.

Datum 25

Time: 00:48:56 - 00:49:11 Shane : (25.1) Red One!

Zoe : (Rushed forward Shane)

Shane : (25.2) Zoe! You're in charge. Anyone gets within keep all doors sealed, do your homework, preheat the oven and don't let Lulu in the cookie jar.

Zoe : (Staring at Shane with her head makes “a confused” gesture)

Language Function:

From the conversation above, it can be seen that Shane produced utterances that contained the use of directive function in which it is because he used language to get someone to do something. In this scene, Shane called Zoe as “Red one!” It means that he asked Zoe to immediately to get approached him because he wanted to request some actions from Zoe. Then, he explained some of the tasks to be performed by Zoe

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during he is not be in the Mr. Plummer’s house. Look at the explanation above, it is clear that Shane used directive functions of language in order to get Zoe followed his instructions.

Context:

The participants of the conversation above are Shane as the speaker and Zoe as the hearer. The conversation was occurred in upstairs of Mr. Plummer’s house precisely in front of the children’s room. The purpose is Shane wants Zoe to obey on what he has been commanded to her. The act sequence begins when Shane found out Seth who had escaped from his room, then he suddenly called Zoe and out of Seth’s room. Shane told Zoe about some tasks that she should handle off. The key indicates the tone of the speech is high and wise. The instrument is orally and delivered in informal way. The norm revealed that the eldest child should have a responsibility to lead and protect the younger child. The genre of the speech is directive.

Data 29

Time: 00:55:48 – 00:56:24

Shane : (29.1) Zoe. Uh! Today you drive. Zoe : But I can't even pass Driver's Ed. Shane : (29.2) Exactly.

Seth : We're all gonna die.

Zoe : Have you ever given a driving lesson before?

Shane : (29.3) In a minivan? No. (29.4) Think of it like a Bradley Assault Vehicle. Seth : Especially when Zoe's driving.

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Seth : Zoe, what are you doing? What are? Slow down! Lulu : Truck!

Language Function:

On the data above, Shane produces four utterances. On 29.1 and 29.4, Shane carried out directive functions of language in his utterances. It is because Shane gives command to the kids to follow his instructions. In this case, Shane uses directive functions in the form of declarative statement in order to asked Zoe to drive the car go towards the school. However, Zoe feels surprised on what Shane instructed to her and tries to refuse it. On the other hand, Shane convinced Zoe by instructed her to consider herself as driving Bradley Assault Vehicle in order to help Zoe decrease her nervousness.

Context:

There are six participants in the conversation above, in which Shane, Zoe, Seth and Lulu become active participants instead Peter and Tyler become passive participants. The conversation is happened in the car, more precisely along the way to

the children’s school, at morning. The purpose of the conversation is Shane wants

Zoe to discard her fears and dare to drive a car by herself. The chronological order is Shane getting ready to drop the kids off to school. However, he decided to command Zoe to drive a car. The key indicates the manners of speaker delivered the speech is quite and believe that everything will run well. The instrument of the speech is informal. The norm is delivered that people will never succeed if they never had the courage to try. The genre is directive.

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Data 31

Time: 00:57:00 - 00:57:08

Shane : (31.1) Peter, careful! (31.2) Don't make me come up there! Peter : (He ignores Shane and keeps going play at slide game) Language Function:

Based on data 31 above, Shane produces two utterances in which they are refers to the use of directive function. It is because he requests an action from Peter. In this case, Shane gives a command to Peter in order to follow his instructions. Shane asks Peter to be careful when he is playing at slide game. It shows by Shane utterance that used imperative statements with adding exclamation as “Peter, careful! Don't make me come up there!” In fact, Peter gives non-verbal response to Shane by ignored him and keeps playing at slide’s game.

Context:

On the conversation above, the participants are Shane who has becomes an addressor and Tyler as an addressee. The conversation took place in the playground

of the kids’ school at break time. The end of the speech is Shane does not want

something bad happened to Peter. It is begin when Shane and principal are being talked about positive changes in the behavior of Mr. Plummer’s children. In the middle of the discussion, Shane sees Peter walking toward the slide game. The tone of the speaker is loud and clear in which indicates the speaker is feeling worry. The

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speech is delivered orally and in informal way. The norm revealed that children tend to ignore their safety when they are infatuated to play. The genre is directive.

4.1.1.3 Referential Functions

Referential shows the condition of the speakers who want to share their knowledge or news toward the hearer. As cited by Holmes (2013:275), referential functions refer to utterances attempt to provide information. The analysis of

referential functions found in Shane’s utterances can be seen below:

Data 7

Time: 00: 19:07 – 00:19:30

Lulu : Somebody help me, please! Help me, somebody! Stop it, Peter! This is nuts! Shane : (7.1) Peter, cut this out. (7.2) Hey, good soldiers aren't scared of anything. Lulu : I'm not scared. I'm annoyed. Ever since he heard Daddy say there was a

ghost in the house, he puts on that blanket and chases me everywhere. It drives me crazy.

Language Function:

From the conversation above, Shane produces two kinds of utterances. On underlined utterances, Shane carried out referential function of language. It is because Shane used language to provide information toward Lulu. In this scene, Shane produced utterance “Hey, good soldiers aren’t scared of anything” in order to tell Lulu that she have to be brave if she wants to become a good solider. On the other hand, Shane intended to make her feel calm. In this case, Lulu gives verbal response by stated that she was not scared but just little bit annoyed toward Peter’s behavior.

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By all of these, it is obvious that Shane’s underlined utterance is referential since the speaker of the utterance’s purpose to give information or tell something to the hearer. Context:

There are three participants in the conversation above. They are Shane, Lulu and Peter. The setting of the conversation is in the upstairs hallway of the Mrs. Plummer’s house especially in Lulu’s room, at the morning. The end of the conversation is Shane wanted to calm the condition by stop Peter’s behavior, who was scaring Lulu. The act sequence is Shane does one-handed push-ups in the living room and suddenly he hears Lulu screams out loudly. He rushes into Lulu’s room and found that Peter pretends to be a ghost by covering his face with white blanket and scaring Lulu. The Key is Shane wisely informs to Lulu to do not scare with anything. The instrument indicates that the speech is delivered informally. The genres of Shane’s utterance is referential.

Data 12

Time: 00:25:05 – 00:26:14

Shane : (Answers phone) Plummer residence. Yes, I know it's Monday today. No, Mrs. Plummer's away. Yes, we'll be right there.

Zoe : Who was that?

Shane : Your vice principal. He said that if you and Seth are late again, you're both suspended. He wants to see you in his office right away.

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Language Function:

Based on the dialogue above, it can be seen that Shane’s underlined utterance conveyed referential function of language. It is because Shane attempted utterances to provide information to the hearer. In this case, Shane produces declarative sentences as “Your vice principal. He said that if you and Seth are late again, you're both suspended. He wants to see you in his office right away.” in order to tell the children that he has been getting calls from their vice-principal. Then, he told Mr. Plummer’s children especially Zoe and Seth about what was delivered by the vice principal on the phone. Shane explained to them that their vice principal had given stern warning to them if they came late to school again. Besides, the vice principal wanted to meet them soon.

Context:

The participants of the conversation are Shane, Lulu, Tyler, and Zoe. The dialogue occurred in Mrs. Plummer’s house especially in the dining room, at the morning. The end is delivered of what has been said by the vice principal on the phone. The chronological order is Shane has been preparing food on the table and call

Mr. Plummer’s children to immediately come to the dinning room and having a

breakfast together, but suddenly the phone rings. The key indicates the tone is serious. The channel is totally oral and the register is informal when Shane talks to the kids and formal when Shane talks to the vice principal in phone. The norm revealed that teenagers sometimes do bad things which are in accordance with the

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By all of these, the researcher concluded that it is important to use language by notice its specific functions along with the context which is influenced the language usage in order to have a good verbal communication with other, since it can help us meet our various needs through our ability to express the language clearly.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

In this chapter, the researcher presents two points in which the first point refers to the conclusion and the second point refers to the suggestion. The researcher draws the conclusion based on the whole point of this study. Furthermore, the researcher provides suggestion in order to give highlights for the next researchers who are interested in doing further researches in the same field of the study.

5.1 Conclusions

This study is about the language function used by the main character in The

Pacifier movie. In this case, the researcher limits her data source of the study by only

focused on Shane’s utterance as the main character in the movie when having verbal communication with the five children of Mr. Plummer. The researcher wants to investigate the type of language functions used by Shane since the language provides several functions, which in each function can help people easily express their feelings, wishes and thoughts to each other. Furthermore, the researcher wants to explore the context of situation behind the use of language function in order to know the intended meaning of speaker’s utterance.

Based on the result of data findings, the researcher concluded there are only seven from eight types of language function categorized by Holmes (2013) found in 139 of Shane’s utterance. They are expressive, directive, referential, metalinguistic,

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phatic, heuristic and commissive functions of language. However, the researcher found that the function of language mostly used by Shane in the movie is expressive functions with totally used in 44 utterances. Directive function is considered as the second most frequently used in 42 utterances. The third is referential function with totally used in 29 utterances. Phatic function found in 15 utterances. Commissive function foundin 5 utterances. Whereas Metalinguistic and heuristic functions are found in 2 utterances. In this study, the researcher did not find any poetic function occurs in Shane’s utterance.

On the other hand, the researcher also found the context of situation of language function on Shane’s utterances based on Hymes’ theory. In this case, the context of situation carried out some factors affecting the use of each type of language function in the movie, which are in line with Hymes’s (1974) SPEAKING model. Hymes’s (1974) SPEAKING term, which is abbreviation for setting, participants, ends, act sequences, key, instrumentalities, norms and genre. All the features of the context of situations are presented by the researcher in this study in order to explore the actual meaning form the specific purpose of using language.

5.2 Suggestions

By all of these, the researcher would like to give some suggestions for the readers especially for the next researcher who are interested to conduct the same topic of the study, which is about language functions. This study can be a reference for them. However, this study is only focused on analyzing the types of language

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function and the context behind the use of language function itself. It will be more interesting to analyze the language function with further investigation through different statement of the problems and theory proposed from other experts in order to found any other contribution in the future study about language function. In addition, the future researcher may use other object of the study such as novels, short stories, poems, songs, etc since this study use movie as the object of the study.

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