The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”, an Indonesian Indie Film.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRACT

This research is entitled “The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in cin(T)a, an Indonesian Indie Film.” This research investigates the subtitle strategies that are used in the film and to know the quality of subtitling in the English subtitle of the film cin(T)a (2009) directed by Sammaria Simanjuntak. A descriptive qualitative research method is used to to explain, analyze, and classify data through various techniques, such as examining documents and interviewing participants (Creswell 2009, p.175).

The research reveals that there are 575 dialogues to be analyzed in this film. The data are analyzed by applying subtitle strategies theory proposed by Gottlieb (1992). In this research, there are nine subtitle strategies used by the translator; they are transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.It is also found that there are three dominant strategies. They are transfer, paraphrase, and imitation. Transfer as the most frequent strategy occurs 368 items or covers 64% of the data. It is followed by the other strategy; expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.

Transfer is the most frequent strategy. This is because the subtitler translated the source language (SL) accurately and completely without leaving any single word. Then, they do not need additional information or deletion to give the same effect as the source language (SL). The possible reason why this strategy is used is because he or she does not want to lose the original meaning of the source language.

In addition, based on the criteria for the judgement of translation quality proposed by Barnwell (1996), the quality of subtitle in the English subtitles of the film cin(T)a is in grade 3 or in “good” level. The criteria for the judgement of translation quality are based on accuracy, clarity, and naturalness by the judgement of two people. These two people are native speakers. This shows that transfer strategy is appropriate to apply in the subtitle of this film.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

ABSTRAK

Penelitian ini berjudul “The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in cin(T)a, an Indonesian Indie Film” atau “Analisis Pada Penggunaan Strategi terjemahan pada film cin(T)a, film indie Indonesia”. Penelitian ini menginvestigasi strategi terjemahan apa yang digunakan pada film ini dan kualitas terjemahannya. Metode Kualitatif deskriptif digunakan untuk menjelaskan, menganalisa, dan memengklasifikasikan data seperti menguji dokumen dan mewawancara partisipan.(Creswell, 2009).

Terdapat 575 dialog yang dianalisa di film ini. Data tersebut dianalisa dengan menggunakan strategi terjemahan dari Gottlieb (1992). Dalam penelitian ini terdapat sembilan strategi yang ditemukan yaitu, transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation. Transfer diketahui merupakan strategi yang paling banyak digunakan di dalam terjemahan film ini. Transfer digunakan pada 368 dialog dan meliputi 64%. Lalu diikuti oleh strategi lainnya seperti, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.

Transfer merupakan strategi yang paling banyak digunakan. Hal ini dikarenakan penerjemah tetap menerjemahkan teks sumber dengan tepat tanpa menghilangkan atau menambahkan. Salah satu alasan mengapa penerjemah menerapkan strategi ini karena dia tidak ingin menghilangkan arti dan pesan sesungguhnya dari teks sumber.

Dalam penelitian ini, kualitas dari hasil terjemahan dianalisa menggunakan penilaian kualitas terjemahan yang diusulkan oleh Barnwell (1996). Dari hasil ini diketahui bahwa hasil terjemahan dari terjemahan film cin(T)a adalah di tingkat “3” atau di tingkat bagus. Kriteria penilaian ini berdasarkan akurasi, kejelasan, dan natural yang dievalusi oleh dua orang. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa strategi transfer sangat sesuai diaplikasikan di terjemahan film ini.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

STATEMENT OF AUTHORIZATION ... i

PREFACE ... ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ... iii

ABSTRACT ... iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... v

LIST OF TABLES ... vii

LIST OF APPENDICES ... vii

LIST OF CHARTS...vii

LIST OF FIGURES...vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background ... 1

1.2 Reasons for Choosing the Topic ... 3

1.3 Research Questions ... 3

1.4 Aim of Study ... 3

1.5 Scope of the Study ... 3

1.6 Significance of the Study ... 3

1.7Clarification of the Terms...4

1.8 Organization of the Paper...4

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

2.1 Film Translation ... 6

2.1.1 Subtitling ... 9

2.2 Subtitling Strategies ... 12

2.3 Criteria of Good Translation ... 17

2.4 Relevant Previous Research ... 21

2.5 Conclusion of Chapter Two ... 22

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Method of the research...23

3.1.1 Research questions...24

3.1.2 Scope Of The Study...24

3.1.3 Subject of the Research...24

3.2 Movie Synopsis...25

3.3 Data Collection ...26

3.4 Data Analysis...27

3.5 Conclusion of Chapter Three...32

CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings And Discussions in Subtitle Strategies ... 33

4.2 Types of subtitle Strategies ... 34

4.3 The Quality of Subtitle in cin(T)a, an Indonesian Indie Film .... 43

4.4 Conclusion of Chapter Four...47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusion...49

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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iii

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.3.1:The transcription of the dialogues Tabel 3.4.1The classification of subtitle strategies Tabel 3.4.2 The questionnaire of judgement

Tabel 3.4.3The criteria description of subtitle quality Table 4.1.1 The subtitle strategy used in cin(T)a the movie Table 4.2.1: The example of translation assesment

Table 4.2.2: The frequency of subtitle strategy in the questionnaire Table 4.2.3: The subtitle quality as evaluated by the viewers

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: Transcription and Translation Strategies APPENDIX B:The calculation of Subtitling Strategies APPENDIX C: The Questionnaire

APPENDIX D:The Quality of Film Subtitle as Evaluated by the Viewers

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart. 4.1.1: The distribution of subtitle strategies

Chart. 4.2.1: The distribution of subtitle strategies in the questionnaire Chart 4.2.2: The subtitle quality as evaluated by the viewers

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

LIST OF FIGURES

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter explains the background, reasons for choosing this topic, research question, aims of study, scope of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms and the organization of this paper.

1.1 Background

Subtitling is the translation of the spoken source language text (film dialogues) of an audiovisual product into a written text. (Gottlieb 1994, as cited in Marashi & Poursoltani, 2009). Subtitling is important to be in films. It makes the films to be watched by large audience. Therefore, many films have become popular worldwide because they use Audiovisual translation (subtitling or dubbing) to show translation of the dialogue into the language that the audience understand.

It is important that the message in films must be delivered to the audience. The message of the film can be delivered through the language. However, if the audience do not know the language used in the film, they will not understand the storyline. Unfortunately, as Darma (2011) mentioned that subtitling is not an easy job because it has some constraints and limitations. It is probably one of the reasons why some subtitles are still less accurate, not clear and not natural.

By looking at the problem in subtitle of the films, one of the solutions for this problem is to analyze the subtitle of a film. This is important to do in order to know what subtitle strategies are used in Indonesian subtitle. So, it will give the solution for the film translators to be well-informed what strategies are good to use and they can improve the quality of subtitle.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

There are some previous studies covering subtitle strategies. However, most of the studies only analyzed the subtitle in international films not in Indonesian films. For instance, Lestarian (2011) wrote a study entitled “Indonesian Subtitling Strategies of the English Movie Inception”. she analyzed the subtile strategies purposed by Gottlieb that were used in the Indonesian subtitle in a film Inception. Another study is written by Darma (2011). He analyzed the subtitling strategies in The Magic of Belle Isle Movie. Another one is the study written by Graha (2010). He analyzed the subtitling strategy in The Departed movie. Nevertheless, it is very rare to find the previous research concerned with indie films and analyzing the English subtitle.

According to Ramli and Fathurahman (2005, p.5), an indie film is a specific film produced by the outside major films which is based on the individual freedom and it has strong characters and original. Hence, this research is going to analyze subtitle strategies applied in one of Indonesian indie films.

This film that the writer analyzes is cin(T)a. This film is produced by Sembilan Matahari Film. It was directed by Sammaria Simanjuntak and the story was written by Sally Anom Sari and Sammaria Simanjuntak. This film is starred by Saira Jihan and Sunny Soon. This film describes the problems about religion, faith and cultural differences that happen in Indonesia. This film has a good message for people who watch it. It shows the reality that happens in Indonesia and it can widen people’s mind about differences. Besides that, the film is good and has strong theme. The film took part in some international film events and has been watched by international audience. This film has been played in some universities in UK, such as Birmingham University, Northumbria University, Leeds University, and Manchester University.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

The writer chooses this topic because she is interested in translation subject and also the writer is interested in one of the aspects of the film, that is subtitling. So, it is hoped that the writer’s ability in translation will increase and she will give contribution for other translators to use the effective subtitle strategies in films. Furthermore, cin(T)a is a great film in terms of the message. This film has a big potential to be promoted to overseas. Another reason is that the film is good to be watched by many viewers including international audience.

1.3 Research Questions

The questions that are related to the analyzing of the subtitle of the film are:

1. What subtitling strategies are used in the film?

2. How is the quality of the film subtitle as evaluated by the viewers?

1.4 Aim of Study

The aim of this study is to analyze, identify, and describe the subtitling strategies that are used in the film, cin(Ta),and to know the quality of subtitling in this film as evaluated by the viewers.

1.5 Scope of the Study

There are a lot of aspects that can be investigated in term of translation, but this research is only focused on subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992) which are used in English subtitle of an Indonesian indie film entitled Cin(T)a and to investigate the quality of subtitling.

1.6 Significance of the Study

In theorical way, this research will increase the literature study about translation, especially subtitling films.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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In practical way, this research will be beneficial to the film industries because they can improve the quality of translation. Then, it will also contribute for students to the application of subtitling strategies and application of the subjects that have been obtained during the studies in the English Department, especially Translation.

1.7 Clarification of the Terms

The following are some of terms which are used for the research. The terms are clarified to avoid misunderstanding of the problem in this research:

1. Translation

Translation can be defined as conveying the source language (SL) into target language (TL). Catford says that translation is “the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL).” (Catford, 1965, as cited in Machali, 2009, p.25).

2. Indie films

Independent films can be defined as films produced outside major films and indie films have strong characters, original ideas and controversial storyline. (makeindependentfilms,2010)

3. Subtitles

Subtitles are the textual versions of the dialogue in a film and in television programs, and are usually displayed at the bottom of the screen.(Spanakaki, 2007).

1.8 Organization of the Paper

This research will be organized into five chapters: Chapter I: Introduction

This chapter is a general introduction that covers the background of the study, reasons for choosing the topic, research questions, aims of the study, scope

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

of the study, significance of the study, clarification of the terms, and organization of the paper.

Chapter II: Theoretical Foundation

It consists of theoretical review that provides a basis for conducting the research problems.

Chapter III: Research Methodology

This section deals with the research methodology, discussing the steps and procedures of the study, and the data resources in conducting the study.

Chapter IV: Findings and Discussion

This part presents the result of the research. It contains the research findings and discussion.

Chapter V: Conclusions and Suggestions

This last chapter contains the interpretation toward the result of the research in a form of conclusion and suggestion in accordance with the research.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter focuses on the methodology used in the research to discuss the issue raised in the research questions. It consists of method of research, research design, research questions, scope of the study, movie synopsis, data collection and techniques, and data analysis.

3.1 Method of the research

In conducting the research, a descriptive qualitative method was applied to obtain the goals of the study by the writer. According to Creswell (2009, p.175), descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze, and classify data through various techniques, such as examining documents andinterviewing participants.

Sugiyono (2014, p.9) states that qualitative “research is descriptive”. Therefore, Sugiyono (2006, as cited in Meylanie, 2009, p.25) states that:

Qualitative research can be defined as research method based on positivism philosophy, used to observe certain population or sample; generally the technique used to take sample is done randomly; data collecting technique uses research instrument; and data analysis is quantitative/statistic with aim to examine hypothesis that is used.

This method was considered to be relevant to this study because it involved the collection of data for the purpose of describing existing phenomenon about subtitle strategies. This method was used in presenting data.Thus, this research focused on the above techniques mentioned in addition to textual analysis.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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In this research, the writer identified and classified the subtitle strategies based on Gottlieb’s theory (1992) in English subtitle of the indie filmcin(T)aand also figured out the quality of subtitling of this film.

3.1.1 Research questions

In the present study the writer responds to the following questions: 1. What subtitling strategiesare used in the film?

2. How is the quality of the film subtitle as evaluated by the viewers?

3.1.2 Scope of the study

There are a lot of aspects that can be investigated in term of translation, but the writer only focuses on subtitling strategies proposed by Gottlieb (1992) which are used in English subtitle of an Indonesian indie film entitled Cin(T)a and to investigate the quality of subtitling.

3.1.3 Subject of the Research

In the present study, the writer used two kinds of subject. The first subject was the trancription dialogues of the film cin(T)a, both English and Indonesian. The writer analyzed the trancription in order to find the subtitle strategies applied in this film by using Gottlieb’s theory (1992). The writer found 575 dialogues in the film and 36 scenes. The writer found 575 dialogues in the film and 36 scenes.This sudy revealed that subtitle strategies applied in the subtitle are transfer, paraphrase, imitation, transcription, condensation, expansion, deletion, decimation, and resignation.

The second subject of the study were two people who have watched the film. Those two people, were asked to fill questionnaires regarding the quality of

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 25

English subtitle of the film. Since the writer did not have many experiences in judging the translation quality of subtitle, the writer asked two of her friends to participate in judging the quality of translation in English subtitle. The two of them are native speakers who studied Indonesian culture and live in Indonesia for several years, so that the writer thought that the judgement will be acceptable and fair enough. Another consideration is that the target text is in English, so it is good to be judged by the native speakers. By using questionnaires method, the writer gave several questions about accuracy, clarity, and naturalness of the translation based on Barnwell’s (1996) criteria of judgement in order to know the quality of English subtitle of the movie.

3.2 Movie synopsis

The beginning of the story waswhen Cina, a new architecture student, met Annisa, a senior student who hadsome problems with her study because of her work as a famous actress and a family problem. Because of her popularity and her beauty, she felt alone and did not have any friends. Her bestfriend was only her finger drawn a sad face.

Cina had Bataknese-Chinese blood and he was a religious Christian. His ideal was to become a governor in Tapanuli if Tapanuli became a province one day. However, Annisa was Javanese and she was a Muslim. As well as Cina, she was also religious.

Time flew, they became closer each other. Since they had some differences, they always discussed love, God, and religion. The most frequent issue that they discussedwas asking why God created us differently if He probably wanted to be worshipped in one certain manner.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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They never had problems with the differences until one day on Christmas terrorists exploded bombs in churches in some cities in Indonesia. Due to this problem, they were angry at each other. They tried to understand what really happened but they gave up. Finally, Cina decided to take a scholarship to Singapore and Annisa was married with a man choosen by her mom.

3.3 Data Collection

The main data of the research were taken from the DVD of an indie film ‘cin(T)a’. The Indonesian subtitle was taken from transcribing the dialogues by the writer and the English subtitle was taken from the film. The writer analyzed the databy adopting descriptive method. In collecting and analyzing the data, the writer applied some research procedures as follows:

1. Selecting the film

Selecting the film was to choose an indie film that would be analyzed among other indie films. The writer decided to analyze the subtitle strategies of “cin(T)a” by considering the themes, the story line, and the genre of the film. The writer believed that the film has a good theme and storyline.

2. Observing the original DVD of “cin(T)a”

The next step after library research was observing the original DVD of

“cin(T)a. The writer watched and observed this film repeatedly. The writer needed to get a better understanding of the storylines, the theme and the genre of the film. Besides that, the writer also should understand the source language (SL) from the movie dialogue and the target language (TL) in the movie subtitle.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 27

3. Transcribing the dialogue and the subtitle

The writer transcribed each translation. It had to be done because there was no script of the film. Transcribing the dialogues of this film was to make it easier to analyze the subtitle of the film. Then, the data were written in the table. The example is as follows:

Tabel 3.3.1 The transcription of the dialogues

Source Language Target Language

Allah, kenapa di dunia ini diciptakan perbedaan? Karena kita ini ingin bersama dan bersatu seperti layaknya orang biasa.

Allah, why did You create differences? We just want to be together, just like any other people.

Yang kasihan tuh kau. Poor you!

3.4 Data Analysis

After all data have been collected, the writer analyzed them by adopting the descriptive method. In analyzing the data, the writer applied these research procedures as follows:

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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The writer read both scripts (Indonesian as the source language (SL) and English subtitle as the target language (TL). The purpose was to understand the storyline, the language style that was used, and also the context, culture, and the background of the story.

2. Comparing and identifying the script

The writer compared both original Indonesian as the source language (SL) and English subtitle as the target language (TL) of the film. The writer also identified strategies used in translation by using the theory from Gottlieb (2001).

3. Classying the subtitle strategies

In order to classify the subtitle strategies in the film, the writer divided the dialogues into 10 different strategies based on Gottlieb’s theory, which are transfer, expansion, paraphrase, condensation, decimation, imitation, transcription, dislocation, deletion, and resignation. As the examples, the writer took them from the first and second dialogue in the first scene of the film.

Tabel 3.4.1 The Classification of Subtitle Strategies

Source Language Target Language Subtitle Strategy

Tuhan, ini Glo-Glo. God, I’m Glo-Glo Transfer

Disebelah Glo-Glo ada Adi.

. Beside me there’s Adi. Transfer Glo-Glo sayang

banget sama Adi.

Glo-glo loves Adi so much.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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4. Calculating the number of subtile strategies

The writer calculated the number of subtitle strategies applied and presented all numeric data as simple as scalling for subtitle strategies by using the formula proposed by Malik (1996 as cited in Hussain and Munir, 2009) which is:

P= Percentage

F = Frequency of Subtitle Strategies N= Overall number of translation

After calculating the percentage, the most frequently used subtitle strategy was found.

5. Makingquestionnaires

In order to know the quality of subtitling, the writer made a questionnaire. The writer used data sample for making the questionnaire in order to know the quality of English subtitle in film cin(T)a. There were 142 samples or 25 % from all the data taken randomly. It was because the population of its classification was homogenous which had equal opportunity to be chosen. Arikunto (2002, as cited Meylanie, 2009) states that sample can be taken between 10 % up to 15 %, or 20 % up to 25 % or more. In this research, the writer took 25% samples of all the dialogues in this film. The writer took the samples25% in every subtitle strategies.Then, the writer consulted about this matter to the lecturer. The questionnaire of judgment is as follows:

Tabel 3.4.2 The Questionnaire of judgement

P= f/N x 100 %

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The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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Source Language

Target Language

Accuracy Clarity Naturalness

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

The description criteria grades and levels to the subtitle quality can be seen in the table is as follows:

Tabel 3.4.3 The Criteria Description of Subtitle Quality

Aspects Grade Level Qualification

Accuracy(meaning and context aspects)

1 Bad Semantically misleading and incomprehensible, unclear meaning, there are some

grammatical errors, and deviation of meaning.

2 Fair Correct meaning, minimum redundancy and grammatical errors.

3 Good Correct meaning, no omission, addition or any change of meaning. 4 Excellent Accurate, clear, no omission,

addition or any changes of meaning.

Clarity (fluency, stylistic, vocabulary, mechanical structure)

1 Bad Stylistically awkward, structurally burdensome, poorly structures diction and mechanical errors. 2 Fair Complex syntax but understandable

meaning and some diction that have mechanical errors.

3 Good Appropriate words, phrases, and grammar also clear meaning. 4 Excellent Easy to be understood, correct

words, phrases and grammar, and no ambiguity.

Naturalness

(grammatical aspects)

1 Bad Unnatural forms, awkward

language, linguistically unnatural, stylistically awkward.

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The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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2 Fair Makes sense and minimum

unnatural words, grammar, phrases and

idioms.

3 Good Correct meaning, appropriate idioms and words but there are some syntactic structure errors. 4 Excellent Make sense and read naturally, (written in ordinary language, common grammar, proper idioms an words).

6. Finding respondents

The writer found respondents to fill in the questionnaires. The writer asked her two friends to help her in finishing the questionnaire. They are native speakers who studied Indonesian culture and live in Indonesia for several years, so that the writer thought that the judgement will be acceptable and fair enough. Another consideration is that the target text is in English, so it is good to be judged by the native speakers.

7. Giving the questionnaire

The writer gave the questionnaires related to the quality of the Indonesian subtitle to two persons. The quality of the translation was measud by thelevel of accuracy, clarity and naturalness. There are four criteria in the questionnaire, which are bad(if the terms are not translated correctly, cannot be understood by

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The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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the TL reader, and not sound natural in the target language), fair (if the meaning of the translaion is correct, cannot be understood by the TL reader, and not sound natural in target language), good (if the meaning of translation is correct, can be understood by the TL reader, and not sound natural in target language), and excellent (the meaning of translating is rendered completely and correcly, can be understood easily by the TL reader and sound natural in target language). The participants were asked to give the opinion of the quality of subtitle (in number from 1 to 4).

8. Calculating the result of questionnaire

After getting all the data, the writer calculated the result of questionnaires and presented it in a form of diagram to see how is the quality of Indonesian subtitle of the movie.

9. Reporting and discussing in findings

The writer reported and discussed the findings in a descriptive narrative in form of research paper.

10.Making conclusions

The writer made conclusions based on the findings and discussions of the present research.

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The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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This chapter has explained the method employed by the researcher in conducting this study in order to find out the language functions in dialogues and also the translation procedures found in it. Besides that, it had explained the research design that was descriptive qualitative mehod; cin(T)a the movie produced by as the source of the data; data collection; data population consisting 575 dialogues which were divided into 36 scenes. Then, the data sample consisting 25% or samples taken randomly, it was divided into sample of transfer 92 items, paraphrase 26 items, Imitation 12 items, expansion 4 items, condensation 3 items, transcription 2 items and deletion, decimation and resignation with 1 item. Besides that, this chapter had explained the steps of data analysis applied to conduct this research.

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The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter draws the conclusion and suggestions of what the writer has done in the analysis of subtitling strategies of cin(T)a, an Indonesian indie film. The conclusions are not only taken from the findings and discussion in the previous chapter, but also from the whole research. Meanwhile, the suggestions contain some ideas for the next writer or for those who are interested in the same field.

5.1 Conclusion

Principally, the research is aimed at investigating the subtitle strategies used by the translator in subtitling of the film cin(T)a. Gottlieb (1992) proposes ten types of the strategies which are transfer, paraphrase, imitation, expansion, condensation, transcription, deletion, decimation, and resignation.Based on the findings the writer reveals that there were nine strategies from 575 dialogues. Then, it can be concluded that there are three dominant strategies are found. They are transfer, paraphrase, and imitation.

Transfer is the most frequent strategy. This is because the subtitler translated the source language (SL) accurately and completely without leaving any single word and not need additional information or deletion to give the same effect as the source language (SL). The possible reason why this strategy is used is because he or she does not want to lose the original meaning of the source language.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Another frequent strategy is paraphrase. The translator used this strategy because he/she has to alter expressions so that they appeal to the audience and reflect its culture (such as swear words). Therefore, the translator has often employed paraphrase to make the content more suitable and intelligible to the audience.

The third strategy is imitation. The translator used this strategy because to explain the dialogue in the source language (SL) when it cannot be retrieved in the culture words of the target language (TL), such as proper names, places, country, and also some dialogues were already in English

The next strategy is expansion. Expansion has often been employed to make a sentence more coherent or to make it sound more like English language. By employing this strategy, the translator gave the elements to make the content intelligible and target text oriented. Another common strategy is condensation. Condensation is the best strategy to use as it condenses an expression without reducing or omitting important elements of the content.

Transcription, deletion, decimation and resignation are the least frequently employed strategies by the translator. It may be due to the fact that the omission of an

expression just for translator’s convenience and it makes the meaning is lost.

In addition, based on the criteria for the judgement of translation quality proposed by Barnwell (1996), the quality of subtitle in the English subtitles of the film cin(T)a was in grade 3 or in “good” level. The criteria for the judgement of translation quality were based on accuracy, clarity, and naturalness by two people.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

This shows that transfer strategy is appropriate to apply in the subtitle of this film. Then, the English subtitle of an Indonesian Indie film entitled cin(T)a is almost accurate, understandable, natural and acceptable to the target audience of the film.

5.2 Suggestions

After conducting this study, the writer expects to share some suggestions which bring benefits for the readers or those who want to conduct a research relating to this study.

First, the film translators are recommended to use Gottlieb’s subtitling strategies which provide some approriate strategies in subtitling the text of the film. In addition, all subtitlers or translators have to translate the text carefully and accurately. They also have to avoid mistranslation in subtitling processes.

Subtitlers and translators are recommended to have good knowledge in the source language such as culture, habits or the way of talking in order to understand the context of subtitling or translation. Therefore, every translator should have a comprehensive knowledge of both source and target language. He or she needs it to produce a good translation result. Then, the translators are recommended to give more attention to the context of conversation in translating the cultural and religion issue.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

By conducting this study, the writer expects that this research will give some contributions for the educational purposes and valuable information for the development of translation theories. Therefore, it can be beneficial to indie film industries as well. They will make an improvement of the subtitle, so it can be watched by international audience. This study is also recommended for those who are interested in subtitle of films; they can read this research and find the beneficial information in the research paper.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

REFERENCES

Aini (2011). Foreignization and domestication in Indonesian subtitle of cartoon movie Rattatouille. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Amirian, Z. & Dameneh, D. D. (2014). Microstrategies employed for translation of English humor subtitled into Persian: A case Study of the Simpsons movie. University of Isfahan, Iran. Rerieved from

http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr34/amirian.html

Bagheri, M. & Nemati , A. (2014). Subtitling: A frequency analysis on explicitation in translation. Retrieved from

www.hrpub.org/download/20140205/LLS3-19301788.pdf

Brockhoff, D. S. (2009). A comparative analysis of macro – and microstrategies in subtitling. Aarhus School of Business. Retrieved from

pure.au.dk/portal/files/8734/opgaven_samlet.doc

Creswell, J.(2009) . Research design. qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.Third edition. USA: Sage Publication.

Darma, I. (2011). An analysis of subtitling strategies in the magic of Belle Isle Movie. Universitas Udayana.

Ghaemi, F. & Benjamin, J. (2010). Strategies used in translation of interlingual subtitling. Islamiz Azad University.

Graha, E. B. (2010). An analysis of slang translation in the subtitles of the Departed movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Georgakopoulou, P. Anderman, G.& Cintas, J. (2009). Audivisual translation. language transfer on screen. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Goenka, R. (2012). Corporate film. Retrieved from http://corporatefilmmaker.com/

Gottlieb, H. (2002) Tiles on subtitling 1929-1999. An international annotated bibliography: International subtitling for cinema, tv, video and dvd Retrieved from

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

http//www.museum.tv/eotsection.php?entrycode=subtitling

Hassanpour, A (2010). Dubbing. Retrieved from http://www.museum.tv/eotv/dubbing.htm

Hussain, M. & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of micro in allevating

poverty: An insight from rural rawalpindi, Pakistan. Retrieved from www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/.../16-revised%20maqsood1%2090-97.pdf Ismail, G (2014).An Analysis of subtitling strategies of idiomatic

expressions in the film entitled “The Avengers”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Karamitroglou, F. (1988) A proposed set of subtitling standards in Europe. Translation Journal. Retrieved from

http://accurapid.com/journal/04stndrd.htm

Kanthy K, I. (2010). An analysis of the stratgies used in translating swearwords in the subtitling of “Bad Boys 2” movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Larson, M. L. (1984), Meaning - based translation : A guide to cross language equivalence. New York: University Press of America.

Lestarian, A. (2011). Indonesian subtitling strategies of the English movie Inception. University Andalas

Machali, R (2009). Pedoman bagi penerjemah. Bandung: Kaifa PT Mizan Pustaka.

Make Independent films (2007). What exactly is an independent film? Retrieved from http://www.makeindependentfilms.com/definition.htm

Marashi, H. & Poursoltani, K. (2009) An analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed in Iranian feature films. Islamic Azad University. Retrieved from www.sid.ir/en/VEWSSID/J_pdf/1018220090102.pdf

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

Simanjuntak, S (2009). cin(T)a. Indonesia: 9 Matahari.

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 51

5.2 Suggestions

After conducting this study, the writer expects to share some suggestions which bring benefits for the readers or those who want to conduct a research relating to this study.

(2)

Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu 52

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Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

REFERENCES

Aini (2011). Foreignization and domestication in Indonesian subtitle of cartoon movie Rattatouille. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

http://www.immi.se/intercultural/nr34/amirian.html

Bagheri, M. & Nemati , A. (2014). Subtitling: A frequency analysis on explicitation in translation. Retrieved from

www.hrpub.org/download/20140205/LLS3-19301788.pdf

Brockhoff, D. S. (2009). A comparative analysis of macro – and microstrategies in subtitling. Aarhus School of Business. Retrieved from

pure.au.dk/portal/files/8734/opgaven_samlet.doc

Creswell, J.(2009) . Research design. qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches.Third edition. USA: Sage Publication.

Darma, I. (2011). An analysis of subtitling strategies in the magic of Belle Isle Movie. Universitas Udayana.

Ghaemi, F. & Benjamin, J. (2010). Strategies used in translation of interlingual subtitling. Islamiz Azad University.

Graha, E. B. (2010). An analysis of slang translation in the subtitles of the Departed movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Georgakopoulou, P. Anderman, G.& Cintas, J. (2009). Audivisual translation. language transfer on screen. Palgrave Macmillan UK.

Goenka, R. (2012). Corporate film. Retrieved from http://corporatefilmmaker.com/

Gottlieb, H. (2002) Tiles on subtitling 1929-1999. An international annotated bibliography: International subtitling for cinema, tv, video and dvd Retrieved from

(4)

Dea Sardiyana, 2015

The Analysis of Subtitle Strategies in “cin(T)a”,

an Indonesian Indie Film

Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu

http//www.museum.tv/eotsection.php?entrycode=subtitling

Hassanpour, A (2010). Dubbing. Retrieved from http://www.museum.tv/eotv/dubbing.htm

Hussain, M. & Munir, M. (2009). Impact of micro in allevating

poverty: An insight from rural rawalpindi, Pakistan. Retrieved from www.pjlss.edu.pk/sites/default/.../16-revised%20maqsood1%2090-97.pdf

Ismail, G (2014).An Analysis of subtitling strategies of idiomatic

expressions in the film entitled “The Avengers”. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia

Karamitroglou, F. (1988) A proposed set of subtitling standards in Europe. Translation Journal. Retrieved from

http://accurapid.com/journal/04stndrd.htm

Kanthy K, I. (2010). An analysis of the stratgies used in translating swearwords in the subtitling of “Bad Boys 2” movie. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Larson, M. L. (1984), Meaning - based translation : A guide to cross language equivalence. New York: University Press of America.

Lestarian, A. (2011). Indonesian subtitling strategies of the English movie Inception. University Andalas

Machali, R (2009). Pedoman bagi penerjemah. Bandung: Kaifa PT Mizan Pustaka.

Make Independent films (2007). What exactly is an independent film? Retrieved from http://www.makeindependentfilms.com/definition.htm

Marashi, H. & Poursoltani, K. (2009) An analysis of Farsi into English subtitling strategies employed in Iranian feature films. Islamic Azad University.