An Experimental To Investigate The Effect Nozzle Angle An Position Of Water Turbine For Obtaining Highest Rotation.
UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
An Experimental To Investigate The Effect Nozzle Angle An Position Of
Water Turbin For Obtaining Higest Rotation
Lie Jasa 1 , IGA Raka Agung1, I Putu Ardana1, Ardyono Priyadi 2 and Mauridhi Her y Purnomo2
1
Electrical Engineering Department,Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Electrical Engineering De partme nt, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Sura baya, Indonesia
E-mail : liejasa@unud.ac.id
Abstract
Water is a key issue for an alternative renewable energy source has environmentally friendly and very large
potential to solve the world's energy crisis. Water energy can be converted into mechanical energy by means a
micro-hydro turbine. Therefore, the specific turbine is required to obtain the highest efficiency. This paper proposes
the experimental to investigate the significant parameters for obtaining the highest efficiency turbine. These
parameters, angle and position nozzle, radius, blades and rotation, are investigated by conducting experiments
using mini turbine models. The angle and position nozzle is adjustable to obtain the highest speed rotation of
turbine. The characteristics of the mini turbine model are explained as follows: outer radius is 0.5 m, inner radius is
0.4 m, width 0.12 m, the number of blades 32, volume 0.294 litre blades. The experiment result shows that the
highest rotation is obtained by 10 degrees for nozzle position and 35 degrees for incidence angle. The best position
of nozzle at blades number 2 produces the speed of turbine 68.31666667 rpm.
Keywords : Nozzle, turbine, water wheel, energy
1.
Introduction
The energy plays an important role for population in the world. The energy demand is significantly
increases every year but the energy resource is limited and decreases especially conventional energy.
Hydropower is one of clea n energy resourc es in the world. It is also the most reliable and effectively
cost renewable energy resource among the others. Small hydropower schemes are getting
increasingly popular because of its simplicity design, ease in operation, and lower environment of
heavy construction in comparison to large hydropower schemes[1]. Conventional highly efficient
low head hydraulic turbines, such as Kaplan, become economically unviable because of the large
size of the turbine required for very low head installations, requirement of special flow control
mechanism and the risk the impose on the ecology especially on fish, trash and sediment
transport.[1],[2],[3].
water wheel is a simple machine, cheap and has long been known in the community to generate
the energy. Water wheels were used as a primary source of power in ancient times. Water wheels are
simple machines usually made of wood or steel with blades fixed at regular interval around their
circumference. The blades are pushed by the water tangentially around the wheel. The thrust
produced by the water on the blades produces torque on the shaft and as result the wheel
revolves.[1],[4],[5]. Four commonly used water wheels models are overshot, undershot, breast shot
and stream wheels. Overshot waterwheels are driven by potential energy created by the accumulated
water in the buckets of the wheel. Water flows at the top of the wheel and fills into the buckets
attached on the periphery of the wheel.[1],[6],[7],[8],[9].
Research shows that turbine are technically and efficiency of 75-85% over a wide range of flow.
Slow speed of rota tion and large sized cells of the water wheel reduce the risk to aquatic life as well
as allow better sediment transport and toleranc e to floating debris.[1],[3]. Previous research on the
turbine was intended to design micro-hydro turbines to produce electricity. In this present study, the
researcher uses a micro-hydro plant in the village of Gambuk, Pupuan, Ta banan, Bali -Indonesia as
145
the initial model of the experiment [10],[11],[12]. In this paper proposed how to get the maximum
RPM of water wheels based on the influenced of the position nozzle and the incidence nozzle.
2
The overshot water wheel model
2.1. Hydraulics power theory
Theorem of water flow is used to determine the amount of energy that can be generated
from the flowing water. The total extractable hydraulic power from the flowing wa ter is given
by the expression of P in =
3
), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9,81m/s 2), Q is the
volumetric water flow rate (m 3/s) and H is the difference in total energy line upstream and
the number of revolutions N at the given load in revolutions per minute (RPM) of the wheel as :
force F of water striking the
blades of the water wheel (N) and the moment arm length (m) which, in this case, is the radius
of the pulley r. Force is equal to the differences in the mass obtained from the two load cells
time the acceleration due to gravi
out
the power of outp
P in x 100%
out
/
2.2 Overshot water wheel prototype
Water wheels model is created specially to variety of the nozzle position and the angle
nozzle that can be adjusted mechanically. This model is different from the water wheel of rea l
installation. Water wheel model is pla nned rotating clockwise direction with 32 blades and
11.25 o space of blades. The bla des shape is triangular and placed around circumference wheel.
The position of arm nozz le is variety multiples 11.25 o and The bla des of wheel are marked of
is ma de longer than the radius of wheels.
The overshot water wheel consists of acrylic of cylindrical hub of 50 cm diameter a nd 12 wide
on to which 32 triangular blades have been fastened. Blades are made of right-angle triangle
with base and high size 7,5 cm. Length of nozz le 8 cm fixed on top of waterwheel. The water
that is flowing into the water wheel is supplied by Universal pump. Wheel is placed in the
middle of a pair of pillow and wheels spin together with the axle. Details of the overshot water
wheel model are shown in Figure 2.
146
Figure 1. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle design
Figure 2. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle outline
Figure 3. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle model
2.3. Nozzle angle position
angle is less than 90 o. Nozzle position is alwa ys on the top of
wheel and nozzle direction is always toward into wheel blades. The design of the position arm
nozzle is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The position of arm nozzle
The length of arm nozzle must be the longer than radius of the wheel. The nozzle position is
always outside of radius of the wheel and centre point wheel the same with point butt of
self. The magnitude
-10o, 0 o, 10 o and 20o
direction alwa ys toward into the blades of wheel.
148
Figure 5. Position of nozzle engles
3.
Experiment Result
The arm nozzle can be occupied the position at P1 until P17.The angle of arm nozzle is
increased every 5o with midpoint at P9 (angle 0 o). Figure 4 shows that from the mid point to right
the negative sign and to left the positive sign. The experiments were performed by placing the arm
nozzle at point P1, nozzle in a parallel position with the arm nozzle. The system is run, if the wheel
is spinning observed and RPM measured with tachometer. According results of observation of
wheel, The wheel does not rotate at position P1, P2, P3, P4. Wheel starts to spinning at P5 with the
RPM 40.758 until 58.425 RPM at P16. The graph results of measurement RPM of the position of
angle Nozzle is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The RPM of water wheel based on position nozzle
Conditions M3 shows the active area of the water wheel running is at position P1 until P14. The
highest RPM Conditions is M3 at 0.60691 (P14), and the lowest at P1 with RPM 32.791.
Conditions M5 shows the active region of the waterwheel is in position P1 until P13, produces the
highest RPM about 51.4166 (P12), and the lowest RPM at P1 with RPM 38.8666. Conditions M7
shows that the water wheel spinning with the active region from position P1 until P11, with a pea k
of RPM 38 008, and the bottommost of 32,241 at P3. This suggests that the waterwheel spins faster
when the position of nozzle placed on position at P10, P11, P12, P14, P15 and P16, and the best
condition is at position P15 resulted RPM about 68.3166.
Experiments with the angle nozzle, by placing the arm of nozzle on t he position angle nozzle
arm at P1 until P17. The next step is adjusted the value of angle nozz le between the nozzle arm
with the nozzle itself each angle -10o, 0 o, 10 o, 20o . nozzle position on top of blades with angle
nozzle the sa me with 0 o is meaning the nozzle and nozzle arm is parallel. The next step is repeated
o
o
o
for a junction angle 10 , 10 , 20 . The measurement of the RPM results with change the angle
nozzle ca n be seen in Figure 7. With the turbine width 12 cm, length of nozzle 8 cm and variety of
angle nozzle with -10o , 0o, 10 o and 20 o, the RPM measurement of water wheels is shown in figure 7.
The principle in this experiment is measurement RPM of water wheel is base on the changes of the
magnitude of angle nozzle. Measurement of the angle -10o , will be produces the highest RPM at
79.1333 and the lowest at 22,458. The change of the nozzle a ngle affects significantly on P13 until
P17. The results of the experiment of the change of the nozzle angle is influence significant of the
RPM of water wheel only occur at an angle 20o until 35o . Detail is shown at Figure 8.
Figure 7. The RPM of weterwheel base on nozzle angles
P1
P16
50
P2
40
P15
P3
30
P14
20
P4
10
P13
P5
0
P12
P6
P11
P7
P10
P8
P9
Figure 8. RPM of overshot water wheel nozzle angle position
4.
Conclusion
The RPM of water wheel is produced increase when nozzle position at the range of angle 5 o
until 35o . The highest RPM of water wheels is obtained at 68.316667 at position angle 30o (P15) or
at blades number 2. The highest average RPM of the water wheel is at 45.44643 obtained at nozzle
150
angle 10 o position (P11). This indicates that the waterwheel is installed on the location, the position
of nozzle can be set that the waterwheel produces RPMs closer to the ma ximum. The changes of
nozzle direction is resulted the highest of RPM at 79.13333 at an angle of 35o (P15) at nozzle angle
at -10o .
Acknowledgements
The Authors convey gratitude to the Ministry of Culture and Education, Indonesia, who has
provided schola rships through the program BPPS and the research grant Unggulan Udayana
BOPTN 2013.
References
[1]
S. Pa udel, N. Linton, U. C. E. Zanke, and N. Saenger, “Experimental investigation on the effect
of channel width on flexible rubber blade water wheel performance,” Renewable Energy, vol. 52, pp. 1–7,
Apr. 2013.
[2] T. Sakurai, H. Funato, and S. Ogasawara, “Fundamental characteristics of test facility for micro
hydroelectric power generation system,” presented at the International Conference on Electrical
Machines and Systems, 2009. ICEMS 2009, 2009, pp. 1 –6.
[3] L. Wang, D.-J. Lee, J.-H. Liu, Z.-Z. Chen, Z.-Y. Kuo, H.-Y. Jang, J.-J. You, J.-T. Tsai, M.-H. Tsa i,
W.-T. Lin, and Y.-J. Lee, “Installation and practical operation of the first micro hydro power
system in Taiwan using irrigation water in an agriculture canal,” in 2008 IEEE Power and Energy
Society General Meeting - Conversion a nd Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008,
pp. 1 –6.
[4] A. Zaman and T. Khan, “Design of a Water Wheel For a Low Head Micro Hydropower System,”
Journal Basic Science And Technology, vol. 1(3), pp. 1–6, 2012.
[5] G. Muller, Water Wheels as a Power Source. 1899.
[6] M. Denny, “The Efficiency of Overshot a nd Undershot Waterwheels,” European Journal of
Physics, vol. 25, pp. 193–202, 2003.
[7] K. H. Fasol, “A short history of hydropower control,” IEEE Control Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 68
– 76, Aug. 2002.
[8] L. A. HAIMERL, “The Cross-Flow Turbine.”
[9] C. A. Mockmore and F. Merryfield, “The Banki Water Turbine,” Bulletin Series no.25, Feb. 1949.
[10] L. Jasa, P. Ardana, and I. N. Setiawan, “Usaha Mengatasi Krisis Energi Dengan Memanfaatkan
Aliran Pangkung Sebagai Sumber Pembangkit Listrik Alternatif Bagi Masyaraka t Dusun Gambuk
–Pupuan-Tabanan,” in Proceding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri XV, ITS, Surabaya, 2011,
pp. B0377–B0384.
[11] L. Jasa, A. Priyadi, and M. Hery P, “PID Control for Micro Hydro Power Plants Base on Neural
Network,” in Proceding Modeling, Identification and Control (AsiaMIC 2012), Phuket, Thailand,
2012.
[12] L. Jasa, A. Priyadi, and M. H. Purnomo, “Designing angle bowl of turbine for Micro-hydro at
tropical area,” in 2012 Interna tiona l Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD),
Sept., pp. 882–885.
An Experimental To Investigate The Effect Nozzle Angle An Position Of
Water Turbin For Obtaining Higest Rotation
Lie Jasa 1 , IGA Raka Agung1, I Putu Ardana1, Ardyono Priyadi 2 and Mauridhi Her y Purnomo2
1
Electrical Engineering Department,Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2
Electrical Engineering De partme nt, Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology, Sura baya, Indonesia
E-mail : liejasa@unud.ac.id
Abstract
Water is a key issue for an alternative renewable energy source has environmentally friendly and very large
potential to solve the world's energy crisis. Water energy can be converted into mechanical energy by means a
micro-hydro turbine. Therefore, the specific turbine is required to obtain the highest efficiency. This paper proposes
the experimental to investigate the significant parameters for obtaining the highest efficiency turbine. These
parameters, angle and position nozzle, radius, blades and rotation, are investigated by conducting experiments
using mini turbine models. The angle and position nozzle is adjustable to obtain the highest speed rotation of
turbine. The characteristics of the mini turbine model are explained as follows: outer radius is 0.5 m, inner radius is
0.4 m, width 0.12 m, the number of blades 32, volume 0.294 litre blades. The experiment result shows that the
highest rotation is obtained by 10 degrees for nozzle position and 35 degrees for incidence angle. The best position
of nozzle at blades number 2 produces the speed of turbine 68.31666667 rpm.
Keywords : Nozzle, turbine, water wheel, energy
1.
Introduction
The energy plays an important role for population in the world. The energy demand is significantly
increases every year but the energy resource is limited and decreases especially conventional energy.
Hydropower is one of clea n energy resourc es in the world. It is also the most reliable and effectively
cost renewable energy resource among the others. Small hydropower schemes are getting
increasingly popular because of its simplicity design, ease in operation, and lower environment of
heavy construction in comparison to large hydropower schemes[1]. Conventional highly efficient
low head hydraulic turbines, such as Kaplan, become economically unviable because of the large
size of the turbine required for very low head installations, requirement of special flow control
mechanism and the risk the impose on the ecology especially on fish, trash and sediment
transport.[1],[2],[3].
water wheel is a simple machine, cheap and has long been known in the community to generate
the energy. Water wheels were used as a primary source of power in ancient times. Water wheels are
simple machines usually made of wood or steel with blades fixed at regular interval around their
circumference. The blades are pushed by the water tangentially around the wheel. The thrust
produced by the water on the blades produces torque on the shaft and as result the wheel
revolves.[1],[4],[5]. Four commonly used water wheels models are overshot, undershot, breast shot
and stream wheels. Overshot waterwheels are driven by potential energy created by the accumulated
water in the buckets of the wheel. Water flows at the top of the wheel and fills into the buckets
attached on the periphery of the wheel.[1],[6],[7],[8],[9].
Research shows that turbine are technically and efficiency of 75-85% over a wide range of flow.
Slow speed of rota tion and large sized cells of the water wheel reduce the risk to aquatic life as well
as allow better sediment transport and toleranc e to floating debris.[1],[3]. Previous research on the
turbine was intended to design micro-hydro turbines to produce electricity. In this present study, the
researcher uses a micro-hydro plant in the village of Gambuk, Pupuan, Ta banan, Bali -Indonesia as
145
the initial model of the experiment [10],[11],[12]. In this paper proposed how to get the maximum
RPM of water wheels based on the influenced of the position nozzle and the incidence nozzle.
2
The overshot water wheel model
2.1. Hydraulics power theory
Theorem of water flow is used to determine the amount of energy that can be generated
from the flowing water. The total extractable hydraulic power from the flowing wa ter is given
by the expression of P in =
3
), g is the acceleration due to gravity (9,81m/s 2), Q is the
volumetric water flow rate (m 3/s) and H is the difference in total energy line upstream and
the number of revolutions N at the given load in revolutions per minute (RPM) of the wheel as :
force F of water striking the
blades of the water wheel (N) and the moment arm length (m) which, in this case, is the radius
of the pulley r. Force is equal to the differences in the mass obtained from the two load cells
time the acceleration due to gravi
out
the power of outp
P in x 100%
out
/
2.2 Overshot water wheel prototype
Water wheels model is created specially to variety of the nozzle position and the angle
nozzle that can be adjusted mechanically. This model is different from the water wheel of rea l
installation. Water wheel model is pla nned rotating clockwise direction with 32 blades and
11.25 o space of blades. The bla des shape is triangular and placed around circumference wheel.
The position of arm nozz le is variety multiples 11.25 o and The bla des of wheel are marked of
is ma de longer than the radius of wheels.
The overshot water wheel consists of acrylic of cylindrical hub of 50 cm diameter a nd 12 wide
on to which 32 triangular blades have been fastened. Blades are made of right-angle triangle
with base and high size 7,5 cm. Length of nozz le 8 cm fixed on top of waterwheel. The water
that is flowing into the water wheel is supplied by Universal pump. Wheel is placed in the
middle of a pair of pillow and wheels spin together with the axle. Details of the overshot water
wheel model are shown in Figure 2.
146
Figure 1. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle design
Figure 2. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle outline
Figure 3. Overshot water wheel nozzle angle model
2.3. Nozzle angle position
angle is less than 90 o. Nozzle position is alwa ys on the top of
wheel and nozzle direction is always toward into wheel blades. The design of the position arm
nozzle is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4. The position of arm nozzle
The length of arm nozzle must be the longer than radius of the wheel. The nozzle position is
always outside of radius of the wheel and centre point wheel the same with point butt of
self. The magnitude
-10o, 0 o, 10 o and 20o
direction alwa ys toward into the blades of wheel.
148
Figure 5. Position of nozzle engles
3.
Experiment Result
The arm nozzle can be occupied the position at P1 until P17.The angle of arm nozzle is
increased every 5o with midpoint at P9 (angle 0 o). Figure 4 shows that from the mid point to right
the negative sign and to left the positive sign. The experiments were performed by placing the arm
nozzle at point P1, nozzle in a parallel position with the arm nozzle. The system is run, if the wheel
is spinning observed and RPM measured with tachometer. According results of observation of
wheel, The wheel does not rotate at position P1, P2, P3, P4. Wheel starts to spinning at P5 with the
RPM 40.758 until 58.425 RPM at P16. The graph results of measurement RPM of the position of
angle Nozzle is shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6. The RPM of water wheel based on position nozzle
Conditions M3 shows the active area of the water wheel running is at position P1 until P14. The
highest RPM Conditions is M3 at 0.60691 (P14), and the lowest at P1 with RPM 32.791.
Conditions M5 shows the active region of the waterwheel is in position P1 until P13, produces the
highest RPM about 51.4166 (P12), and the lowest RPM at P1 with RPM 38.8666. Conditions M7
shows that the water wheel spinning with the active region from position P1 until P11, with a pea k
of RPM 38 008, and the bottommost of 32,241 at P3. This suggests that the waterwheel spins faster
when the position of nozzle placed on position at P10, P11, P12, P14, P15 and P16, and the best
condition is at position P15 resulted RPM about 68.3166.
Experiments with the angle nozzle, by placing the arm of nozzle on t he position angle nozzle
arm at P1 until P17. The next step is adjusted the value of angle nozz le between the nozzle arm
with the nozzle itself each angle -10o, 0 o, 10 o, 20o . nozzle position on top of blades with angle
nozzle the sa me with 0 o is meaning the nozzle and nozzle arm is parallel. The next step is repeated
o
o
o
for a junction angle 10 , 10 , 20 . The measurement of the RPM results with change the angle
nozzle ca n be seen in Figure 7. With the turbine width 12 cm, length of nozzle 8 cm and variety of
angle nozzle with -10o , 0o, 10 o and 20 o, the RPM measurement of water wheels is shown in figure 7.
The principle in this experiment is measurement RPM of water wheel is base on the changes of the
magnitude of angle nozzle. Measurement of the angle -10o , will be produces the highest RPM at
79.1333 and the lowest at 22,458. The change of the nozzle a ngle affects significantly on P13 until
P17. The results of the experiment of the change of the nozzle angle is influence significant of the
RPM of water wheel only occur at an angle 20o until 35o . Detail is shown at Figure 8.
Figure 7. The RPM of weterwheel base on nozzle angles
P1
P16
50
P2
40
P15
P3
30
P14
20
P4
10
P13
P5
0
P12
P6
P11
P7
P10
P8
P9
Figure 8. RPM of overshot water wheel nozzle angle position
4.
Conclusion
The RPM of water wheel is produced increase when nozzle position at the range of angle 5 o
until 35o . The highest RPM of water wheels is obtained at 68.316667 at position angle 30o (P15) or
at blades number 2. The highest average RPM of the water wheel is at 45.44643 obtained at nozzle
150
angle 10 o position (P11). This indicates that the waterwheel is installed on the location, the position
of nozzle can be set that the waterwheel produces RPMs closer to the ma ximum. The changes of
nozzle direction is resulted the highest of RPM at 79.13333 at an angle of 35o (P15) at nozzle angle
at -10o .
Acknowledgements
The Authors convey gratitude to the Ministry of Culture and Education, Indonesia, who has
provided schola rships through the program BPPS and the research grant Unggulan Udayana
BOPTN 2013.
References
[1]
S. Pa udel, N. Linton, U. C. E. Zanke, and N. Saenger, “Experimental investigation on the effect
of channel width on flexible rubber blade water wheel performance,” Renewable Energy, vol. 52, pp. 1–7,
Apr. 2013.
[2] T. Sakurai, H. Funato, and S. Ogasawara, “Fundamental characteristics of test facility for micro
hydroelectric power generation system,” presented at the International Conference on Electrical
Machines and Systems, 2009. ICEMS 2009, 2009, pp. 1 –6.
[3] L. Wang, D.-J. Lee, J.-H. Liu, Z.-Z. Chen, Z.-Y. Kuo, H.-Y. Jang, J.-J. You, J.-T. Tsai, M.-H. Tsa i,
W.-T. Lin, and Y.-J. Lee, “Installation and practical operation of the first micro hydro power
system in Taiwan using irrigation water in an agriculture canal,” in 2008 IEEE Power and Energy
Society General Meeting - Conversion a nd Delivery of Electrical Energy in the 21st Century, 2008,
pp. 1 –6.
[4] A. Zaman and T. Khan, “Design of a Water Wheel For a Low Head Micro Hydropower System,”
Journal Basic Science And Technology, vol. 1(3), pp. 1–6, 2012.
[5] G. Muller, Water Wheels as a Power Source. 1899.
[6] M. Denny, “The Efficiency of Overshot a nd Undershot Waterwheels,” European Journal of
Physics, vol. 25, pp. 193–202, 2003.
[7] K. H. Fasol, “A short history of hydropower control,” IEEE Control Systems, vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 68
– 76, Aug. 2002.
[8] L. A. HAIMERL, “The Cross-Flow Turbine.”
[9] C. A. Mockmore and F. Merryfield, “The Banki Water Turbine,” Bulletin Series no.25, Feb. 1949.
[10] L. Jasa, P. Ardana, and I. N. Setiawan, “Usaha Mengatasi Krisis Energi Dengan Memanfaatkan
Aliran Pangkung Sebagai Sumber Pembangkit Listrik Alternatif Bagi Masyaraka t Dusun Gambuk
–Pupuan-Tabanan,” in Proceding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri XV, ITS, Surabaya, 2011,
pp. B0377–B0384.
[11] L. Jasa, A. Priyadi, and M. Hery P, “PID Control for Micro Hydro Power Plants Base on Neural
Network,” in Proceding Modeling, Identification and Control (AsiaMIC 2012), Phuket, Thailand,
2012.
[12] L. Jasa, A. Priyadi, and M. H. Purnomo, “Designing angle bowl of turbine for Micro-hydro at
tropical area,” in 2012 Interna tiona l Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD),
Sept., pp. 882–885.