STYLISTIC DEVICES IN POLITICAL TEXTS OF THE DAILY ANALISA.
STYLISTIC DEVICES IN POLITICAL TEXTS OF THE DAILY ANALISA
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
GRACE MARIA SEMBIRING
Registration Number: 809111031
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2013
STYLISTIC DEVICES IN POLITICAL TEXTS OF THE DAILY ANALISA
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
GRACE MARIA SEMBIRING
Registration Number: 809111031
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, M. Grace: Register Number: 809111031. Stylistic Devices in
Political Texts of the Daily Analisa. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics
Study Program. Post Graduate Program. State University of Medan. 2013.
This thesis deals with stylistic devices in Political Texts of the Daily Analisa. The
objectives of the Study are (1) to describe the types of discourse stylistics devices
used in political texts of the daily Analisa, (2) to describe how are those types
used in the daily Analisa, (3) to elaborate the reason of why the dominant type is
used the way it is. The study is conducted by qualitative content analysis. The data
are the political texts of the daily Analisa published on October 1st, 2012 until
October 31st, 2012. Some findings of the study are drawn. First, all of the types of
stylistic devices are found in all political texts of the daily Analisa. Second is the
types of stylistic devices are used for different purpose of the writer the dominant
types are metonymy (33.2%), euphemism (14.5%), and methapor (12%). The last
is the reasons of the dominant types of stylistic devices. The dominant use is not
only to communicate ideas but also to persuade or convince others to “see things
our way”. In other words, to use language means to get the persons to act or think
in a certain way. And political texts are always socially situated. Those things
make the language of political text mostly covers by metonymy. Thus the political
text uses an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by
referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the
person or object you are trying to describe.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Jesus Christ the Almighty and Most Beneficial for without His
Guidance and Mercy, this thesis would not have been completed. In the process of
finishing this piece of academic writing, the writer has been given much support and
valuable knowledge from many people however only some of them can be mentioned in
this thesis.
First, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin
Saragih, M.A, Ph,D., her First Adviser and Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.P., her
Second Adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, and constructive comments to bring
this thesis into its present form. Seconds, her special gratitude goes to the head of
English Applied Linguistics, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, MS., as the Secretary Of Applied Linguistics Study Program who had generously
encouraged her in completing this study, all lecturers, who helped him to increase his
knowledge and to give the best guidance during his study in this postgraduate school.
The writer would like to sincerely thank the anonymous participants who
contributed suggestions, critics and advises to this study. Her deepest gratitude goes to
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP., and Dr. Didik
Santoso, M.Pd., without their excellent academic guidance and support this thesis would
not have being possible.
Then the writer deepest thanks is give to her beloved parents, Lesman Tarigan and
Rasmita br Barus, S.Pd., who have patiently given her spiritual, moral and financial
support and also for their prayers in conducting this thesis. The writer also wish her great
gratitude to her beloved little sister Dolorosa Maria Sembiring, S.Pd., and also her
Beloved husband, Yusuf Harianto, S.STP., for their suggestion, love, supports and
prayers to the completion of this thesis.
The writer would also like to extend her thankfulness to her best friends, Sondang
Dameria, S.S., who always gives her supports in conducting this thesis. The Writer also
dedicates her thankfulness to Farid Ma’ruf as kindly administrative staff for completing
the administrative procedures.
Last but not least, she thanks to all her friends in LTBI-XVII that are not mentioned
here thank you for bitter sweet togetherness during the learning time in the class during
three semesters.
May God Bless Us.
Medan, February 2013
The Writer
Grace Maria Sembiring
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Pages
1. The Occurrence of Stylistic Devices Available in the 15 Analyzed Texts....54
2. Types of Stylistic Device Found on First Text ............................................. 58
3. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Second Text.......................................... 65
4. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Third Text............................................ 69
5. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fourth Text.......................................... 72
6. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fifth Text............................................. 74
7. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Sixth Text ............................................ 79
8. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Seventh Text........................................ 81
9. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Eighth Text.......................................... 83
10. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Ninth Text ........................................... 84
11. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Tenth Text ........................................... 86
12. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Eleventh Text ...................................... 89
13. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Twelfth Text........................................ 92
14. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Thirteenth Text.................................... 97
15. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fourteenth Text ................................. 100
16. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fifteenth Text ............................ ……101
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Meto
: Metonymy
Pleo
: Pleonasm
Metha
: Metaphor
Peri
: Periphrasis
Perso
: Personification
Syne
: Synecdochy
Poly
: Polysemy
Anti
: Anticlimax
Euphe
: Euphemisms
Clich
: Clich
Oxy
: Oxymoron
Tot
: Totem Pro Parte
Clim
: Climax
Pun
: Pun
Slo
: Slogan
Irony
: Irony
Hyper
: Hyperbole
Epit
: Epithet
Cyni
: Cynicism
Zeug
: Zeugma
Anto
: Antonomasia
Asyn
: Asyndeton
Sarca
: Sarcasm
Simile
: Simile
Ellip
: Ellipsis
Pro
:Proverb
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Communication is defined as a means of transmitting information.
Communicate means giving and getting different amounts of information and various
characters and qualities of communicated messages at one time, which is conditioned by
many factors such as the time, place and subject matter of what is being transmitted from
the addressor to the addressee in a particular situation. The addressor communicates
because he intends not only to exchange information, but he also aims at affecting the
behavior of the addressee.
There are some reasons for choosing the discourse stylistic device in political
text. They are, first, it is renowned indirectly on its linguistics behavior, especially when
it comes to communicating about unfavorable things. Language is supposed to be used to
clearly express beliefs, but Political Text does not just express beliefs but it also
mobilizes and inspires. The language use in political is not clear in its literal meaning.
Second, politicians are community in Indonesia, to have a penchant for avoiding
excessiveness as evident. And the third, the political text stylistics devices has never
been observed yet, to through this study it is going to be observed and it is going to be
described in order to achieve the types of stylistic devices used in political text that will
be taken from Analisa Newspaper. Analisa is choosen to be source of the data in this
study for some reasons, they are; (1) Analisa is a good and familiar newspaper with
political issues, (2) the language use in analisa newspaper is good for its familiarity to
all background of education, and (3) analisa newspaper is the most published and mostly
read by the population of Indonesia.
The stylistic theory which is introduced into linguistics have affected the study
of language, in particular the sociolinguistic approaches and the movement for
simplification of discourse. Due to the active study of discourse since the mid-seventies,
many linguistic properties of English are fairly well understood today. Even in this
domain, there are two alternatives of discourse to be examined: oral and written. In the
first case, for example, the lawyer-client interaction and courtroom interaction together
with their linguistic strategies are investigated. The latter, though, is more frequently the
object of study because it represents a referential norm and a point of comparison for
most treatises. The active study in the field of law has shown how different the two
media, the spoken and written, are. Spoken official English is not just a spoken variant of
the written text. It is a different genre at the same time because there is a very tight
connection between what is said, how it is said and why, and the situation in which the
speech is uttered. On the other hand, written legal English seems to be the other extreme
– it is constant, stable and almost context-free (Damova, 2007).
None of the language should be regarded as a readily identifiable object in
reality which we can isolate and examine (Crystal & Davy, 1997). It is not a single
homogeneous entity, but rather a huge complex of many different varieties that millions
of people in dozens of countries in the world speak. In a very general viewpoint, all these
people represent hundreds of varieties (or styles or registers as some other linguists may
prefer to call them). A variety as such means a difference. In this sense it can be educed
that all the varieties are distinct from one another and they vary to great extents, but on
the other hand, they all have much more in common than one can think of – they are all
varieties of one language – in this case of English. One of the greatest differences can be
seen in the written and spoken forms of the language, and other in the range of Englishes
that are distinguished as regional dialects.
Stylistic as a part of linguistics is a very complex field dealing with the study of
language and its related issues. A vigorous comeback of rationalism into the scientific
study of language in the sixties of the twentieth century resulted in the fact that linguists
have (Hiltunen, 1990) increasingly turned away from idealized, intuition-based
approaches to examining the actual use of language to find evidence for generalization,
e.g. by studying speech and conversation as concrete data of verbal communication. In
the case of written language, the study of texts has come into the foreground, especially
from the point of view of the interaction between function and structure. It is largely due
to this reassessment of linguistic methodology that the importances of such branches of
language study as sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis are almost taken
for granted today.
The attempts to describe, explain and categorize the use of languages have
found their way to project also into the field of stylistics, and as Hiltunen (1990) states,
“the more concrete approaches had always been better represented there than in some
other areas, for natural reasons. New terms such as register, special language,
sublanguage and languages of the professions were introduced into discussions of style”.
He continues explaining that “languages do not function in a vacuum”, so the term of
context and other intra- and extra linguistic ties need to be taken into account as they
create a continuum. This continuum represents a scale in which the relationship between
language and context is relatively tight (e.g. British Acts of Parliament) at one end, but
on the other end it is relatively loose (legal textbooks, journals, documents). As a result,
there are several text type continua.
It was in 1882 that the word stylistic was first recorded in English. However, it
is a little older. It appeared in 1860 and was modeled on the German terms stylistics. It
proves that it was the second half of the 19th century that stylistics as a theoretical study
of style was established. Rhetoric, dialogic and poetic are regarded the predecessors of
stylistics (Damova, 2007).
It may be a difficult task to define what a style or variety is, what types exist,
how many there are or whether they are all clearly distinguishable – these are things a
stylistic theory should tell us (Ibid:4). Fortunately, speakers (at least the native ones) are
aware of the differences and the rules to some extent – they use one variety at home,
another at work, and a third, for example, at the doctor’s. They are able to tell one from
the other because they know the rules.
People communicate to transmit information, ideas, opinions and they want
their communication to be successful. Definitely, by communication people get
integrated into society. However, if one chooses to disregard the rules of language, or
fail, through ignorance, to obey them, then language can become instead a barrier to
successful communication and integration (Crystal & Davy, 1997). That is why people
should acquire a sharpened consciousness of the form and function of language, its place
in society, and its power. Native speakers of a particular language always \have an
advantage – they are born and brought up in the particular linguistic and cultural
environment, so they acquire the language and the rules of its appropriate use
unconsciously. Making mistakes (spelling, grammatical, inappropriate choice of
vocabulary) is a rather rare phenomenon.
Crystal & Davy (1997) confirm that the native speaker of English of course has
a great deal of intuitive knowledge about linguistic appropriateness and correctness –
when to use one variety of language rather than another – which he has amassed over the
years. He will probably have little difficulty in using and responding to the most ordinary
uses of language, such as the everyday conversation which occupies most of our
speaking and writing lifetime. Normally, in such a context, mistakes, if they occur, pass
by unnoticed or are discounted as unimportant. It is with the relatively infrequently
occurring, more specialized uses of language that the average language user may find
difficulty.
In deed, the use of language in politics, in some cases for common people even
he/she is a native of the language, it will be very difficult for him/her to talk about
something when it is related to politic. Except he/she is one of the expert in politic, of
course he/she will find it easy to talk about something related to politics. In politics, the
function of language is limited as a device to express the extent of power. In addition,
Political Text is the language which is used to persuade that loaded with euphemisms,
jargon and rhetoric. The use of euphemism stylistics is meant to make things look
positive memorable, memorable better than reality. Euphemism and rhetoric is a way
of wrapping so that the actions and policies of the authorities appear civilized but it
makes the language to stray far from its true meaning. The language used for the
benefit of power will experience an incredible distortion of meaning. That is the reason
why it is very important to understand the political text.
In order to understand the political text, in this study the political text will be
viewed from the point of view of language in use as a variation, where the speakers use
different styles of language such as: metaphor, metonymy, irony, polysemy, zeugma,
pun, epithet, oxymoron, simile, periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, clich, proverbs and
sayings, aphorism, and epigrams. These various styles of language are usually named as
stylistic devices. The information to be search through these styles usually called as
discourse. So discourse stylistic devices are the variation of informing language users’
intention through language. These variation can be available in spoken and in written
media. Newspaper is one of the media used for informing political information. However
to find out whether these discourse stylistic devices really available in political texts of
newspaper. The research is conducted due to many number of newspaper circulated in
the grand, the focus will be given only to Analisa newspaper.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background, the problems are formulated as the following.
1) What types of discourse stylistic devices are used in the political text of
the
daily Analisa?
2) How are those types used in the political text of the daily Analisa?
3) Why is the dominant type used the way it is?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are
1) to describe the types of discourse stylistic devices used in political text of
daily Analisa.
the
2) to describe how are the dominant types used in the daily Analisa, and
3) to elaborate the reason of why the dominant type is used the way it is.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the discourse stylistic device used in political
text taken from Analisa Newspaper, where this study is only focused on describing the
types of the stylistic device and the dominant types of the stylistic device use in the
political text. Then it will be elaborated to find the reason why it is so.The data that will
be taken from the Analisa Newspaper.The data are also limited according to the date of
publishing, namely the Analisa Newspapers which are published on October 1, 2012
Until October 31, 2012, it is done because of the time limitation and also to avoid data
redundant in the Analysis.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and significantly
relevant in the some respects. Theoretically, the findings are expected to enrich the
theories of stylistic device such specifically in the written language which is written by
certain community and certain purpose, mainly the political text which is written for
political purposes. This study considers being useful initially to provide the information
of what kind of stylistic device used by the writer in writing the political text.
Consequently, it will give better understanding and new insight on how stylistics device
are related to the aspect of pragmatic study. This contribution will in turn give tentative
framework for a comprehensive analysis of stylistic device.
Practically, since this study focuses on stylistic device, so hopefully it is useful
for teachers and lectures of pragmatics and sociolinguistics to apply the analysis of
stylistic device in the pragmatics and sociolinguistics students either at university or at
high school which occur in daily writing or conversation, and also practice the patterns
of stylistic device which are used by them. This will accelerate them to write text or to
speak Indonesian language in various of style, thus they will not be clumsy to write or
speak directly about political text.
1
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
3.1 Conclusions
There are many linguistics devices found in written language but this study
only concerns about the linguistics devices found in political text. So after
analyzing the whole texts which are choosen to be the data in this study, it is
concluded that the stylistic device found in the daily analisa newpaper are
metonymy, pleonasm, methapor, periphrasis, personification, synecdochy,
polysemy, anticlimax, euphemisms, clich, oxymoron, to tem pro parte, climax,
pun, slogan, irony, hyperbola, ephitet, cynicism, zeugma, antonomasia, asindenton
sarcasm, simile, ellipsis, proverbs.
Metonymy is the most stylistic devices of the whole stylistic device found in
the text (32.2%). Then followed by euphemism stylistic device (14.5%) and then
methapor (12%) out of the whole text.
Those three stylistic device are the most expressions found in the daily analisa
because in political text use to reffering something with word in order to describe
the quality or feature of that thing, then the language of politic used to use a word
or phrase to replace an unpleasant things that can make other people as reader or
listener or hearer feels humiliated because of that and the lasi is political text use
to use an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by
referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the
person or object you are trying to describe.
2
3.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. For the journalist, as a journalist he/she must understand well kinds of
linguistic devices in order to help them be able to write the political text in
a good way without containing to much linguistis devices which might
couse of breaking the ethics of writing text such as political text, which
makes someones feeling hurt. Further research requires to be conducted to
know more about the stylistic device and its fields
2. For editor, as an editor also should understand the linguistics devices in
order to help him in editing the idea contains in the political text written by
journalist so by the time the text breaks the ethics, it should be revise or at
least he/she may know whether the political text appropriate to be
publissed of not.
3. For applied Linguistics students are expected to have a better
understanding about stylistics devices to enable and enrich their
knowledge.
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A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
GRACE MARIA SEMBIRING
Registration Number: 809111031
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2013
STYLISTIC DEVICES IN POLITICAL TEXTS OF THE DAILY ANALISA
A Thesis
Submitted to Post-Graduate School English Applied Linguistic Program in
Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
GRACE MARIA SEMBIRING
Registration Number: 809111031
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTIC STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
MEDAN
2013
ABSTRACT
Sembiring, M. Grace: Register Number: 809111031. Stylistic Devices in
Political Texts of the Daily Analisa. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics
Study Program. Post Graduate Program. State University of Medan. 2013.
This thesis deals with stylistic devices in Political Texts of the Daily Analisa. The
objectives of the Study are (1) to describe the types of discourse stylistics devices
used in political texts of the daily Analisa, (2) to describe how are those types
used in the daily Analisa, (3) to elaborate the reason of why the dominant type is
used the way it is. The study is conducted by qualitative content analysis. The data
are the political texts of the daily Analisa published on October 1st, 2012 until
October 31st, 2012. Some findings of the study are drawn. First, all of the types of
stylistic devices are found in all political texts of the daily Analisa. Second is the
types of stylistic devices are used for different purpose of the writer the dominant
types are metonymy (33.2%), euphemism (14.5%), and methapor (12%). The last
is the reasons of the dominant types of stylistic devices. The dominant use is not
only to communicate ideas but also to persuade or convince others to “see things
our way”. In other words, to use language means to get the persons to act or think
in a certain way. And political texts are always socially situated. Those things
make the language of political text mostly covers by metonymy. Thus the political
text uses an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by
referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the
person or object you are trying to describe.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Jesus Christ the Almighty and Most Beneficial for without His
Guidance and Mercy, this thesis would not have been completed. In the process of
finishing this piece of academic writing, the writer has been given much support and
valuable knowledge from many people however only some of them can be mentioned in
this thesis.
First, the writer would like to express her sincere gratitude to Prof. Amrin
Saragih, M.A, Ph,D., her First Adviser and Prof.Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.P., her
Second Adviser, for their valuable advice, guidance, and constructive comments to bring
this thesis into its present form. Seconds, her special gratitude goes to the head of
English Applied Linguistics, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Sri Minda
Murni, MS., as the Secretary Of Applied Linguistics Study Program who had generously
encouraged her in completing this study, all lecturers, who helped him to increase his
knowledge and to give the best guidance during his study in this postgraduate school.
The writer would like to sincerely thank the anonymous participants who
contributed suggestions, critics and advises to this study. Her deepest gratitude goes to
Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd., Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP., and Dr. Didik
Santoso, M.Pd., without their excellent academic guidance and support this thesis would
not have being possible.
Then the writer deepest thanks is give to her beloved parents, Lesman Tarigan and
Rasmita br Barus, S.Pd., who have patiently given her spiritual, moral and financial
support and also for their prayers in conducting this thesis. The writer also wish her great
gratitude to her beloved little sister Dolorosa Maria Sembiring, S.Pd., and also her
Beloved husband, Yusuf Harianto, S.STP., for their suggestion, love, supports and
prayers to the completion of this thesis.
The writer would also like to extend her thankfulness to her best friends, Sondang
Dameria, S.S., who always gives her supports in conducting this thesis. The Writer also
dedicates her thankfulness to Farid Ma’ruf as kindly administrative staff for completing
the administrative procedures.
Last but not least, she thanks to all her friends in LTBI-XVII that are not mentioned
here thank you for bitter sweet togetherness during the learning time in the class during
three semesters.
May God Bless Us.
Medan, February 2013
The Writer
Grace Maria Sembiring
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
Pages
1. The Occurrence of Stylistic Devices Available in the 15 Analyzed Texts....54
2. Types of Stylistic Device Found on First Text ............................................. 58
3. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Second Text.......................................... 65
4. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Third Text............................................ 69
5. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fourth Text.......................................... 72
6. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fifth Text............................................. 74
7. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Sixth Text ............................................ 79
8. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Seventh Text........................................ 81
9. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Eighth Text.......................................... 83
10. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Ninth Text ........................................... 84
11. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Tenth Text ........................................... 86
12. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Eleventh Text ...................................... 89
13. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Twelfth Text........................................ 92
14. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Thirteenth Text.................................... 97
15. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fourteenth Text ................................. 100
16. Types of Stylistic Device Found in Fifteenth Text ............................ ……101
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
Meto
: Metonymy
Pleo
: Pleonasm
Metha
: Metaphor
Peri
: Periphrasis
Perso
: Personification
Syne
: Synecdochy
Poly
: Polysemy
Anti
: Anticlimax
Euphe
: Euphemisms
Clich
: Clich
Oxy
: Oxymoron
Tot
: Totem Pro Parte
Clim
: Climax
Pun
: Pun
Slo
: Slogan
Irony
: Irony
Hyper
: Hyperbole
Epit
: Epithet
Cyni
: Cynicism
Zeug
: Zeugma
Anto
: Antonomasia
Asyn
: Asyndeton
Sarca
: Sarcasm
Simile
: Simile
Ellip
: Ellipsis
Pro
:Proverb
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Communication is defined as a means of transmitting information.
Communicate means giving and getting different amounts of information and various
characters and qualities of communicated messages at one time, which is conditioned by
many factors such as the time, place and subject matter of what is being transmitted from
the addressor to the addressee in a particular situation. The addressor communicates
because he intends not only to exchange information, but he also aims at affecting the
behavior of the addressee.
There are some reasons for choosing the discourse stylistic device in political
text. They are, first, it is renowned indirectly on its linguistics behavior, especially when
it comes to communicating about unfavorable things. Language is supposed to be used to
clearly express beliefs, but Political Text does not just express beliefs but it also
mobilizes and inspires. The language use in political is not clear in its literal meaning.
Second, politicians are community in Indonesia, to have a penchant for avoiding
excessiveness as evident. And the third, the political text stylistics devices has never
been observed yet, to through this study it is going to be observed and it is going to be
described in order to achieve the types of stylistic devices used in political text that will
be taken from Analisa Newspaper. Analisa is choosen to be source of the data in this
study for some reasons, they are; (1) Analisa is a good and familiar newspaper with
political issues, (2) the language use in analisa newspaper is good for its familiarity to
all background of education, and (3) analisa newspaper is the most published and mostly
read by the population of Indonesia.
The stylistic theory which is introduced into linguistics have affected the study
of language, in particular the sociolinguistic approaches and the movement for
simplification of discourse. Due to the active study of discourse since the mid-seventies,
many linguistic properties of English are fairly well understood today. Even in this
domain, there are two alternatives of discourse to be examined: oral and written. In the
first case, for example, the lawyer-client interaction and courtroom interaction together
with their linguistic strategies are investigated. The latter, though, is more frequently the
object of study because it represents a referential norm and a point of comparison for
most treatises. The active study in the field of law has shown how different the two
media, the spoken and written, are. Spoken official English is not just a spoken variant of
the written text. It is a different genre at the same time because there is a very tight
connection between what is said, how it is said and why, and the situation in which the
speech is uttered. On the other hand, written legal English seems to be the other extreme
– it is constant, stable and almost context-free (Damova, 2007).
None of the language should be regarded as a readily identifiable object in
reality which we can isolate and examine (Crystal & Davy, 1997). It is not a single
homogeneous entity, but rather a huge complex of many different varieties that millions
of people in dozens of countries in the world speak. In a very general viewpoint, all these
people represent hundreds of varieties (or styles or registers as some other linguists may
prefer to call them). A variety as such means a difference. In this sense it can be educed
that all the varieties are distinct from one another and they vary to great extents, but on
the other hand, they all have much more in common than one can think of – they are all
varieties of one language – in this case of English. One of the greatest differences can be
seen in the written and spoken forms of the language, and other in the range of Englishes
that are distinguished as regional dialects.
Stylistic as a part of linguistics is a very complex field dealing with the study of
language and its related issues. A vigorous comeback of rationalism into the scientific
study of language in the sixties of the twentieth century resulted in the fact that linguists
have (Hiltunen, 1990) increasingly turned away from idealized, intuition-based
approaches to examining the actual use of language to find evidence for generalization,
e.g. by studying speech and conversation as concrete data of verbal communication. In
the case of written language, the study of texts has come into the foreground, especially
from the point of view of the interaction between function and structure. It is largely due
to this reassessment of linguistic methodology that the importances of such branches of
language study as sociolinguistics, pragmatics and discourse analysis are almost taken
for granted today.
The attempts to describe, explain and categorize the use of languages have
found their way to project also into the field of stylistics, and as Hiltunen (1990) states,
“the more concrete approaches had always been better represented there than in some
other areas, for natural reasons. New terms such as register, special language,
sublanguage and languages of the professions were introduced into discussions of style”.
He continues explaining that “languages do not function in a vacuum”, so the term of
context and other intra- and extra linguistic ties need to be taken into account as they
create a continuum. This continuum represents a scale in which the relationship between
language and context is relatively tight (e.g. British Acts of Parliament) at one end, but
on the other end it is relatively loose (legal textbooks, journals, documents). As a result,
there are several text type continua.
It was in 1882 that the word stylistic was first recorded in English. However, it
is a little older. It appeared in 1860 and was modeled on the German terms stylistics. It
proves that it was the second half of the 19th century that stylistics as a theoretical study
of style was established. Rhetoric, dialogic and poetic are regarded the predecessors of
stylistics (Damova, 2007).
It may be a difficult task to define what a style or variety is, what types exist,
how many there are or whether they are all clearly distinguishable – these are things a
stylistic theory should tell us (Ibid:4). Fortunately, speakers (at least the native ones) are
aware of the differences and the rules to some extent – they use one variety at home,
another at work, and a third, for example, at the doctor’s. They are able to tell one from
the other because they know the rules.
People communicate to transmit information, ideas, opinions and they want
their communication to be successful. Definitely, by communication people get
integrated into society. However, if one chooses to disregard the rules of language, or
fail, through ignorance, to obey them, then language can become instead a barrier to
successful communication and integration (Crystal & Davy, 1997). That is why people
should acquire a sharpened consciousness of the form and function of language, its place
in society, and its power. Native speakers of a particular language always \have an
advantage – they are born and brought up in the particular linguistic and cultural
environment, so they acquire the language and the rules of its appropriate use
unconsciously. Making mistakes (spelling, grammatical, inappropriate choice of
vocabulary) is a rather rare phenomenon.
Crystal & Davy (1997) confirm that the native speaker of English of course has
a great deal of intuitive knowledge about linguistic appropriateness and correctness –
when to use one variety of language rather than another – which he has amassed over the
years. He will probably have little difficulty in using and responding to the most ordinary
uses of language, such as the everyday conversation which occupies most of our
speaking and writing lifetime. Normally, in such a context, mistakes, if they occur, pass
by unnoticed or are discounted as unimportant. It is with the relatively infrequently
occurring, more specialized uses of language that the average language user may find
difficulty.
In deed, the use of language in politics, in some cases for common people even
he/she is a native of the language, it will be very difficult for him/her to talk about
something when it is related to politic. Except he/she is one of the expert in politic, of
course he/she will find it easy to talk about something related to politics. In politics, the
function of language is limited as a device to express the extent of power. In addition,
Political Text is the language which is used to persuade that loaded with euphemisms,
jargon and rhetoric. The use of euphemism stylistics is meant to make things look
positive memorable, memorable better than reality. Euphemism and rhetoric is a way
of wrapping so that the actions and policies of the authorities appear civilized but it
makes the language to stray far from its true meaning. The language used for the
benefit of power will experience an incredible distortion of meaning. That is the reason
why it is very important to understand the political text.
In order to understand the political text, in this study the political text will be
viewed from the point of view of language in use as a variation, where the speakers use
different styles of language such as: metaphor, metonymy, irony, polysemy, zeugma,
pun, epithet, oxymoron, simile, periphrasis, euphemism, hyperbole, clich, proverbs and
sayings, aphorism, and epigrams. These various styles of language are usually named as
stylistic devices. The information to be search through these styles usually called as
discourse. So discourse stylistic devices are the variation of informing language users’
intention through language. These variation can be available in spoken and in written
media. Newspaper is one of the media used for informing political information. However
to find out whether these discourse stylistic devices really available in political texts of
newspaper. The research is conducted due to many number of newspaper circulated in
the grand, the focus will be given only to Analisa newspaper.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
In relation to the background, the problems are formulated as the following.
1) What types of discourse stylistic devices are used in the political text of
the
daily Analisa?
2) How are those types used in the political text of the daily Analisa?
3) Why is the dominant type used the way it is?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems, the objectives of the study are
1) to describe the types of discourse stylistic devices used in political text of
daily Analisa.
the
2) to describe how are the dominant types used in the daily Analisa, and
3) to elaborate the reason of why the dominant type is used the way it is.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
This study attempts to investigate the discourse stylistic device used in political
text taken from Analisa Newspaper, where this study is only focused on describing the
types of the stylistic device and the dominant types of the stylistic device use in the
political text. Then it will be elaborated to find the reason why it is so.The data that will
be taken from the Analisa Newspaper.The data are also limited according to the date of
publishing, namely the Analisa Newspapers which are published on October 1, 2012
Until October 31, 2012, it is done because of the time limitation and also to avoid data
redundant in the Analysis.
1.5 The Significances of the Study
The findings of the study are expected to be theoretically and significantly
relevant in the some respects. Theoretically, the findings are expected to enrich the
theories of stylistic device such specifically in the written language which is written by
certain community and certain purpose, mainly the political text which is written for
political purposes. This study considers being useful initially to provide the information
of what kind of stylistic device used by the writer in writing the political text.
Consequently, it will give better understanding and new insight on how stylistics device
are related to the aspect of pragmatic study. This contribution will in turn give tentative
framework for a comprehensive analysis of stylistic device.
Practically, since this study focuses on stylistic device, so hopefully it is useful
for teachers and lectures of pragmatics and sociolinguistics to apply the analysis of
stylistic device in the pragmatics and sociolinguistics students either at university or at
high school which occur in daily writing or conversation, and also practice the patterns
of stylistic device which are used by them. This will accelerate them to write text or to
speak Indonesian language in various of style, thus they will not be clumsy to write or
speak directly about political text.
1
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
3.1 Conclusions
There are many linguistics devices found in written language but this study
only concerns about the linguistics devices found in political text. So after
analyzing the whole texts which are choosen to be the data in this study, it is
concluded that the stylistic device found in the daily analisa newpaper are
metonymy, pleonasm, methapor, periphrasis, personification, synecdochy,
polysemy, anticlimax, euphemisms, clich, oxymoron, to tem pro parte, climax,
pun, slogan, irony, hyperbola, ephitet, cynicism, zeugma, antonomasia, asindenton
sarcasm, simile, ellipsis, proverbs.
Metonymy is the most stylistic devices of the whole stylistic device found in
the text (32.2%). Then followed by euphemism stylistic device (14.5%) and then
methapor (12%) out of the whole text.
Those three stylistic device are the most expressions found in the daily analisa
because in political text use to reffering something with word in order to describe
the quality or feature of that thing, then the language of politic used to use a word
or phrase to replace an unpleasant things that can make other people as reader or
listener or hearer feels humiliated because of that and the lasi is political text use
to use an expression which describes a person or object in a literary way by
referring to something that is considered to have similar characteristics to the
person or object you are trying to describe.
2
3.2 Suggestions
In relations to the conclusions, suggestions are offered as the following.
1. For the journalist, as a journalist he/she must understand well kinds of
linguistic devices in order to help them be able to write the political text in
a good way without containing to much linguistis devices which might
couse of breaking the ethics of writing text such as political text, which
makes someones feeling hurt. Further research requires to be conducted to
know more about the stylistic device and its fields
2. For editor, as an editor also should understand the linguistics devices in
order to help him in editing the idea contains in the political text written by
journalist so by the time the text breaks the ethics, it should be revise or at
least he/she may know whether the political text appropriate to be
publissed of not.
3. For applied Linguistics students are expected to have a better
understanding about stylistics devices to enable and enrich their
knowledge.
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