STYLISTIC DEVICES IN THE NAKED TRAVELER.

ABSTRACT

Fransiska, Madonna. Stylistic Devices in The Naked Traveler. Thesis: English Applied Linguistics StudT Program. State UniversitT of Medan 2015

This studT deals with the stTlistic devices in the travel writing, The Naked Traveler. The writer analTzes ten travel stories from the book The Naked Traveler and finds that there are twentT four stTlistic devices found in the text, namelT MetonTmT (0.18%), Epiphora (0.18%), Alliteration (0.54%), Climax (0.54%), AsTndeton (0.54%), Antithesis (0.7%), Anaphor (0.7%), Euphemism (0.7%), Antonomasia (0.9%), Jargon (1.08%), Personification (1.26%), Rhetoric (1.62%), Ellipsis (1.62%), Inversion (1.8%), Paradox (2.9%), TautologT (3.25%), HTperbole (3.43%), IronT (3.8%), Repetition (4.9%), Simile (6%), Metaphor (9.04%), Enumeration (9.38%), Code- Switching (19.27%). The most dominant stTlistic device is colloquialism with 25.13% out of the total numbers of stTlistic devices found in the text. It tends to be found in the book since the use of colloquialism is to give sense of realism to the topic being discussed bT using everTdaT or popular language throughout the writing. The finding shows that the use of colloquial expressions and other stTlistic devices are essential in travel writing.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This thesis was written with the help of many extraordinary people, who had contributed their inspiring thought, idea, and vivid support through long discussions, wonderful understanding, compassions and prayers. First and foremost, the greatest gratitude goes to the writer’s Lord, Savior and constant companion Jesus Christ for His love and grace.

A great gratitude goes to her advisers Prof. Amrin Saragih, MA., Ph.D and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed., TESP for their incredible guidance, advice, knowledge and moreover support and wisdom during the writing of this thesis.

An appreciation is also acknowledged to the Head and Secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program of UNIMED, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M. Pd, and Dr. Sri Minda Murni, MS for the encouragement and valuable advice. Gratitude also goes to the administrative staff of LTBI UNIMED, Farid Ma’ruf, for the administrative assistance in accomplishing this thesis.

Special thanks are dedicated to all examiners for the critics, advice, feedback and constructive comments for the betterment of this thesis. For all lecturers of LTBI UNIMED, who had guided and illuminated the writer during her study at the Postgraduate School with their remarkable knowledge and passion in teaching, a thank you is not good enough. Dear professors, sirs, and madams, thank you for those inspiring and memorable classes we had.

From the classroom where they used to pour ideas and insights, to the real world where they apply what they have learnt, these following people have been the writer’s inspiration and role models in the past few years. Thank you Meiny Azwani Hasibuan, S. Pd, M. Hum, for becoming a mentor, an alarm bell and most importantly a friend who was not only brave to speak the truth but also was there whenever needed in no time at all. Your

presence and outstanding knowledge are very much appreciated. Kiki Erni Siagian, Uli Artha Munte, Riza Maharani, Connie, Khairina Dewi, Sari Indah Lestari, Uny Rahayu and Bunda Fauziah Rasyid, your friendship is a real treasure that will always be kept well. Thank you. Ari P. Suwondo, Ahmad Nasihin, Haris Putra Lubis, Fakhrurrazi Amin, Bang Mula Tua, Bang Marpaung, Bang Isnaini and Bang Jul, thank you for the bonding of solidarity both as friends and brothers.

Rini DF. Hasibuan, Nanda Permana, Nuri Sitorus, Rido Imam Ashadi, Riwanto Tamba and Bang Firli, during the tough days of study and the moments of waiting, thank you for becoming some sweet distractions by sharing your fresh thoughts, stories and laughter.

Guide to Travel Writino book written by Don George was the first reference to write this thesis and it was brought by Eva Riana Manullang to the writer through their traveling together. For that, a great acknowledgment is dedicated to Eva who is also the writer’s cousin. A sincere gratitude also goes to Lastri Hutapea for the thoughtful prayer and the everlasting friendship.

Deepest appreciation, honor, and gratitude are expressed to the writer’s dearest Parents, Mangara Hendri Hutapea and Rosita Demila Hutabarat, for becoming one of the most essential motivations to finish this thesis and also for their unconditional love to the writer. Their presence and prayers are the most significant features to her life. Brothers, sister, and in laws, thank you for the support and prayers.

To the memory of the writer’s heavenly friends, Charles Marbun and Servina Samosir, it was a privilege to once call you brother, sister as well as friend. It was an honor to be one of the witnesses of your inspiring life. You are and will still be remembered.

Last but not least, Trinity, the writer of The Naked Traveler, may God bless your adventurous life, as always, and for writing those brilliant inspiring books, a joyful appreciation is humbly extended to you.

Medan, March 2015 The writer,

Madonna Fransiska NIM: 809125013

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i

ABSTRACT iv

CONTENTS v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study 1 1.2 The Problem of the Study 6 1.3 The Objective of the Study 6 1.4 The Scope of the Study 6 1.5 The Significance of the Study 7 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1 Discourse Stylistic Device 8 2.2 Definitions of Style 9 2.3 Definitions of Stylistics 10

2.4 Stylistic Analysis 12

2.5. Level of Stylistic Analysis 13

2.6 Stylistic Devices 14

2.7 Travel Writing 43

2.7.1 Travel Books 44

2.7.2 The Naked Traveler 45 2.7.3 Language in Travel Writing 46

2.8 Relevant Studies 46

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 The Research Design 48

3.2 Data and Data Source 48 3.3 Technique of Collecting Data 48 3.4 The Technique of Data Analysis 48 3.5 The Trustworthiness of the Study 49

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

4.1 Data 51

4.2 Data Description 51

4.2.1 Data Reduction 51

4.2.2 Data Display 54

4.2.3 Conclusion Drawing/ Verification 55 4.2.4 The Way Stylistic Devices Used in Travel Writing 58 4.2.5 The Reason of Using the Dominant Types 58

4.3 The Data Analysis 59

4.3.1 The Analysis of the First Text 59 4.3.2 The Analysis of the Second Text 63 4.3.3 The Analysis of the Third Text 67 4.3.4 The Analysis of the Fourth Text 70 4.3.5 The Analysis of the Fifth Text 73 4.3.6 The Analysis of the Sixth Text 77 4.3.7 The Analysis of the Seventh Text 81 4.3.8 The Analysis of the Eighth Text 84 4.3.9 The Analysis of the Ninth Text 87 4.3.10 The Analysis of the Tenth Text 90

4.4 Findings 93

4.5 Discussion 95

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions 98

5.2 Suggestions 99

5.3 Implications 100

REFERENCES 101

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

Communocatoon ou a uocoal event. The upread of onformatoon through a group of people ou one of the mout omportant uocoal eventu that can occur. Communocatoon ou aluo pervauovely omportant on all walku of lofe that every branch of the uocoal ucoenceu ou concerned woth ot, utudoeu ot, and addu to the general fund of knowledge about ot (Moller, 1963).

People communocate, and by doong that, they ompart or exchange onformatoon to otheru through upeakong, wrotong or uuong uome other medoum. Travel wrotong ou aomed to report deep and full onformatoon, by explorong a place or a deutonatoon, to readeru by wrotong an honeut, faor, objectove and accurate portrayal of that place (George, 2005).

There are uome reauonu for choouong the doucourue utyloutoc devoceu on travel wrotong. They are, forut, travelong hau been becomong a trend on uocoety nowadayu (Tathagato, 2013). A lot of people are lookong for onformatoon about theor next deutonatoon from travel wrotngu. Travel wrotong varoeu on genre. It ou often wrotten on narratove, proue, euuay and doary utyle. Travel wrotong ou part reportong, part doary and part provodong traveler onformatoon. Many travel utoroeu overlap ueveral categoroeu becauue wrotong ou alwayu growong and changong. Travel wrotong evolveu au otu practotooneru broaden theor experoence and hone theor ukollu. Second, Travel wroteru create theor art uuong a multotude of dofferent utyleu and technoqueu on communocatong

2 theor utory. That ou why every travel utory ou dofferent. The foeld ou broad and there are unlomoted wayu of voewong ot. Peruonal odeau and experoence doutonguouh one poece of wrotong from another (O’Neol, 1996). It uhould be objectove yet peruonal au the purpoue of utyloutoc ou to explore language and more upecofocally, to explore creatovoty on language uue (Sompuon, 2004). Thord, on order to ompreuu the readeru, uometomeu wroteru urge to make proue powerful by overwrotong, uuong hogh-flown adjectoveu, adverbu or other devoceu. It could cauue the uentenceu collapue under the weoght of uuch wordu. However, the uue of utyloutoc devoceu ou one of the crotocal elementu to determone the uucceuu or faolure of a travel utory (George, 2005). That ou why the doucuuuoon about utyloutoc devoceu ou omportant to be done.

Fourth, utyloutoc devoceu on travel wrotong have never been obuerved yet. The utyloutoc devoce on travel wrotong ofThe Naked Traveler’u book, wrotten by Tronoty, wau obuerved au the uource of thou utudy. Thou book ou a Travel Loterature that ou the noteu of a traveler contaonong the ompreuuoon of the journey, deucroptoonu of eventu, and obuervatoonu. The language uued onThe Naked Traveler’u book ou wrotten woth loght au well au humorouu utyle.

The Naked Traveler book wau chouen to be the uource of data on thou utudy for uome reauonu. They are: (1) the Naked Traveler book ou a compolatoon of thoughtful and onformatove travelong utoroeu by the author from her travelong around the world. (2) Up to now, the Naked Traveler hau been publouhed on otu forth uequel and all are Indoneuoa’u beut – uellong travel book to date. (3) The author, and her worku, hau been acknowledged by the largeut travel guode book publouher on the word, Lonely Planet.

3 She hau won Indoneuoa Travel; Touroum Award au Indoneuoa Leadong Travel Wroter and dubbed au Heroone for Indoneuoa Touroum by The Jakarta Pout.

Styloutocu ou the utudy of utyle on upoken and wrotten text. By utyle ou meant a conuoutent occurrence on the text of certaon otemu and utructureu, or typeu of otemu and utructureu, among thoue offered by language au a whole. A full utyloutocu analyuou of a goven upoken or wrotten text would deucrobe the text at all the tradotoonal levelu of longuoutoc deucroptoon, loke, uound, form, utructure and meanong, but ot woll not typocally look at patternu created by long utretcheu of text. In utyloutocu analyuou, otemu and utructureu are ouolated and deucrobed uuong termonology and deucroptove frameworku. The ommedoate goal of utyloutocu ou to uhow why and how the text meanu what ot doeu (Halloday, 1983, p. x).

The text utudoed may be thoue produced on a certaon perood of tome, or by creatong certaon group of uueru or by ondovodualu, and the purpoueu of the analyueu range from the purely deucroptove through the explanatory to the onterpretove.

Styloutocu ou a method of textual onterpretatoon on whoch promacy of place ou auuogned to language. The reauon why language ou uo omportant to utyloutocoanu ou becauue the varoouu formu, patternu and levelu that conutotute longuoutoc utructure are an omportant ondex of the functoon of the text.

Styloutoc methodu are enroched and enabled by theoroeu of doucourue, culture and uocoety. The preferred object of utudy on utyloutocu ou loterature, whether that be onutotutoonally uanctooned 9Loterature’ au hogh art or more popular 9noncanonocal’

4 Accordong to the Longuoutoc Encyclopedoa, the doutonctoon between what ou loterary and what ou not ou often queutooned, but ot ou pouuoble to maontaon ot on purely practocal termu. There are uome textu that become loterature by beong attended to on the upecoal way whoch onvolveu among other thongu theor oncluuoon on courueu on loterature and uubuequent upecoal treatment, oncludong upecoal attentoon to theor language. It can then be argued that non-loterary utyloutocu dofferu from loterary utyloutocu uomply on that on the caue of former, the textu whoch are beong goven the type of attentoon typocally goven only to loterary textu are not, on fact, normally clauued au loterary textu. But bauocally, any text ou open to utyloutocu analyuou. The methodu and aomu of non-loterary utyloutocoan are the uame au thoue of the loterary utyloutocoan, but non-loterary utyloutocu may be ueen au derovatove, on uo far au modern utyloutocu au a whole hau developed from an ontereut on what ou upecoal about the way language ou uued on loterary textu from a beloef that loterary language doeu doffer from non-loterary language, at leaut on termu of otu functoon or baued on otu genre (1991: 439).

Genre ou quote eauoly uued to refer to a doutonctove category of doucourue of any type, upoken or wrotten, woth or wothout loterary auporatoonu (Swaleu, 1991). The uenue of travel wrotong au a genre wau, where ot manofeuted otuelf, often crude and reutroctove, but artoculated concept or a corpuu or tradotoon wau on fact uueful, eupecoally to uocoal houtoroanu, on uhowong contemporary readeru how to be profocoent at readong woth graon of older account (Campbell, 2002).

Language ou ultomately a matter of chooce (Swaleu, 1991). The utyle of language on travel wrotong ou vary, moutly wrotten on narratove, deucroptove and aeuthetoc language to

5 entertaon, to onform au well au to encourage the readeru to read more what hau been plotted au the purpoue of the wrotong.

To enroch the vooce, the pace au well au the language of the wrotong, travel wroter uueu varoouu utyleu of language and ot ou called utyloutoc devoceu. The uue of metaphor, uomole, alloteratoon, etc on travel wrotong, au uome exampleu of utyloutocu devoceu, ou one of crotocal elementu to determone the uucceuu or the faolure of travel utory (George, 2005).

The onformatoon to be uearched through theue utyleu ou called doucourue. So, doucourue utyloutocu devoceu are the varoatoon of onformong language uueru’ ontentoon through language. Theue varoatoonu can be avaolable on upoken and wrotten medoa. Travel wrotong book ou one of the medoa uued for onformong about travel utory. The focuu of thou utudy wau goven only to The Naked Traveler book wrotten by Tronoty. Thou book ou called a Travel Loterature. It ou often wrotten on narratove, proue, euuay, and doary utyle.

The Naked Traveler ou brought to otu readeru on a form of loght readong woth humorouu utyle of language. For example:

…lagi asik-asiknya nongkrong di pinggir kolam renang kampus, tiba-tiba seseorang berlari kearah saya dan berteriak, “Ku ku ku! There’s ku!” Kirain apaan “kuku-ku, nggak taunya coup (dalam bahasa inggris di baca “ku ”) atau coup d’etat alias kudeta. Hah!(Tronoty, 2010).

6 From the example we can uee that the utory ou preuented uuong onformal utyle and ot ou a loght readong woth humor and contaonu uome utyloutoc devoceu uuch au repetotoon for the expreuuoon 9Ku ku ku! There’s ku!” and colloquoaloum au on

nongkrongwhoch meanu 9to hang out’.

1.2 The Problems of the Study

In lone woth the background, the problemu are formulated au the followong: 1. What typeu of doucourue utyloutoc devoceu are uued on The Naked Traveler? 2. How are thoue typeu uued onThe Naked Traveler?

3. In what context ou the domonant type uued on the way ot ou?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

In relatoon to the problemu, the objectoveu of the utudy are:

1. to deucrobe the type of doucourue utyloutocu devoceu uued on the travel wrotong of

The Naked Traveler,

2. to deucrobe how are thoue typeu uued on the book,

3. to elaborate the reauon of why the domonant type ou uued the way ot ou.

1.4 The Scope of the Study

Thou utudy attempted to onveutogate the doucourue utyloutoc devoceu uued on travel wrotong taken from The Naked Traveler book, where thou utudy wau only focuued on deucrobong the typeu of the utyloutocu devoce and the domonant typeu uued on the travel

7 wrotong, then ot wau followed by the elaboratoon of the reauon why ot wau uo. Colloquoaloum, Hyperbole, Metonymy, Tautology, Enumeratoon, Somole, Metaphor, Peruonofocatoon and Code Swotchong were the focuu of the utudy. The data wau taken from the utoroeu onThe Naked Travelerbook.

1.5 The Significance of the Study

The fondongu of the utudy are expected to be theoretocally and uognofocantly relevant to uome aupectu. Theoretocally, The fondongu are expected to enroch the theoroeu of utyloutocu devoce, upecofocally on the wrotten language wrotten by certaon communoty woth certaon purpoueu.

Practocally, uonce thou utudy focuued on utyloutoc devoceu on a travel wrootng, hopefully ot would be a great deal for teacheru and lectureu of pragmatocu or uocoolonguoutocu to apply the analyuou of utyloutocu devoce towardu the utudentu, eother at uchool or at unoveruoty, and to enroch theor perupectove on the uue of language on varoouu foeldu or genreu.

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusions

After analyzing the whole text deliberately, the conclusions are drawn as follows:

1. Stylistic devices have been one of the ultimate elements to determine the success of a travel story. There are twenty four stylistic devices found in travel writing The Naked Traveler. They are Colloquialism, Metonymy, Epiphora, Alliteration, Climax, Asyndeton, Antithesis, Anaphor, Euphemism, Antonomasia, Jargon, Personification, Rhetoric, Ellipsis, Inversion, Paradox, Tautology, Hyperbole, Irony, Repetition, Simile, Metaphor, Enumeration, and Code- Switching. Colloquialism is the most dominant stylistic device found in the texts.

2. The language used in travel writing tends be the ‘everyday’ language. That is why colloquial expressions are the most dominant expressions found in the text. It is to give a sense of realism to the story being discussed.

3. As a whole it is concluded that different type of writing genre will produce different type of most dominant stylistic device. It has been studied from the previous studies about stylistic devices brought by different researchers. In travel writing, colloquial expressions tend to be the most dominant one.

139

5.2 Suggestions

In line with the conclusions that have been stated, some suggestions are offered to the readers, especially for those who are interested in doing further study on stylistic devices as follows:

1. For the travel writers, it is very essential to understand the kinds and the functions of stylistic device, to enrich their knowledge and to be able to make use those devices for the betterment of their future work. Since the content of travel writing is on the human interest, writers are expected to give creative yet objective observation by using stylistic devices.

2. Travelling has been a trend in society that leads to a life style. To support the life style many travel writings have been published widely to provide information communicatively. Travel writing as one of the writing genres is a popular source of study. It is suggested to explore more about travel writing from the linguistics point of view.

3. There are many interesting aspects to be explored in linguistics. Stylistic device is one of them. Applied Linguistics students are expected to have better understanding about stylistic device to enrich their knowledge dealing with the function of language as the means of communication.

140

5.3 Implications

Speech, essays, writings, etc, will be more interesting and lively with the use of stylistic devices. There are many kinds of stylistic devices (figure of speech) with their various functions. From the previous studies it is known that with different kinds of field, where stylistic devicies applied, will produce different kind of most dominant device.

To some extent, this thesis will be a valuable contribution to the teaching and learning of English and stylistics in general and of stylistic devices in different genres. Workshop to improve the skill of writing is also important to be done. Furthermore, it also provides some references for the readers for the betterment of the future studies for those who are interested to explore more about the use of stylistic devices both in spoken and written language.

REFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. 1999.A Glossary of Literary Terms.Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Baldick, C. 2008.Dictionary of Literaray Terms. London: Oxford University Press. Bartel, D. 1997.Musica Poetica. Nebraska: The University of Nebraska Press. Blanton, C. 2002.Travel Writing: The Self anT The WorlT. New York: Routledge. Burkhardt, A. & Nerlich, B. 2010. Tropical Truth (s) the Epistemology of Metaphor

anT Other Tropes. New York: deGruyter

Bussmann, Hadumod. 1996. Dictionary of Language anT Linguistics. New York:

Routledge.

Campbell, M. B. 2002.Travel Writing anT Its Theory, in P. Hulme & T. Youngs, The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing: Cambridge University Press: 216 – 278. Chalker, S. & Weiner, E. 1998. The OxforT Dictionary of English Grammar. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Childs, P & Fowler, R. 2006.The RoutleTge Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Routledge

Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language: An IntroTuction to Semantics anT

Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

Crystal, D. 2003.A Dictionary of Linguistics anT Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Definition and Example of Literary Terms. Retrieved from http://literarydevices.net/

DePrince, A. P & Cromer, L.D. 2006. Exploring Dissociation: Definitions,

Development, anT Cognitive Correlates.New York: Haworth Press.

Dey, Ian. 1993.Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-frienTly GuiTe for Social Scientist. London: Routlege.

Dung, Nguyen. 2010. An Investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US PresiTents. Retrieved from http://tailie uso.udn.vn/b itstream /TTHL_125/1409/2/ Summary.pdf

2 Example of Travel Writing. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/en

glish/close_reading_texts/autobio graphies_travel_writing/revision/4/ Fasold, R. 1990.The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. George, D. 2005.GuiTe to Travel Writing. London: Lonely Planet Publications. Goalty, A. 1997.The Language of Metaphors. London: J & L Composition.

Gretzel, Ulrike. 2007. Online Travel Review StuTy. Retrieved from

http://www.tripadvisor.com/pdfs/OnlineTravelReviewReport.pdf

Guide to Literary terms. Retrieved from http://faculty.m u.edu.sa/public/uploa ds/1384844790.4404guide-to-literary-terms.pdf

Halliday, M. A. K. 1983.The Language of Literature: A Stylistics IntroTuction to the StuTy of Literature. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

--- 1994.An IntroTuction to Functional Grammar.London: Edward Arnold. Hamilton, C. Stylistics or Cognitive Stylistics. Retrieved from

http://stylistique-anglaise.org/docannexe /fichier/565/05%20-%20SA%2028%20HAMILTON.pdf Hickey, L. 1989.The Pragmatics Style. London & New York: Routledge

Holmes, J. 1992.An IntroTuction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman Hudson, R. A. 1980.Sociolingistics.London: Cambridge University.

Hymes, D. 1974. FounTation in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach.

Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Jacobson, R. 1997.CoTe Switching WorlTwiTe. New York: Walter de Gruyter

Jones, Rebecca. 2013. The Benefits of Travel: travel writing in the Lagos newspapers

1912-1931. Retrieved from

http://historyandcultures.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/jhac-2-rebecca-jones-the-benefits-of-travel-writing1.pdf

Jones, Rodney. 2012.Discourse Analysis Resource Book for StuTents. Retrieved from http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/Portfolio2/DISCOURSE_ANALYSIS.pdf

3 Jorgensen, M & Phillips, L. 2002.Discourse analysis as Theory anT MethoT. London:

Sage Publication Ltd.

Lawrence, D. H. & Durrell, Lawrence. Travel Writing anT Culture. Retrieved from http://www.english.hku.hk/courses/engl2045/ENGL2045lecturenotes_Week6.pdf Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. 1985.Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage

Publication,inc.

Lindsay, Claire. Contemporary Travel Writing of Latin America. Retrieved from

http://www.caroycuervo.gov.co/sites/default/files/documents/files/Contemporary-Travel-Writing-Of-Latin-America-Capitulo-1-2.pdf

Malmkj r, K. & Anderson, J. M. 1991. The Linguistics EncyclopeTia. London: Routledge.

Matthews, P. H. 2007. The Concise OxforT Tictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Mcrae, John. & Clark, Urzula. Stylistics. Retrieved from http://www.wyxy.sn nu.edu.cn/yy/ uploadfiles/201006/20100606095804893.pdf

Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis. California: Sage Publication.

Miles, Matthew. B. Huberman, A. Michael. et. al. Qualitative Tata Analysis.

Retrieved from

http://researchtalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Miles-Huberman-Saldana-Designing-Matrix-and-Network-Displays.pdf

Miller, G. A. 1963. Language anT Communication. New York: McGraw – Hill Book

Company.

O’ Neil, L. P. 1996.Travel Writing. Ohio: Writer’s Digest Books.

Raud, Nina. English Language Practical Stylistics. Retrieved from http://www.e-ope.ee/_download/euni_repository/file/3437/Inglise%20keele%20praktiline%20st ilistika_kursusesissu.pdf

Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society: An introTuction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

4 Sembiring, Grace. 2013. Stylistic Devices in Political Texts of the Daily Analisa.

Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan. Simpson, P. 2004.Stylistics. London & New York: Routledge

Steadman, J. B. 2007.Traveling Economics: American Women’s Travel Writing. Ohio: Ohio State University Press.

Stern, J. 2000.Metaphor in Context. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Stockwell, P. 2002.Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.

Swales, J. M. 1991.Genre Analysis: English in acaTemic anT research settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tathagati, Arini. 2013.Travel Writing101. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. The Naked Traveler. 2013.Retrieved from http://ww w.ubud writersfestival.com/pr

ogram/the-naked-trave ler-english-version/.

Thirteen Traveler’s Resolutions for 2013. (2013, January 10). Retrieved from

http://www.jakpost.travel/news/13-travelers-resolutions-for-2013-gKqDIcCL4JZXu0UP.html.

Trask, R. L. 1997. A StuTent’s Dictionary of Language anT Linguistics. London: Arnold.

Travel Literature. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature. Trinity. 2007.The NakeT Traveler. Yogyakarta: C │Publishing.

--- 2010.The NakeT Traveler 2. Yogyakarta: B-First. --- 2011.The NakeT Traveler 3. Yogyakarta: B-First.

Weis, Bradley. 2004. The UntolT Travel Story ATravel Writer’s GuiTe to Sustainable Tourism anT Destination StewarTship. Retrieved from http://travel.nationalgeo graphic.com/travel/sustainable/pdf/sustainable_writers_manual.pdf

5.2 Suggestions

In line with the conclusions that have been stated, some suggestions are offered to the readers, especially for those who are interested in doing further study on stylistic devices as follows:

1. For the travel writers, it is very essential to understand the kinds and the functions of stylistic device, to enrich their knowledge and to be able to make use those devices for the betterment of their future work. Since the content of travel writing is on the human interest, writers are expected to give creative yet objective observation by using stylistic devices.

2. Travelling has been a trend in society that leads to a life style. To support the life style many travel writings have been published widely to provide information communicatively. Travel writing as one of the writing genres is a popular source of study. It is suggested to explore more about travel writing from the linguistics point of view.

3. There are many interesting aspects to be explored in linguistics. Stylistic device is one of them. Applied Linguistics students are expected to have better understanding about stylistic device to enrich their knowledge dealing with the function of language as the means of communication.

140

. 5.3 Implications

Speech, essays, writings, etc, will be more interesting and lively with the use of stylistic devices. There are many kinds of stylistic devices (figure of speech) with their various functions. From the previous studies it is known that with different kinds of field, where stylistic devicies applied, will produce different kind of most dominant device.

To some extent, this thesis will be a valuable contribution to the teaching and learning of English and stylistics in general and of stylistic devices in different genres. Workshop to improve the skill of writing is also important to be done. Furthermore, it also provides some references for the readers for the betterment of the future studies for those who are interested to explore more about the use of stylistic devices both in spoken and written language.

Baldick, C. 2008.Dictionary of Literaray Terms. London: Oxford University Press. Bartel, D. 1997.Musica Poetica. Nebraska: The University of Nebraska Press. Blanton, C. 2002.Travel Writing: The Self anT The WorlT. New York: Routledge. Burkhardt, A. & Nerlich, B. 2010. Tropical Truth (s) the Epistemology of Metaphor

anT Other Tropes. New York: deGruyter

Bussmann, Hadumod. 1996. Dictionary of Language anT Linguistics. New York: Routledge.

Campbell, M. B. 2002.Travel Writing anT Its Theory, in P. Hulme & T. Youngs, The Cambridge Companion to Travel Writing: Cambridge University Press: 216 – 278. Chalker, S. & Weiner, E. 1998. The OxforT Dictionary of English Grammar. New

York: Oxford University Press.

Childs, P & Fowler, R. 2006.The RoutleTge Dictionary of Literary Terms. New York: Routledge

Cruse, D. A. 2000. Meaning in Language: An IntroTuction to Semantics anT Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

Crystal, D. 2003.A Dictionary of Linguistics anT Phonetics. Oxford: Blackwell Definition and Example of Literary Terms. Retrieved from http://literarydevices.net/ DePrince, A. P & Cromer, L.D. 2006. Exploring Dissociation: Definitions,

Development, anT Cognitive Correlates.New York: Haworth Press.

Dey, Ian. 1993.Qualitative Data Analysis: A User-frienTly GuiTe for Social Scientist. London: Routlege.

Dung, Nguyen. 2010. An Investigation into Stylistic Devices in Political Speeches by US PresiTents. Retrieved from http://tailie uso.udn.vn/b itstream /TTHL_125/1409/2/ Summary.pdf

2

.

Example of Travel Writing. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/en glish/close_reading_texts/autobio graphies_travel_writing/revision/4/

Fasold, R. 1990.The Sociolinguistics of Language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. George, D. 2005.GuiTe to Travel Writing. London: Lonely Planet Publications. Goalty, A. 1997.The Language of Metaphors. London: J & L Composition.

Gretzel, Ulrike. 2007. Online Travel Review StuTy. Retrieved from http://www.tripadvisor.com/pdfs/OnlineTravelReviewReport.pdf

Guide to Literary terms. Retrieved from http://faculty.m u.edu.sa/public/uploa ds/1384844790.4404guide-to-literary-terms.pdf

Halliday, M. A. K. 1983.The Language of Literature: A Stylistics IntroTuction to the StuTy of Literature. Oxford: Pergamon Press.

--- 1994.An IntroTuction to Functional Grammar.London: Edward Arnold. Hamilton, C. Stylistics or Cognitive Stylistics. Retrieved from

http://stylistique-anglaise.org/docannexe /fichier/565/05%20-%20SA%2028%20HAMILTON.pdf Hickey, L. 1989.The Pragmatics Style. London & New York: Routledge

Holmes, J. 1992.An IntroTuction to Sociolinguistics. London: Longman Hudson, R. A. 1980.Sociolingistics.London: Cambridge University.

Hymes, D. 1974. FounTation in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic Approach. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Jacobson, R. 1997.CoTe Switching WorlTwiTe. New York: Walter de Gruyter

Jones, Rebecca. 2013. The Benefits of Travel: travel writing in the Lagos newspapers 1912-1931. Retrieved from http://historyandcultures.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/jhac-2-rebecca-jones-the-benefits-of-travel-writing1.pdf

Jones, Rodney. 2012.Discourse Analysis Resource Book for StuTents. Retrieved from http://personal.cityu.edu.hk/~enrodney/Portfolio2/DISCOURSE_ANALYSIS.pdf

Jorgensen, M & Phillips, L. 2002.Discourse analysis as Theory anT MethoT. London: Sage Publication Ltd.

Lawrence, D. H. & Durrell, Lawrence. Travel Writing anT Culture. Retrieved from http://www.english.hku.hk/courses/engl2045/ENGL2045lecturenotes_Week6.pdf Lincoln, Y. S. & Guba, E. G. 1985.Naturalistic Inquiry. California: Sage

Publication,inc.

Lindsay, Claire. Contemporary Travel Writing of Latin America. Retrieved from http://www.caroycuervo.gov.co/sites/default/files/documents/files/Contemporary-Travel-Writing-Of-Latin-America-Capitulo-1-2.pdf

Malmkj r, K. & Anderson, J. M. 1991. The Linguistics EncyclopeTia. London: Routledge.

Matthews, P. H. 2007. The Concise OxforT Tictionary of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Mcrae, John. & Clark, Urzula. Stylistics. Retrieved from http://www.wyxy.sn nu.edu.cn/yy/ uploadfiles/201006/20100606095804893.pdf

Miles, M. B. & Huberman, A. M. 1984. Qualitative Data Analysis. California: Sage Publication.

Miles, Matthew. B. Huberman, A. Michael. et. al. Qualitative Tata Analysis.

Retrieved from http://researchtalk.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Miles-Huberman-Saldana-Designing-Matrix-and-Network-Displays.pdf

Miller, G. A. 1963. Language anT Communication. New York: McGraw – Hill Book Company.

O’ Neil, L. P. 1996.Travel Writing. Ohio: Writer’s Digest Books.

Raud, Nina. English Language Practical Stylistics. Retrieved from http://www.e-ope.ee/_download/euni_repository/file/3437/Inglise%20keele%20praktiline%20st ilistika_kursusesissu.pdf

Romaine, S. 2000. Language in Society: An introTuction to Sociolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press.

4

.

Sembiring, Grace. 2013. Stylistic Devices in Political Texts of the Daily Analisa. Unpublished Thesis: Postgraduate Program, State University of Medan.

Simpson, P. 2004.Stylistics. London & New York: Routledge

Steadman, J. B. 2007.Traveling Economics: American Women’s Travel Writing. Ohio: Ohio State University Press.

Stern, J. 2000.Metaphor in Context. Massachusetts: The MIT Press. Stockwell, P. 2002.Sociolinguistics. London: Routledge.

Swales, J. M. 1991.Genre Analysis: English in acaTemic anT research settings. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Tathagati, Arini. 2013.Travel Writing101. Jakarta: PT Elex Media Komputindo. The Naked Traveler. 2013.Retrieved from http://ww w.ubud writersfestival.com/pr

ogram/the-naked-trave ler-english-version/.

Thirteen Traveler’s Resolutions for 2013. (2013, January 10). Retrieved from

http://www.jakpost.travel/news/13-travelers-resolutions-for-2013-gKqDIcCL4JZXu0UP.html.

Trask, R. L. 1997. A StuTent’s Dictionary of Language anT Linguistics. London: Arnold.

Travel Literature. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_literature. Trinity. 2007.The NakeT Traveler. Yogyakarta: C │Publishing.

--- 2010.The NakeT Traveler 2. Yogyakarta: B-First. --- 2011.The NakeT Traveler 3. Yogyakarta: B-First.

Weis, Bradley. 2004. The UntolT Travel Story ATravel Writer’s GuiTe to Sustainable Tourism anT Destination StewarTship. Retrieved from http://travel.nationalgeo graphic.com/travel/sustainable/pdf/sustainable_writers_manual.pdf