Cohesion analysis of crime news texts in New York Daily News and the village voice

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A Thesis

Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Strata One

ASRI SUKOWATI NIM. 1110026000037

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA


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i

Humanities Faculty, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2015.

The objective of this research is to find out grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in two articles taken from crime feature. Also, the purpose of this research is to how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts. The writer takes two articles from New York Daily News and The Village Voice edition of 24 April 2014, both are online mass media published every day.

The methodology used in this research is qualitative method. Two articles from crime feature in New York Daily News and The Village Voice are collected, next the articles are read and the cohesion devices that occur in the texts will be found to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

There are 43 items of grammatical cohesion devices in article from New York Daily News and 78 items in article from The Village Voice. In lexical cohesion devices, there are 20 items in article from New York Daily News and 44 items in article from The Village Voice. The cohesion devices created the cohesive text. It can be said if the using of cohesion devices according to their functions and related to the context of the text. If the text is cohesive, it will be understood well by the readers.


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I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institude of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement has been made in the text.


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In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

All praise to Allah SWT, the Lord of the world, who has authority upon all

creation in the whole world. The real writer’s guide whose blessings and mercies

have brought the writer until this point. Peace and solution be upon the greatest prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, companions, and adherents.

In this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude to her family, especially her beloved parents, Mardianto (Alm) and Dina Marthina, who have given their care and support. If it is not for their love and their prayers, all of their children cannot arrive at this one phase of life achievement.

The writer also would like to convey her deepest gratitude to the following amazing people:

1. Prof. Dr. Sukron Kamil, M.Ag., the Dean of Letters and Humanities Faculty.

2. Drs. Saefudin, M.Pd., the Head of English Letters Department, who is also

one of the writer’s advisor, for sacrificing his precious time to guide the writer in completing her thesis.


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4. Rima Muryantina, S.Hum., M.Ling., the writer’s advisor who always willing spare her time to patiently guide and teach the writer in many ways to complete her study and thesis.

5. All lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught and inspired the writer during her study.

6. Her friends in English Letters Department of the year 2010, especially for Elbie and Linguistics A, Inas, Ida, Cica, Dewi, Nita, Rana, Fafaw, and everyone else, for their help and experience.

7. Her best friends, Rere, Selvi, Wiwin, Salma, Melin, Febria, Nida, Tian, Ryan, Charles, Oghan, Rahmat, Ilham, Agung, Alfian, and all friends who always give support during her study.

8. Iis, Ima, Istiya, Fitri, Hanim, and Qotul, for their kindness to let her stay in their home for rest.

9. KKN PELANGI 2013, who has given experiences and happiness. 10.Her mood booster when she was down.

Finally, the writer would like to say thank you for everyone who might not be mentioned yet here. Everyone who has helped, supported, and motivated her in accomplishing this thesis.

Jakarta, January 2015


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vii

Table 2 : The Units in the Text 1 ... 24 Table 3 : The Units in the Text 2 ... 26


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viii

ABSTRACT ... i

APPROVEMENT ... ii

LEGALIZATION ... iii

DECLARATION ... iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ... v

LIST OF TABLE ... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... viii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

A.Background of the Research ... 1

B.Focus of the Research ... 3

C.Research Question ... 3

D.Significance of the Research ... 3

E. Research Methodology ... 4

1. Objective of the Research ... 4

2. Method of the Research ... 4

3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis ... 5

4. Instrument of The Research ... 5


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CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ... 7

A.Previous Research ... 7

B.Discourse Analysis ... 9

C.Cohesion ... 10

D.Cohesion Devices ... 11

1. Grammatical Cohesion ... 11

2. Lexical Cohesion ... 20

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDINGS ... 24

A.Data Description ... 24

B.Data Analysis ... 30

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 61

A.Conclusion ... 61

B.Suggestion ... 62

BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 63


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1

A. Background of the Research

The unity of text is influenced by cohesion. A text should not be separated from cohesion that divided into two main parts: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Relations of meaning, both lexical and grammatical meaning, need to be realized in unity forming coherent text. Therefore, cohesion and text cannot be separated in order to establish a cohesive sentence. It can be seen from this sentence from an article published by New York Daily News, on 10 April 2014. Example:

[1] Carisa Gaylardo, formerly a probationary physical education teacher at the Riverdale/Kingsbridge Academy, charges in court papers that she was given an unsatisfactory rating and ultimately fired after turning down offers of a threesome with tenured gym teacher Sofia

Memos.”

In the example above, the words bolded and underlined are the elements of grammatical cohesion device of reference. In the example, if the pronoun in the sentence is not appropriate, then the meaning of the sentence cannot be conveyed clearly, and therefore cohesion needed in a text.

The presence of the media used by the public needs the unity of text, so that what is presented through a text can be understood by the reader. Therefore, the writer argues that the unity of the text would be cohesive if there is element of cohesion.


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Many people argue that the unity of journalistic text on a media always cohesive, in fact there are many people feel hard to understand what the meaning of the text. The belief of many people makes a lot of language researchers interested in examining the integrity of the discourse on journalistic texts. In case this is not intended to denigrate the ability of journalists to write news, but only to ensure that cohesion is very important in journalistic text integrity.

Through this research, cohesion device used in journalistic texts will be analyzed. Journalism is part of social activity concerned with the dissemination of news and views about the society. Modern journalism is divided into five departments of mass communication: Newspaper and Periodicals, Radio, Television, Films, and Advertising.1

In this research, the journalistic texts from two online mass media in United States are taken. They are New York Daily News (www.nydailynews.com) and The Village Voice (blogs.villagevoice.com). These online mass media are published every day. These online mass media consist of several features, some of them are Crime, Politics, Sports, Food, Entertainment, Local, Living, Health, etc. The writer takes an article of crime feature from each online mass media.

The crime feature is chosen to analyze the phenomenon at the exact time, that is news about Occupy live-streamer whom tackled by NYPD Chief, and the news are published in crime feature. Besides that, text news of crime is sensitive to read and understand because it is usually related to the law.

1


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As the conclusion, cohesion is important in a discourse. As said before, cohesion in the articles will be analyzed. Based on the unit of the analysis, data formed two articles from crime feature are used as the corpus. Article is a discourse. So, this research is called as discourse analysis.

B. Focus of the Research

This research focuses on the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the articles which are taken from crime feature at New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The Village Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. Data in the form of two articles from crime feature are taken on 24 April 2014 at New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The data are taken based on the phenomenon at the exact time.

C. Research Question

Based on the explanation above, it is necessary to have the answer of these following questions:

1. What kinds of cohesion devices are used in the two texts?

2. How do the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts?

D. Significance of the Research

The significance of this research is to give a new contribution in linguistic study, especially about discourse analysis focusing on the grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in journalistic text, especially in crime news texts. It is hoped


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that this research could give advantages for the writer herself, the readers, and other researchers who want to examine the similar study in the future.

E. Research Methodology 1. Objective of the Research

Related to the research questions above, the objectives of this research are: a) To find out grammatical and lexical cohesion devices appeared in the

two texts.

b) To know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

2. Method of the Research

In this research, qualitative method is used in analyzing the data. Qualitative method involves data collection procedures that result primarily in numerical data which is then analyzed primarily by non-statistical methods.2

This research uses one of the qualitative methods called discourse analysis. The discourse analysis investigates what it is that makes for well-formed discourse.3 The writer reads the texts and tries to find cohesion devices that appear in the texts and then analyzes how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

2

Zoltan Dornyei, Research Methods in Applied Linguistics (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), p. 24.

3

David Nunan, Research Methods in Language Learning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 160.


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3. Technique of Data Collecting and Data Analysis

In this research, the data are collected by using bibliography technique (teknik pustaka). Bibliography technique is by using written sources to obtain data.4 In analyzing the data, the steps used are:

a) Two articles are collected from crime feature of New York Daily News and The Village Voice as the data corpus.

b) The texts are read.

c) All the cohesion devices in the articles are marked. d) The data are analyzed.

e) The data are written down on the data card. f) The results of the analysis are described. g) The results of the research are summarized.

4. Instrument of the Research

Data card is used as the instrument in this research to identify the data formed two articles which are taken from crime feature in New York Daily News and The Village Voice.

5. Unit of Analysis

The unit of analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature at New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The Village Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. The data are chosen on April 2014. Those data are:

4

Edi Subroto, Pengantar Metoda Penelitian Linguistik Struktural (Surakarta: Sebelas Maret University Press, 1992), p. 42.


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a.) “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy march gets $55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News, 24 April 2014)

b.) “City Will Pay $55,000 to Settle Case of Occupy Live-streamer Josh Boss, Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The Village Voice, 24 April 2014).


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A. Previous Research

This research is not the only one that analyzes grammatical and lexical cohesion in the journalistic text. In this section, some previous researches will be compared with this research. The first research comes from Al-Faith journal written by Hind Tahseen Hameed. The second previous research comes from student of State Islamic University Jakarta made by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin (2011) and the third research also comes from student of State Islamic University Jakarta which was conducted by Abdul Rohim (2010).

The first research is from Al-Faith journal written by Hind Tahseen Hameed. The study is entitled “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a

News Article in a Magazine”.5Using Newsweek article “Ruins with a View”, the

textual aspect of meaning through cohesion analyzed. He used theory by Halliday and Hasan for the main theory and he also used theory by Bloor and Bloor to support this research. From the research, he found the most often occurred of grammatical cohesion is reference. Another cohesion device which has function to create texture is lexical cohesion. Therefore, cohesion is an important aspect for creating meaning within text.

The second research by Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin is entitled “An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the Journalistic Text of

5

Hind Tahseen Hameed, 2008, “Cohesion in Texts: A Discourse Analysis of a News


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VoANews.com”.6

This research focused on the grammatical and lexical cohesion and its markers of the journalistic text at VoAnews.com (edition of December 27th 2010 – December 30th 2010). She used theory of Halliday and Hasan to analyze the cohesion and to determine the degree of cohesiveness of the texts, she used Scinto Formula by Carolyn Harnett. She found that the dominant device of grammatical cohesion is reference, its percentage reached 56,64%. Meanwhile the dominant device of lexical cohesion is repetition, its percentage attained 15,39%. The cohesiveness degree each markers are different, grammatical cohesion devices reached very high level of cohesiveness degree, the percentage average of cohesiveness degree attained 85,77%. Contrast to grammatical cohesion, lexical cohesion devices is low. Its percentage average only reached 50,01%.

The third research by Abdul Rohim is entitled “Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”.7

This research focused on the written text of the Jakarta

Post’s Editorial (edition of April 2009). He analyzed how to identify how cohesive devices in the Jakarta Post’s Editorial and described the cohesive device which has the highest occurrence. For the main theory, he used theory by Halliday and Hasan. Through his research, he found the highest occurrence and the lowest occurrence of the cohesive device either through the grammatical cohesive or lexical cohesive in the Jakarta Post’s Editorial. The cohesion through the grammatical cohesive which has the highest occurrence is reference item especially personal reference. It contrasts with other cohesion devices such as

6Nurul Laili Mariani Fadjrin, “An Analysis of Grammatical and Lexical Cohesion on the

Journalistic Text of VoANews.com” (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2011).

7 Abdul Rohim, “Cohesion Analysis on the Jakarta Post‟s Editorial”

(Jakarta: UIN Jakarta, 2010).


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substitution that appeared in the one text, and it is only nominal substitution. He also found some repetition words stretches across several in every text and it is the highest occurrence lexically.

Based on the previous researches above, there are some differences with this research. The first is the research object, the research object of this research is New York Daily News and The Village Voice. The second is the focus of the research, the focus of this research is grammatical and lexical cohesion in two articles which are taken from crime feature. Besides that, this research also has purpose to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

B. Discourse Analysis

Discourse is the way of combining and integrating language, actions, interactions, and ways of thinking, believing, and valuing by using various symbols, tools, and objects to enact a particular sort of socially recognizable identity.8 Generally, discourse has been defined as anything beyond sentence.9

The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use.10 In the discourse, there are several important things to be effective to read, two of them are cohesion and context. Context refers to the situation within discourse. According to David Nunan, there are two types of context.11 The first is linguistic

8

James Paul Gee, An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method (New York: Routledge, 2003), p. 21.

9

Deborah Schiffrin, et.al, The Handbook of Discourse Analysis (United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishers, 2001), p. 1.

10

Gillian Brown and George Yule, Discourse Analysis (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), p. 1.

11

David Nunan, Introducing Discourse Analysis (London: Penguin Group, 1993), pp. 7-8.


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context, the language that surrounds or accompanies the piece of discourse under analysis. The second is non-linguistic context includes the type of communicative event, the topic, the purpose of the event, the setting, including location, time of day, season of year and physical aspects of the situation, the participants and the relationships between them, and the background knowledge and assumptions underlying the communicative event.

C. Cohesion

Cohesion is a term used in grammar to refer to a defining property of the word.12 Cohesion is semantic relation or relation of meaning between an element in the text and some other elements that is crucial to the interpretation of it.13 It means that cohesive relation within a text is set up where the interpretation of some elements in the text is independent 14

On the other hand, a number of sentences can be regarded as a unified discourse if the sentences are connected without departing from the subject matter under discussion. Therefore, the cohesion was required for a text that can be regarded as a complete discourse to be understood by the reader.

According to Yayat Sudarya, cohesion emphasis on how the relations between sentences build discourse. The relationship is realized through linguistics markers.15

12

David Crystal, A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics: Sixth Edition (USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2000), p. 85.

13

Halliday and Hasan, Cohesion in English (London: Longman Group, 1976), p. 8.

14

Gillian Brown and George Yule (1989), op.cit., p. 191.

15

Yayat Sudarya, Makna dalam Wacana: Prinsip-prinsip Semantik dan Pragmatik


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Cohesion is the internal aspect of a text and all the internal aspects such as grammatical aspect and lexical one that develop the unity of the text.16 It means that the relation of meaning grammatically and lexically should be formed in unity that forms a text.

D. Cohesion Device

The concept of cohesion refers to the relationships that exist within the meaning of the text. Cohesion occurs when an element in the interpretation of the text depends on other elements. Furthermore, Halliday and Hasan said that the cohesion is divided into grammatical and lexical cohesion.17

1. Grammatical Cohesion

Grammatical cohesion is the way that grammatical features are attached together across sentences boundaries. It consists of reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

a. Reference

Reference can be cohesive when two or more expressions in the text refer to the same person, thing or idea.18 Halliday and Hassan classify reference into exophoric and endophoric. Exophoric is a reference that has antecedent in the outside of language (extra textual), whereas endophoric

16 Untung Yuwono, “Wacana” in Kushartanti, et.al,

Pesona Bahasa: Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 96.

17

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., pp. 4-6.

18

T. Bloor and M. Bloor, The Functional Analysis of English (New York: Arnold, 1995), p. 94.


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is reference that its antecedent in the inside of text (intra textual). Endhoporic reference is classified into anaphoric and cataphoric reference.19

Anaphoric reference is a reference that refers back to something previously mentioned in the sentence.

Example:

[2] “Bryan gave me the book which he bought in Thailand.” The word “he” is a reference that refers back to the previous word, “Bryan”.

Cataphoric reference is a reference that refers to the sentence afterwards. Example No:

[3] “He who hesitates is lost.”20

Where “he” does not presuppose any referent in the preceding text but simply refers to “who hesitates”.

According to Halliday and Hasan, reference is divided into two, namely exophoric and endophoric reference. Exophoric reference which is reference outside the text or also called situational reference makes everyone understand without any explanation in the text, endophoric reference or textual reference is the information about the reference is contained in the text. Endophoric reference divided into two, they are

19

Ibid., p. 95

20


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anaphoric and cataphoric reference.21 For more detail, it can be seen in this figure below:

Figure 1: Reference 1) Personal Reference

Personal reference is a reference by means of function in the speech situation, through the category of person. The category of personals includes the three classes of personal pronouns, possessive determiners (usually called “possessive adjectives”), and possessive pronouns. For more details, can see the table below:

Table 1: Personal Pronoun

Subject Object Possessive

Adjective

Possessive Pronoun

Reflexive

I Me My Mine Myself

You You Your Yours Yourself

He Him His His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It It Its Itself

We Us Our Ours Ourselves

They Them Their Theirs Themselves

21


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The personal pronouns change their form for person (first, second, third), for case (subject, object, possessive), number (singular, plural), and gender (masculine, feminine, neuter). Except for case, the reflexive pronouns make the same kinds of changes.22

2) Demonstrative Reference

Demonstrative reference is a reference that refers to a location, on a scale of proximity.23 It is expressed through determiners and adverbs. The circumstantial (adverbial) demonstrative „here”, “there”, “now”, and “then” refer to the location of process in space or time, and they normally do so directly, not via the location of some person or object that is participating in the process; hence they typically function as adjuncts in the clause, not as elements within the nominal group. They have a secondary function as qualifier, as in that man there. The remaining (nominal) demonstratives “this”, “these”, “that”, “those”, and “the” refer to the location of something, typically some entity, person or object, that is participating in the process; they therefore occur as elements within the nominal group.24

Example:

[4] “That garden seems bigger.”25

The word “that” refers to the garden that the speaker mean 3) Comparative Reference

22

Marcella Frank, Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1972), p. 29.

23

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 37.

24

Ibid., pp. 57-58.

25


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Comparative reference is indirect reference by means of identity or similarity.26 It is cohesion in the form of reference that shows comparison between one thing and another. It is expressed by means of adjectives and adverbs. Comparative references divided into two, they are general comparison and particular comparison.

General comparison is a comparison of a general nature in terms of similarities and differences between something with another thing.

Example:

[5] a. It’s the same cat as the one we saw yesterday.

b. It’s a similar cat to the one we saw yesterday. c. It’s different cat from the one we saw yesterday.27 The words “same”, “similar”, and “different” characterize that the sentences above are categorized as comparative reference.

Particular comparison is a comparison between two things that function with respect to quality and quantity. Elements of quality viewed of the quality, while elements of quantity viewed of the number.

b. Substitution

Substitution is a relation in the wording rather in the meaning.28 The different types of substitution are defined grammatically rather than semantically. In English, the substitution has function as a noun, as a verb,

26

Ibid., p. 37.

27

Ibid., p. 78.

28


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or as a clause. There are three types of substitution, they are nominal substitution, verbal substitution, and clausal substitution.29

1. Nominal Substitution

Nominal substitution is concerning substitute to nominal group. The pronoun “one” (or its plural form “ones”) and very commonly substitues for a previously mentioned noun.30

Example:

[6] “Have you any envelopes? I need another one.”31 The word “one” is used to replace the word “envelope”.

2. Verbal Substitution

Verbal substitution is concerning to verbal group. It is used to replace the verb or group of words with other words or phrase. It is also use verbal forms “do”, “doing”, “did”, “done”, and “does” to replace the elements which are meant.

Example:

[7] “Does Granny look after you every day?” “She

can’t do at weekends, because she has to go to her

own house.”32

The word "do" is used to replace the words "look after". 3. Clausal Substitution

Clausal substitution is substitution to replace clauses. The words used as substitutes are “so” and “not”.

29

Ibid., p. 91.

30

Charles F. Meyer, Introducing English Linguistic (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), p. 104.

31

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 100.

32


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Example:

[8] “Is there going to be an earthquake? - It says so.”33

The word "so" is used to replace the previous clause, which is "going to be an earthquake".

c. Ellipsis

Ellipsis is something that is removed or not mentioned. Ellipsis does not cause the text to be difficult to understand. Halliday and Hasan classified ellipsis into three categories, they are nominal ellipsis, verbal ellipsis, and clausal ellipsis.34

1. Nominal Ellipsis

Nominal ellipsis is removal of nouns in the sentence. Example:

[9] “After [Jane] bought the book, Jane went to her friend’s house.”

There is removal of noun of the sentence. Without this ellipsis, the example will be “After Jane bought the book, Jane went to her friend‟s house.” Because of the repetition of the word makes the sentence becomes ineffective or wasteful, so the disappearance may to do.

2. Verbal Ellipsis

Verbal ellipsis is the removal of verbs in a sentence. Example:

[10] “Have you been eating? - Yes, I have. [been eating]”

33

Ibid., p. 130.

34


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There is removal the element of verb in the sentence. Without this ellipsis, the example will be “Yes, I have been eating.”

3. Clausal Ellipsis

Clausal Ellipsis is removal of verbs in a sentence. Example:

[11] Are you happy when you’re going to the party with him? - Yes. [I’m happy when I was going to the party with him].

There is removal the element of clause in the sentence. Without this

ellipsis, it should be “Yes, I‟m happy when I was going to the party with

him.”

d. Conjunction

Conjunction is a grammatical cohesion device that serves to relate one idea to another idea. Conjunction has function as a marker in a text so the text can be understood. Conjunction is rather different in nature from the other cohesive relations, from both reference, on the one hand, and substitution and ellipsis on the other. It is not simply an anaphoric relation.35 Halliday and Hasan divided conjunction into four kinds, namely additive conjunction, adversative conjunction, causal conjunction, and temporal conjunction.

1. Additive Conjunction

35


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It is a conjunction that can give additional information without changing information in the preceding sentence. This conjunction can be marked by the words “and” and “or”.

Example:

[12] “This hair cream may be used by men and women.”36

The word “and” can give additional information that this hair cream may be used not only by men, but also women.

2. Adversative Conjunction

Adversative conjunction is conjunction contrasting an idea to another idea. This conjunction can be marked by the words “but”, “yet”, “however”, and “although”.

Example:

[13] “She is beautiful but dumb.”37

The word “but” relates contrasting information in the sentence.

3. Causal Conjunction

Causal conjunction is a conjunction that connects ideas that have causal relation. The markers of this conjunction are “so”, “thus”, “hence”, “therefore”, “consequently”, “accordingly”, and a number of expression like “as a result (of that)”, “in consequence (of that)”, “because of that”.38

Example:

36

Marcella Frank (1972), op.cit., p. 207.

37

Ibid., p. 208.

38


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[14] “She felt that there was no time to be lost, as she was shrinking rapidly; so she got to work at one to eat some of the other bit.”39

The word “so” marks the causal relation of the sentence. 4. Temporal Conjunction

Temporal conjunction is conjunction that serves to express a chronological relation. It can be marked by the words “then”, “next”, “and then” and “after that”.

Example:

[15] “All this time the Grand was looking at her, first through a telescope, then through a microscope, and then through an opera-glass. At last he said

„You’re travelling the wrong way,’ and shut up the window and went away.”

The word “then” and “and then” give chronological information in the example above.

2. Lexical Cohesion

Lexical cohesion is lexical relationship between parts of the discourse to get the agreement structure cohesively. It consists of reiteration and collocation. Reiteration and collocation principles make cohesion through continuity of lexical meaning.

39


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a. Reiteration

Reiteration is repetition of a lexical unit in the next sentence that is considered which is important to emphasize. Reiteration can be realized in the form of repetition, synonymy, superordinate, and general words.40

1) Repetition

Repetition is one way to maintain cohesion between sentences. That relationship is formed by repeating some elements of the sentence. Repeating words can be boring, but this repetition has function to maintain the topics or ideas which are discuss, so the repetition can be do.

Example:

[16] “There was a large mushroom growing near her, about the same height as herself; and, when she had looked under it, it occurred to her that she might as well look and see what was on the top of it.

She stretched herself up on tiptoe, and peeped over the edge of the mushroom.”41

The word “mushroom” underlined above is called repetition because it is mentioned twice in the example above.

2) Synonymy or Near-Synonymy

Synonymy is a form of language whose meaning is similar to or the same as other forms. Although a synonym shows similarities sense of

40

Ibid., p. 279.

41


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the word, the meaning of the words are not exactly same.42 Synonymy can be interpreted as another name for the same object or thing or expression whose meaning is more or less the same as others. The words which do not have exactly same meaning are called near-synonymy.

It is not very different with example of near-synonymy. We can see the word “say” and “tell”. Both “say” and “tell” have meaning “giving opinion using words”. They do not exactly have some meaning, but almost have same meaning.

Example:

[17] “Accordingly . . . I took leave, and turned to the ascent of the peak. The climb is perfectly easy.”43 The word “climb” refers back to ascent and called synonymy because both have meaning “going to the top”.

3) Superordinate

The more general term is called the superordinate or hypernym.44 Example:

[18] “Henry’s bought himself a new Jaguar. He practically lives in the car.”45

“Car” refers back to “Jaguar” and it is called superordinate because “Jaguar” is more specific than “car”.

42

Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2001), p. 222.

43

Halliday and Hassan (1976), op.cit., p. 278.

44

John L. Saeed, Semantics: Second Edition (USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2003), p. 68.

45


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4) General Word

The general word is word that can be created to more specific. For example, look at the example of superordinate. “Pet” is more general than “cat” and “dog”, but they all are “animals”, so the “animal” is a general word because “animal” can be created to be specific.

b. Collocation

Collocation is the relationship between words that relate to each other.46 Collocation is caused by two or more words frequently occur together in a construction of the language or context of the same discourse.47

Example:

[19] “My father is a doctor in the hospital.”

In the sentence above, the word „doctor‟ and „hospital‟ are in the same neighborhood or area. So, it is called collocation.

46

Untung Yuwono (2005), op.cit, p. 100.

47


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24

A. Data Description

In the previous chapter, the theory about cohesion by Halliday and Hasan (1976) has been explicated. Here, the cohesion devices used in the text 1 and text 2 will be analyzed based on their theory. This analysis is aimed to find what kinds of cohesion devices that used in both texts and to know how the cohesion devices show the cohesiveness of the texts.

The unit analysis in this research is two articles from crime feature on 24 April 2014 in New York Daily News accessed at www.nydailynews.com and The Village Voice which can be accessed at blogs.villagevoice.com. Data will be analyzed based on the topic units. Topic unit is a set of continuous utterances appearing to relate the same topic without being separated by introduction or renewal of topic or of a shift in turn.48 In the data analysis, the word unit will be abbreviated with „U‟ as a topic unit, for the example, Unit 1 (U1). Data from the text 1 consists of 11 topic units and from the text 2 consists of 16 topic units. The data are as follows:

Table 2: The Units in the Text 1

Unit Text Cohesion Devices

1 A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy Wall Street march with his

cell phone has settled with the city for

- Personal reference: he and his - Demonstrative reference: the

city

48

Ronald L. Bloom, Discourse Analysis and Application (New Jersey: Erlboum Associated, inc Publisher, 1994), p. 178.


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$55,000, he told the Daily News Thursday.

2 Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011 arrest, tackled him

and roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!”

- Synonymy or near-synonymy: say = tell in U1

- Repetition: arrest

- Demonstrative reference: the 2011 arrest

- Collocation: arrest & resist - Personal reference: him - Additive conjunction: and

3 Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was

ultimately dismissed — and he sued alleging false arrest, excessive force,

and nerve damage to his wrists from

handcuffs.

- Repetition: Boss and arrest - Collocation: arrest &

handcuffs, handcuffs & wrist - Personal reference: he and his - Additive conjunction: and 4 “He turned around and sacked me,”

the Bushwick man said in an exclusive interview with The News. “I

was standing in the crosswalk … I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me with his knee on my face andneck.”

- Personal reference: he, me, I, and my

- Demonstrative reference: the Bushwick man

- Additive conjunction: and - Synonymy or near-synonymy:

the Bushwick man = a Brooklyn man in U1 - Repetition: resist 5 Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave.

and W. 34th St. shows Purtell throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick

his ass, Tom!” another cop yapped

during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss hollered on the ground.

- Demonstrative reference: the arrest

- Personal reference: his and I - Repetition: Boss and Purtell

6 The city‟s Law Department and the

NYPD didn‟t return requests for

comment Thursday.

“The circumstances of this arrest had

an extreme chilling effect on the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and particularly on Josh, who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,” said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss.

- Demonstrative reference: the city, this arrest, and this incident

- Additive conjunction: and - Temporal conjunction: after - Collocation: Law Department

& lawyer

- Repetition: Josh Boss and NYPD

7 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop

yapped during the arrest, according to

Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!' Boss hollered back.

“For a senior commanding officer of

- Personal reference: his and I - Demonstrative reference: the

arrest

- Additive conjunction: and - Repetition: cop, Boss, NYPD,


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the NYPD to... use excessive force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers and citizens, sets a terrible example.”

and officer

- Synonymy or near-synonymy: officer = cop

- Collocation: citizen & city 8 Purtell has since been promoted to

chief and heads the department‟s Organized Crime Control Bureau.

He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero

after the 9/11 attacks and presided over a decline in crime as Patrol Borough Bronx commander.

- Personal reference: he - Additive conjunction: and - Repetition: Purtell and NYPD - Temporal conjunction: after

9 The case was settled in January but

Boss, who now works for the Huffington Post, went public for the first time Thursday.

- Demonstrative reference: the case

- Repetition: Boss

- Collocation: work & promote in U8

10 “I was shockedby how aggressive the

police were with me when I done anything,” he said.

- Personal reference: I, me, and he

- Synonymy or near synonymy: aggressive = excessive in U3, police = cop

- Collocation: police & handcuffs in U3 11 Boss says he plans to use his

settlement cash on physical therapy for

his injured right hand.

- Personal reference: he and his - Repetition: Boss

- Superordinate: wrist in U3 => hand

Table 3: The Units in the Text 2

Unit Text Cohesion Devices

1 Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York, who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy protesters who were over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.

-There is no grammatical and lexical cohesion device.

2 In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to settle claims over the destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights

attorney Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled

-Demonstrative reference: the city

-Collocation: attorney & arrest, Occupier & Occupy in U1


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six or seven other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.

-Repetition: claim and arrest -Synonymy or

near-synonymy: Occupier = Occupy protesters in U1 3 The latest came just yesterday, when

the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the

case of Josh Boss, who was

livestreaming a December 2011 march

when he was thrown to the ground and

kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then

the commanding officer of the Manhattan South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and

protests in the city.

-Demonstrative reference: the latest, the case, the

commanding officer, and the city.

-Personal reference: he -Repetition: march

-Additive conjunction: and

4 "Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical unlawful arrest," Stecklowtells the Voice."He

got hands on."

- Repetition: Purtell, unlawful, arrest, and Stecklow

- Synonymy or

near-synonymy: tell = say in U2 - Superordiante: the Voice =

the Village Voice - Personal reference: he 5 Boss was filming the march on the

evening of December 17, 2011. As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a

crosswalk when Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and

put his knee on Boss's chest."Kick his

ass, Tom!" another officer can be heard saying in the background.

- Synonymy: flung = thrown (throw) in U3

- Demonstrative reference: the march, the marcher, and the incident

- Personal reference: he, him, and his

- Verbal substitution: did - General word: the march =>

Occupy march

- Additive conjunction: and - Superordinate: crosswalk =>

street

- Collocation: march &

marcher, camera & film, film & live-streamer, camera & live-streamer

- Repetition: Boss, march, Purtell, and officer

6 The video shows Boss lying

motionless for the duration of the arrest. Nontheless, Purtell tells him, "Don't resist."

"I'm not resisting anything! I was trying to cross the street." Boss

- Demonstrative reference: the arrest and the street

- Personal reference: him, I, and my

- Collocation: resist & arrest - Repetition: Boss, Purtell,


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replies. And then, a moment later, "Is that knee on my face really necessary,

officer?"

"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies.

resist, and officer

7 Stecklow's firm released two video

segments showing the arrest from various angles:

Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs. His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video

equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his

circulation. (Audio from the video

segments shows that after he was arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking, "His

hands are turning blue.") He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to

his wrists.

- Repetition: Stecklow,

attorney, Boss, NYPD, video, and arrest

- Demonstrative reference: the arrest and the video

- Personal reference: his and he - Additive conjunction: and - Collocation: handcuffs &

wrist, handcuffs & arrest - Temporal conjunction: after

8 Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released by

Stecklow shows a later interview with the officer, evidently conducted by someone with the law firm. "You don't know what you're talking about. He

was not struck in the face," Purtell

says. "He was not injured. What's perceived on the video is not what happened."

- Repetition: Purtell, Stecklow, arrest, and officer

- Demonstrative reference: the video

- Personal reference: you and he

- Synoymy or near-synonymy: injured = damage in U7

9 Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality, but

because of the presence of at least 20

younger officers around Purtell: "This is what we've seen time and time again. They're training the junior officers. What are they learning? When a guy is laying prone on the floor, yell, 'Stop resisting!‟ so you

have reason to use force and make a bad arrest."

- Repetition: Stecklow, arrest, and Purtell

- Demonstrative reference: the arrest

- Personal reference: its and they

- Adversative conjunction: but - Additive conjunction: and - Synonymy or

near-synonymy: younger = junior 10 The attorney adds that these - Demonstrative reference: the


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settlements are "unfortunate," in that

they come out of taxpayer money. "It

falls on all of us taxpayers instead of the individual officers. I'm not happy about that," he says. "I believe that if even ten percent of the payout money

came out of the police pension fund, there'd be a sharp decline in the number of these type of incidents."

attorney and these settlements - Personal reference: they, it,

us, I, and he

- Repetition: attorney, settlement, money, and incident

11 The same would be true, he adds, if

protesters were allowed to sue the

officerswho witnessed theirunlawful

or brutal arrestsbut did not intervene.

- Comparative reference: the same

- Personal reference: he and their

- Adversative conjunction: but - Synonymy or near-synonymy:

sue = claim in U2 and protester = Occupier in U2 - Collocation: protester &

protest in U3

- Repetition: protester, sue, officer, unlawful, and arrest 12 "The majority of police officers are

good," Stecklow says. "They want to help. And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene, again, we can start to reduce these kinds of

incidents."

- Personal reference: we and they

- Repetition: police, officer, Stecklow, and incident

13 Purtell was once demoted in 2003,

after he led a mistaken raid on a woman's apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died after a concussion grenade was thrown into

her home by police.

- Repetition: Purtell, thrown, and police

- Personal reference: he and her - Collocation: police & grenade - General word: home =>

apartment 14 According to a New York Times report,

the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that Spruill "died from the stress and fear caused by the detonation of the concussion grenade and from being

handcuffed."

- Additive conjunction: and - Collocation: handcuffs &

police

15 Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time, he worked his way up to Manhattan

South, and has received two

promotions since the Josh Boss arrest. He's now head of the NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau.

- Adversative conjunction: although

- Personal reference: he and his - Additive conjunction: and - Collocation: promotion &

work


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and arrest 16 A Times story from February claims

that he's being considered for yet another promotion,to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau.

- Personal reference: he - Additive conjunction: or - Repetition: claim

B. Data Analysis

1. Text 1: “Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live-streaming Occupy march gets $55,000 settlement.” (New York Daily News)

U1: A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy Wall Street march with his cell phone has settled with the city for $55,000, he told the Daily News Thursday. [1]

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First, the word „his‟ and „he‟ are called personal reference. The word „his‟ is called personal reference which has functions as possessive adjective, while the word „he‟ has function as a subject in personal pronoun. Both „his‟ and

„he‟ refer to a Brooklyn man in the preceding text. This personal reference

makes the readers to understand the text well. If the journalist does not use „his‟ and „he‟ as the personal reference, the readers cannot understand the text well. Second, the word „the city‟ is called demonstrative reference. „The city‟ refers to Brooklyn, where the arrest happened.


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U2: Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011arrest, tackled himand roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!” The word „say‟ is synonymous with the word „told‟ or „tell‟ in the preceding unit. Both words have meaning „giving an idea by using words‟. Next, the word „arrest‟ is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices because it has been mentioned in the previous units. The word „arrest‟ is also called collocation with word „resist‟ because the word „resist‟ is usually said by a cop when was doing arrest. The case of collocation must be appeared in the article, because collocation is a relationship between words that are in the same neighborhood or area. Without collocation, the article is not going to be cohesive and effective to read.

The word „him‟ is called personal reference which has function as an object in personal pronoun. „Him‟ refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. Because „him‟ is an object in personal pronoun, it is right to use in this case to make the text cohesive. Last, the word „and‟ is called additive conjunction, one of grammatical cohesion devices which has function to add information in the text that Thomas Purtell not only tackled him, but also roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!”. Therefore, the additive conjunction is appropriate to use in the sentence. Last, the word „the 2011 arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to the Josh Boss arrest.


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U3: Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was ultimately dismissed — and he

sued alleging false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists from handcuffs.

There are grammatical and lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First, the words „Boss‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, because they have been mentioned in the previous units. This type of lexical cohesion is used because the word „Boss‟ and „Purtell are the topics in this article. The word „arrest‟ is also called collocation with word „handcuffs‟ because handcuffs is usually used by cop when was doing arrest. Besides that, the word „handcuffs‟ is also called collocation

with the word „wrists‟ because handcuff is used on wrists. The collocation

must be appeared in the article so that the article can be effectively to read. The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference, one of

grammatical cohesion devices. The word „he‟ is called personal reference

which has function as a subject in personal pronoun and the word „his‟ is personal reference which has function as possessive adjective. Both words refer to Boss in the preceding text. Therefore, these types of reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices, are appropriate to use in the text above. Besides that, the word „and‟ in the text above is called additive conjunction because it adds information that he not only sued alleging false arrest and excessive force, but also nerve damage to his wrists. This type of conjunction is appropriate to use so that the meaning of the text can be cohesive.


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U4: “He turned around and sacked me,” the Bushwick man said in an exclusive interview with The News. “I was standing in the crosswalk … I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on me

with his knee on my face andneck.”

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above, they are personal reference, demonstrative reference, and additive conjunction. The personal references are the words „he‟, „me‟, „I‟, and „my‟. The words „I‟, „me‟, and „my‟ refer to Boss in the preceding text because the context explains about Boss whom was tackled by a cop and the word „he‟ refers to Thomas Purtell, who was doing arrest. The demonstrative reference in

the text above is the word „the Bushwick man‟ which refers to Boss, who

was telling to The News. The additive conjunction in the text above is the word „and‟. The words „and‟ give additional information in the text above. Based on the function of the cohesion devices above, they must be appeared in the text so that the text can be cohesive and effectively to read. The word „the Bushwick man‟ is also synonymous with the word „a Brooklyn man‟ because both words have same meaning. Both „the

Bushwick man‟ and „a Brooklyn man‟ refer to Boss. Synonymy is needed

to use in the article so that the reader do not feel bored to read but the meaning of the article can be conveyed effectively. There is also a kind of lexical cohesion devices, it is repetition. The word „resist‟ is called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units.


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U5: Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave. and W. 34th St. shows Purtell

throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick his ass, Tom!” another cop

yapped during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss

hollered on the ground.

There are two kinds of reference in the text above. First is demonstrative reference. The word „the arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to the tackling of Boss by Thomas Purtell. This type of grammatical cohesion devices is appeared because in this article explains about Josh Boss arrest, so the readers can understand the meaning of „the arrest‟. Second is personal reference. The word „his‟ and „I‟ are called personal reference. Both words refer to Boss in the preceding text. The word „I‟ is personal reference which has function as a subject in personal pronoun and „his‟ is personal reference which has function as a possessive adjective. So, this type of reference is appropriate to use to make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There are is lexical cohesion device in the text above, that is repetition. The word „Boss‟ and „Purtell‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding units because Boss and Purtell are main characters in this article.

U6: The city‟s Law Departmentand the NYPDdidn‟t return requests for


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“The circumstances of this arrest had an extreme chilling effect on the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and particularly on Josh, who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,”said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss.

There are demonstrative references in the text above. They are the words „the city‟, „this arrest‟, and „this incident‟. In this context, the words „this arrest‟ and „this incident‟ refer to the accident about tackling of Boss by Purtell. The word ‟the city‟ refers to the city where Boss was arrested. So, the demonstrative reference is appropriate to use in the text, because there is one arrest in this article which is be a topic in this article. Besides that, there are two kinds of conjunction. First is the word „and‟, it is called additive conjunction which has function to add information. The word „and‟ in the text above adds information that not only the city‟s Law Department that did not return requests for comment Thursday, but also the NYPD. Second is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called temporal conjunction which shows there is a chronological relation that expressed in the text that Josh Boss stopped doing filed reporting after the arrest. So, the types of conjunction are needed to use o make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There are also two kinds of lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is collocation. Lawyer is „person who is trained and qualified to


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advise people about the law‟.49 Law department is place for lawyer to work. So, lawyer and Law Department are related. Therefore, it is called collocation. Second is repetition. The word „Josh Boss‟ and „NYPD‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in previous units.

U7: 'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop yapped during the arrest, according to Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!'Boss hollered back.

“For a senior commanding officer of the NYPD to... use excessive

force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers andcitizens, sets a terrible example.”

The word „his‟ and „I‟ are called personal references which refer to Boss. It is appropriate to use to make the text cohesive because the words „he‟ and „I‟ is related to the context. The word „and‟ in the text above is called additive conjunction which has function to add information that not only officers who see the incident, but also the citizens. The word „the

arrest‟ is called demonstrative reference which refers to Josh Boss arrest.

So, the additive conjunction is appropriate and needed to use in the sentence.

There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is repetition. The words „cop‟, „Boss‟, „NYPD‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units. Second is synonymy. The word „officer‟ is called synonymy with the word „cop‟

49

Victoria Bull, Oxford Dictionary: Fourth Edition (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 249.


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in the previous units because they have same meaning, „police‟. Third is collocation. The word „citizen‟ is collocation with the word „city‟ in the previous units. „Citizen‟ and „city‟ are related. Citizens are people who live in a city. There is no citizen without a city. So, both words are collocation. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

U8: Purtell has since been promoted to chief and heads the department‟s

Organized Crime Control Bureau.

He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero

after the 9/11 attacks and presided over a decline in crime as Patrol Borough Bronx commander.

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is

personal reference. The word „he‟ is personal reference which has function

as a subject in personal pronoun. In this context, „he‟ refers to Purtell in the preceding text. So, it makes the text cohesive and effective to read. Second is additive conjunction. The word „and‟ is called additive conjunction which has function to add information that Purtell not only ran the NYPD„s rescue, but also recovery operations at Ground Zero. Third is temporal conjunction. The word „after‟ is called temporal conjunction that shows there is a chronological relation that Purtell ran the NYPD„s rescue


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the function, both types of conjunction are appropriate to use to make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There is also repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text above. The words „Purtell‟ and „NYPD‟ are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the previous units.

U9: The case was settled in January but Boss, who now works for the Huffington Post, went public for the first time Thursday.

There is a demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. It is the word „the case‟ which refers to the arrest of Boss. It makes the text cohesive because it has been used without changing the meaning of the word.

There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units. Besides that, there is also collocation in the text above. The word „work‟ in the text above has correlation with word „promote‟ in previous unit. „Promote‟ in this context is activity for someone to get more high level in their jobs. So, the word „work‟ and „promote‟ are related and called as collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.


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U10: “I was shockedby how aggressive the police were with me when I done anything,” he said.

There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „I‟, „me‟, and „he‟ are called personal reference. In this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text. The words are appropriate to use because they are related to the context and make the text cohesive.

There is also synonymy, one of lexical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „aggressive‟ has correlation with word „excessive‟ in the previous units. The word „excessive‟ has meaning „too much‟ and the

word „aggressive‟ has meaning „behaving in a very forceful and

determined way in order to succeed‟.50 It is called synonymy, because they almost have some meaning, „doing something in a very forceful‟. Besides that, the word „police‟ have correlation with word „cop‟ in the previous

units. The word „cop‟ has meaning „police officer‟, and the word „police‟

have meaning „official organization whose job is to keep public order, prevent and solve crime, etc‟.51 This case is also called near-synonymy because the word „cop‟ and „police‟ have almost same meaning.

Besides that, the word „police‟ also have correlation with word

„handcuff‟ in the previous units. The word „handcuffs‟ are called

collocation with „police‟ because handcuff is usually used by the police for

50

Ibid., pp. 153 & 8.

51


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arrest. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

U11: Boss says he plans to use his settlement cash on physical therapy for

his injured right hand.

There are personal references, one of grammatical cohesion devices, in the text above. The word „he‟ and „his‟ are called personal reference. In this context, the words refer to Boss in the preceding text. The words are related to the context and appropriate to use to make the text cohesive.

There are also lexical cohesion devices in the text above. First is repetition. The word „Boss‟ is called repetition because it has been mentioned in the previous units. „Boss‟ is often mentioned because this article tells about him, whom was tackled by a NYPD cop. Second is superordinate. The word „hand‟ in the text above has correlation with word „wrist‟ in the unit 3. It is called superordinate because „wrist‟ is more specific than „hand‟ or wrist is part of hand. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

Based on the analysis above, the writer finds there are 43 grammatical cohesion devices consist of 25 items of personal reference, 9 items of demonstrative reference, 7 items of additive conjunction, and 2 items of temporal conjunction. The writer also finds 20 lexical cohesion devices


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consist of 7 items of repetition, 5 pairs of synonymy or near-synonymy, 1 items of superordinate, and 7 items of collocation.

2. “Text 2: City Will Pay $55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Live -streamer Josh Boss, Tackled By High-Ranking NYPD Chief.” (The Village Voice)

U1: Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York, who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy protesterswho were over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD. There is no grammatical or lexical cohesion device in the text above because there is no word related to other words in the text above and other words in this unit.

U2: In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to settle claims over the destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights attorney Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled six or seven other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.

The word bolded above are lexical cohesion devices. First, the word „attorney‟ has correlation with word „arrest‟ in the text above. It is called collocation because an attorney has a job to handle a law case, like a crime and arrest. So, „attorney‟ and „arrest‟ are related. The word „Occupier‟ in the text above also has correlation with word „Occupy‟ in the previous


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unit. The word „Occupy‟ in this context is a name of a march, and the word „Occupier‟ is a person who do the Occupy march. So, the both words are related to each other and also called collocation. Besides that, the word „Occupy‟ is also synonymous with the word „Occupy protester‟ in previous unit because both have meaning „a person who does the Occupy march‟.

Second, the words „claim‟ and „arrest‟ are called repetition because the words have been mentioned in the previous units. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There is also grammatical cohesion device. The word „the city‟ is called demonstrative reference, one of grammatical cohesion device. „The city‟ refers to the city where Josh Boss was arrested.

U3: The latest came just yesterday, when the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the case of Josh Boss, who was livestreaming a December 2011 march when he was thrown to the ground and kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then the commanding officer of the Manhattan South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and protests in

the city.

There are grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is demonstrative reference. The word „the latest‟ refers to the unlawful arrest in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about


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the unlawful arrest that has been settled by Wylie Stecklow, an attorney of Stecklow Cohen and Thompson. Besides that, the word „the case‟ is also called demonstrative reference. „The case‟ refers to the Josh Boss arrest. „The city‟ is also called demonstrative reference which refers to where Josh Boss was arrested.

There is also the word „the commanding officer‟ as a demonstrative reference in the text above. „The commanding officer‟ refers to the Thomas Purtell in the preceding text. It can be seen from the context which explains about a person who oversees all marches and protests in the city, he is Thomas Purtell. The types of demonstrative reference make the text cohesive because they have been used without changing the meaning of the words.

Second is personal reference. The word „he‟ is a personal reference.

„He‟ has a function as subject in personal pronoun. Based on the context, a

person who has job as a live-streamer is Josh Boss. So, the word „he‟ refers to Josh Boss in the preceding text. It makes the text cohesive because the word „he‟ is related to the context.

Third is additive conjunction. The words „and‟ bolded above is additive conjunctions which have function to add information. To make the text cohesive, an additive conjunction is needed so that the meaning can be conveyed effectively.


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There is also a repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. The word „march‟ in the text above is called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices, because it has been mentioned in the previous units.

U4: "Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical

unlawful arrest," Stecklowtells the Voice."He got hands on." The word „Purtell‟, „unlawful‟, „arrest‟, and „Stecklow‟ are called repetition, one of grammatical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because they have been mentioned in previous units. The word „tell‟ bolded above also has correlation with word „say‟ that has been done by

Stecklow. The word „say‟ has meaning „speak or tell something to

somebody, using words‟ and the word „tell‟ has meaning „make something known to somebody in words‟.52 It is called synonymy because the word

„say‟ and „tell‟ have almost same meaning, „giving opinion using words‟.

The word „the Voice‟ is called superordinate. It is called superordinate because „The Village Voice‟ is more specificthan „the Voice‟. In this text, the journalist writes „the Voice‟ to represent the name of media, The Village Voice. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There is also grammatical cohesion device in the text above. The word „he‟ is called personal reference. „He‟ in the text above refers to Purtell in

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the preceding text because the context explains that Stecklow who is explaining about Thomas Purtell, a most senior officer. It makes text cohesive because it is related to the context and the readers can easily understand the text.

U5: Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011. As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a crosswalk when

Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and put his

knee on Boss's chest. "Kick his ass, Tom!" another officer can be heard saying in the background.

There is synonymy in the text above. The word „Boss‟ is synonymy with word „Josh Boss‟. „Boss‟ is the last name of someone who has been tackled by Purtell.

Then, there is general word in the text above. The word „the march‟ is called general word, one of lexical cohesion devices. „The march‟ is the Occupy march. It can be seen from the context which explains about the arrest to a live-streamer who was filming an Occupy march. The word „the march‟ has correlation with word „marcher‟. „March‟ is organized walk by many people from one place to another, especially as a protest.53 If the march is a verb, so a person who does the march is a marcher. Therefore,

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„march‟ and „marcher‟ are called collocation, one of lexical cohesion devices.

The word „flung‟ is also called synonymy‟. „Flung‟ is synonymy with word „thrown‟ or „throw‟. The word „thrown‟ or „throw‟ has meaning „send something through the air with some fore, especially by moving the arm‟ and the word „flung‟ or „fling‟ has meaning „throw somebody or something violently somewhere‟.54 It is called synonymy because the word

„throw‟ and „fling‟ almost have same meaning, „moving somebody or

something forcefully‟.

The word „street‟ has correlation with the word „crosswalk‟. The word „crosswalk‟ is more specific than „street‟, so it is called superordinate. The

word „camera‟ has correlation with word „film‟ and „live-streamer‟. They

are called collocation because they need each other.

The words „Boss‟, „march‟, „Purtell‟, and „officer‟ are called repetition, one of lexical cohesion devices. They are called repetition because they have been mentioned in the preceding texts. The types of lexical conjunction are appropriate to use because they related to the context and can make the text cohesive and effective to read.

There are also grammatical cohesion devices in the text above. First is verbal substitution. The word „did‟ is called verbal substitution. This context explains that all marchers were crossing the street, and he (Josh Boss) was crossing the street too. But, the journalist does not mention the

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Text 1:

“Brooklyn man tackled by cop while live

-streaming Occupy

march gets $55,000 settlement”

(New York Daily News [www.nydailynews.com], 24 April 2014)

A Brooklyn man arrested by a top NYPD cop while live-streaming an Occupy Wall Street march with his cell phone has settled with the city for $55,000,he told the Daily News Thursday. [1]

Josh Boss, 26, says Thomas Purtell, an assistant chief and Patrol Borough Manhattan South commander at the time of the 2011 arrest, tackled him and roughed him up while shouting, “Don‟t resist!” [2]

Boss‟s disorderly conduct charge was ultimately dismissed — and he sued alleging false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists from handcuffs. [3]

“He turned around and sacked me,” the Bushwick man said in an exclusive interview with The News.“I was standing in the crosswalk …I was definitely not resisting. I had a 250-pound officer on mewith his knee on my face and neck.” [4]

Video of the arrest at Seventh Ave. and W. 34th St. shows Purtell throwing Boss to the pavement. “Kick his ass, Tom!” another cop yapped during the collar, according to Boss. “I‟m not resisting!” Boss hollered on the ground. [5]

The city‟s Law Department and the NYPD didn‟t return requests for comment Thursday.

“The circumstances of this arrest had an extreme chilling effect on the First Amendment rights of journalists in New York generally, and particularly on Josh,


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who stopped doing field reporting after this incident,” said Wylie Stecklow, a lawyer for Boss. [6]

'Kick his ass, Tom!' another cop yapped during the arrest, according to Boss. 'I‟m not resisting!'Boss hollered back.

“For a senior commanding officer of the NYPD to... use excessive force like this, in front of so many subordinate officers and citizens, sets a terrible example.” [7]

Purtell has since been promoted to chief and heads the department‟s Organized Crime Control Bureau.

He ran the NYPD„s rescue and recovery operations at Ground Zero after the 9/11 attacksand presided over a decline in crime as Patrol Borough Bronx commander. The case was settled in January but Boss, who now works for the Huffington Post, went public for the first time Thursday. [8]

“I was shocked by how aggressive the police were with me when I done anything,” he said. [9]

Boss says he plans to use his settlement cash on physical therapy for his injured right hand. [10]

Text 2:

“City Will Pay $55,000 To Settle Case of Occupy Livestreamer

Josh Boss, Tackled By High-

Ranking NYPD Chief”

(The Village Voice [blogs.villagevoice.com], 24 April 2014)

Occupy Wall Street is still proving expensive for the city of New York,who keep having pay out large sums of money to Occupy protesters who were


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over-enthusiastically arrested by the NYPD.[1] In April 2013, the city paid $365,000 to settle claims over the destruction of the OWS library, and civil rights attorney Wylie Stecklow of Stecklow Cohen & Thompson says he's settled six or seven other Occupiers' claims for unlawful arrests.[2] The latest came just yesterday, when the city agreed to pay $55,000 in the case of Josh Boss, who was livestreaming a December 2011 march when he was thrown to the ground and kneed by Chief Thomas Purtell, then the commanding officer of the Manhattan South Patrol Division, which oversees all marches and protests in the city.[3]

"Purtell is the most senior officer we've ever seen in a physical unlawful arrest," Stecklow tells the Voice."He got hands on."[4]

Boss was filming the march on the evening of December 17, 2011. As the marchers crossed the street, so did he, camera in hand. Footage of the incident shows that he was in a crosswalkwhen Purtell came running at him, flung him to the ground, and put his knee on Boss's chest. "Kick his ass, Tom!"another officer can be heard saying in the background.[5]

The video shows Boss lying motionless for the duration of the arrest. Nontheless, Purtell tells him, "Don't resist."

"I'm not resisting anything! I was trying to cross the street." Boss replies. And then, a moment later, "Is that knee on my face really necessary, officer?"

"Oh, I kinda think it is," Purtell replies. [6]

Stecklow's firm released two video segments showing the arrest from various angles:


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Boss was cuffed with two pairs of plastic ziptie handcuffs. His attorneys say his backpack, filled with video equipment, rested heavily on the double cuffs, cutting off his circulation. (Audio from the video segments shows that after he was arrested, another officer eventually loosened his cuffs, remarking, "His hands are turning blue.") He was arrested on charges of disorderly conduct and held for five hours. The charges were eventually dropped, and he sued the NYPD for false arrest, excessive force, and nerve damage to his wrists. [7]

Purtell has denied making an overly brutal arrest. The video released by Stecklow shows a later interview with the officer, evidently conducted by someone with the law firm. "You don't know what you're talking about. He was not struck in the face," Purtell says. "He was not injured. What's perceived on the video is not what happened." [8]

Stecklow says that the arrest was disturbing not just for its brutality, but because of the presence of at least 20 younger officers around Purtell: "This is what we've seen time and time again. They're training the junior officers. What are they learning? When a guy is laying prone on the floor, yell, 'Stop resisting!‟ so you have reason to use force and make a bad arrest."[9]

The attorney adds that these settlements are "unfortunate," in that they come out of taxpayer money. "It falls on all of us taxpayers instead of the individual officers. I'm not happy about that," he says. "I believe that if even ten percent of the payout money came out of the police pension fund, there'd be a sharp decline in the number of these type of incidents."[10] The same would be true,he adds, if


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protesters were allowed to sue the officers who witnessed their unlawful or brutal arrests but did not intervene. [11]

"The majority of police officers are good," Stecklow says. "They want to help. And if we put pressure on the majority to intervene, again, we can start to reduce these kinds of incidents."[12]

Purtell was once demoted in 2003, after he led a mistaken raid on a woman's apartment. The woman, 57-year-old Alberta Spruill, died after a concussion grenade was thrown into her home by police.[13] According to a New York Times report, the Chief Medical Examiner ruled that Spruill "died from the stress and fear caused by the detonation of the concussion grenade and from being handcuffed."[14]

Although Purtell was reassigned to the Housing Bureau for a time, he worked his way up to Manhattan South, and has received two promotions since the Josh Boss arrest. He's now head of the NYPD's Organized Crime Control Bureau.[15] A

Times story from February claims that he's being considered for yet another

promotion, to replace either the current chief of detectives or the head of the Internal Affairs Bureau.[16]