Kuliah Umum di Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR (1)
Kuliah Umum – Sesi Siang
Para Aktor
Perubahan Iklim
• Joseph Viandrito, SE, Msi.
• Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR Bandung
• 14 November 2014
Bahasan kita siang ini:
• Apa yang pemerintah Indonesia lakukan terkait perubahan iklim?
• Apa yang dilakukan kalangan bisinis di Indonesia terkait perubahan
iklim?
• Apa yang dilakukan aktor lainnya untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim?
• Apa peluang kita?
The market was distorted….
I 2007, Indonesia spent 30 percent of its budget on energy subsidies and only 6
percent on education. At the same time, the Western industrial countries spent
roughly $270 billion subsidizing agriculture, so their farmers got rich, their
consumers got cheap food, and Third World farmers had a hard time competing.
This helped to keep some food supplies artificially low even as worldwide demand
was growing and there were more and more middle-class mouths to feed. Bottom
line: The markets were distorted…..
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN Hot, Flat, and Cro ded
Apa yang pemerintah Indonesia lakukan
terkait perubahan iklim?
Integration of climate change into Indonesian development strategy
MILESTONES:
The Government of Indonesia (GOI) puts
CC on the political agenda after the
Climate Summit in Bali (2007)
RPJP/ RPJM
Climate
Summits
Bali
Road Map
G20Pittsburgh
RAN-GRK
ICCSR
2009 the Indonesian president announces
a GHG emission mitigation target by 2020
The GOI officially launched its Climate
Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR)
regarding mitigation in March 2010
The National Action Plan for GHG
Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK) defines
the required measures per sector for
reaching the target
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs)
Scenario of 2020 GHG emission reduction and RAN GRK
President commitment G-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
to reduce te GHG emission in 2020
= 41%
With international support
-15%
Unilateral (without
international support)
-26%
Forestry & peat
Waste
land
Waste
Agriculture
RAN-GRK
Industry
Energy &
transport
Q
WHAT IS THE INDONESIAN CLIMATE CHANGE
SECTORAL ROADMAP (ICCSR)?
The Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap ill support the GOI s de elop e t
vision related to climate change for the next 20 years.
The implementation of the Roadmap will be through National Development
Plan; the next Development is for period 2010 – 2014.
There are nine priority sectors:
Mitigation Sectors-: Energy, Forestry, Industry, Transportation, Waste
Management
Adaptation Sectors-: Agriculture, Marine and Fishery, Water Resources, Health
NATIONAL PRIORITY & ACTION PLAN 2010-2014
11 National
Priorities Indonesian Cabinet
2010-2014
1
Bureaucracy Reform and Good Governance
2
Education
3
Health
4
Poverty Alleviation
5
Food Security
6
Infrastructure
7
Investment Climate
8
9
Energy
Environment and Disaster Management
(incl. Climate Change)
10
Disadvantaged, Borders and Post-Conflict Areas
11
Culture, Creativity and Technology Innovation
Policy Documents on Climate Change (1)
Policy
Content
Long-Term Development Plan
(RPJPN) 2005-2025
In order to achieve the vision of sustainable development, the GoI concluded
that "the long term sustainability of development will face the challenges of
climate change and global warming which affect activities and livelihood".
National Action Plan on Climate
Change (RAN-MAPI), 2007
Initial guidance for a multi-sectoral coordination effort designed to address
jointly the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change
National Development Planning:
Indonesian Responses to
Climate Change (Yellow Book),
2007-2010
It was intended to strengthen and reinforce the RPJMN (National Medium-Term
Development Plan) 2004-2009 as well as to include inputs that can guide the
integration of considerations of climate change into the preparation of RPJMN
2010-2014
Medium-Term Development
Plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014
It emphasizes 11 national priorities, which 3 of them (food security, energy, and
environment and disaster management) are strongly related to climate change.
Indonesia Climate Change
Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR), 2010
A roadmap to serve as a detailed policy guidance and in order to mainstream
climate change issues into national development planning.
Presidential Regulation
No.61/2011 regarding National
Action Plan on GHG Emission
Reduction (RAN-GRK), 2011
National action plan for mitigation to achieve the national targets of emission
reduction (-26% and -41% of the BAU scenario until 2020). It contains policy
directions and actions for mitigation in 5 sectors and constitutes important
guidance for channeling financial flows into national and local mitigation
programs.
Local Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction at provincial level
www.icctf.or.id
Policy Documents on Climate Change (2)
Policy
Content
Presidential Regulation
No.71/2011 regarding National
GHG Inventory System, 2011
Regular information on the level, status and trend of GHG emission change and
absorption, including national, and subnational carbon stock as well as GHG
emission reduction.
Presidential Instruction No.
10/2011 on Forest Moratorium,
2011
Development of REDD+ schemes including Indicative Moratorium maps
Presidential Decree No. 25/2011
on National Task Force for
REDD+, 2011
REDD+ agency and related institutional development (finance and MRV)
In addition to that, also Government regulation on trust fund
Presidential Regulation
No.80/2011 regarding Trust
Fund, 2011
Establishment, structure and operation of a trust fund
www.icctf.or.id
Other Legal & Regulatory Framework related to
Climate Change
• Presidential Rule No.5, 2006 regarding National Energy Policy, asp. on
energy mix by the year 2025
• Presidential Decree No.10, 2005 on energy efficiency
• Presidential Decree no. 1, 2006 regarding Biofuel Utilization Program
• Act No. 6/1994 which stipulate the ratification of UNFCCC
• Act No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management
• Ministrial Decree of Forestry No. 14/04 regarding
Afforestation/Refforestation Project
• Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 53/03 regarding Ministry of
Environment as National Committe of Climate Change
• Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 206/05 regarding Ministry of
Environment as the Indonesia DNA
• Government Regulation no. 4/2001 concerning Controlling
Environmental Damages and or Pollution Associated with Forest and
Land Fire.
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda
Mitigation
BALI ACTION
PLAN
PRESIDENT’“
STATEMENT at
G-20, 2009
ROADMAP
(ICCSR)
Bridges National Action Plan on CC
into 5 yr mid-term development plan
(RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030.
GoI’s o
Mainstrea
ming into
RPJM
udget
Bi-/Multilateral
cooperation
RAN - GRK
Adapta
-tion
Yellow
Book
ICCTF
ICCTF- International
financing mechanism
channeling investment
funds into national CC
initiatives.
National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Preside t’s Co
it e t at G-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
Reducing green house gas emission by 2020
26%
GoI efforts
(Unilateral NAMAs)
26+15=41%
GoI efforts and
International supports
(Supported NAMAs)
Presidential Regulation No.61/2011 Regarding National Action
Plan on GHG Emissions Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Sectors: Agriculture, Forestry & Peatland, Industry, Energy &
Transportation, Waste
Indonesia Own Budget is limited:
• Indonesia is already responding to this challenge in anticipation of
the future consequences.
• In 2007 and 2008, central government spending on environmental
programs over 2006 levels to 6 trilion rupiah was doubled.
• At the regional level, we have also nearly doubled spending to 6
trillion Rupiah on reforestration and special funds for environment
and conservation.
• Together, these funds amount to USD 1.4 billion spent on
environment management, conservation and forest restoration.
• In 2005, Indonesia also instituted a large increase in fuel prices by
reducing subsidies that will encourage energy efficiency , while
protecting the poor.
Foreign Funding:
Indonesia
(RPJP, RPJM,
RKP)
Climate
Change
Joint
Programs
Donor
(Country Strategy/
Program)
The support of developed countries on Climate Change Program
all over the world should be in addition to their commitment to
support MDG’s achievement through ODA(0.7 % GNP)
Financing
Bilateral
DFID
AusAID
USAID
MCA
DANIDA
Netherlands
EC
GTZ
Norway
CIDA
Sweden
Mechanisms
G-to-G
Bilateral
Multilateral
Climate-Proof Economy
Loan
Grant
Others
Int’l trust funds: GEF,
Adaptation funds, CIF
Private Sectors
Policy Re-orientation
Community-Based Programs
Awareness raising
CC Trust Fund
Trust tee
Management
GoI host
TA & financial &
management
support
Multilateral
Wolrd Bank
ADB
UNDP
Mitigation & Adaptation
Training/Workshops
Capacity Building
Small-scale Investment
Public-private partnership
Piloting
Execution of Policy/Strategy
Policy Implementation
PRIORITY
FOOD SECURITY
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
FOCUS
•Land, Area Development & Agriculture Spatial Plan
•Infrastructure
•Research and Development
•Investment, Finance and Subsidy
•Food and Nutrition
•Adaptation to Climate Change
•Policy
•Restructuring of State Enterprises
•Energy Capacity
•Alternative Energy
•Oil and Gas Derivative Production
•Gas Conversion
•Climate Change
•Environmental Degradation Control
•Early Warning System
•Capacity Building on Disaster Mitigation & Forest
Fire
a
Di bidang
mitigasi
bencana: air
Di bidang:
kelautan
exporting raw labor and exporting raw trees were, at root,
different mani-festations of the same pro le ….
• When I went to board the Etihad Airways flight at 2:30 a.m. in Abu Dhabi's teeming air- port, the gate agent
told me to take a seat, because my section was board-ing last. So I sat down by the window and watched as
about two hundred young Indonesian women, not one of whom was much more than five feet tall, boarded
the plane, all carrying purses and wearing backpacks overflowing with clothing, shoes, and electronic
equipment. They were obviously returning home after some kind of lengthy stay and were bring-ing back
gifts and "stuff" in every pocket and bag.
• "What do all these girls do?" I asked the well-dressed Indian business- man seated next to me. "They're all
maids," he answered. He and I then fell into conversation. It turned out that he was a management
consul-tant and was in the Gulf advising governments on how to improve pro-ductivity. We chatted about
the impact of globalization on the region. Before long, we were comparing India and Indonesia, and finally,
he turned back to that long line of Indonesian maids snaking past us onto the plane. "Indonesia exports raw
labor, not brains," he mused. What the country should be doing, he added, is educating its people better, so
more of them could secure better jobs at home, and fewer of them would have to sell their manual labor
abroad. I made a mental note of our conversation and filed it away for my next book on globalization. But
shortly after arriving in Jakarta, I realized that those maids had a lot in common with Indonesia's trees—and
that exporting raw labor and exporting raw trees were, at root, different mani-festations of the same
problem.
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN Hot, Flat, a d Cro ded
NATIONAL ENERGY TRAJECTORY
PRIMARY ENERGY MIX 2005
Panas Bumi
1.32%
Tenaga Air
3.11%
Gas Bumi
28.57%
t1?
Minyak
Bumi
51.66%
Batubara
15.34%
t2?
• Enhancing energy security & mitigating CO2
emissions: to secure strategic reserve, to improve
efficiency in energy production & use, to increase
reliance on non fossil fuels and to sustain the
domestic supply of oil/gas (slower growth in fossil
fuel-demand in oil/gas imports and in emissions).
• Proposed energy technology use, diffusion and
deployment, increasing clean energy technologies.
• Energy infrastructures and its time frame.
• Etc.
National Energy Mix Target 2025
(PERPRES NO. 5/2006)
t3?
Minyak Bumi
θ
THE NATIONAL ENERGY ISSUES
What is the Sustainable Road Map?
Gas Bumi
30%
t25
Presidential Rule
No. 5/2006
20%
Bahan Bakar Nabati
(Biofuel)
5%
Others
EBT +17%
ι
ι
Panas Bumi
ι
5%
Biomasa, Nuklir, Air,
ι
Surya, Angin
5%
Batubara yang
Dicairkan (Coal
ι
Liquefaction)
2%
Batubara
33%
ι
ι
Indonesia Energy Projection
Prediction of Peak Oil in Indonesia
Alternative Energy (PP no. 5/2006)
Bio Fuel Development – Legal Status
Presidential Decreed No. 1 / 2006
Regarding
Supply & Usage of Bio Fuel as Alternative Energy
ROADMAP FOR BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS
Production Fuel-Grade BIOETHANOL –
April 2007: 82.500
BioDiesel Production – April 2007 : 520.000 KL
Aktor-aktor lain:
Rationale behind the Establishment of ICCTF
National Background
• Vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change
• Though Indonesia is not mandatory for GHG emission reduction, climate
change is a reality and urgent actions on adaptation and mitigation is
required as an integral part of the development challenge facing the nation
• Mitigation and adaptation actions have to be taken jointly by all countries.
Indonesia is ready to cooperate both bilaterally and multilaterally with
international efforts.
International Background
• UNFCC 1992, Article 3.4 incorporate climate change into national
development planning; Article 4.1 underlines the needs of all countries to
develop specific national development priorities and objectives accordance
to principles of common but differentiated responsibilities
• Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC 1998 states emission reduction is binding for
developed countries.
• Bali Action Plan 2007 includes the request for developed countries to
contribute to mitigation of global warming in the sustainable development
context and envisages enhanced actions on adaptation, technology
development and on the provision financial resources and measures against
deforestation
Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF),
Indonesia
• Objective:
1. To a hie e I do esia s goals of a lo ar o e o o
and greater resilience to climate change;
2. To enable the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to increase
the effectiveness and impact of its leadership and
management in addressing climate change issues.
• Governing body: Steering Committee, Technical Committee,
Secretariat, Fund Manager
• Legal status: government trust fund (ministerial decree)
• Capital: USD 11.2 million (2010-current)
• Beneficiaries: central government (Executing Agency);
central and local government, universities, CSO, NGO, private
sector (Implementing Agency)
ICCTF Structure and Work Flow
Steering Committee
Plenary Members
Observer/
Resources Person
GOI Members
(Chairman and
Vice Chairman
from Bappenas)
Legend :
Monitoring and
Supervision
Project
Proposal
Approval and
Assignment
Fund
Channeling
Technical Committee
GOI Members
(Chair& Co-Chairs from Bappenas &
Ministry of Finance)
Representatives of Plenary Members
ICCTF Secretariat
Executing Agency (Central Govt. Agency)
/Implementing Agency (Govt. Agency,
University, CSO/NGO, Private Sector)
Fund Management
National Fund
Manager
UNDP as Interim
Fund Manager
Indonesian Working Groups on Climate Change
Institution Involved:
Ministry of Environments
Ministry of Research and Technology
Agency for the Assessment and Application
of Technology (BPPT)
Governments Departments: Energy &
Mineral Resources, Forestry, Agriculture, etc.
Meteorology and Geophysical Agency
Indonesia State Electricity Company
Private Sectors
Universities
NGOs
GIZ/PAKLIM and KADIN to jointly work on increasing awareness and engaging Indonesian companies in
climate change mitigation activities in Indonesia
PAKLIM („Policy Advice for Environment and Climate Change‟)
What?
How it work?
Approach
• Empowering Indonesian
public and private
stakeholders to
implement climate
change strategies and
instruments
Supporting Indonesian partners
through:
• Policy advice
• Capacity development
• Technical assistance
• Multi-level
• Multi-stakeholder
• Cross-sectoral
PAKLIM
Policy advice
Cities and urban areas
Industries and
industrial estates
Kadin produced White Paper on the issues of Climate Change and Green Growth
The role of Indonesia‟s private sector in climate change mitigation
• The Private Sector is the driving force for development and growth in Indonesia
(Indonesia is said to soon become the 2nd I i B‘IC
• With this growth, however, it is also an increasingly important contributor to
I do esia s e issio le els
• E.g. due to the large a ou ts of e erg o su ed for o pa ies produ tio a ti ities a d
daily operations, process-related generation of GHG and waste produced in the various
industry sectors, commercial land use conversion
• The Pri ate “e tor is e pe ted to pla a esse tial role i I do esia s itigatio
regime to achieve the national mitigation targets in the defined RAN GRK sectors
Companies predispose of important competences, expertise and largely also
financial means for successfully tackling the issues posed by climate change and
for helping to reduce GHG emissions by applying the right management and
investments approaches
Public expectations towards the private sector and „routes‟ for involvement
• Invest in and implement new technologies
• Engage in mitigation measures, e.g. energy efficiency improvements, fuel
switching, major process modifications
• Esp. multinational corporations (MNCs) and large national companies to act
as li ate ha pio s for other atio al usi esses
• Provide qualified personnel, transfer skills and experiences
• Show corporate social responsibility (CSR)
• Do research and innovate
Routes for
involvement
Policies and
regulations
Economic and
fiscal instruments
Voluntary actions
Mitigation Target by 2020
Example: Industry sector in Indonesia and climate change
•
The industry sector accounts for 35%* of emissions from fossil fuel in Indonesia due to:
• Energy consumption (accounting for 48% of overall final energy consumption in
Indonesia)
• Production processes
• Waste
•
Challenge: balance the two overarching policies objectives:
• Improve industry competitiveness
• Achieve low-carbon industrial development
Largest GHG emitting industry sectors are:
•
The RAN-GRK defines mitigation strategies
in the industry sector with regard to:
- Energy efficiency
- Alternative energy
- Efficient production processes
*World Bank (2008): Low carbon development options for Indonesia
Cement
Iron & steel
Pulp & paper
Fertilizer/ other chemicals
Textiles
Mitigation Target by 2020
So far, only few policies and instruments targeted to mitigate climate change
Examples of existing regulatory and initiatives
Energy
• Energy diversification (PerPres No. 5/2006)
• Energy efficiency and conservation (e.g. gov. reg.
No. 70/2009)
• Development of green industry
Air pollution
• Regulate emissions from static and non/static
sources (emission standards set for 4 industries
and for selected equipment)
Waste management
• Control waste management activity (esp.
hazardous waste) (gov. reg. No. 18/1999)
• Waste utilization (gov. regulation No.18/2008)
Subsidized loans
• Soft loan programmes for green investments from
different donors (e.g. Japan, Germany) via MoEnv.
Tax subsidies
• For customs duty, sales tax (PPN), income tax
(Pph) – for energy and industry sectors
Fiscal subsidies
• For investment in machinery equipment to
improve industrial competitiveness
• Support for investment in CC mitigation
technology
A challenge for the GOI, but
An opportunity for the private sector to become involved and actively shape the future boundary
conditions
PAKLIM private sector cooperation – Overview
Development Partnerships
Projects/ Initiatives
Develop DPP
Integrated
DPP
PAKLIM Call for
Proposals 2011
Private Sector
Dialogues
• Mer k: E iro e tall “ou d Ma age e t of Che i al Waste ;
12/09-12/12; 1,4 Mio.€ (STA)
• O“‘AM: Energy Saving Movement”; 12/09-06/11; 400T€
• Merck customers (e.g. laboratories); KLH
• Elementary schools & SMKs, local
communities, Indonesian population
• Adidas: Gree i g Glo al “uppl Chai s – Fo us o E erg ;
05/11-05/13; 168T€
• O“‘AM: Energy Efficient Street Lighting / LED Street
Lighting”; 05/11-12/12; 184T€
• Service providers, local footwear & apparel
suppliers; MoI, ESDM
• Local government; urban population
• “Innovations for a low-carbon future in the Indonesian
Industries”
• Technology providers (D, EU)
• local MNC, SOE, national companies
• Empirical study on “Business and Climate Change in
Indonesia”
• Interviews a.o. with Siemens, SAP, APP,
Sinarmas, Martha Tilaar, Chandra Asri, DB
Schenker
• local CSR networks, associations; KLH
• “Green” CSR
Policy Advice
Partner / Target group
• NAMA (overall concept and sectors industry, energy, waste, energy
efficiency in urban areas)
• Voluntary Partnership Agreements
• ICCTF (Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund), Green Finance
• Bappenas, MoI, ESDM, MoHA
• MoI; cement industry
• Bappenas, MoF; Bank of Indonesia
PAKLIM Project
• Aims to establish new partnerships with private companies to jointly develop
innovative projects under the title of:
I o atio s for a lo - ar o future i the I do esia i dustries
Realize synergies between public and private interests:
PAKLIM
• Development of NAMAs (Nationally
Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in
the Indonesian industry sector
• GHG reductions through e.g.
increase in energy efficiency, fuel
switching, and/ or major process
modifications
DPP
Private Sector
• Launching innovative technologies in the
Indonesian market
• „Greening‟ the supply chain
• Qualified personnel
• CSR and good relations with clients and
people in the surrounding community
Indonesia
Greening global supply chains
– Focus on energy
Partners:
Adidas Group (Sourcing Ltd.
Asia)
05/2011 – 05/2013
Volume: 268.000 €
PAKLIM: 133.000 €
Challenge
The industry sector accounts for high amounts of GHG emissions
due to energy consumption, inefficient production processes &
industrial waste.
High need & potential for energy efficiency (EE) measures.
Approach
Capacity building for service providers and training & technical
assistance for 16 suppliers in the apparel & footwear industries.
Energy audits and tools for the measurement, monitoring and
reporting of energy performance.
Implementation of financially feasible EE measures.
Impact
Qualified service providers, enhanced capacities of selected
suppliers a d redu tio of the fa tories e iro e tal
footprint.
Model for the measurement and reporting of climate-related
values in supply chains available.
Indonesia
Energy Efficient Street
Lighting / LED Street Lighting
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
05/2011 – 12/2012
Volume: 184.000 €
PAKLIM: 92.000 €
Challenge
Lack of efficient energy due to outdated technologies in
commercial and residential buildings as well as public
infrastructural services.
High potential for cost and energy savings in urban areas.
Approach
Assessment of technical & economic feasibility of LED street
lighting.
Replacement of conventional lights by LED based on an adequate
metering system, lighting management, and a consumption-based
payment for the energy used by public street lighting.
Identification of financing options for local governments.
Development of a handbook for energy, cost and CO2 savings
through LED street lighting.
Impact
Provides a model for NAMA on the energy demand side.
Cities are able to properly measure used energy and reduce
local energy costs.
Indonesia
Guideline on Co-processing
Waste Materials in Cement
Production
Partners:
Holcim Group, Indocement
11/2006 – 11/2009
Volume: 90.000 €
Public (ProLH): 30.000€
Challenge
High environmental impacts from waste, unsafe disposal of
hazardous waste.
Cement industry has high potential to improve waste
management by applying co-processing.
Approach
Development of a guideline with the requirements and standards
for co-processing.
Tra sfer of lesso s lear ed fro de eloped ou tries.
Capacity building before launching of co-processing.
Impact
Decrease the environmental impacts of waste.
Decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
Improve waste management and decrease waste handling costs.
Indonesia
Energy Saving Movement
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
12/2009 – 06/2011
Volume: 400.000 €
Public: 200.000€
Challenge
> 19% of total energy consumption is attributed to the use of
artificial light.
Common use of energy wasting light bulbs.
Approach
Integrated approach that includes an upgrade of lighting systems
at selected schools and households combined with educational
measures on energy efficiency.
Students participate in math and essay competitions with focus
on energy saving.
Nationwide media campaign about energy efficiency.
Impact
Energy consumption has successfully been decreased by more
than 50 percent.
The learning module about energy efficiency is being
implemented in vocational schools and will be part of lessons for
more than 10.000 students.
Indonesia
Challenge
Environmentally Sound
Management of Chemical
Waste
No management expertise in the prevention of health and
environment hazards.
Growing volume of chemical waste is creating a challenge for
local and national authorities.
Partners:
Merck
Approach
12/2009 – 12/2012
Volume: 1.4 million €
Public: 700.000 €
Implementation of chemical waste management systems.
Coordination of training units for transfer of expertise at the
micro and macro levels.
Impact
Local SMEs are receiving technical support.
Meso level organisations are applying innovative chemical
waste management strategies.
Partner countries are harmonizing their frameworks within
ASEAN.
Jangan memunggungi laut
• Kita mengabaikan fakta adanya 60 cekungan raksasa lepas pantai, penuh minyak
bumi = 320,79 milyar barrel, tapi terletak di dasar laut – Sulawesi Tenggara, Maluku,
Timor, Papua.
• Kita biarkan potensi gas raksasa, sebesar 1,780,6 TCF. Terletak di selatan Jawa Barat,
Sulawesi dan Sumatera Selatan. Ini bisa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan 200 tahun.
Bandingkan dengan stok gas Natuna = 222 TCF
• Dengan luas laut 5,8 juta km persegi, kita punya keanekaragaman ratusan mikroalga
yang bisa diolah jadi minyak.
• Asosiasi Energi Laut Indonbesia (ASELI) menghitung kita punya energi laut (arus,
gelombang dan panas laut) sebesar 49 Giga Watt.
• Bioteknologi kelautan bisa melakukan riset lanjutan untuk memanfaatkan kekayaan
dan keanekaragaman hayati laut. (Contoh: teripang yang banyak berserakan,
Malaysia yang riset, obatnya dijual ke Indonesia).
• Ada 35 ribu biota laut, 910 jenis karang (75% dunia), 850 jenis bunga karang, 350
jenis sea grass (lamun), 682 jenis rumput laut, ribuan jenis krustasea, ikan, penyu,
paus, lumba-lumba. Potensi hasil = $50 milyar per tahun
Hatur Nuhun
Joseph Viandrito
[email protected]
0821 6639 2772
Para Aktor
Perubahan Iklim
• Joseph Viandrito, SE, Msi.
• Fakultas Ekonomi UNPAR Bandung
• 14 November 2014
Bahasan kita siang ini:
• Apa yang pemerintah Indonesia lakukan terkait perubahan iklim?
• Apa yang dilakukan kalangan bisinis di Indonesia terkait perubahan
iklim?
• Apa yang dilakukan aktor lainnya untuk mengatasi perubahan iklim?
• Apa peluang kita?
The market was distorted….
I 2007, Indonesia spent 30 percent of its budget on energy subsidies and only 6
percent on education. At the same time, the Western industrial countries spent
roughly $270 billion subsidizing agriculture, so their farmers got rich, their
consumers got cheap food, and Third World farmers had a hard time competing.
This helped to keep some food supplies artificially low even as worldwide demand
was growing and there were more and more middle-class mouths to feed. Bottom
line: The markets were distorted…..
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN Hot, Flat, and Cro ded
Apa yang pemerintah Indonesia lakukan
terkait perubahan iklim?
Integration of climate change into Indonesian development strategy
MILESTONES:
The Government of Indonesia (GOI) puts
CC on the political agenda after the
Climate Summit in Bali (2007)
RPJP/ RPJM
Climate
Summits
Bali
Road Map
G20Pittsburgh
RAN-GRK
ICCSR
2009 the Indonesian president announces
a GHG emission mitigation target by 2020
The GOI officially launched its Climate
Change Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR)
regarding mitigation in March 2010
The National Action Plan for GHG
Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK) defines
the required measures per sector for
reaching the target
Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions
(NAMAs)
Scenario of 2020 GHG emission reduction and RAN GRK
President commitment G-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
to reduce te GHG emission in 2020
= 41%
With international support
-15%
Unilateral (without
international support)
-26%
Forestry & peat
Waste
land
Waste
Agriculture
RAN-GRK
Industry
Energy &
transport
Q
WHAT IS THE INDONESIAN CLIMATE CHANGE
SECTORAL ROADMAP (ICCSR)?
The Climate Change Sectoral Roadmap ill support the GOI s de elop e t
vision related to climate change for the next 20 years.
The implementation of the Roadmap will be through National Development
Plan; the next Development is for period 2010 – 2014.
There are nine priority sectors:
Mitigation Sectors-: Energy, Forestry, Industry, Transportation, Waste
Management
Adaptation Sectors-: Agriculture, Marine and Fishery, Water Resources, Health
NATIONAL PRIORITY & ACTION PLAN 2010-2014
11 National
Priorities Indonesian Cabinet
2010-2014
1
Bureaucracy Reform and Good Governance
2
Education
3
Health
4
Poverty Alleviation
5
Food Security
6
Infrastructure
7
Investment Climate
8
9
Energy
Environment and Disaster Management
(incl. Climate Change)
10
Disadvantaged, Borders and Post-Conflict Areas
11
Culture, Creativity and Technology Innovation
Policy Documents on Climate Change (1)
Policy
Content
Long-Term Development Plan
(RPJPN) 2005-2025
In order to achieve the vision of sustainable development, the GoI concluded
that "the long term sustainability of development will face the challenges of
climate change and global warming which affect activities and livelihood".
National Action Plan on Climate
Change (RAN-MAPI), 2007
Initial guidance for a multi-sectoral coordination effort designed to address
jointly the challenges of mitigation and adaptation to climate change
National Development Planning:
Indonesian Responses to
Climate Change (Yellow Book),
2007-2010
It was intended to strengthen and reinforce the RPJMN (National Medium-Term
Development Plan) 2004-2009 as well as to include inputs that can guide the
integration of considerations of climate change into the preparation of RPJMN
2010-2014
Medium-Term Development
Plan (RPJMN) 2010-2014
It emphasizes 11 national priorities, which 3 of them (food security, energy, and
environment and disaster management) are strongly related to climate change.
Indonesia Climate Change
Sectoral Roadmap (ICCSR), 2010
A roadmap to serve as a detailed policy guidance and in order to mainstream
climate change issues into national development planning.
Presidential Regulation
No.61/2011 regarding National
Action Plan on GHG Emission
Reduction (RAN-GRK), 2011
National action plan for mitigation to achieve the national targets of emission
reduction (-26% and -41% of the BAU scenario until 2020). It contains policy
directions and actions for mitigation in 5 sectors and constitutes important
guidance for channeling financial flows into national and local mitigation
programs.
Local Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction at provincial level
www.icctf.or.id
Policy Documents on Climate Change (2)
Policy
Content
Presidential Regulation
No.71/2011 regarding National
GHG Inventory System, 2011
Regular information on the level, status and trend of GHG emission change and
absorption, including national, and subnational carbon stock as well as GHG
emission reduction.
Presidential Instruction No.
10/2011 on Forest Moratorium,
2011
Development of REDD+ schemes including Indicative Moratorium maps
Presidential Decree No. 25/2011
on National Task Force for
REDD+, 2011
REDD+ agency and related institutional development (finance and MRV)
In addition to that, also Government regulation on trust fund
Presidential Regulation
No.80/2011 regarding Trust
Fund, 2011
Establishment, structure and operation of a trust fund
www.icctf.or.id
Other Legal & Regulatory Framework related to
Climate Change
• Presidential Rule No.5, 2006 regarding National Energy Policy, asp. on
energy mix by the year 2025
• Presidential Decree No.10, 2005 on energy efficiency
• Presidential Decree no. 1, 2006 regarding Biofuel Utilization Program
• Act No. 6/1994 which stipulate the ratification of UNFCCC
• Act No. 23/1997 regarding Environmental Management
• Ministrial Decree of Forestry No. 14/04 regarding
Afforestation/Refforestation Project
• Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 53/03 regarding Ministry of
Environment as National Committe of Climate Change
• Ministrial Decree of Environment no. 206/05 regarding Ministry of
Environment as the Indonesia DNA
• Government Regulation no. 4/2001 concerning Controlling
Environmental Damages and or Pollution Associated with Forest and
Land Fire.
Mainstreaming Climate Change into National Development Agenda
Mitigation
BALI ACTION
PLAN
PRESIDENT’“
STATEMENT at
G-20, 2009
ROADMAP
(ICCSR)
Bridges National Action Plan on CC
into 5 yr mid-term development plan
(RPJM) 2010-2014 & inputs till 2030.
GoI’s o
Mainstrea
ming into
RPJM
udget
Bi-/Multilateral
cooperation
RAN - GRK
Adapta
-tion
Yellow
Book
ICCTF
ICCTF- International
financing mechanism
channeling investment
funds into national CC
initiatives.
National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Preside t’s Co
it e t at G-20 Pittsburgh and COP15
Reducing green house gas emission by 2020
26%
GoI efforts
(Unilateral NAMAs)
26+15=41%
GoI efforts and
International supports
(Supported NAMAs)
Presidential Regulation No.61/2011 Regarding National Action
Plan on GHG Emissions Reduction (RAN-GRK)
Sectors: Agriculture, Forestry & Peatland, Industry, Energy &
Transportation, Waste
Indonesia Own Budget is limited:
• Indonesia is already responding to this challenge in anticipation of
the future consequences.
• In 2007 and 2008, central government spending on environmental
programs over 2006 levels to 6 trilion rupiah was doubled.
• At the regional level, we have also nearly doubled spending to 6
trillion Rupiah on reforestration and special funds for environment
and conservation.
• Together, these funds amount to USD 1.4 billion spent on
environment management, conservation and forest restoration.
• In 2005, Indonesia also instituted a large increase in fuel prices by
reducing subsidies that will encourage energy efficiency , while
protecting the poor.
Foreign Funding:
Indonesia
(RPJP, RPJM,
RKP)
Climate
Change
Joint
Programs
Donor
(Country Strategy/
Program)
The support of developed countries on Climate Change Program
all over the world should be in addition to their commitment to
support MDG’s achievement through ODA(0.7 % GNP)
Financing
Bilateral
DFID
AusAID
USAID
MCA
DANIDA
Netherlands
EC
GTZ
Norway
CIDA
Sweden
Mechanisms
G-to-G
Bilateral
Multilateral
Climate-Proof Economy
Loan
Grant
Others
Int’l trust funds: GEF,
Adaptation funds, CIF
Private Sectors
Policy Re-orientation
Community-Based Programs
Awareness raising
CC Trust Fund
Trust tee
Management
GoI host
TA & financial &
management
support
Multilateral
Wolrd Bank
ADB
UNDP
Mitigation & Adaptation
Training/Workshops
Capacity Building
Small-scale Investment
Public-private partnership
Piloting
Execution of Policy/Strategy
Policy Implementation
PRIORITY
FOOD SECURITY
ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL
AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
FOCUS
•Land, Area Development & Agriculture Spatial Plan
•Infrastructure
•Research and Development
•Investment, Finance and Subsidy
•Food and Nutrition
•Adaptation to Climate Change
•Policy
•Restructuring of State Enterprises
•Energy Capacity
•Alternative Energy
•Oil and Gas Derivative Production
•Gas Conversion
•Climate Change
•Environmental Degradation Control
•Early Warning System
•Capacity Building on Disaster Mitigation & Forest
Fire
a
Di bidang
mitigasi
bencana: air
Di bidang:
kelautan
exporting raw labor and exporting raw trees were, at root,
different mani-festations of the same pro le ….
• When I went to board the Etihad Airways flight at 2:30 a.m. in Abu Dhabi's teeming air- port, the gate agent
told me to take a seat, because my section was board-ing last. So I sat down by the window and watched as
about two hundred young Indonesian women, not one of whom was much more than five feet tall, boarded
the plane, all carrying purses and wearing backpacks overflowing with clothing, shoes, and electronic
equipment. They were obviously returning home after some kind of lengthy stay and were bring-ing back
gifts and "stuff" in every pocket and bag.
• "What do all these girls do?" I asked the well-dressed Indian business- man seated next to me. "They're all
maids," he answered. He and I then fell into conversation. It turned out that he was a management
consul-tant and was in the Gulf advising governments on how to improve pro-ductivity. We chatted about
the impact of globalization on the region. Before long, we were comparing India and Indonesia, and finally,
he turned back to that long line of Indonesian maids snaking past us onto the plane. "Indonesia exports raw
labor, not brains," he mused. What the country should be doing, he added, is educating its people better, so
more of them could secure better jobs at home, and fewer of them would have to sell their manual labor
abroad. I made a mental note of our conversation and filed it away for my next book on globalization. But
shortly after arriving in Jakarta, I realized that those maids had a lot in common with Indonesia's trees—and
that exporting raw labor and exporting raw trees were, at root, different mani-festations of the same
problem.
• THOMAS L. FRIEDMAN Hot, Flat, a d Cro ded
NATIONAL ENERGY TRAJECTORY
PRIMARY ENERGY MIX 2005
Panas Bumi
1.32%
Tenaga Air
3.11%
Gas Bumi
28.57%
t1?
Minyak
Bumi
51.66%
Batubara
15.34%
t2?
• Enhancing energy security & mitigating CO2
emissions: to secure strategic reserve, to improve
efficiency in energy production & use, to increase
reliance on non fossil fuels and to sustain the
domestic supply of oil/gas (slower growth in fossil
fuel-demand in oil/gas imports and in emissions).
• Proposed energy technology use, diffusion and
deployment, increasing clean energy technologies.
• Energy infrastructures and its time frame.
• Etc.
National Energy Mix Target 2025
(PERPRES NO. 5/2006)
t3?
Minyak Bumi
θ
THE NATIONAL ENERGY ISSUES
What is the Sustainable Road Map?
Gas Bumi
30%
t25
Presidential Rule
No. 5/2006
20%
Bahan Bakar Nabati
(Biofuel)
5%
Others
EBT +17%
ι
ι
Panas Bumi
ι
5%
Biomasa, Nuklir, Air,
ι
Surya, Angin
5%
Batubara yang
Dicairkan (Coal
ι
Liquefaction)
2%
Batubara
33%
ι
ι
Indonesia Energy Projection
Prediction of Peak Oil in Indonesia
Alternative Energy (PP no. 5/2006)
Bio Fuel Development – Legal Status
Presidential Decreed No. 1 / 2006
Regarding
Supply & Usage of Bio Fuel as Alternative Energy
ROADMAP FOR BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT
BIOFUEL DEVELOPMENT PROGRESS
Production Fuel-Grade BIOETHANOL –
April 2007: 82.500
BioDiesel Production – April 2007 : 520.000 KL
Aktor-aktor lain:
Rationale behind the Establishment of ICCTF
National Background
• Vulnerability to the negative impacts of climate change
• Though Indonesia is not mandatory for GHG emission reduction, climate
change is a reality and urgent actions on adaptation and mitigation is
required as an integral part of the development challenge facing the nation
• Mitigation and adaptation actions have to be taken jointly by all countries.
Indonesia is ready to cooperate both bilaterally and multilaterally with
international efforts.
International Background
• UNFCC 1992, Article 3.4 incorporate climate change into national
development planning; Article 4.1 underlines the needs of all countries to
develop specific national development priorities and objectives accordance
to principles of common but differentiated responsibilities
• Kyoto Protocol to UNFCCC 1998 states emission reduction is binding for
developed countries.
• Bali Action Plan 2007 includes the request for developed countries to
contribute to mitigation of global warming in the sustainable development
context and envisages enhanced actions on adaptation, technology
development and on the provision financial resources and measures against
deforestation
Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund (ICCTF),
Indonesia
• Objective:
1. To a hie e I do esia s goals of a lo ar o e o o
and greater resilience to climate change;
2. To enable the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to increase
the effectiveness and impact of its leadership and
management in addressing climate change issues.
• Governing body: Steering Committee, Technical Committee,
Secretariat, Fund Manager
• Legal status: government trust fund (ministerial decree)
• Capital: USD 11.2 million (2010-current)
• Beneficiaries: central government (Executing Agency);
central and local government, universities, CSO, NGO, private
sector (Implementing Agency)
ICCTF Structure and Work Flow
Steering Committee
Plenary Members
Observer/
Resources Person
GOI Members
(Chairman and
Vice Chairman
from Bappenas)
Legend :
Monitoring and
Supervision
Project
Proposal
Approval and
Assignment
Fund
Channeling
Technical Committee
GOI Members
(Chair& Co-Chairs from Bappenas &
Ministry of Finance)
Representatives of Plenary Members
ICCTF Secretariat
Executing Agency (Central Govt. Agency)
/Implementing Agency (Govt. Agency,
University, CSO/NGO, Private Sector)
Fund Management
National Fund
Manager
UNDP as Interim
Fund Manager
Indonesian Working Groups on Climate Change
Institution Involved:
Ministry of Environments
Ministry of Research and Technology
Agency for the Assessment and Application
of Technology (BPPT)
Governments Departments: Energy &
Mineral Resources, Forestry, Agriculture, etc.
Meteorology and Geophysical Agency
Indonesia State Electricity Company
Private Sectors
Universities
NGOs
GIZ/PAKLIM and KADIN to jointly work on increasing awareness and engaging Indonesian companies in
climate change mitigation activities in Indonesia
PAKLIM („Policy Advice for Environment and Climate Change‟)
What?
How it work?
Approach
• Empowering Indonesian
public and private
stakeholders to
implement climate
change strategies and
instruments
Supporting Indonesian partners
through:
• Policy advice
• Capacity development
• Technical assistance
• Multi-level
• Multi-stakeholder
• Cross-sectoral
PAKLIM
Policy advice
Cities and urban areas
Industries and
industrial estates
Kadin produced White Paper on the issues of Climate Change and Green Growth
The role of Indonesia‟s private sector in climate change mitigation
• The Private Sector is the driving force for development and growth in Indonesia
(Indonesia is said to soon become the 2nd I i B‘IC
• With this growth, however, it is also an increasingly important contributor to
I do esia s e issio le els
• E.g. due to the large a ou ts of e erg o su ed for o pa ies produ tio a ti ities a d
daily operations, process-related generation of GHG and waste produced in the various
industry sectors, commercial land use conversion
• The Pri ate “e tor is e pe ted to pla a esse tial role i I do esia s itigatio
regime to achieve the national mitigation targets in the defined RAN GRK sectors
Companies predispose of important competences, expertise and largely also
financial means for successfully tackling the issues posed by climate change and
for helping to reduce GHG emissions by applying the right management and
investments approaches
Public expectations towards the private sector and „routes‟ for involvement
• Invest in and implement new technologies
• Engage in mitigation measures, e.g. energy efficiency improvements, fuel
switching, major process modifications
• Esp. multinational corporations (MNCs) and large national companies to act
as li ate ha pio s for other atio al usi esses
• Provide qualified personnel, transfer skills and experiences
• Show corporate social responsibility (CSR)
• Do research and innovate
Routes for
involvement
Policies and
regulations
Economic and
fiscal instruments
Voluntary actions
Mitigation Target by 2020
Example: Industry sector in Indonesia and climate change
•
The industry sector accounts for 35%* of emissions from fossil fuel in Indonesia due to:
• Energy consumption (accounting for 48% of overall final energy consumption in
Indonesia)
• Production processes
• Waste
•
Challenge: balance the two overarching policies objectives:
• Improve industry competitiveness
• Achieve low-carbon industrial development
Largest GHG emitting industry sectors are:
•
The RAN-GRK defines mitigation strategies
in the industry sector with regard to:
- Energy efficiency
- Alternative energy
- Efficient production processes
*World Bank (2008): Low carbon development options for Indonesia
Cement
Iron & steel
Pulp & paper
Fertilizer/ other chemicals
Textiles
Mitigation Target by 2020
So far, only few policies and instruments targeted to mitigate climate change
Examples of existing regulatory and initiatives
Energy
• Energy diversification (PerPres No. 5/2006)
• Energy efficiency and conservation (e.g. gov. reg.
No. 70/2009)
• Development of green industry
Air pollution
• Regulate emissions from static and non/static
sources (emission standards set for 4 industries
and for selected equipment)
Waste management
• Control waste management activity (esp.
hazardous waste) (gov. reg. No. 18/1999)
• Waste utilization (gov. regulation No.18/2008)
Subsidized loans
• Soft loan programmes for green investments from
different donors (e.g. Japan, Germany) via MoEnv.
Tax subsidies
• For customs duty, sales tax (PPN), income tax
(Pph) – for energy and industry sectors
Fiscal subsidies
• For investment in machinery equipment to
improve industrial competitiveness
• Support for investment in CC mitigation
technology
A challenge for the GOI, but
An opportunity for the private sector to become involved and actively shape the future boundary
conditions
PAKLIM private sector cooperation – Overview
Development Partnerships
Projects/ Initiatives
Develop DPP
Integrated
DPP
PAKLIM Call for
Proposals 2011
Private Sector
Dialogues
• Mer k: E iro e tall “ou d Ma age e t of Che i al Waste ;
12/09-12/12; 1,4 Mio.€ (STA)
• O“‘AM: Energy Saving Movement”; 12/09-06/11; 400T€
• Merck customers (e.g. laboratories); KLH
• Elementary schools & SMKs, local
communities, Indonesian population
• Adidas: Gree i g Glo al “uppl Chai s – Fo us o E erg ;
05/11-05/13; 168T€
• O“‘AM: Energy Efficient Street Lighting / LED Street
Lighting”; 05/11-12/12; 184T€
• Service providers, local footwear & apparel
suppliers; MoI, ESDM
• Local government; urban population
• “Innovations for a low-carbon future in the Indonesian
Industries”
• Technology providers (D, EU)
• local MNC, SOE, national companies
• Empirical study on “Business and Climate Change in
Indonesia”
• Interviews a.o. with Siemens, SAP, APP,
Sinarmas, Martha Tilaar, Chandra Asri, DB
Schenker
• local CSR networks, associations; KLH
• “Green” CSR
Policy Advice
Partner / Target group
• NAMA (overall concept and sectors industry, energy, waste, energy
efficiency in urban areas)
• Voluntary Partnership Agreements
• ICCTF (Indonesia Climate Change Trust Fund), Green Finance
• Bappenas, MoI, ESDM, MoHA
• MoI; cement industry
• Bappenas, MoF; Bank of Indonesia
PAKLIM Project
• Aims to establish new partnerships with private companies to jointly develop
innovative projects under the title of:
I o atio s for a lo - ar o future i the I do esia i dustries
Realize synergies between public and private interests:
PAKLIM
• Development of NAMAs (Nationally
Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in
the Indonesian industry sector
• GHG reductions through e.g.
increase in energy efficiency, fuel
switching, and/ or major process
modifications
DPP
Private Sector
• Launching innovative technologies in the
Indonesian market
• „Greening‟ the supply chain
• Qualified personnel
• CSR and good relations with clients and
people in the surrounding community
Indonesia
Greening global supply chains
– Focus on energy
Partners:
Adidas Group (Sourcing Ltd.
Asia)
05/2011 – 05/2013
Volume: 268.000 €
PAKLIM: 133.000 €
Challenge
The industry sector accounts for high amounts of GHG emissions
due to energy consumption, inefficient production processes &
industrial waste.
High need & potential for energy efficiency (EE) measures.
Approach
Capacity building for service providers and training & technical
assistance for 16 suppliers in the apparel & footwear industries.
Energy audits and tools for the measurement, monitoring and
reporting of energy performance.
Implementation of financially feasible EE measures.
Impact
Qualified service providers, enhanced capacities of selected
suppliers a d redu tio of the fa tories e iro e tal
footprint.
Model for the measurement and reporting of climate-related
values in supply chains available.
Indonesia
Energy Efficient Street
Lighting / LED Street Lighting
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
05/2011 – 12/2012
Volume: 184.000 €
PAKLIM: 92.000 €
Challenge
Lack of efficient energy due to outdated technologies in
commercial and residential buildings as well as public
infrastructural services.
High potential for cost and energy savings in urban areas.
Approach
Assessment of technical & economic feasibility of LED street
lighting.
Replacement of conventional lights by LED based on an adequate
metering system, lighting management, and a consumption-based
payment for the energy used by public street lighting.
Identification of financing options for local governments.
Development of a handbook for energy, cost and CO2 savings
through LED street lighting.
Impact
Provides a model for NAMA on the energy demand side.
Cities are able to properly measure used energy and reduce
local energy costs.
Indonesia
Guideline on Co-processing
Waste Materials in Cement
Production
Partners:
Holcim Group, Indocement
11/2006 – 11/2009
Volume: 90.000 €
Public (ProLH): 30.000€
Challenge
High environmental impacts from waste, unsafe disposal of
hazardous waste.
Cement industry has high potential to improve waste
management by applying co-processing.
Approach
Development of a guideline with the requirements and standards
for co-processing.
Tra sfer of lesso s lear ed fro de eloped ou tries.
Capacity building before launching of co-processing.
Impact
Decrease the environmental impacts of waste.
Decrease greenhouse gas emissions.
Improve waste management and decrease waste handling costs.
Indonesia
Energy Saving Movement
Partners:
PT OSRAM Indonesia
12/2009 – 06/2011
Volume: 400.000 €
Public: 200.000€
Challenge
> 19% of total energy consumption is attributed to the use of
artificial light.
Common use of energy wasting light bulbs.
Approach
Integrated approach that includes an upgrade of lighting systems
at selected schools and households combined with educational
measures on energy efficiency.
Students participate in math and essay competitions with focus
on energy saving.
Nationwide media campaign about energy efficiency.
Impact
Energy consumption has successfully been decreased by more
than 50 percent.
The learning module about energy efficiency is being
implemented in vocational schools and will be part of lessons for
more than 10.000 students.
Indonesia
Challenge
Environmentally Sound
Management of Chemical
Waste
No management expertise in the prevention of health and
environment hazards.
Growing volume of chemical waste is creating a challenge for
local and national authorities.
Partners:
Merck
Approach
12/2009 – 12/2012
Volume: 1.4 million €
Public: 700.000 €
Implementation of chemical waste management systems.
Coordination of training units for transfer of expertise at the
micro and macro levels.
Impact
Local SMEs are receiving technical support.
Meso level organisations are applying innovative chemical
waste management strategies.
Partner countries are harmonizing their frameworks within
ASEAN.
Jangan memunggungi laut
• Kita mengabaikan fakta adanya 60 cekungan raksasa lepas pantai, penuh minyak
bumi = 320,79 milyar barrel, tapi terletak di dasar laut – Sulawesi Tenggara, Maluku,
Timor, Papua.
• Kita biarkan potensi gas raksasa, sebesar 1,780,6 TCF. Terletak di selatan Jawa Barat,
Sulawesi dan Sumatera Selatan. Ini bisa untuk memenuhi kebutuhan 200 tahun.
Bandingkan dengan stok gas Natuna = 222 TCF
• Dengan luas laut 5,8 juta km persegi, kita punya keanekaragaman ratusan mikroalga
yang bisa diolah jadi minyak.
• Asosiasi Energi Laut Indonbesia (ASELI) menghitung kita punya energi laut (arus,
gelombang dan panas laut) sebesar 49 Giga Watt.
• Bioteknologi kelautan bisa melakukan riset lanjutan untuk memanfaatkan kekayaan
dan keanekaragaman hayati laut. (Contoh: teripang yang banyak berserakan,
Malaysia yang riset, obatnya dijual ke Indonesia).
• Ada 35 ribu biota laut, 910 jenis karang (75% dunia), 850 jenis bunga karang, 350
jenis sea grass (lamun), 682 jenis rumput laut, ribuan jenis krustasea, ikan, penyu,
paus, lumba-lumba. Potensi hasil = $50 milyar per tahun
Hatur Nuhun
Joseph Viandrito
[email protected]
0821 6639 2772