CITATION AND REFERENCE IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING: A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION.

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Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education

Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education

A Research Paper

Submitted to the Department of English Education in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree

By:

Fathimah Salma Zahirah 1003138

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

2014

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FATHIMAH SALMA ZAHIRAH

CITATION AND REFERENCE IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING:

A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY OF

ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

approved by: Main Supervisor

Riesky, M.Ed. NIP. 198105252005011002

Co-Supervisor

Ernie D. Ayu Imperiani, M.Ed. NIP. 196609161990012001

The Head of English Language Education Department The Faculty of Language and Arts Education

Indonesia University of Education

Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed. NIP. 196211011987121000

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CITATION AND REFERENCE IN

STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING:

A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF

MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL

SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY

OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF

EDUCATION

Oleh

Fathimah Salma Zahirah

Sebuah skripsi yang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu syarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana Sastra pada Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni

Oktober 2014

Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.

Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanyak seluruhya atau sebagian,

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu |perpustakaan.upi.edu

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the types of sources, the

appropriateness of the use of citations and references and the types of mistakes

in citations and references in 22 undergraduate students’ 2013 final papers in the

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. The collected citations and references were examined based on the American Psychological Association (APA) guidelines. The study found out that the students tend to use Indonesian books as the main sources in their research papers. In terms of currency, most of the sources were published within the last

five years. Regarding the appropriateness, all of the students’ papers tend to use

improper citations and references. The findings also indicate that there is an indication of pawn sacrifice plagiarism (Weber-Wulff, 2014), where the citations are not stated in the references lists and vice versa, in all of the

students’ final papers. In terms of types of mistakes, the most common mistake in the citations is mechanics while the most common mistake in the references is found in the sources titles.

Keywords: appropriateness, citation, reference, APA, plagiarism, pawn

sacrifice

Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai macam jenis

kajian pustaka, kesesuaian penggunaan sitiran dan daftar pusaka dan jenis kesalahan dalam sitiran dan daftar pustaka pada 22 skripsi yang terbit pada 2013 di Fakultas Pendidikan Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam dan Fakultas Pendidikan Teknologi dan Kejuruan di Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung. Sitiran dan daftar pustaka yang didapat diteliti berdasarkan pedoman yang diterbitkan oleh American Psychological Association (APA). Hasil peniliti menunjukan bahwa mahasiswa cenderung menggunakan buku berbahasa Indonesia sebagai sumber utama untuk skripsi. Secara keterkiniannya, kebanyakan sumber diterbitkan pada 5 tahun terakhir. Menurut kesesuaiannya, seluruh skripsi cenderung menggunakan sitiran dan daftar pustaka yang kurang tepat. Hasil penelitian pun menunjukan adanya indikasi plagiarisme berjenis

pawn sacrifice (Weber-Wulff, 2014), dimana kemunculan sumber yang dikutip

dalam sitiran tidak muncul pada daftar pustaka atau sebaliknya, di dalam semua skripsi. Jika dilihat dari jenis kesalahan, kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam sitiran adalah kesalahan mekanis sedangkan kesalahan yang sering muncul dalam daftar pustaka ditemukan pada judul sumber.

Kata Kunci: kesesuaian, sitiran, daftar pustaka, APA, plagiarisme, pawn

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the explanation of the essential aspects that contribute to conducting the study. It includes the background, statement of the problems and the objectives of the study. It also describes how the study was undertaken, the list of key terms and the organization of the paper.

1.1Background

Writing a research paper is a challenge for university students to present their understandings in their fields. The most important thing in writing a research paper is its process, starting from writing the proposal, conducting the research and reporting it as a research paper. During the process, the students are taught how to write a good academic writing based on the guidelines in writing the research paper. Moreover, Alwasilah and Alwasilah (2005) argue that the students need a lot of sources in order to enrich their knowledge. The sources are used to support the students’ papers. They are often cited in the text with a certain format suggested by the university guidelines. By using the guidelines, the students are directed to use a proper citation style when

they are using other’s ideas or words.

One way of elaborating sources is through writing a literature review. It helps the students to elaborate their way of thinking with the existed and credible sources which are related to their research. Nevertheless, the students’ ideas need to be as original as possible in writing the literature review. It means they only use sources to support their research paper, not to present them as their own ideas. It is important for the students to display their understanding by their own words so they can assure public that they are capable as scholars. If the students are failed to do so, their work

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

can be regarded as plagiarism. Consequently, their research paper may be perceived as fraud and their academic positions may be executed.

Plagiarism itself has been a crucial academic problem in Indonesia because nowadays many Indonesian scholars are trapped in plagiarism practice. They seem to neglect the academic writing code of conduct, for example, the plagiarism case by a former Economic lecturer in one of the universities in Yogyakarta. He was considered

to plagiarize Hatbonar Sinaga’s article entitled Menggagas Asuransi Bencana. His

essay was similar to Sinaga’s article. As the consequence of this academic violation, the lecturer was resigned from the university (Maharani, 2014). This case shows how plagiarism can derail an academic reputation.

The academic writing violation like plagiarism happens when a writer claims that an idea or words are his or her own when in fact they are someone else’s. This is

in line with Wray, Trott and Bloomer’s (1998) assertion that plagiarism is the theft of other people’s words and ideas. In the attempt to avoid plagiarism, the students need to write literature review which is cited accurately. It needs to be done because reader needs to know the trace of the sources used in the paper. As discussed by Sarno and Herdiyanti (2010, p. 32), “the list of references and the use of in-text citing help the readers to clarify the credibility of the research paper”.

From the earlier explanation, it can be inferred that the students need to understand and apply the proper use of citing and referencing style based on the available guidelines such as American Psychological Association (APA), Modern Language Association (MLA) and Harvard styles. By using one of those guidelines,

the students can acknowledge the authors’ existences of the sources used in the paper.

In addition, the students also have to consistently use one citation and reference style in the entire paper so they can construct credible paper.

Moreover, the appropriate use of citation and reference can affect the credibility of scientists as sources of environmental information. Checile (1991 as

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

cited in Sprecker, 2002) explains that the scientists and environmental information are highly interconnected, contain much uncertainty and risk, entail long time periods and involve great political and economic pressure. When scientists cannot deliver their research studies with proper acknowledgement, the public may question whether their work are trustworthy. Clearly, credibility is valuable, fragile and highly expected for the scientific papers.

Regarding the use of citation and reference in the scientific papers, there are some studies on citation and reference analysis. Among others is a study by Junandi and Zulaikha (2010) that examines the relevancy and use of foreign journal by the research reports and seek the currency of the cited foreign journal. Furthermore, Löfström (2011) also conducted a research study on citing but her work focuses more on the relationship between academic writing, citing and the students’ understandings of plagiarism. However, it can be seen that there is no study that investigates the way

the inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism in the students’

research papers. Based on that consideration, this study is conducted to discover whether the students can use citations and references properly.

As mentioned before, the purpose of using proper citing and referencing style is to avoid plagiarism. This idea is used as the foundation of the research paper entitled Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing: A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education .

This paper was conducted to examine how appropriate the students, in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational study programs in Indonesia University of Education, use citations and references in their research papers. The consideration of this study is that the issue of citing and referencing and its relation with plagiarism is rarely discussed in Indonesia.

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

1.2 Statement of the Problems

Research problems of this paper are formulated in these following questions:

1. What kinds of citation and reference sources are used by students in their research papers?

2. How does the use of inappropriate citation and reference contribute to plagiarism?

3. What kinds of mistakes are made in citations and references?

1.3 Aims of the Study

Related to the research questions above, this paper aims to find the following:

1. the kinds of citation and reference sources used by the students in their research papers;

2. the way the use of inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism and;

3. the types of mistakes in citations and references.

1.4 Scope of the Study

The focus of the study was to investigate the sources of citations and references which were used by the undergraduate students and how well they organize it. The

citations and references were taken from the students’ research papers in 22 different study programs, in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. The graduation year of the submitted papers was limited to 2013 only.

1.5 Significance of the Study

The significance of the study was to give a depth analysis on citations and references in relation to their appropriate use. This study also shows how citation and reference can indicate plagiarism in academic writing, particularly in the undergraduate

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Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

students’ research papers in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. This paper was also expected to enrich the

students’ knowledge on citing and referencing in order to make a trustworthy

research paper which is free from plagiarism.

1.6 Classification of Key Terms

The following terms are classified in order to avoid misunderstandings:

a. Citation: mentioning the idea of someone else’s work with the source in the research paper text (Wray et al, 1998, p. 232).

b. Reference: a list of details of the books and articles that have been mentioned in a text. It is found at the last page of the research paper, before appendices (Wray et al, 1998, p. 230).

c. Plagiarism: the use of other people’s words and ideas as writers’ own work. (Wray et al, 1998, p. 241).

1.7 The Organization of the Paper

The paper consists of five chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, which includes the background, statement of problems, the objectives, the reasons and the limitation of the study, the research methodology and the organization of the study. The second chapter is the literature review. The third chapter is the elaboration of conceptual frameworks and methodology. The fourth chapter is the results and discussions of the analysis of the research papers taken from the study programs in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education. The last chapter is the conclusion and suggestions, followed by the references and appendices.

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CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the explanation of the research methodology including a research design, data collection and data analysis. This study aims to answer the following questions: (1) what kinds of citation and reference sources are used by students in their research papers?; (2) how does the use of inappropriate citation and reference contribute to plagiarism?; (3) what types of mistakes are made in citations and references?

3.1 Research Design

This study used a descriptive qualitative method to describe the condition of the

undergraduate students’ collected citations and references in their research papers in order to examine the types of sources used, the way the inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism and the types of mistakes in citations and references. Fraenkel and Wallen (2009) see a qualitative research study as a study in which the investigator attempts to examine naturally occurring phenomena in all their complexity based on certain context. The qualitative research study is descriptive in nature which means that the researcher describes his or her findings based on the collected data and relates them to the relevant theories. In addition, Neuman (2007) states that a descriptive method aims to provide a detailed and highly accurate picture of the study. In this study, the collected citations and references were investigated based on the APA manual, in A Guide to Referencing (6th ed.) (2010), since all of the students in this research study used this citing and referencing system.

The collected citations and references were calculated based on their occurrences on each classification stated in the research questions. Since this study

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Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

used the frequency of each classification as data, it also used descriptive statistics to explain the data. Neuman (2007, p. 364) states that “descriptive statistics is a general

type of simple statistics used by researcher to describe basic patterns in the data.”

Hence, the statistic formula employed in this study was that of a basic one. After the frequency for each category were calculated, the collected data were examined based on a case study approach in which the use of citations and references, in the 22

undergraduate students’ research papers of 2013 in the Faculty of Mathematics and

Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education, were thoroughly analyzed. The case study research is a qualitative research approach that focuses on a particular case or set of cases in which a researcher carefully examines a case in more detail ways (Fraenkel & Wallen, 2009; Neuman, 2007; Yin, 2011).

3.2 Data Collection

This study used purposive sampling to gain the citations and references in the

students’ research papers. Yin (2011, p. 88) states that “the purposive sampling is a

process in which a researcher selects the samples in a deliberate manner based on his or her judgment in order to gather the most relevant and plentiful data, regarding the topic of the study”. In this study, the students’ papers were taken based on the

students’ genders (there are 11 males and 11 females). The reason for choosing the students’ research papers based on equal gender (between male and female) is to

eliminate the bias. The data were obtained from the students’ research papers soft files (.doc and .pdf) which were stored in Indonesia University of Education library in Bandung. All of the papers were published in 2013. The list of the research papers used in this study can be seen as follows.

Table 3.1 The List of Research papers in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education

No Study Program Gender

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2 Biology Male

3 Physics Education Female

4 Physics Male

5 Computer Science Education Female

6 Computer Science Male

No Study Program Gender

7 International Program on Science Education (IPSE)

Male

8 Chemistry Education Male

9 Chemistry Female

10 Mathematics Education Male

11 Mathematics Female

Table 3.2 The List of Research papers in the Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education

No Study Program Gender

1 Agro-industrial Engineering Education Female

2 Family Welfare Education Female

3 Culinary Education Male

4 Fashion Education Female

5 Architecture Engineering Education Male

6 Building Engineering Education Female

7 Electrical Engineering Education Female

8 Electrical Engineering Male

9 Mechanical Engineering Education Male

10 Civil Engineering Education Female

11 Civil Engineering Male

3.3 Data Analysis

Regarding the investigation of the use of the citations and references, there were four steps in analyzing the data. The first step was to classify the citations and references found in the research papers by their sources, currency and source languages. In terms of currency, the sources were categorized based on the year when the sources were published in (1) within the last 5 years, (2) 6 - 10 years, (3) 11 - 15 years, (4) 16 - 20

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years and (2) over 21 years. The second step was to analyze the collected data based on the citations and references style. All of the citations and references found in all of

the students’ research papers were written in the APA style. Therefore, the analysis of

the inappropriate citation and reference was based on this style. To discover that problem, the citations and references were classified whether they were correct. In addition, the sources were also clarified if they were simultaneously stated in the in-text citations and references lists.

The third step was to classify the mistakes found in the students’ citations and

references. There were five criteria of mistakes for each citing and referencing. The

mistakes in citation were divided into (1) the mistake in author’s name, (2) year published, (3) secondary source, (4) mechanics and (5) other mistakes which are uncommon (e.g. the citation does not follow any citing and referencing guidelines). The classification of the mistakes in reference consists of (1) the mistake in author’s name, (2) year published, (3) source title, (4) place and publication house and (5) other additional mistakes which are found in the data examination process. The last step was to discuss the data based on the theoretical frameworks of academic writing, plagiarism and previous related studies in the chapter two.

In this study, some tables were used to examine the frequency of citation and reference sources, the appropriate use of citations and references and the mistakes in citations and references. Moreover, the comparison tables were used to compare each category in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education. In order to make the analysis easy to interpret, the classifications and the frequency were being processed in Microsoft Excel.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusion and suggestions of the study. It describes the overview of the citation and reference analysis in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education, Bandung. It also gives some recommendations for scholars in terms of academic writing, especially the proper use of citation and reference.

5.1 Conclusion

This study aims to investigate three problems in students’ citations and references. Firstly, it examined the kinds of citation and reference sources used by the undergraduate students in their research papers. Secondly, it investigated the way the inappropriate citation and reference contributes to plagiarism. Lastly, it shows the kinds of mistakes in citations and references.

To begin with, the first problem was examined by classifying the sources used

in the students’ research papers based on their types. The findings show that the students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education tend to use Indonesian books as the main sources in their research papers. There is also a frequent use of English journal articles in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education. However, the use of online sources such as web pages and blogs is also frequent. In terms of currency, most of the sources were published within the last five years so the research papers in both faculties tend to use current knowledge.

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The second problem was investigated through the classification of the inappropriate use of the citations and references. The citations and references are classified whether they are correct and appear simultaneously as pairs in both in-text citations and references lists. The data show that most of the students of both faculties did not seem to know how to cite properly. Moreover, there are also some citations and references which do not have pairs. It can be said that the students have done academic plagiarism in terms of the acknowledgement of the sources.

The third problem is done by classifying the citations and references based on their types of mistakes. Surprisingly, most of the students did not seem know how to cite properly based on the APA guidelines. They generally made mechanics mistakes by using colon (:) before the numbers of pages cited. The students also tend to use wrong format in stating titles of the sources in the references lists. The each word of the titles was mostly written as capital.

In summary, the 22 undergraduate students’ research papers of 2013 in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education tend to have problems in their citations and reference regardless the types of the sources. This is a crucial matter in terms of academic writing since one of the goals of a university is to

create trustworthy scholars. Thus, the students’ research papers in this study show

that the students tend to neglect the code of conduct in academic writing, especially in acknowledging the sources.

5.2Suggestions

There are some suggestions that present research intends to give to students, academic supervisors and next researcher. To begin with, the students should learn and appropriately use the citing and referencing system which is suggested by the university. However, it is better for them to cross check the university guidelines to the original version of citing and referencing manual to avoid the misuse of the

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system. The students can also translate the international scale journal articles to the source language so they can use them as references to increase the credibility of their research papers. In addition, the students should verify the reliability of the online sources first before they use them.

Secondly, the academic supervisors in the university can set up an academic writing training to teach the students how to avoid plagiarism, especially by using the proper citing and referencing system. They can also suggest the students to use current theories for their studies. Moreover, it is better for the lecturers to check

whether the students’ papers contain some plagiarisms before they are submitted.

Thirdly, the next researcher can develop the same study by using different variables such as gender, study program, degree of the students, occupation, other types of plagiarism and other types of citing and referencing system. The next researcher can also give deeper analysis on the quotation and how the students paraphrase the sources. Furthermore, he or she can examine the references lists, whether they are copied from another work.

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Weber-Wulff, D. (2014). False feathers: a perspective on academic plagiarism. Berlin: Springer.

Williams, H. (2008). Plagiarism. United States of America: Greenhaven Press. Winkler, A. C., & Metherell, J. R. (2008). Writing the research paper: a handbook

(8th ed.). United States of America: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Wray, A., Trott, K., & Bloomer, A. (1998). Projects in linguistics: a practical guide

to researching language. United States of America: Oxford University Press.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Qualitative research from start to finish. New York: The Guilfrod Press.

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclusion

To begin with, the first problem was examined by classifying the sources used

in the students’ research papers based on their types. The findings show that the

students of the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education tend to use Indonesian books as the main sources in their research papers. There is also a frequent use of English journal articles in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education. However, the use of online sources such as web pages and blogs is also frequent. In terms of currency, most of the sources were published within the last five years so the research papers in both faculties tend to use current knowledge.

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

In summary, the 22 undergraduate students’ research papers of 2013 in the

Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education in Indonesia University of Education tend to have problems in their citations and reference regardless the types of the sources. This is a crucial matter in terms of academic writing since one of the goals of a university is to create trustworthy scholars. Thus, the students’ research papers in this study show that the students tend to neglect the code of conduct in academic writing, especially in acknowledging the sources.

5.2Suggestions

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Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

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Fathimah Salma Zahira, 2014

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

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CITATION AND REFERENCE IN STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING: A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION.

Citation and Reference in Students’ Academic Writing:

A Case Study in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences

Education and Faculty of Engineering and Vocational Education

Study Programs in Indonesia University of Education

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION

FACULTY OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

2014

CITATION AND REFERENCE IN

STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC WRITING:

A CASE STUDY IN THE FACULTY OF

MATHEMATICS AND NATURAL

SCIENCES EDUCATION AND FACULTY

OF ENGINEERING AND VOCATIONAL

EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAMS IN

INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF

EDUCATION

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

REFERENCES

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