INTRODUCTION Representation of ideological conflict in the j. r. r. tolkien’s trilogy the lord of the rings novel (1937 – 1949).

1

A. Background Of Study

In t his sect ion, the w rit er gives som e explanations about the reasons in w riting t he thesis. It can be seen from t he locus, focus, t empus and the t heories, t hat chosen by t he w rit er in w rit ing t he t hesis. Not only those aspect s t hat m ent ioned in this sect ion but also the previous st udies. In this background st udy, t he previous st udies are show n in brief elaborat ions. The previous st udies are also giving the sim ilarities and differences posit ion bet ween t he past researcher and t he present researcher.

This st udy focuses on t he cont ext orient ed approach. The cont ext orient ed approach is one of t he t heoret ical approaches t o lit erat ure. The t heoret ical approaches t o lit erat ure are t he w ay t o int erpret at ion of t he lit erat ure from several focuses such as t ext , reader, aut hor and cont ext orient ed. According to Klarer (2004:70) depending on the m ain focus of t hese major m et hodologies, one can dist inguish bet w een t ext -, author-, reader-, and cont ext -orient ed approaches. The cont ext orient ed t heory is t he t heory t o examine t he hist orical background, polit ical and social background in w rit ing a fict ion such as novel, dram a, poem , or short st ory. As Klarer (2004:78) st at ed t hat cont ext ual approaches t ry t o place lit erary t ext s against t he background of hist orical, social, or political developm ent s

while at t he sam e t ime at t em pt ing t o classify t ext s according t o genres as well as hist orical periods. The cont ext approaches are also depending on t he several m ovem ent s. Depending on t he m ovem ent , t his cont ext can be history, social and political background, lit erary genre, nat ionalit y, or gender (Klarer, 2004:94).

In this approach has the main import ant lit erary t heory t hat is M arxist t heory. An import ant school which places lit erary w orks in t he cont ext of larger sociopolitical mechanism s is M arxist lit erary t heory (Klarer, 2004:94). In t his approach also examine t he lit erary w ork in t he gender, class, and race. Since t he m echanisms of class, on w hich M arxist t heory focuses, oft en parallel the st ruct ural processes at w ork in “ race” and “ gender,” t he theoret ical fram ew ork provided by M arxist crit icism has been adapt ed by younger schools that focus on marginalized groups, including feminist (Klarer, 2004:95).

The cont ext orient ed approach m erger w it h t he ot her approaches, such as t ext orient ed approach. The t ext orient ed approaches in t his t erm are t he new hist oricism as deconst ruction in the perspect ive of M arxism . Klarer (2004:95) st at ed t hat t ext -orient ed t heoret ical approaches such as deconst ruction and new hist oricism are also indebt ed to M arxist t hought , bot h for t heir t erm inology and philosophical foundat ions. The new historicism builds on post -st ruct uralism and deconst ruct ion, w ith their

focus on text and discourse, but adds a historical dim ension to the discussion of lit erary t ext s. Klarer (2004:95) added t hat relat ed t o new historicism, alt hough an independent m ovement , are cult ural st udies. The cont ext orient ed approach also invest igat es t he gender in t he fem inist lit erary t heory. Klarer (2004:96) st at ed t hat the m ost productive and, at t he sam e t ime, most revolut ionary m ovem ent of t he younger t heories of lit erary crit icism in general and the cont ext ual approaches in particular is fem inist lit erary t heory.

By using t his approach, the writ er t ries t o find, discuss, and present t he historical background and social background. From hist orical background, the w rit er chooses ideologies and ideological conflict s that appear in t he lit erary w ork are w rit t en. From social background, t he w rit er elaborat es t he aspect social when the author of lit erary w ork is live, such as t he sociological condit ion, the posit ion of w rit er in t he societ y, and ot her aspect s.

The Lord of The Rings novel is t he locus in the st udy. The Lord of The Rings is t he locus in t his st udy. The Lord of The Rings is w rit t en by t he philologist from the Oxford Universit y. John Ronald Reuel Tolkien is t he writ er or author t o The Lord of The Rings. The Lord of The Rings is an epic high fant asy novel w rit t en by English philologist and Universit y of Oxford professor J. R. R. Tolkien. The st ory began as a sequel t o Tolkien's 1937

children's fant asy novel The Hobbit, but event ually developed a m uch larger work. It w as w rit t en in st ages bet w een 1937 and 1949, much of it during World War II. It is t he second best -selling novel ever w rit t en, w ith over 150 million copies sold.

The w ork w as initially int ended by Tolkien t o be one volum e of a t wo-volum e set , w ith the other being The Silmarillion, but this idea w as dism issed by his publisher. It w as decided for economic reasons t o publish The Lord of The Rings as t hree volumes over t he course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955, t hus creat ing t he now fam iliar Lord of the Rings t rilogy. The Lord of The Rings is oft en mist akenly called a t rilogy because it is published in t hree volumes. In fact , it is one long novel, divided into six books (plus appendices), t wo of which appear in each volum e. The t hree volum es w ere ent it led The Fellowship of t he Ring, The Tw o Tow ers, and The Ret urn of the King. For publicat ion, the book w as divided into three volum es: The Fellow ship of t he Ring (Books I, The Ring Set s Out , and II, The Ring Goes Sout h), The Tw o Tow ers (Books III, The Treason of Isengard, and IV, The Ring Goes East ), and The Ret urn of the King (Books V, The War of t he Ring, and VI, The End of t he Third Age, plus six appendices). St ructurally, t he novel is divided int ernally into six books, t wo per volume, w it h several appendices of background m at erial included at t he end of t he t hird volume. The Lord of The Rings has since been reprint ed num erous times and t ranslat ed into m any languages.

The t it le of t he novel refers t o t he st ory's main ant agonist, t he Dark Lord Sauron, w ho had in an earlier age creat ed t he One Ring t o rule t he other Rings of Pow er as t he ult imat e w eapon in his cam paign to conquer and rule all of M iddle-eart h. From quiet beginnings in t he Shire, a Hobbit land not unlike the English count ryside, t he st ory ranges across nort h-w est M iddle-eart h, following t he course of t he W ar of t he Ring t hrough the eyes of it s charact ers, not ably t he hobbit s Frodo Baggins, Samwise " Sam " Gam gee, M eriadoc "M erry" Brandybuck and Peregrin " Pippin" Took, but also the hobbit s' chief allies and t ravelling companions: Aragorn, a Hum an Ranger; Boromir, a m an from Gondor; Gimli, a Dwarf w arrior; Legolas, an Elven prince; and Gandalf, a Wizard.

This st udy is using t empus on t he post world war approxim at ely at 30th unt il lat e of Forties, because t he novel The Lord of The Rings is com e from t he English in t hose years. From t he t hirt ies onw ards, lit erat ure becam e increasingly polit ically conscious (Sikorska: 2002). M any w rit ers w ere direct ly or indirect ly involved w ith the w ar in Spain w hich w as the harbinger of an even harsher conflict , the Second World W ar. While the t hirt ies are charact erized by grow ing awareness of the com ing polit ical crisis, and both fascist and socialist movem ent s, t he lit erat ure of t he fort ies is dom inat ed by t he w ar. The fort ies w ere a grim and colorless decade w ith lit erat ure reflect ing the general at mosphere of t error and t he scarcit y of alm ost everyt hing (Sikorska: 2002). The t hem e of a heroic

past w as deem ed inadequat e t o properly render t he at rocit ies of London life during Germ an raids. The w ar period and t he years imm ediat ely aft er t he arm ist ice are t ransit ional in relat ion to lit erat ure of t he fift ies, sixt ies, and aft erw ards (Sikorska: 2002). The fort ies produced a lot of lit erat ure t hat is a direct result of the w ar experience; of at tem pt s t o creat e a new philosophy, or syst em of values, to replace that had been dest royed.

Based t he t empus in the previous passage, t he w rit er t akeS t he conflict ideology is t o be t he focus on this research. In this research analyze t he situation of ideology and the conflict, t he cause of ideological conflict and the effect of ideological conflict .

In this sect ion, theoret ical application is the applicat ion of the t heory in the analyzing the dat a. The w rit er merges t he cont ext orient ed approach and represent at ion from the Roland Bart hes. So in the analysis of st udy t he w rit er w ill examine t he dat a into the schools of the cont ext orient ed approach, such as sociological lit erary crit icism, ideology, and conflict s. The discussion will appear in each chapt er based on t he problem st at ement s.

Represent at ion is an essent ial part of t he process by w hich m eaning is produced and exchanged bet ween m embers of a cult ure. It does involve t he use of language, of signs and im ages w hich st and for or represent t hings and surly it is not a simple or st raightforw ard process (Hall: 1997). According t o scholars in fact , lit erat ure reflect s t hose social

inst it ut ions out of which it em erges and is it self a social inst it ut ion w it h a part icular ideological funct ion (M arx:1848). The t heory of ideology such as belief and value by Eaglet on and Selliger is chosen by t he writ er t o invest igat e t he belief and value t hat appear in t he societ y of The Lord of The Rings. The w rit er t ries t o represent t he belief and value in the World War Era. The sim ple t heory t hat proposed by t he w rit er is t he ideology is a set of belief or doct rine in order t o const ruct of societ y by som e social order from t he government such as roles in class societ y. In support ing t he analysis of ideology t he w rit er use Gram sci’ Ideology for dom ination and M arx’s for consciousness aspect . The conflict t heory t hat proposed by Farley, a sociologist to elaborat e and invest igat e t he cause of ideological conflict

Before analyzing t he dat a by t he set of t heory above, t he w rit er invest igat es t he hist orical background in The Lord of The Rings such as World War descript ion and the sociological background, such as the sociology of Brit ain, t he sociology of J. R. R. Tolkien, t he process of w rit ing The Lord of The Rings and biography of J. R. R. Tolkien. It useful for the analyze of t he represent at ion of ideological conflict.

There are a lot of the st udy before t he recent st udy, t he previous st udy are: Simonson, M artin & Raúl M ont ero Gilet e. 2008 “The Chronicles of Narnia and The Lord of The Rings: similarit ies and differences bet w een t w o children of the Great W ar” E Fabulat ions,

Vitoria: Universidad del Pais Press, Winegar, Ast rid. 2005. “ Aspect s of Orient alism in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings” , The Grey Book, volume 1 page 1-10, West , John. 2001. “The Lord of The Rings as a Defense of W est ern Civilization” , Inquiry, Volume X. No. IV. Seatt le: Discovery Inst itut e, Arvidsson, St efan. 2010 “ Greed and t he Nat ure of Evil: Tolkien versus Wagner” Journal of Religion and Popular Culture, Volum e 22(2) Sw eden:l Linnæus Universit y Press, Fim i, Dimit ra. 2007 “ Tolkien and Old Norse Ant iquit y: Real and Romantic Links in M at erial Culture” , Old Norse M ade New Essay On Post M edieval Reception of Old Norse Lit erat ure and Cult ure, Page 83-100, London: Universit y College London, M adil, Leanna. 2008. “ Gendered Identifies Explored: The Lord of The Rings as a Text of Alt ernat ive W ays of Being.” The Alan Review . Wint er 2008 Edition. Victoria: Universit y of Vict oria, Lee, St uart D. & Elizabet h Solopova. 2005. The Keys of M iddle Eart h: Discovering M edieval Lit erat ure Through t he Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. New York: Palgrave. Enright , Nancy. 2007. “ Tolkien’ s Females and The Beginning of Pow er” ProQuest Research Library.; Wint er 59, 2 pg. 93. Smol, Anna. 2004. “ Oh.. Oh.. Frodo!: Reading of M ale Int imacy in The Lord Of The Rings.” ProQuest Research Library.: 50, 4 pg. 949.

The previous st udies have several similarit ies and differences, such as: t he sim ilarit y is t he basic of t hinking’s Tolkien. Tolkien uses t he myt hology of Old Norse and Viking Cult ure and the post W orld War is t he

fact or t hat influencing t he w rit ing of The Lord of The Rings. The differences are t he first st udy is talking about t he historical background. It is t aken place from t he World W ar History. The second st udy is t alking about the aspect of orient alist or racist t hat found in t he The Lord of The Rings novel by using t he Old Norse M yt hology. The t hird study is t he analysis of The Lord of The Rings has several t hemes t hat defense of w est ern civilizat ion. The fourth st udy is the bat t le of greed and evil pow er in The Lord of The Rings in the perspect ive t he Old Norse m yt hology of t he Vikings. The fift h previous st udy is t he st udy of t he rom ant icism of t he Old Norse myt hology in t he Tolkien w orks. The sixt h previous study is t he st udy of Romance and m yst ique of The Lord of The Rings and the aspect s of m arginalizat ion of wom en gender in the novel. The sevent h previous st udy is the st udy of connect ion of the medieval lit erat ure such as old English, M iddle English, Anglo Saxon, Poet ic Eda and Old Norse. The eight h previous st udy is t he st udy of the fem ale and t he pow er. The nint h previous st udy is the st udy on t he m ale intim acy relat ionship in t he The Lord of The Rings novel Thus present st udy w ill invest igat e t he represent at ion of ideological conflict in cont ext orient ed approach.

Based on the sit uation in the previous paragraph, t he researcher w ill w rit e t he st udy in t he t it le: “ Represent at ion of Ideological Conflict s in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings Novel (1937-1949)”

B. Limitation Of Study

The research er limit s the st udy to avoid the large scope analysis. The researcher focuses on t he represent at ion of ideological conflict and t he charact erist ics of t he represent at ion of ideological conflict in t he cont ext orient ed t heory perspect ive.

C. Problem Statements of Study

The researcher faces som e problem of st at ement in compiling t he st udy based on the background. The researcher formulates t he problem st at em ent of study. There is one problem st at em ent:

How is t he Ideological Conflict s reflect ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings novel?

To solve t his problem st at ement , the w rit er breaks dow n the problem st at em ent int o six quest ions, those are:

1. W hat elem ent s of ideology are reflect ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings novel?

2. W hat ideologies are conflict ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel?

3. W hat are t he causes of the ideological conflict in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel?

4. W hat are t he effect s of t he ideological conflict in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel?

5. W hat ideologies are represent ed in the J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings novel?, and

6. How are t he ideological conflict represent ed in the J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel?

D. Objective Of Study

The researcher has six object ives of st udy. The m ain object ive in t his t hesis paper is t o elaborat e t he ideological conflict s reflect ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings Novel. This object ive is broken dow n int o six purposes. The particular object ives of study are=

1. t o invest igat e t he el em ent s of ideology are reflect ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel,

2. t o describe t he ideologies are conflict ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings novel,

3. t o invest igat e t he causes of t he ideological conflict in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel,

4. t o invest igat e t he effect s of t he ideological conflict in the J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel,

5. t o describe t he ideologies are represent ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of The Rings novel, and

6. t o explain the ideological conflict represent ed in t he J. R. R. Tolkien’ s The Lord of The Rings novel

E. Previous Study

In this sect ion the present researcher uses t he previous st udies, such as: 1. Sim onson, M artin & Raúl M ont ero Gilet e. 2008 “The Chronicles of

Narnia and The Lord of the Rings: sim ilarities and differences bet w een t w o children of the Great W ar” E Fabulat ions, Vitoria: Universidad del Pais Press.

It is of com mon know ledge t hat both Lew is and Tolkien t ook part in the First W orld W ar, and t hat in the years follow ing t he conflict t hey becam e dist inguished scholars of the English language and lit erat ure at Oxford Universit y. This paper aim s t o offer a new approach to t he place of The Chronicles of Narnia and The Lord of t he Rings in t his com mon cont ext , and also to discuss how these w orks differ from each other w it h reference t o t he w ay in w hich they com bine Christ ian and pagan element s.

2. W inegar, Ast rid. 2005. “ Aspect s of Orient alism in J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings” , The Grey Book, volume 1 page 1-10.

The pot ent ially Orient alist t hem es are handled in a m anner that encourages us t o embrace Ot herness, not dist ance ourselves from it . His characters som et im es relat e t o other characters in st ereot ypical w ays, and som et imes t he charact ers t hemselves are st ereot ypical. These same charact ers som et im es voice t heir opinions in racist t erms, but ult im at ely Tolkien concludes his vast epic w it h posit ive qualities

t hat st rive t o produce accept ance. Being a post colonial man of the 20t h century, Tolkien addresses cert ain issues from a West ern view point—but not a racist or Orient alist view point. The Lord of t he Rings is t inged w it h sadness, but also happy moment s. By the end of t he novel, a deep friendship develops bet w een form er rivals from different races (Elves and Dw arves), t rade and w ork agreem ent s bet w een races h elp rebuild M iddle-eart h (Elves, Dw arves, and M en), joyful int erracial m arriages t ake place (such as that betw een t he M an Aragorn and the Elf Arwen), and a more cosm opolit an outlook em erges for M iddle-eart h’s citizens. It is hard t o im agine t hese happy event s t aking place w hile ret aining an Orient alist perspect ive on the w orld.

3. W est , John. 2001. “ The Lord of t he Rings as a Def ense of West ern Civilization” , Inquiry, Volum e X. No. IV. Seat tle: Discovery Inst itut e.

Tolkien’s myt hology draws on t he Oedipus plays, t he Bible, and above all, the Norse sagas. As lit erary scholar Janet Blumberg has point ed out , Tolkien’s epic also draw s on Anglo-Saxon and High M edievalw rit ings.Tolkien defends t he lit erat ure of West ern civilizat ion by showing his readers it s breat ht aking vit alit y. In an even m ore profound sense, how ever, The Lord of t he Rings is a defense of W est ern civilizat ion because of it s art iculation of four overarching t hem es t hat serve as cornerst ones for the ent ire West ern t radit ion.

4. Arvidsson, St efan. 2010 “ Greed and the Nat ure of Evil: Tolkien versus W agner” Journal of Religion and Popular Cult ure, Volume 22(2) Sw eden:l Linnæus Universit y Press.

Scholars st udying J.R.R. Tolkien have oft en chosen t o ignore t he influence of Richard Wagner on Tolkien’s opus. This art icle st art s out w it h show ing how profound this influence w as and continues by analysing Tolkien’s and W agner’s com mon int erest in the Old Norse M yt hology of the Vikings. Exam ining t he recently published The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún by Tolkien and The Lord of the Rings, t he author penet rat es and com pares t he import ant e t hem es of greed and evil in these books and in W agner’s Der Ring des Nibelungen. The author t akes up for discussion the radically different political view s of t he t w o art ist s and indicat es how this is im port ant for t heir resp ect ive view of power and greed.

5. Fim i, Dim it ra. 2007 “ Tolkien and Old Norse Antiquit y: Real and Rom ant ic Links in M at erial Culture” , Old Norse M ade New Essay On Post M edieval Recept ion of Old Norse Lit erat ure and Cult ure, Page 83-100, London: Universit y College London.

For anyone familiar w it h t he Old Norse w orld and with Tolkien.s w ork, t he influences of t he one upon the ot her are m anifold and clearly evident . The reasons for t his are not just t hat Tolkien w as a philologist specializing in Old English and very w ell-read in Old Norse,

but also t hat he lived and w rot e in a period w hen the Germ anic t radition was indissolubly linked w it h England.s own past . The preoccupation of Brit ain w it h it s Northern past st art ed in the eight eent h and ninet eent h cent uries, when scholars re-discovered and st art ed st udying t ext s in vernacular Nort hern European languages, including Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, as opposed t o the previous venerat ion of the Classical t radit ion. This search for English identit y in t he Norse w orld w as also enhanced by t he m ovem ent of Rom ant icism .

The influences of Old Norse t ext s on Tolkien.s creat ive w rit ing, in t erm s of mot ifs, charact ers, and st orylines, are abundant . Tolkien seem s also t o have borrow ed from t he m aterial culture of t he Scandinavian past , real or invented and rom anticized. In The Lord of t he Rings t he hum an cult ure of Gondor plays an import ant part in t he polit ics of M iddle-eart h. Tolkien com pared Gondor w ith Byzantium in it s period of decline, with Rom e and t he Rom an Em pire, as w ell as w it h ancient Egypt . How ever, t here is enough evidence t o suggest t hat an original source for t he cult ure of Gondor, and of it s predecessor, the culture of Núm enor, could have been t he Vikings. 6. M adil, Leanna. 2008. “ Gendered Ident ifies Explored: The Lord of t he

Rings as a Text of Alt ernat ive W ays of Being.” The Alan Review. Wint er 2008 Edition. Vict oria: Universit y of Vict oria.

The Lord of t he Rings is a fant ast ic and magically woven narrat ive of adventure, courage, and friendship. Romance and myst ique abound in the physical and spiritual journey t hat a sm all hobbit m akes w it h a Fellow ship of eight ot her m em bers of M iddle Eart h. Of course, t his w orld, not unlike our own, suffers from greed, misused pow er,and w ar. In other w ords, it is a world dom inat ed by men 7. Lee, St uart D. & Elizabet h Solopova. 2005. The Keys of M iddle Eart h:

Discovering M edieval Lit erature Through t he Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. New York: Palgrave.

Inst ruct ors of medieval lit erat ure–w ho have long been aw are of connect ions bet w een a number of Old English, M iddle English, and Old Norse lit erary w orks and J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of t he Rings–as w ell as t hose readers w ho are familiar with Tolkien’ s w ell-loved fict ional w orks but are relat ively new t o t he st udy of m edieval lit erat ure, will find this t ext both usef ul and ent ert aining. Lee and Solopova offer an at t ract ive solut ion t o w hat m any have and perhaps st ill do view as t he problem of the “ alt erit y” of medieval lit erat ure t o modern readers by providing a fresh cont ext in which t o discover and explore both w ell-known and not so well known Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic poet ry and prose

8. Enright , Nancy. 2007. “ Tolkien’ s Fem ales and The Beginning of Pow er” ProQuest Research Library.; Wint er 59, 2 pg. 93

In t his st udy focus on the analysis of female and t he relat ionship w it h the power in The Lord Of The Rings novel. Enright describe t he fem ale based on the role and posit ion in the societ y. Enright also m ake correlat ion among the role and position of fem ale and the pow er.

9. Sm ol, Anna. 2004. “ Oh.. Oh.. Frodo!: Reading of M ale Int im acy in The Lord Of The Rings.” ProQuest Research Library.: 50, 4 pg. 949

In this st udy, Ana Sm ol invest igat e the male condit ion in The Lord Of The Rings novel

The previous st udies have several similarit ies and differences, such as: t he sim ilarit y is t he basic of t hinking’s Tolkien. Tolkien uses t he m yt hology of Old Norse and Viking Culture and the post World War is t he fact or t hat influencing t he w rit ing of The Lord of The Rings.

The differences are t he first st udy is t alking about the historical background. It is t aken place from the World War Hist ory. The second study is t alking about the aspect of orient alist or racist t hat found in The Lord of t he Rings novel by using t he Old Norse M yt hology. The t hird study is the analysis of The Lord of t he Rings has several t hem es t hat defense of west ern civilizat ion. The fourth st udy is the bat tle of greed and evil pow er in the lord of t he rings in t he perspect ive t he Old Norse m yt hology of the Vikings. The fift h previous st udy is the st udy of the romanticism of t he Old Norse m yt hology in the Tolkien w orks. The sixt h previous st udy is the st udy of

Rom ance and myst ique of The Lord of The Rings and the aspect s of m arginalization of w omen gender in t he novel. The sevent h previous st udy is t he st udy of connect ion of the m edieval lit erat ure such as old English, M iddle English, Anglo Saxon, Poet ic Eda and Old Norse. The eight h previous st udy is t he st udy of the fem ale and t he pow er. The nint h previous st udy is the st udy on the male int imacy relat ionship in the The Lord of The Rings novel

From t his case, t he w rit er or present researcher proposes t he represent at ion of ideological conflict in the J. R. R. Tolkien Trilogy The Lord of The Rings. Because of t here is a chance for t he present researcher t o m ake t his research.

F. Benefits Of Study

This st udy has a lot of benefit such as for pract ically and t heoret ically. 1. Theoret ical

This st udy has benefit in theoret ically, such as t he represent at ion of t he ideological conflict s in the cont ext orient ed approach or theory can be found in t he lit erat ure work. In this case, t he lit erat ures w ork t hat w rit t en by J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of The Rings. This is all about t he conflict s of ideology in the hist ory t hat influencing t he w rit ing of novel. From this st udy, as t eacher can implem ent t he novel t o the t eaching m at erial and int roduce t he form of ideology in the world

2. Pract ically

a. The comm on reader

The researcher has purpose t o t he com mon reader. This st udy can be a mat erial t o read. This st udy can be a new source of know ledge t o the com mon reader. Not only as ent ert ain by reading t he novel but also as source t he know ledge about ideology and ideological conflict in the novel form.

b. The future researcher

The st udy can be a previous st udy t o the other researcher in t he sam e subject of research (i.e. The Lord of The Rings). The present researcher or t he w rit er t his research hopes can give a cont ribut ion to t he future researcher when t hey do the research in t he sam e subject . The present researcher t ries t o generat e t he com binat ion t heories such as represent at ion, ideology and conflict. So that, the present researcher proposes t o t he future researcher t o develop t he represent at ion of ideological conflict

G. Paper Organization

This research paper consist s of five chapt ers. Chapt er I is the int roduction, which cont ains background of the st udy, lit erary review , problem st at em ent , lim it at ion of t he st udy, objective of t he st udy, benefit of t he st udy, and paper organization. Chapt er II are underlying t heory,

t heoret ical application and previous st udy. Research M et hodology is present ed in chapt er III. In chapt er IV, t he w rit er show s t he Hist orical Cont ext of t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er V, t he w rit er elaborat es t he ideological conflict in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er VI, the w rit er show s t he represent at ion of ideological conflict s in the J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er VII is conclusion, pedagogical im plicat ion and suggest ion

but also t hat he lived and w rot e in a period w hen the Germ anic t radition was indissolubly linked w it h England.s own past . The preoccupation of Brit ain w it h it s Northern past st art ed in the eight eent h and ninet eent h cent uries, when scholars re-discovered and st art ed st udying t ext s in vernacular Nort hern European languages, including Old Norse and Anglo-Saxon, as opposed t o the previous venerat ion of the Classical t radit ion. This search for English identit y in t he Norse w orld w as also enhanced by t he m ovem ent of Rom ant icism .

The influences of Old Norse t ext s on Tolkien.s creat ive w rit ing, in t erm s of mot ifs, charact ers, and st orylines, are abundant . Tolkien seem s also t o have borrow ed from t he m aterial culture of t he Scandinavian past , real or invented and rom anticized. In The Lord of t he Rings t he hum an cult ure of Gondor plays an import ant part in t he polit ics of M iddle-eart h. Tolkien com pared Gondor w ith Byzantium in it s period of decline, with Rom e and t he Rom an Em pire, as w ell as w it h ancient Egypt . How ever, t here is enough evidence t o suggest t hat an original source for t he cult ure of Gondor, and of it s predecessor, the culture of Núm enor, could have been t he Vikings. 6. M adil, Leanna. 2008. “ Gendered Ident ifies Explored: The Lord of t he

Rings as a Text of Alt ernat ive W ays of Being.” The Alan Review. Wint er 2008 Edition. Vict oria: Universit y of Vict oria.

The Lord of t he Rings is a fant ast ic and magically woven narrat ive of adventure, courage, and friendship. Romance and myst ique abound in the physical and spiritual journey t hat a sm all hobbit m akes w it h a Fellow ship of eight ot her m em bers of M iddle Eart h. Of course, t his w orld, not unlike our own, suffers from greed, misused pow er,and w ar. In other w ords, it is a world dom inat ed by men 7. Lee, St uart D. & Elizabet h Solopova. 2005. The Keys of M iddle Eart h:

Discovering M edieval Lit erature Through t he Fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien. New York: Palgrave.

Inst ruct ors of medieval lit erat ure–w ho have long been aw are of connect ions bet w een a number of Old English, M iddle English, and Old Norse lit erary w orks and J. R. R. Tolkien’s The Hobbit and The Lord of t he Rings–as w ell as t hose readers w ho are familiar with Tolkien’ s w ell-loved fict ional w orks but are relat ively new t o t he st udy of m edieval lit erat ure, will find this t ext both usef ul and ent ert aining. Lee and Solopova offer an at t ract ive solut ion t o w hat m any have and perhaps st ill do view as t he problem of the “ alt erit y” of medieval lit erat ure t o modern readers by providing a fresh cont ext in which t o discover and explore both w ell-known and not so well known Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic poet ry and prose

8. Enright , Nancy. 2007. “ Tolkien’ s Fem ales and The Beginning of Pow er” ProQuest Research Library.; Wint er 59, 2 pg. 93

In t his st udy focus on the analysis of female and t he relat ionship w it h the power in The Lord Of The Rings novel. Enright describe t he fem ale based on the role and posit ion in the societ y. Enright also m ake correlat ion among the role and position of fem ale and the pow er.

9. Sm ol, Anna. 2004. “ Oh.. Oh.. Frodo!: Reading of M ale Int im acy in The Lord Of The Rings.” ProQuest Research Library.: 50, 4 pg. 949

In this st udy, Ana Sm ol invest igat e the male condit ion in The Lord Of The Rings novel

The previous st udies have several similarit ies and differences, such as: t he sim ilarit y is t he basic of t hinking’s Tolkien. Tolkien uses t he m yt hology of Old Norse and Viking Culture and the post World War is t he fact or t hat influencing t he w rit ing of The Lord of The Rings.

The differences are t he first st udy is t alking about the historical background. It is t aken place from the World War Hist ory. The second study is t alking about the aspect of orient alist or racist t hat found in The Lord of t he Rings novel by using t he Old Norse M yt hology. The t hird study is the analysis of The Lord of t he Rings has several t hem es t hat defense of west ern civilizat ion. The fourth st udy is the bat tle of greed and evil pow er in the lord of t he rings in t he perspect ive t he Old Norse m yt hology of the Vikings. The fift h previous st udy is the st udy of the romanticism of t he Old Norse m yt hology in the Tolkien w orks. The sixt h previous st udy is the st udy of

Rom ance and myst ique of The Lord of The Rings and the aspect s of m arginalization of w omen gender in t he novel. The sevent h previous st udy is t he st udy of connect ion of the m edieval lit erat ure such as old English, M iddle English, Anglo Saxon, Poet ic Eda and Old Norse. The eight h previous st udy is t he st udy of the fem ale and t he pow er. The nint h previous st udy is the st udy on the male int imacy relat ionship in the The Lord of The Rings novel

From t his case, t he w rit er or present researcher proposes t he represent at ion of ideological conflict in the J. R. R. Tolkien Trilogy The Lord of The Rings. Because of t here is a chance for t he present researcher t o m ake t his research.

F. Benefits Of Study

This st udy has a lot of benefit such as for pract ically and t heoret ically. 1. Theoret ical

This st udy has benefit in theoret ically, such as t he represent at ion of t he ideological conflict s in the cont ext orient ed approach or theory can be found in t he lit erat ure work. In this case, t he lit erat ures w ork t hat w rit t en by J. R. R. Tolkien The Lord of The Rings. This is all about t he conflict s of ideology in the hist ory t hat influencing t he w rit ing of novel. From this st udy, as t eacher can implem ent t he novel t o the t eaching m at erial and int roduce t he form of ideology in the world

2. Pract ically

a. The comm on reader

The researcher has purpose t o t he com mon reader. This st udy can be a mat erial t o read. This st udy can be a new source of know ledge t o the com mon reader. Not only as ent ert ain by reading t he novel but also as source t he know ledge about ideology and ideological conflict in the novel form.

b. The future researcher

The st udy can be a previous st udy t o the other researcher in t he sam e subject of research (i.e. The Lord of The Rings). The present researcher or t he w rit er t his research hopes can give a cont ribut ion to t he future researcher when t hey do the research in t he sam e subject . The present researcher t ries t o generat e t he com binat ion t heories such as represent at ion, ideology and conflict. So that, the present researcher proposes t o t he future researcher t o develop t he represent at ion of ideological conflict

G. Paper Organization

This research paper consist s of five chapt ers. Chapt er I is the int roduction, which cont ains background of the st udy, lit erary review , problem st at em ent , lim it at ion of t he st udy, objective of t he st udy, benefit of t he st udy, and paper organization. Chapt er II are underlying t heory,

t heoret ical application and previous st udy. Research M et hodology is present ed in chapt er III. In chapt er IV, t he w rit er show s t he Hist orical Cont ext of t he J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er V, t he w rit er elaborat es t he ideological conflict in J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er VI, the w rit er show s t he represent at ion of ideological conflict s in the J. R. R. Tolkien’s Trilogy The Lord of The Rings novel. Chapt er VII is conclusion, pedagogical im plicat ion and suggest ion