Keanekaragaman Jenis dan Pendugaan Cadangan Karbon yang Tersimpan pada Hutan Sekunder dan Tambak di Desa Pulau Sembilan, kecamatan Pangkalan Susu, Kabupaten Langkat, Sumatera Utara
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Adame, M. F dan Catherine, E. L. 2011. Carbon and Nutrient exchange of mangrove
forests with the coastal ocean. Hydrobiologia (663):23-50.
Arief, A. 2001. Hutan dan Kehutanan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Ashton, P.S., and P. Hall. 1992. Comparisons of structure among mixed dipterocarp
forests of north-western Borneo. Journal of Ecology 80: 459-481.
Aumeeruddy, Y. 1994. Local Representations and Management of Agroforests on the
Periphery of Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, People and
Plants Working Paper 3. Paris: UNESCO.
Baker, P.J. and J.S. Wilson. 2000. A quantitative technique for the identification of
canopy stratifikasi in tropical and temperate forests. Forest Ecology and
Management 127: 77-86.
Barbour, M.G,. Burk. J.H., dan Pitts, W.D., 1987. Torrestrial Plant Ecology. Second
Edition. Menlo Park CA : The Benjamin Cumming Pub. Co. Inc.
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, Departemen Pertanian. 1991. Statistik Perikanan
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, Departemen Pertanian. 1997. Statistik Perikanan
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Dubayah, R., J.B. Blair, J.L. Bufton, D.B. Clark, J. Jaja, R. Knox, S. Luthcke, S.
Prince and J. Weishampel. 1997. The vegetation canopy lidar mission, Land
Satellite Information in the Next Decade II: Sources and Applications. ASPRS
Proceedings: 100-112.
Chapman, V.J. 1992. Wet coastal formations of Indo Malesia and Papua- New
Guinea. In Chapman, V.J. (ed.). Ecosystems of the World 1: Wet Coastal
Ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Clark, D.A. dan D.B. Clark. 1991. The impact of physical damage on canopy tree
regeneration in tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology 79: 447-457.
Finzi, A.C and C.D. Canham. 2000. Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen
availability in a southern New England forest. Forest Ecology and
Management 131: 153-165.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Grubb, P.J., J.R. Lloyd, T.D. Pennington, and T.C. Whitmore. 1963. A comparison of
montane and lower rain forest in Ecuador. I. The forest structure, physiognomy
and floristics. Journal of Ecology 51: 567-601.
Hairiah , K. dan rahayu, S. 2007. Pengukuran Karbon Tersimpan di Berbagai Macam
Penggunaan Lahan. World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF Southeast Asia.
Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Heriansyah, I. 2006. Potensi Hutan Tanamn Industri dalam Mensequeter Karbon:
Studi kasus di hutan tanaman Akasia dan Pinus. Buletin Inovasi 17 (3).
www.Io.ppiepeng.org [20Juli 2009].
Komiyama, A., Paungpam, S., dan Kato, S. 2005. Commen Allometric Equation For
Estimating The Tree Weight of Mangroves. Journal of Tropical Ecology.
21:471-477.
Kobe, R.K., S.W. Pacala, J.A. Silander Jr., and C.D. Canham. 1995. Juvenile tree
survivorship as a component of shade tolerance. Ecology Applied 5 (2): 517532.
Kusmana, C. 1997. Metoda Survey Vegetasi. IPB Press. Bogor.
Kusmana, C, Istomo, Wibowo, C, Budi, S.W.R., Zulkarnain, I.S, Tiryana, T, &
Sukardjo, S., 2002. Manual or Mangrove Silviculture in Indonesia.
Collaboration Between Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social
Forestry and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).
Kusmana, C., 1997. Metode Survei Vegetasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Kustanti, A. 2011. Manajemen Hutan Mangrove. Institut Pertanian Bogor Press.
Bogor.
Lasco RD., 2002. Forest carbon budgets in Southeast Asia following harvesting and
land cover change. In: Impacts of land use Change on the Terrestrial Carbon
Cycle in the Asian Pacific Region'. Science in China Vol. 45, 76-86.
Latham, R.E. 1992. Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance
wit resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73: 2129-2144.
Lembaga Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2005. Laporan
Akhir Kajian Implementasi Pemulihan Mangrove Berbasis Masyarakat di
Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Kerjasama Bapedalda Provinsi Sumatera Utara
dengan Lembaga Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lewis, R.R. 1990. Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands in Puerto Rico and
the US Virgin Islands. In: Kusler J.A. and M.E. Kentula (eds.) Wetland
Creation and Restoration: The Status of Science, Vol. I: Regional Reviews.
Washington: Island Press.
Macnae, W. 1968. A General Account of the Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps
and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region. Adv. mar. Biol., 6: 73-270.
Mueller, D and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology.
JhonWilley dan Sons. New York.
Mustafa, M. dan H. Sunusi., 1981. Laporan Survey Pembinaan dan Pemanfaatan
Hutan Bakau di Kabupaten Luwu, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Kerjasama
dengan Universitas Hasanuddin dengan Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan.
Universitas Hasaniddin, Ujung Pandang.
Ningsih, S. S, 2008. Inventarisasi Hutan Mangrove Sebagai Bagian Dari Upaya
Pengelolahan Wilayah Pesisir Deli Serdang. [ Tesis ] USU. Medan.
Noor dkk. 2006. Panduan Pengenalan Mangrove di Indonesia. PHKA/WI. Bogor.
Nybakken, J.W. 1993. Marine Biology, An Ecological Approach. 3rd edition. New
York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Odum, E.P., 1971. Fundamental of Ecology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Onrizal, 2005. Evaluasi Kerusakan Kawasan Mangrove dan
Rehabilitasinya di Jawa Barat dan Banten. USU press. Medan.
Alternatif
Onrizal. 2010. Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Mangrove diPantai Timur Sumatera Utara
Periode 1977-2006.Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 6 (2): 163-172).
Pacala, S.W., C.D. Canham, J. Saponara, J.A. Silander, R.K. Kobe, and E. Ribbens,
1996. Forest models defined by field measurements II. Estimation, error
analysis, and dynamics. Ecology Monograph 66 (1): 1-44.
Primavera, J.H. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines.
reviews in fisheries. Science 1 (2): 151-201 Richards, P.W. 1996. The Tropical
Rain Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
Rahayu, S., Lusiana, B. dan Van Noordwijk, M. 2007. Pendugaan Cadangan Karbon
di Atas Permukaan Tanah pada Berbagai Sistem Penggunaan Lahan di
Kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Timur. Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Soegianto,
A. 1994. Ekologi Kuantitatif: Metode
Komunitas. Jakarta: Penerbit Usaha Nasional.
Analisis Populasi dan
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soerianegara, I. 1987. Masalah Penentuan Batas Lebar Jalur Hijau Hutan
Mangrove. Prosiding Seminar III Ekosistem Mangrove. Jakarta. Hal 39.
Sukardjo, S., 1985. Laguna dan vegetasi mangrove. Oseana 10 (4): 128-137.
Supriharyono. 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam di Wilayah
Pesisir Tropis. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Tomlison, P.B. 1986. The Botany of Mangrove. London: Cambridge Univ.
Van Steenis. 1978. Flora Malesianna. Series I Spermatophyta Volume 8. Sijthoffdan
Noordhoff International publishing. Alpen Aan Rijn. The Netherlands. hlmn
1-577.
Walsh, G.E. 1974. Mangroves: A review. In Reinhold, R. J. and W.H. Queen (ed.).
Ecology of Halophytes. New York: Academic Press.
Walters, M.B., and P.B. Reich, 1997. Growth of Acer saccharum seedlings in deeply
shaded understories of northern Wisconsin: effects of nitrogen and water.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 237-247.
Wightman, G.M. 1989. Mangroves of the Northern Territory. Northern Territory
Botanical Bulletin No. 7. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory,
Palmerston, N.T., Australia.
Yayasan Mangrove. 1993. Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Mangrove di Indonesia.
Kerjasama dengan Kementrian Negara Lingkungan Hidup, Departemen
Kehutanan, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) dan Departemen
Dalam Negeri. Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Adame, M. F dan Catherine, E. L. 2011. Carbon and Nutrient exchange of mangrove
forests with the coastal ocean. Hydrobiologia (663):23-50.
Arief, A. 2001. Hutan dan Kehutanan. Kanisius. Yogyakarta.
Ashton, P.S., and P. Hall. 1992. Comparisons of structure among mixed dipterocarp
forests of north-western Borneo. Journal of Ecology 80: 459-481.
Aumeeruddy, Y. 1994. Local Representations and Management of Agroforests on the
Periphery of Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia, People and
Plants Working Paper 3. Paris: UNESCO.
Baker, P.J. and J.S. Wilson. 2000. A quantitative technique for the identification of
canopy stratifikasi in tropical and temperate forests. Forest Ecology and
Management 127: 77-86.
Barbour, M.G,. Burk. J.H., dan Pitts, W.D., 1987. Torrestrial Plant Ecology. Second
Edition. Menlo Park CA : The Benjamin Cumming Pub. Co. Inc.
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, Departemen Pertanian. 1991. Statistik Perikanan
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan, Departemen Pertanian. 1997. Statistik Perikanan
Indonesia. Jakarta.
Dubayah, R., J.B. Blair, J.L. Bufton, D.B. Clark, J. Jaja, R. Knox, S. Luthcke, S.
Prince and J. Weishampel. 1997. The vegetation canopy lidar mission, Land
Satellite Information in the Next Decade II: Sources and Applications. ASPRS
Proceedings: 100-112.
Chapman, V.J. 1992. Wet coastal formations of Indo Malesia and Papua- New
Guinea. In Chapman, V.J. (ed.). Ecosystems of the World 1: Wet Coastal
Ecosystems. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Clark, D.A. dan D.B. Clark. 1991. The impact of physical damage on canopy tree
regeneration in tropical rain forests. Journal of Ecology 79: 447-457.
Finzi, A.C and C.D. Canham. 2000. Sapling growth in response to light and nitrogen
availability in a southern New England forest. Forest Ecology and
Management 131: 153-165.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Grubb, P.J., J.R. Lloyd, T.D. Pennington, and T.C. Whitmore. 1963. A comparison of
montane and lower rain forest in Ecuador. I. The forest structure, physiognomy
and floristics. Journal of Ecology 51: 567-601.
Hairiah , K. dan rahayu, S. 2007. Pengukuran Karbon Tersimpan di Berbagai Macam
Penggunaan Lahan. World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF Southeast Asia.
Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Heriansyah, I. 2006. Potensi Hutan Tanamn Industri dalam Mensequeter Karbon:
Studi kasus di hutan tanaman Akasia dan Pinus. Buletin Inovasi 17 (3).
www.Io.ppiepeng.org [20Juli 2009].
Komiyama, A., Paungpam, S., dan Kato, S. 2005. Commen Allometric Equation For
Estimating The Tree Weight of Mangroves. Journal of Tropical Ecology.
21:471-477.
Kobe, R.K., S.W. Pacala, J.A. Silander Jr., and C.D. Canham. 1995. Juvenile tree
survivorship as a component of shade tolerance. Ecology Applied 5 (2): 517532.
Kusmana, C. 1997. Metoda Survey Vegetasi. IPB Press. Bogor.
Kusmana, C, Istomo, Wibowo, C, Budi, S.W.R., Zulkarnain, I.S, Tiryana, T, &
Sukardjo, S., 2002. Manual or Mangrove Silviculture in Indonesia.
Collaboration Between Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social
Forestry and Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA).
Kusmana, C., 1997. Metode Survei Vegetasi. Institut Pertanian Bogor. Bogor.
Kustanti, A. 2011. Manajemen Hutan Mangrove. Institut Pertanian Bogor Press.
Bogor.
Lasco RD., 2002. Forest carbon budgets in Southeast Asia following harvesting and
land cover change. In: Impacts of land use Change on the Terrestrial Carbon
Cycle in the Asian Pacific Region'. Science in China Vol. 45, 76-86.
Latham, R.E. 1992. Co-occurring tree species change rank in seedling performance
wit resources varied experimentally. Ecology 73: 2129-2144.
Lembaga Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Universitas Sumatera Utara. 2005. Laporan
Akhir Kajian Implementasi Pemulihan Mangrove Berbasis Masyarakat di
Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Kerjasama Bapedalda Provinsi Sumatera Utara
dengan Lembaga Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Lewis, R.R. 1990. Creation and restoration of coastal wetlands in Puerto Rico and
the US Virgin Islands. In: Kusler J.A. and M.E. Kentula (eds.) Wetland
Creation and Restoration: The Status of Science, Vol. I: Regional Reviews.
Washington: Island Press.
Macnae, W. 1968. A General Account of the Fauna and Flora of Mangrove Swamps
and Forests in the Indo-West-Pacific Region. Adv. mar. Biol., 6: 73-270.
Mueller, D and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and Methods of Vegetation Ecology.
JhonWilley dan Sons. New York.
Mustafa, M. dan H. Sunusi., 1981. Laporan Survey Pembinaan dan Pemanfaatan
Hutan Bakau di Kabupaten Luwu, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan. Kerjasama
dengan Universitas Hasanuddin dengan Direktorat Jenderal Perikanan.
Universitas Hasaniddin, Ujung Pandang.
Ningsih, S. S, 2008. Inventarisasi Hutan Mangrove Sebagai Bagian Dari Upaya
Pengelolahan Wilayah Pesisir Deli Serdang. [ Tesis ] USU. Medan.
Noor dkk. 2006. Panduan Pengenalan Mangrove di Indonesia. PHKA/WI. Bogor.
Nybakken, J.W. 1993. Marine Biology, An Ecological Approach. 3rd edition. New
York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Odum, E.P., 1971. Fundamental of Ecology. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders.
Onrizal, 2005. Evaluasi Kerusakan Kawasan Mangrove dan
Rehabilitasinya di Jawa Barat dan Banten. USU press. Medan.
Alternatif
Onrizal. 2010. Perubahan Tutupan Hutan Mangrove diPantai Timur Sumatera Utara
Periode 1977-2006.Jurnal Biologi Indonesia 6 (2): 163-172).
Pacala, S.W., C.D. Canham, J. Saponara, J.A. Silander, R.K. Kobe, and E. Ribbens,
1996. Forest models defined by field measurements II. Estimation, error
analysis, and dynamics. Ecology Monograph 66 (1): 1-44.
Primavera, J.H. 1993. A critical review of shrimp pond culture in the Philippines.
reviews in fisheries. Science 1 (2): 151-201 Richards, P.W. 1996. The Tropical
Rain Forest. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
Rahayu, S., Lusiana, B. dan Van Noordwijk, M. 2007. Pendugaan Cadangan Karbon
di Atas Permukaan Tanah pada Berbagai Sistem Penggunaan Lahan di
Kabupaten Nunukan, Kalimantan Timur. Bogor: World Agroforestry Centre.
Soegianto,
A. 1994. Ekologi Kuantitatif: Metode
Komunitas. Jakarta: Penerbit Usaha Nasional.
Analisis Populasi dan
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Soerianegara, I. 1987. Masalah Penentuan Batas Lebar Jalur Hijau Hutan
Mangrove. Prosiding Seminar III Ekosistem Mangrove. Jakarta. Hal 39.
Sukardjo, S., 1985. Laguna dan vegetasi mangrove. Oseana 10 (4): 128-137.
Supriharyono. 2000. Pelestarian dan Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam di Wilayah
Pesisir Tropis. Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta.
Tomlison, P.B. 1986. The Botany of Mangrove. London: Cambridge Univ.
Van Steenis. 1978. Flora Malesianna. Series I Spermatophyta Volume 8. Sijthoffdan
Noordhoff International publishing. Alpen Aan Rijn. The Netherlands. hlmn
1-577.
Walsh, G.E. 1974. Mangroves: A review. In Reinhold, R. J. and W.H. Queen (ed.).
Ecology of Halophytes. New York: Academic Press.
Walters, M.B., and P.B. Reich, 1997. Growth of Acer saccharum seedlings in deeply
shaded understories of northern Wisconsin: effects of nitrogen and water.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research 27: 237-247.
Wightman, G.M. 1989. Mangroves of the Northern Territory. Northern Territory
Botanical Bulletin No. 7. Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory,
Palmerston, N.T., Australia.
Yayasan Mangrove. 1993. Strategi Nasional Pengelolaan Mangrove di Indonesia.
Kerjasama dengan Kementrian Negara Lingkungan Hidup, Departemen
Kehutanan, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) dan Departemen
Dalam Negeri. Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara