Proses Pembuatan Mono-Digliserida (MDG) dari Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil (RBDPO) Secara Gliserolisis Enzimatis
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Amri, Q. 2014. Kebutuhan Minyak Nabati Dunia Bergantung Kepada CPO
Indonesia.www.sawitindonesia.com/kinerja/2020-kebutuhan-minyaknabati-dunia-bergantung-kepada-cpo-indonesia [5 Mei 2014].
An, S. K. 2008. Prospek Industri Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Industri : Tarik
Menarik Antara Pangan dan Energi. Seminar Tahunan MAKSI. Penelitian
dan Pengembangan untuk Mendukung Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit Nasional.
Masyarakat Perkelapa-Sawitan Indonesia (MAKSI) dan SEAFAST Center
IPB, Bogor.
Anggirasti. 2008. Gliserolisis RBDPO Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil
dengan Lipase untuk Sintesis MDAG. IPB Press, Bogor
[AOAC]. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 1995. The Official Methods
and Recommended Practice of The American Oil Chemists Society.
Campaign, IL.
[AOCS]. American Oil Chemist Society. 2009. Determination of cis- and transfatty acid hydrogenated and refined oils and fats by capillary GLC, USA.
Atmaja, A. R. 2000. Studi Pemurnian dan Karakteristik Emulsifier Campuran
Mono dan Diasilgliserol yang Diproduksi dari Distilat Asam Lemak
Minyak Sawit dengan Teknik Esterifikasi Enzimatis Menggunakan Lipase
Rhizomucor miehei. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian. IPB, Bogor.
August, E. 2000. Kajian Penggunaan Lipase Amobil dari Aspergillus niger Pada
Pembuatan Monoasilgliserol yang Bersifat Antibakteri dari Minyak
Kelapa. Program Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor.
Babali, B., Aksor, H., Tuter, A.M., dan Ustun, G. 2001. Enzymatic Esterification
of Menthol with Lauric Acid in Isooctane by Sorbitan Monostearatecoated Lipae from Candida rugosa. JAOCS, 78(2): 173-175.
Barus, S. S. 2014. Sintesa N-2-Etanol-N-Etil Maleat Palmitamida yang Dihasilkan
dari Esterifikasi Antara N,N Di-2-Etanol Palmitamida dengan Anhidrida
Maleat. USU Press, Medan.
Becker, P. 1983. Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology. Volume 1 : Basic
Theory. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
Belitz, H.D., Grosch, W., dan Schieberle, P. 2009. Food Chemistry. Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bornscheuer, U. 1995. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of monoacylglycerol. Enzyme,
17 : 586-679.
Boyle, E. 1997. Monoglycerides in Food System : Current and Future Uses. Food
Technology, 8 : 52-59.
Budijanto, S., Andarwulan, N., dan Herawati, D. 2001. Kimia dan Teknologi
Lipida.Teori dan Praktek. Teknologi Pangan dan Gizi-IPB, Bogor.
Cheong, L.Z., Tan, C.P., Long, K., Yusoff, M.S., dan Lai, O.M. 2009.
Physicochemical, Textural and Viscoelastic Properties of Palm
Diacylglycerol Bakery Margarine During Storage. JAOCS, Journal of the
American Oil Chemists' Society, 86 : 723-731.
Chin, A. 1979. Palm oil standards in relation to marketing and revening behavior.
Magazine of The Incorporated Society of Planters, 55 : 414-439.
Christina, D. 1999. Karakterisasi dan aplikasi emulsifier campuran mono- dan
digliserida. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB, Bogor.
Damstrup, M.L., Jensen, T., Sparco, F.V., Kill, S.Z., Jensen, A.D., dan Xu, X.
2005. Solvent optimization for efficient enzymatic monoacylglycerol
production based on a glycerolysis reaction. Journal of the American Oil
Chemists' Society, 82 : 559-564.
Damstrup, M.L., Jensen, F.V., Spars, S.Z., Kiil, A.D., dan Jensen, Xu, X. 2006.
Production of heat-sensitive monoacylglycerols by enzymatic glycerolysis
in tert-pentanol: process optimization by response surface methodology.
JAOCS., 83 : 27-33.
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. 2012. Produksi Kelapa Sawit Menurut Provinsi
di Indonesia,2008-2012.www.pertanian.go.id:http://www.pertanian.go.id
/infoeksekutif/bun/BUN-asem2012/Produksi-KelapaSawit.pdf [5 Mei
2014].
Dziezak, J. 1988. Emulsifiers : The Interfacial Key to Emulsion Stability. Journal
of Food Technology, 42(10) : 172-186.
Eckey, S.W. 1995. Vegetable fat and oil. Di dalam: Handbook of Food
Agriculture. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
Elisabeth, J. 1997. Studi inkorporasi enzimatik eicosapentanoic acid EPA dan
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) pada trigliserida minyak ikan tuna dan crude
palm oil. Program Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Febrina, E., Gozali, D., dan Rusdiana, T. 2007. Formulasi Sediaan Emulsi Buah
Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) sebagai Produk Antioksidan Alami.
UNPAD-Press, Universitas Padjajaran.
Feltes, M.C., Oliveira, D., Block, J.M., dan Ninow, J.L. 2013. The Production,
Benefiits, and Applications of Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols of
Nutritional Interest. Review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6 : 17-35.
Fischer, W. 1998. Production of high concentrated monoglyceride. Lecture given
on occasion of the DGF-Symposium in Magdeburg. www.uic-gmbh.de [24
September 2006].
Flickinger, B.D., dan Matsuo, N. 2003. Natural Characteristic of DAG Oil. di
dalam Yang, T., Zhang, H., Mu, H., Sinclair, A.J., dan Xu, X. 2004.
Diacylglycerols from Butterfat: Production by Glycerolisis and Short-Path
Distillation and Analysis 0f Physical Properties. JAOCS, 81(10) : 979-989.
Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., dan Padley, F.B. 1994. The Lipid Handbook.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Gunstone, F.D., dan Padley, F.B. 1997. Lipid Technologies and Application.
Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
Gunstone, F.D. 1999. Enzymatic as Biocatalysts in The Modification of Natural
Lipids. Review. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 79 :
1535-1549.
Hasan, S. 2013. Anggota DPR dukung percepatan hilirisasi produk sawit.
http://www.antaranews.com/suara-parlemen/berita/364325/anggota-dprdukung-percepatan-hilirisasi-produk-sawit [5 Mei 2014].
Hassenhuettl, G.L. 1997. Overview of Food Emulsifiers. Di dalam Food
Emulsifier and Their Applications. Hassenhuettl, G L; R, W Hartel ed..
Chapman & Hall, New York.
Hui, Y. 1996. Emulsifiers For The Food Industry. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat
Products. Volume 3. Edible Oil and Fat Products: Products and
Application Technology. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.
Igoe, R. 1996. Dictionary of Food Ingredients. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Irimescu. R., Furihata, K., Hata, K., Iwasaki, Y., dan Yamane, T. 2001. Two step
enzymatic synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid-rich symmetrically
structured triacylglycerol via 2-monoacylglycerols. JAOCS, 78 : 743-748.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jensen, R.G., Galluzo, D.R., dan Bush, V.J. 1990. Selectivity is an important
characteristic of lipase acylglycerol hydrolase. Biocatalysis, 3 : 307-316.
Kaewthong, W. 2005. Continuous Production of Monoacylglycerols by
Glycerolysis of Palm Olein with Immobilized Lipase . Journal of Process
Biochemistry, 40 : 1525-1530.
Kamel, B. 1991. Emulsifiers. Di dalam: J. Smith, editor. Food Additive User's
Handbook. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, UK.
Ketaren, S. 2005. Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. UI Press,
Jakarta.
Kimmel, T. 2004. Kinetic Investigation of The Base-Catalyzed Glyserolysis of
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, Genehmigte Dissertation. Technischen
Universitat Berlin, Germany.
Krog, N. 1990. Food emulsifiers and their chemical and physical properties. Di
dalam: Larsson, K., dan Friberg, S.E. editor. Food Emulsions. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A., dan Kanig, J.L. 1994. Teori dan Praktek Farmasi
Industri, Edisi Ketiga. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Linko, Y.M. 1995. Lipase Biocatalysis in The Production of Esters. JAOCS, 72 :
1293-1299.
Linsay, R. 1985. Food Additives. Di dalam: Fennema O. R., editor. Food
Chemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
Listyorini, W. 2003. Mempelajari spesifitas enzim lipase terhadap asam lemak
dan aktivitas hidrolisis enzim lipase terhadap berbagai jenis minyak
dengan menggunakan lipase ekstraseluler dari kapang Aspergillus sp. dan
Mucor javanicus M26 II/2. Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan
Faperta IPB, Bogor.
Mangoensoekarjo, S. 2003. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa Sawit. UGM-Press,
Yogyakarta.
Mappiratu. 1999. Penggunaan biokatalis dedak padi dalam biosintesis antimikroba
monoasilglierol dari minyak kelapa. Program Pasca Sarjana IPB, Bogor.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Commarata, A. 1993. Farmasi Fisik, Edisi Ketiga.
Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Maulida, D. 2007. Kebijakan ekspor impor untuk mendukung pengembangan
industri minyak kelapa sawit. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Kelapa
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sawit. Gelar Teknologi Industri Kelapa Sawit Dari Hulu Hingga Hilir.
Balai Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi BPPT, Jakarta.
Mori, T. S. 2001. A Lipid Coated Lipase as An Efficient Hydrolytic Catalyst in
The Two-Phase aqueous-organic system. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 76 : 157-163.
Morita, O., dan Soni, M. 2009. Safety Assessment of Diacylglycerol oil as An
Edible Oil: A Review of The Published Literature. Food Chem Toxicol, 47
: 9-21.
Mulyana, R. 2007. Sintesis mono dan diasilgliserol dari minyak kelapa dengan
cara gliserolisis kimia. IPB Press, Bogor.
Myrnes, B. H. 1995. Solvent-Free Enzymatic Glycerolysis of Marine Oil. JAOCS,
72 : 1339-1344.
Noureddini, H. D. 2004. A Continuous Process for The Glycerolysis of Soybean
Oil. JAOCS, 81 : 1-5.
Noureddini, H. 1997. Glycerolysis of Fats and Methyl Esters, Journal of
Biomaterials. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
O'Brien, R. 1998. Fats and Oils: Formulating and Processing for Applications.
Technomic Publishing Co, Inc. Lancaster-Basel.
Pahan, I. 2008. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Pecknik, S., dan Knez, Z. 1992. Enzymatic fatty ester synthesis. Journal of
American Oil Chemist Society JAOCS, 69 : 261-265.
Quinlan, P., dan Moore, S. 1993. Modification of triglycerides by lipases: process
technology and its application to the production of nutritionally improved
fats. INFORM, 4 : 580-585.
Rahman, N. 1997. Mempelajari pengaruh substitusi tepung singkong, tepung
kedele dan penambahan gliseril monostearat terhadap sifat-sifat roti
tepung terigu. Faperta IPB, Bogor.
Rastall, R. 2007. Novel enzyme technology for food application. CRC Press, USA
Rendon, X.A., Lopez-Munguia, dan Castillo, E. 2001. Solvent enggineering
Applied to lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of triolein. JAOCS, 78 : 10611066.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Rosarians, F. 2013. Indonesia Produsen Minyak Sawit Terbesar.
http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/11/28/090533238/Mentan-Indonesia
-Produsen-Minyak-Sawit-Terbesar [1 Febuari 2014].
Rousseau, D., dan Marangoni, A.G. 2002. Chemical Interesterification of Food
Lipids : theory and practice. In C. C. Akoh, dan B. M. D, Food
Lipids:Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York.
Saberi, A.H., Chin-Ping, T., dan Oi-Ming, L. 2011. Phase Behavior of Palm Oil in
Blends with Palm-Based Diacylglycerol. JAOCS, 88 : 1857-1865.
Saitou, K., Mitsui, Y., Shimizu, M., Kudo, N., Katsuragi, Y., dan Sato, K. 2012.
Crystallization Behavior of Diacylglycerol-Rich Oils Produced from
Rapeseed Oil. JAOCS, 89 : 1231-1239.
Sanches, C.C. 1995. Use of carbohydrate-based fat shotbread cookies. Cereal
Chem, 72 : 25-29.
Satiawiharja, B., Mappiratu, dan Herman. 1999. Penggunaan lipase dedak padi
dan lypozime dalam biohidrolisis olein minyak sawit dan interesterifikasi
enzimatik untuk menghasilkan bahan baku cocoa butter equivalent.
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Pangan pp. 494-507, PATPI.
Shahidi, F. 2004. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley-Interscience,
USA.
Standar Nasional Indonesia. 1987. Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil. SNI
01-0014. Dewan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Standar Nasional Indonesia. 1998. Cara uji minyak dan lemak. Badan
Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Stauffer, C.E. 1996. Emulsifiers For The Food Industry Bailey's Industrial Oil and
Fat Products. Volume 3. Edible Oil and Fat Products: Products and
Application Technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Takase, H. 2007. Metabolism of Diacylglycerol in Humans. Asia Pacific Journal
of Clinical Nutrition, 16 : 398-403.
Tarigan, J. B. 2002. Ester Asam Lemak. www.usu.ac.id: http://library.usu.ac.id
[2 Januari 2014].
Torres, C., Lin, B., dan Hill, C. G. 2002. Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of an oil
rich in eicosapentaenoic acid residues. Biotechnology Letters, 24 : 667673.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Van Camp, J., Huyghebaert, A., dan Goeman, P. 1998. Enzymatic synthesis of
modified fats. Di dalam: Christope, A.B., editor. Structural Modified Food
Fats : Synthesis, Biochemistry and Use. AOCS Press Champaign Illinois,
hal 20-45.
Wachyudi, B. 2007. Strategi pengembangan industri turunan kelapa sawit.
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Kelapa Sawit. Gelar Teknologi
Industri Kelapa Sawit Dari Hulu Hingga Hilir. Badan Pengkajian dan
Penerapan Teknologi BPPT.
Watanabe, T. M. 2003. Optimization of Reaction Condition far the production of
DAG using immobilized 1,3-regiospesific lipase lipozyme RM IM.
JAOCS., 80 : 1201-1208.
Willis, W. M., dan Marangoni, A.G. 2002. Enzymatic Interesterification. Di dalam:
Akoh, C.C., D.B. Min, editor. Food Lipid : Chemistry, Nutrition and
Biotechnology. Marcell Deckker. New York.
Winarno, F. G. 2002. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
Jakarta.
Xu, X. 2004. Biocatalysis for lipid modifications. In N. T. Dunford dan H. B.
Dunford Eds.. Nutritionally enhanced edible oil processing, AOCS Press
Champaign IL, 162-196.
Xu, X., Porsgaard, T., Zhang, H., Adler-Nissen, J., dan Hoy, C.E. 2002.
Production of structured lipids in a packed-bed reactor with Thermomyces
lanuginosa lipase. JAOCS, 79 : 561-565.
Yang, T., Rebsdorf, M., Engelrud, U., dan Xu, X. 2005. Enzymatic production of
monoacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids through an
efficient glycerolysis system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
53(5) : 1475-1481.
Zaelani, A. 2006. Sintesis mono dan diasilgliserol dari RBDPO dengan cara
gliserolisis menggunakan katalis natrium metoksida. Departemen Ilmu dan
Teknologi Pangan, Bogor.
Zeng, F.K., Yang, B., Wang, Y.H., Wang, W.F., Ning, Z.X., dan Li, L. 2010.
Enzymatic Production of Monoacylglycerols with Camellia Oil by the
Glycerolysis Reaction. JAOCS, 87 : 5.
Zielinski, R. 1997. Synthesis and Composition of Food Grade Emulsifiers. Di
dalam Food Emulsifiers and Their Applications. Hassenhuettl. G.L. dan
R.W. hartel ed.. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Zuyi, L., dan Ward, O. P. 1993. Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis to concentrate the n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid of cod liver oil. Enzyme Microb Technol., 15
: 601-606.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Amri, Q. 2014. Kebutuhan Minyak Nabati Dunia Bergantung Kepada CPO
Indonesia.www.sawitindonesia.com/kinerja/2020-kebutuhan-minyaknabati-dunia-bergantung-kepada-cpo-indonesia [5 Mei 2014].
An, S. K. 2008. Prospek Industri Sawit Sebagai Bahan Baku Industri : Tarik
Menarik Antara Pangan dan Energi. Seminar Tahunan MAKSI. Penelitian
dan Pengembangan untuk Mendukung Agribisnis Kelapa Sawit Nasional.
Masyarakat Perkelapa-Sawitan Indonesia (MAKSI) dan SEAFAST Center
IPB, Bogor.
Anggirasti. 2008. Gliserolisis RBDPO Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil
dengan Lipase untuk Sintesis MDAG. IPB Press, Bogor
[AOAC]. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 1995. The Official Methods
and Recommended Practice of The American Oil Chemists Society.
Campaign, IL.
[AOCS]. American Oil Chemist Society. 2009. Determination of cis- and transfatty acid hydrogenated and refined oils and fats by capillary GLC, USA.
Atmaja, A. R. 2000. Studi Pemurnian dan Karakteristik Emulsifier Campuran
Mono dan Diasilgliserol yang Diproduksi dari Distilat Asam Lemak
Minyak Sawit dengan Teknik Esterifikasi Enzimatis Menggunakan Lipase
Rhizomucor miehei. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian. IPB, Bogor.
August, E. 2000. Kajian Penggunaan Lipase Amobil dari Aspergillus niger Pada
Pembuatan Monoasilgliserol yang Bersifat Antibakteri dari Minyak
Kelapa. Program Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor.
Babali, B., Aksor, H., Tuter, A.M., dan Ustun, G. 2001. Enzymatic Esterification
of Menthol with Lauric Acid in Isooctane by Sorbitan Monostearatecoated Lipae from Candida rugosa. JAOCS, 78(2): 173-175.
Barus, S. S. 2014. Sintesa N-2-Etanol-N-Etil Maleat Palmitamida yang Dihasilkan
dari Esterifikasi Antara N,N Di-2-Etanol Palmitamida dengan Anhidrida
Maleat. USU Press, Medan.
Becker, P. 1983. Encyclopedia of Emulsion Technology. Volume 1 : Basic
Theory. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
Belitz, H.D., Grosch, W., dan Schieberle, P. 2009. Food Chemistry. Verlag Berlin
Heidelberg.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Bornscheuer, U. 1995. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of monoacylglycerol. Enzyme,
17 : 586-679.
Boyle, E. 1997. Monoglycerides in Food System : Current and Future Uses. Food
Technology, 8 : 52-59.
Budijanto, S., Andarwulan, N., dan Herawati, D. 2001. Kimia dan Teknologi
Lipida.Teori dan Praktek. Teknologi Pangan dan Gizi-IPB, Bogor.
Cheong, L.Z., Tan, C.P., Long, K., Yusoff, M.S., dan Lai, O.M. 2009.
Physicochemical, Textural and Viscoelastic Properties of Palm
Diacylglycerol Bakery Margarine During Storage. JAOCS, Journal of the
American Oil Chemists' Society, 86 : 723-731.
Chin, A. 1979. Palm oil standards in relation to marketing and revening behavior.
Magazine of The Incorporated Society of Planters, 55 : 414-439.
Christina, D. 1999. Karakterisasi dan aplikasi emulsifier campuran mono- dan
digliserida. Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian, IPB, Bogor.
Damstrup, M.L., Jensen, T., Sparco, F.V., Kill, S.Z., Jensen, A.D., dan Xu, X.
2005. Solvent optimization for efficient enzymatic monoacylglycerol
production based on a glycerolysis reaction. Journal of the American Oil
Chemists' Society, 82 : 559-564.
Damstrup, M.L., Jensen, F.V., Spars, S.Z., Kiil, A.D., dan Jensen, Xu, X. 2006.
Production of heat-sensitive monoacylglycerols by enzymatic glycerolysis
in tert-pentanol: process optimization by response surface methodology.
JAOCS., 83 : 27-33.
Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan. 2012. Produksi Kelapa Sawit Menurut Provinsi
di Indonesia,2008-2012.www.pertanian.go.id:http://www.pertanian.go.id
/infoeksekutif/bun/BUN-asem2012/Produksi-KelapaSawit.pdf [5 Mei
2014].
Dziezak, J. 1988. Emulsifiers : The Interfacial Key to Emulsion Stability. Journal
of Food Technology, 42(10) : 172-186.
Eckey, S.W. 1995. Vegetable fat and oil. Di dalam: Handbook of Food
Agriculture. Reinhold Publishing Corporation, New York.
Elisabeth, J. 1997. Studi inkorporasi enzimatik eicosapentanoic acid EPA dan
docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) pada trigliserida minyak ikan tuna dan crude
palm oil. Program Pascasarjana IPB, Bogor.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Febrina, E., Gozali, D., dan Rusdiana, T. 2007. Formulasi Sediaan Emulsi Buah
Merah (Pandanus conoideus Lam.) sebagai Produk Antioksidan Alami.
UNPAD-Press, Universitas Padjajaran.
Feltes, M.C., Oliveira, D., Block, J.M., dan Ninow, J.L. 2013. The Production,
Benefiits, and Applications of Monoacylglycerols and Diacylglycerols of
Nutritional Interest. Review. Food and Bioprocess Technology, 6 : 17-35.
Fischer, W. 1998. Production of high concentrated monoglyceride. Lecture given
on occasion of the DGF-Symposium in Magdeburg. www.uic-gmbh.de [24
September 2006].
Flickinger, B.D., dan Matsuo, N. 2003. Natural Characteristic of DAG Oil. di
dalam Yang, T., Zhang, H., Mu, H., Sinclair, A.J., dan Xu, X. 2004.
Diacylglycerols from Butterfat: Production by Glycerolisis and Short-Path
Distillation and Analysis 0f Physical Properties. JAOCS, 81(10) : 979-989.
Gunstone, F.D., Harwood, J.L., dan Padley, F.B. 1994. The Lipid Handbook.
Chapman and Hall, London.
Gunstone, F.D., dan Padley, F.B. 1997. Lipid Technologies and Application.
Marcel Dekker Inc, New York.
Gunstone, F.D. 1999. Enzymatic as Biocatalysts in The Modification of Natural
Lipids. Review. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 79 :
1535-1549.
Hasan, S. 2013. Anggota DPR dukung percepatan hilirisasi produk sawit.
http://www.antaranews.com/suara-parlemen/berita/364325/anggota-dprdukung-percepatan-hilirisasi-produk-sawit [5 Mei 2014].
Hassenhuettl, G.L. 1997. Overview of Food Emulsifiers. Di dalam Food
Emulsifier and Their Applications. Hassenhuettl, G L; R, W Hartel ed..
Chapman & Hall, New York.
Hui, Y. 1996. Emulsifiers For The Food Industry. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat
Products. Volume 3. Edible Oil and Fat Products: Products and
Application Technology. John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.
Igoe, R. 1996. Dictionary of Food Ingredients. Chapman and Hall, New York.
Irimescu. R., Furihata, K., Hata, K., Iwasaki, Y., dan Yamane, T. 2001. Two step
enzymatic synthesis of docosahexaenoic acid-rich symmetrically
structured triacylglycerol via 2-monoacylglycerols. JAOCS, 78 : 743-748.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Jensen, R.G., Galluzo, D.R., dan Bush, V.J. 1990. Selectivity is an important
characteristic of lipase acylglycerol hydrolase. Biocatalysis, 3 : 307-316.
Kaewthong, W. 2005. Continuous Production of Monoacylglycerols by
Glycerolysis of Palm Olein with Immobilized Lipase . Journal of Process
Biochemistry, 40 : 1525-1530.
Kamel, B. 1991. Emulsifiers. Di dalam: J. Smith, editor. Food Additive User's
Handbook. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow, UK.
Ketaren, S. 2005. Pengantar Teknologi Minyak dan Lemak Pangan. UI Press,
Jakarta.
Kimmel, T. 2004. Kinetic Investigation of The Base-Catalyzed Glyserolysis of
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester, Genehmigte Dissertation. Technischen
Universitat Berlin, Germany.
Krog, N. 1990. Food emulsifiers and their chemical and physical properties. Di
dalam: Larsson, K., dan Friberg, S.E. editor. Food Emulsions. Marcel
Dekker, New York.
Lachman, L., Lieberman, H.A., dan Kanig, J.L. 1994. Teori dan Praktek Farmasi
Industri, Edisi Ketiga. Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Linko, Y.M. 1995. Lipase Biocatalysis in The Production of Esters. JAOCS, 72 :
1293-1299.
Linsay, R. 1985. Food Additives. Di dalam: Fennema O. R., editor. Food
Chemistry. Marcel Dekker, Inc, New York.
Listyorini, W. 2003. Mempelajari spesifitas enzim lipase terhadap asam lemak
dan aktivitas hidrolisis enzim lipase terhadap berbagai jenis minyak
dengan menggunakan lipase ekstraseluler dari kapang Aspergillus sp. dan
Mucor javanicus M26 II/2. Departemen Ilmu dan Teknologi Pangan
Faperta IPB, Bogor.
Mangoensoekarjo, S. 2003. Manajemen Agrobisnis Kelapa Sawit. UGM-Press,
Yogyakarta.
Mappiratu. 1999. Penggunaan biokatalis dedak padi dalam biosintesis antimikroba
monoasilglierol dari minyak kelapa. Program Pasca Sarjana IPB, Bogor.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Commarata, A. 1993. Farmasi Fisik, Edisi Ketiga.
Universitas Indonesia Press, Jakarta.
Maulida, D. 2007. Kebijakan ekspor impor untuk mendukung pengembangan
industri minyak kelapa sawit. Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Kelapa
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sawit. Gelar Teknologi Industri Kelapa Sawit Dari Hulu Hingga Hilir.
Balai Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi BPPT, Jakarta.
Mori, T. S. 2001. A Lipid Coated Lipase as An Efficient Hydrolytic Catalyst in
The Two-Phase aqueous-organic system. Biotechnology and
Bioengineering, 76 : 157-163.
Morita, O., dan Soni, M. 2009. Safety Assessment of Diacylglycerol oil as An
Edible Oil: A Review of The Published Literature. Food Chem Toxicol, 47
: 9-21.
Mulyana, R. 2007. Sintesis mono dan diasilgliserol dari minyak kelapa dengan
cara gliserolisis kimia. IPB Press, Bogor.
Myrnes, B. H. 1995. Solvent-Free Enzymatic Glycerolysis of Marine Oil. JAOCS,
72 : 1339-1344.
Noureddini, H. D. 2004. A Continuous Process for The Glycerolysis of Soybean
Oil. JAOCS, 81 : 1-5.
Noureddini, H. 1997. Glycerolysis of Fats and Methyl Esters, Journal of
Biomaterials. University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
O'Brien, R. 1998. Fats and Oils: Formulating and Processing for Applications.
Technomic Publishing Co, Inc. Lancaster-Basel.
Pahan, I. 2008. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit. Penebar Swadaya, Jakarta.
Pecknik, S., dan Knez, Z. 1992. Enzymatic fatty ester synthesis. Journal of
American Oil Chemist Society JAOCS, 69 : 261-265.
Quinlan, P., dan Moore, S. 1993. Modification of triglycerides by lipases: process
technology and its application to the production of nutritionally improved
fats. INFORM, 4 : 580-585.
Rahman, N. 1997. Mempelajari pengaruh substitusi tepung singkong, tepung
kedele dan penambahan gliseril monostearat terhadap sifat-sifat roti
tepung terigu. Faperta IPB, Bogor.
Rastall, R. 2007. Novel enzyme technology for food application. CRC Press, USA
Rendon, X.A., Lopez-Munguia, dan Castillo, E. 2001. Solvent enggineering
Applied to lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of triolein. JAOCS, 78 : 10611066.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Rosarians, F. 2013. Indonesia Produsen Minyak Sawit Terbesar.
http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/11/28/090533238/Mentan-Indonesia
-Produsen-Minyak-Sawit-Terbesar [1 Febuari 2014].
Rousseau, D., dan Marangoni, A.G. 2002. Chemical Interesterification of Food
Lipids : theory and practice. In C. C. Akoh, dan B. M. D, Food
Lipids:Chemistry, Nutrition and Biotechnology. Marcel Dekker Inc, New
York.
Saberi, A.H., Chin-Ping, T., dan Oi-Ming, L. 2011. Phase Behavior of Palm Oil in
Blends with Palm-Based Diacylglycerol. JAOCS, 88 : 1857-1865.
Saitou, K., Mitsui, Y., Shimizu, M., Kudo, N., Katsuragi, Y., dan Sato, K. 2012.
Crystallization Behavior of Diacylglycerol-Rich Oils Produced from
Rapeseed Oil. JAOCS, 89 : 1231-1239.
Sanches, C.C. 1995. Use of carbohydrate-based fat shotbread cookies. Cereal
Chem, 72 : 25-29.
Satiawiharja, B., Mappiratu, dan Herman. 1999. Penggunaan lipase dedak padi
dan lypozime dalam biohidrolisis olein minyak sawit dan interesterifikasi
enzimatik untuk menghasilkan bahan baku cocoa butter equivalent.
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Pangan pp. 494-507, PATPI.
Shahidi, F. 2004. Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products. Wiley-Interscience,
USA.
Standar Nasional Indonesia. 1987. Refined Bleached Deodorized Palm Oil. SNI
01-0014. Dewan Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Standar Nasional Indonesia. 1998. Cara uji minyak dan lemak. Badan
Standardisasi Nasional, Jakarta.
Stauffer, C.E. 1996. Emulsifiers For The Food Industry Bailey's Industrial Oil and
Fat Products. Volume 3. Edible Oil and Fat Products: Products and
Application Technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Takase, H. 2007. Metabolism of Diacylglycerol in Humans. Asia Pacific Journal
of Clinical Nutrition, 16 : 398-403.
Tarigan, J. B. 2002. Ester Asam Lemak. www.usu.ac.id: http://library.usu.ac.id
[2 Januari 2014].
Torres, C., Lin, B., dan Hill, C. G. 2002. Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of an oil
rich in eicosapentaenoic acid residues. Biotechnology Letters, 24 : 667673.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Van Camp, J., Huyghebaert, A., dan Goeman, P. 1998. Enzymatic synthesis of
modified fats. Di dalam: Christope, A.B., editor. Structural Modified Food
Fats : Synthesis, Biochemistry and Use. AOCS Press Champaign Illinois,
hal 20-45.
Wachyudi, B. 2007. Strategi pengembangan industri turunan kelapa sawit.
Seminar Nasional Teknologi Industri Kelapa Sawit. Gelar Teknologi
Industri Kelapa Sawit Dari Hulu Hingga Hilir. Badan Pengkajian dan
Penerapan Teknologi BPPT.
Watanabe, T. M. 2003. Optimization of Reaction Condition far the production of
DAG using immobilized 1,3-regiospesific lipase lipozyme RM IM.
JAOCS., 80 : 1201-1208.
Willis, W. M., dan Marangoni, A.G. 2002. Enzymatic Interesterification. Di dalam:
Akoh, C.C., D.B. Min, editor. Food Lipid : Chemistry, Nutrition and
Biotechnology. Marcell Deckker. New York.
Winarno, F. G. 2002. Kimia Pangan dan Gizi. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama,
Jakarta.
Xu, X. 2004. Biocatalysis for lipid modifications. In N. T. Dunford dan H. B.
Dunford Eds.. Nutritionally enhanced edible oil processing, AOCS Press
Champaign IL, 162-196.
Xu, X., Porsgaard, T., Zhang, H., Adler-Nissen, J., dan Hoy, C.E. 2002.
Production of structured lipids in a packed-bed reactor with Thermomyces
lanuginosa lipase. JAOCS, 79 : 561-565.
Yang, T., Rebsdorf, M., Engelrud, U., dan Xu, X. 2005. Enzymatic production of
monoacylglycerols containing polyunsaturated fatty acids through an
efficient glycerolysis system. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,
53(5) : 1475-1481.
Zaelani, A. 2006. Sintesis mono dan diasilgliserol dari RBDPO dengan cara
gliserolisis menggunakan katalis natrium metoksida. Departemen Ilmu dan
Teknologi Pangan, Bogor.
Zeng, F.K., Yang, B., Wang, Y.H., Wang, W.F., Ning, Z.X., dan Li, L. 2010.
Enzymatic Production of Monoacylglycerols with Camellia Oil by the
Glycerolysis Reaction. JAOCS, 87 : 5.
Zielinski, R. 1997. Synthesis and Composition of Food Grade Emulsifiers. Di
dalam Food Emulsifiers and Their Applications. Hassenhuettl. G.L. dan
R.W. hartel ed.. Chapman & Hall, New York.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Zuyi, L., dan Ward, O. P. 1993. Lipase-catalyzed alcoholysis to concentrate the n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid of cod liver oil. Enzyme Microb Technol., 15
: 601-606.
Universitas Sumatera Utara