THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan
THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION
TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Yuliana Sri Maharani
Student Number: 061214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
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THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION
TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By Yuliana Sri Maharani
Student Number: 061214126
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
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THE INFLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION
TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
By Yuliana Sri Maharani
Student Number: 061214126 Defended before the Board of Examiners on October 31, 2011 and Declared Acceptable
Board of Examiners
Chairperson : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.PD. ______________ Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. ______________ Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. ______________ Member : Dr. Ant. Herujiyanto, M.A. ______________ Member : C. Tutyandari, S.Pd., M.PD. ______________Yogyakarta, October 31, 2011 Faculty of Teachers Training and Education
Sanata Dharma University Dean,
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Never Stop Dreaming,
Never Stop Trying, and
Never Stop Struggling
This thesis is dedicated to: Bapak and Ibu
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work of parts of the work of other people, except those cited and quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, October 31, 2011 The Writer
Yuliana Sri Maharani 061214126
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Yuliana Sri Maharani Nomor Mahasiswa : 061214126
Demi Pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE IN FLUENCE OF OLIVE’S PERSONALITY ON HIS MOTIVATION
TO MURDER ELEGANT EFFENDI AND ENISHTE EFFENDI
AS SEEN IN ORHAN PAMUK’S MY NAME IS RED
Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikan di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalty kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 31 Oktober 2011 Yang menyatakan,
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ABSTRACT
Maharani, Yuliana S. 2011.The Influence of Olive’s Personality on His
Motivation to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi as Seen in Orhan
Pamuk’s My Name is Red. Yogyakarta: Department of Language and Arts
Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.Some people are brave enough to commit crimes particularly killing other people. This deed is influenced by certain factors and reasons. These factors and reasons can be emerged from ourselves or society. In the novel entitled My Name is Red, Olive, the murder character, has personality traits which influence on his motivation to murder his fellows, Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi.
In this study, there are two research questions analyzed. The first question is how is the personality of Olive, the murderer, described in the novel? The second question is w hat are Olive‟s motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi?
The method of this study is library research. The primary source is the novel entitled My Name is Red. The secondary sources are taken from books and articles which discuss psychological approach theory, character and characteristics theory, personality theories, and motivation theory.
In this study, there are two results of the analysis. The first resul t is Olive‟s personality traits. Olive is described as arrogant, reckless, enthusiastic, determined, self-confident, prejudiced, sensitive, stubborn, and tricky. Malignant narcissism in Olive‟ arrogance becomes the biggest influence in his motivation to murder.
The second result is Olive‟s motivation to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi. There are four motivations on why Olive commits this deed. The first motivation is approach motivation. Olive is reckless in taking the risk to murder because of his desire to be a free illuminator. The second motivation is achievement motivation. Olive wants to see the final painting in order to make sure that this painting does not block his goal. The third motivation is emotional motivation. Olive is afraid of Elegant
‟s reaction who wants to endanger miniaturist and Olive is angry toward Enishte because of his rejection. The forth motivation is social motivation. There are two background motives influence social motivation. They are aggression motive and harmavoidance motive. Olive is frustrated by Enishte‟s rejection and Olive‟s need to escape from the punishment by Ezurumis. There are two suggestions provided for the researchers who want to analyze the same novel. The researchers can analyze Olive‟s perspective toward the relation between culture and the society of miniaturists in Istanbul. For the researchers who are interested in love story, they can analyze Black‟s struggle in reaching his love toward Shekure. This study provides a lesson plan as the material for teaching Basic Reading 1. The material is taken from the novel which consists of five pages. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ABSTRAK
Maharani, Yuliana S. 2011.The Influence of Olive’s Personality on His
Motivation to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi as Seen in Orhan
Pamuk’s My Name is Red. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa
Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu
Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Beberapa orang berani melakukan kejahatan seperti halnya membunuh orang lain karena didadasarkan oleh faktor dan alasan tertentu. Faktor dan alasan tersebut biasanya berasal dari luar maupun dari dalam diri pribadi seseorang. Di dalam novel My Name is Red, Olive, seorang pembunuh, memiliki kepribadian yang berpengaruh terhadap motivasinya untuk membunuh dua rekan miniaturis yaitu Elegant Effendi dan Enishte Effendi.
Terdapat dua permasalahan yang dianalisa dalam studi ini. Masalah pertama adalah bagaimana kepribadian Olive digambarkan dalam novel My Name is Red. Masalah yang kedua adalah apa motivasi Olive membunuh Elegant Effendi dan Enishte effendi?
Metode yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah studi pustaka. Sumber utamanya adalah novel My Name is Red. Sumber-sumber pendukung lainnya adalah buku dan artikel tentang teori pendekatan psikologi, teori karakter dan karateristik, teori kepribadian, dan teori motivasi.
Terdapat dua hasil analisa dalam studi ini. Hasil analisa yang pertama dalah karakteristik kepribadian Olive. Olive digambarkan sebagai seorang yang angkuh, nekat, antusias, tekun, pecaya diri, buruk sangka, sensitive, keras kepala, dan licik. Malignant narcissism yang ada pada keangkuhan Olive menjadi pengaruh besar dalam motivasinya untuk membunuh. Hasil analisa yang kedua adalah motivasi Olive membunuh Elegant Effendi dan Enishte Effendi. Terdapat empat motivasi mengapa Olive membunuh. Motivasi pertama adalah motivasi mendekat. Olive membunuh karena keinginanna menjadi pelukis yang bebas. Motivasi kedua adalah motivasi pencapaian. Olive ingin melihat lukisan terakhir hanya untuk memastikan bahwa lukisan tersebut tidak menjadi penghalang dalam pencapaian mimpinya. Motivasi ketiga adalah motivasi emosi. Olive takut dengan reaksi Elegant yang akan membahayakan para miniatur dan juga marah akan penolakan Enishte. Motivasi keempat adalah motivasi social yang dilatarbelakangi oleh motivasi agresi dan motivasi harmavoidance. Olive frustrasi karena penolakan Enishte dan Olive menghidari hukuman dari para Ezurumis. Terdapat saran bagi para peneliti yang tertarik menganalisa novel yang sama. Mereka dapat meneliti persepsi Olive tentang hubungan antara kebudayaan dan kelompok miniaturis di Istanbul serta perjuangan Black dalam mendapatkan cinta Shekure. Studi ini juga menyediakan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran untuk mata kuliah
Basic Reading I dengan menyertakan lima halaman bacaan yang diambil dari
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to extend my gratitude to Jesus Christ for his blessing during my thesis writing process. He gives me strength when I am down, lazy, and confused. He gives me hope and spirit to keep moving on. I realize,
Jesus always on my side in every situation and I believe in Him. Finally, I never
give up finishing it, no matter the obstacle is. By his help, I am able to finish my thesis.
I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my advisor, Henny , who has given me suggestions and carefully read my Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum. thesis. Consequently, I am more careful to the small things which have big influence in my thesis. I am so grateful for her patience, support, and advice from the beginning until the end of my thesis accomplishment.
My next gratitude goes to my beloved parents, Bapak P. Paryata and Ibu
F. Harmiyati , who never stop giving their big support to me. I am grateful for
their prayers. My parents are my spirits that always remind me to be strong. They always live in my mind and in my heart all the time. I beg forgiveness for making both of you worried about my thesis and for spending long time to finish it. I would like to express my gratitude for my nephew, Bayu, for motivating me to finish my thesis.
My sincerely gratitude goes to my beloved boyfriend, Posma Japan
Arlindungan Siregar , who gives me advice, support, and care. He always
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writing my thesis. He is willing to give some advice and suggestions to overcome my problems in writing my thesis.
My next gratitude is expressed to my beloved friends, Ratna, Mbak Rini, who have given their support. They always
Donna, Mbak Lia, Adria and Ika,
remind me to work on my thesis. They always entertain me when I am sad and a little bit give up facing the obstacles. I am happy and proud of having friends like them. I thank to Sedik and Kisruh who always accompany me during thesis consultation. I also give my deepest gratitude to Veronika Zita Setiani for being my proofreader. Her help is very helpful. I am able to make up my thesis and decrease grammar mistakes I have made.
The last but not least I would like to extend my gratitude to all lectures of in Sanata Dharma University
English Language Education Study Program
for teaching and sharing their knowledge. They have given big contribution for me to enrich my knowledge in mastering English.
Yuliana Sri Maharani
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES....................................................................................... ii PAGE OF DEDICATION................................................................................ iv STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY................................................ v
................................................ vi
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... vii .......................................................................................................... viii
ABSTRAK
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................................................. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study.................................................................. 1 B. Problem Formulation......................................................................... 2 C. Objectives of the Study..................................................................... 3 D. Benefits of the Study........................................................................ 3 E. Definition of Terms........................................................................... 4 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories.............................................................. 6
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3. Theories of Personality.......................................................... 9
a. Definition of Personality..................................................... 9 1) Psychodynamic Theory...................................................... 10
1.1) Freud‟s Psychoanalytic Theory.............................. 10 1.2) Adler‟s Individual Psychology............................... 14 1.3) Fromm‟s Humanistic Psychoanalysis..................... 15 1.4) Sullivan‟s Interpersonal Theory............................. 16
2) Skinner‟s Behavioral Analysis in Learning Theory.......... 19
4. The Influence of Personality on Motivation.......................... 20
5. Theory of Motivation............................................................. 21
a. Definition of Motivation..................................................... 21
b. Approach and Avoidant Motivation................................... 21
c. Human Motives................................................................... 22
d. Emotional Motivation......................................................... 25
e. Social Motivation................................................................ 28
B. Theoretical Framework..................................................................... 32
CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study........................................................................... 33 B. Approach of the Study...................................................................... 34 C. Method of the Study......................................................................... 35
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CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Description of Olive‟s Character............................................... 37
1. Personality Description.......................................................... 38
a. Arrogant.............................................................................. 38
b. Reckless.............................................................................. 41
c. Enthusiastic......................................................................... 42
d. Determined......................................................................... 44
e. Self-confident..................................................................... 45
f. Prejudiced............................................................................ 46
g. Sensitive.............................................................................. 47
h. Stubborn.............................................................................. 48 i. Tricky................................................................................... 50
B. Ol ive‟s Motivations to Murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi................................................................................. 52
1. Ol ive‟s Approach Motivation................................................ 52
2. Olive‟s Achievement Motivation........................................... 54
3. Olive‟s Emotional Motivation............................................... 58
4. Olive‟s Social Motivation...................................................... 60
a. Olive‟s Aggression Motivation........................................... 60
b. Olive‟s Harmavoidance Motivation.................................... 62
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B. Suggestions....................................................................................... 65
1. Suggestions for Future Researchers....................................... 65
2. Suggestion for Teaching Implementation.............................. 66
REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 68
................................................................................................. 71
APPENDICES
A. Summary of My Name is Red.......................................................... 72
B. Biography of Orhan Pamuk.............................................................. 75
C. Lesson Plan for Teaching Basic Reading 1...................................... 79
D. Materials........................................................................................... 85
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This study has five parts to be discussed, namely background of the study,
problem formulation, research objectives, research benefits, and definition of terms. This study elaborates the influence of personality toward motivation to murder as seen in character of a miniaturist named Olive in Orhan Pamuk‟s My Name Is Red.
The objective of this study is to prove that personality influences behavior which is able to motivate someone to murder. The benefit of the study is to give perspective to the readers. The last part, definition of terms is aimed to portray the terms which are used in this study as the keywords.
A. Background of the Study
As we know, people who are living in this world are different. They have different personality, social background, culture, language, and many others.
These differences or diversities make people become unique. In this life, people live with others because they need support, friends or someone to talk. On the contrary, several people decide to live alone because they tend to be individualistic and selfish. This case is closely related to human personality because from their personality we can see the way they act to others.
In 2009, Steven, Susan, and Mark described, “personality is central to
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their behavior. Research by Jess and Gregory (2009) revealed that “personality is a pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individual to a person‟s behavior” (p. 4).
Sometimes, personality is complicated. Some people may have two or more personalities. This situation occurs to few people. When people are facing a threatening situation, they are able to show certain personality based on the situation happen in order to defend themselves. This personality influences people‟s behavior which motivates them to make actions in reality. Behavior and motivation cannot be separated because “motivation theorists start with the assumption that, for every behavior, there is a cause. In addition, motivation also studies what instigates behavior
” (E. Franken, 2002, p. 3). Human personality can motivate someone to murder because of a particular reason and background. This situation can be seen in a fiction novel written by Ferit Orhan Pamuk entitle My Name Is Red. In this novel, there is a character named Olive. He is a great miniaturist. He is a kind and friendly person but in a threatening and certain situation he can change his attitude to be an evil. Olive is audacious to kill others including his best friend. Based on this situation, the writer wants to reveal the personality traits of Olive and Olive‟s motivation to murder.
B. Problem Formulation
This study discusses two questions found in the novel, as follows:
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What are Olive‟s motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi?
C. Objectives of the Study
The purpose of this study is to answer the questions stated in problem formulation. The first one is to answer Olive‟s personality described in the novel.
The second one is to answer Olive motivations to murder Elegant Effendi and Enishte Effendi. Those two questions are closely related to each other. Basically, the first problem formulation helps the writer to find out the answer of the second one.
D. Benefits of the Study
The benefits of this study are to give perspective to the readers especially for students of English Education Study Program to learn more about literature by finding human personality of a character in the novel. The writer also learns a lot about the theories of personality. The writer gets knowledge related to the character of human being that influences their behavior in their life. The writer also learns about human motivation and its theories. From this study, the writer finds out that life is a matter of control and choice. The murderer character in this novel has killed two people, his senior and his best friend, because he cannot control himself and choose the wrong decision. This study also can be an authentic material for the teacher in teaching reading by taking some parts of this study as references.
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E. Definition of Terms
To avoid misunderstanding, the terms that are important in this study are stated in the following: The first is personality. There are some definitions of personality from some psychologist.
Guilford revealed that personality is “a person‟s unique pattern of traits” (as cited in Mischel, 1981, p. 2). In addition, S. William (1981) revealed that p ersonality is “the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his characteristic behavior and thought” (p. 3). In this study, personality can portray how Olive‟s behavior and thoughts can influence and encourage him to murder. In the other hand, Worchel (1989) revealed that p ersonality is also a pattern of human‟s behavior that influences the way people adapt to the environment:
Personality is the unique set of behaviors (including thoughts and emotions) and enduring qualities that influence the way a person adjusts to his or her environment. It makes people unique and causes them to act or see situations differently from anyone else” (p. 461).
Based on the explanation above, the writer concludes that personality is a unique behavior that includes thoughts and emotions which are able to guide people to act based on the situation happened. Olive is a unique person because he is different from others. He has different behavior, thoughts, and emotions. This factors lead him to act based on the situation happened. In the threatening situation, Olive can murder people because of his emotions and thoughts.
The second In 2000, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy stated
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this study, the motivation describes and explains Oliv e‟s need, desire, and interest to reach his goal and to murder others.
The third is murder. The word murder comes from the Latinate “murdrum” (Anonymous, 2011). The word murder means “the unlawful and intentional killing of one human being by another” (“Encyclopedia”). In addition, The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) revealed Murder, as a verb, means “kill (somebody) unlawfully and with premeditation” (p. 1116). In this study, murder refers to Olive action in order to control the situation and to battle for his own goal.
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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of some theories which play role in analyzing this
study. The theories in the first part are known as theory of critical approach, theory of character and characterization, theories of personality, the influence of personality toward motivation, and theories of motivation which can be seen in review of related theories. The second part discusses theoretical framework.
A. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Critical Approaches
Critical approaches are necessarily used in helping the writer to analyze a literary work. In 1971, Woods and Rohrberger divided five kinds of approaches.
The first is formalist approach.
This approach “insists on the total integrity of the literary piece and concentrates almost entirely on esthetic value” (p. 6). It focuses on the esthetic value which is closely related to the meaning derived from structure and the matter of technique which can determine structure.
The second is Biographical Approach. This approach is employed to emphasize the idea and personality of the author in order to understand the literary object. Literary work is a reflection of a personality of the author. Therefore, the reader tries to learn the author biography to get better understanding his/ her writing (p. 8-9).
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environment. Sociocultural-historical approach insists that the only way to locate the real work is in reference to the civilization that produces it (p. 9).
The fourth is Mythopoeic Approach. This approach seeks to discover pattern of human thought which believe as the expression in literary work. Human thought is the basic pattern which is found in ancient myth. Folk Philip Wheelwright defines myth as “the expression of communication mind which has enjoyed long natural growth, so that the sense of togetherness becomes patterned and semantically significant” (p. 11).
The fifth is Psychological Approach. This approach is employed to understand human motivation, behavior, and personality in analyzing literary work. Human personality is divided into three parts. They are the ego, the super ego, and the id. They are stays “within the mind of a man and often in conflict with one another
.” Human personality “develops from infancy through childhood until adolescence” (p. 14). The writer uses this approach since it is appropriate to the analysis.
2. Theory of Character and Characterization
The character is so prominent in the novel. By giving a character in the story of the novel, the author can convey many things such as messages, moral values, and advice to the readers.
According to Henkle (1972), character is divided into major and minor character. The major charac ter is the person who “often appears in the novel,
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limited human flexibility and range, and they are fixed in one eccentric mold of behavior (p. 99). According to E. M. Forster (1974), character is divided into two types. They are flat and round character (p. 47). In the seventeenth century, flat characters were called “humours”, types and caricatures. “Flat characters are constructed round a single idea or quality; when there is more than one factor in them, we get the beginning of the curve towards the roun d” (Forster, 1974, p. 47). Flat character is also known as a stable character from the beginning until the end of the story. The advantages of flat characters are that they are easily recognized and remembered. Round characters “have already been defined by implication and no more need be said
” (Forster, 1974, p. 53). Round characters change their reactions differently based on different situations.
To know further about the characters and their personalities in the novel, the writer chooses a book entitle UNDERSTANDING UNSEEN: An Introduction to English Poetry and The Novel for Overseas Students. In this book, M. J. Murphy (1972), the author, mentions several ways or attempts on how to make characters understandable and vividly for the readers. The first way is personal description. Through personal description, “the author can describe a person‟s appear ance and clothes” (p. 161). The readers get the information of the characters through physical appearance. The second way is character as seen by another. Murphy stated that
“Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes an d opinions of another” (p. 162). The readers
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author can give us an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that per son says” (p.164). The readers know the characteristic of the character through the way the character having conversation to others and whenever the character speaks.
The fourth way is past life. “By letting the reader learn something about a person‟s past life the author can give us a clue to events that have helped to shape a person‟s character” (p. 166). The fifth way is conversation of others. “The author can also give us clues to a person‟s character through the conversations of other people and the thi ng they say about him” (p. 167). The sixth way is reactions. “The author can also give us a clue to a person‟s character by letting us know how that person reacts to various situations and events” (p. 168). The seventh way is direct comment. “The author can describe or comment on a person
‟s character directly” (p. 170). The eighth way is thoughts. “The author can give us direct knowledge of what a per son is thinking about” (p. 171). The last way is mannerism. “The author can describe a person‟s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell us somethi ng about his character” (p. 173).
3. Theories of Personality
a. Definition of Personality
The word personality comes from the Latin word persona, which refers to a mask used by actors in Greek dramas. It is easy how persona came to refer to outward appearance, the public face we display to the people around us. Based on
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Walter Mischel (1981) , “personality usually refers to the distinctive patterns
(including thoughts as well as “affects,” that is, feelings and emotions and actions) that characterize each individual enduringly” (p.4).
In 2009, Jess F. and Gregory J. F. revealed some theories of personalities based on several researchers and their theories as follows:
1) Psychodynamic Theory
a) Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
Sigmud Freud has named his theory of personality as psychoanalytic theory. The purpose of this theory is to analyze human nature. Psychoanalytic theory is divided into five. The first is level of mental life. Freud has divided mental life into three levels, unconscious, preconscious and conscious.
Unconscious “contains all those drives, urges, or instincts that are beyond our awareness but that nevertheless motivate most our words, feelings, and actions” ( as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 24). It deals with the unknown mental processes in the mind whereas we are conscious of our behavior. Freud also concludes that dream is the source of unconscious material.
Preconscious “contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either quite readily or with some difficulty” (p. 25). This level comes from both conscious perception and unconscious perception.
Consciousness deals with mental elements, in which, we are aware of it at the point time. Consciousness can be reached from two different directions. First
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external stimuli” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 26). I conclude that everything that we feel by our sense organs included into consciousness.
The second is Provinces of the mind. It is divided into three. They are the Id, the ego, and the superego. The id deals with unconscious psychical region and has no contact with reality. The purpose of Id is “to seek pleasure without regard for what is proper or just” (p. 28). The ego deals with reality because it becomes “the decision-making or executive branch of personality” (p. 29). It also becomes partly of three levels of mental life. According to Freud, “ego continues to develop strategies for handling the id‟s unrealistic and unrelenting demands for pleasure” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p. 29). The superego reveals “the moral and ideal aspects of personality and is guided by the moralistic and idealistic principles as opposed to the pleasure principle of the id and the realistic principle of the ego” (p. 30). Superego has two subsystems. They are conscience that teaches us what we should not do and ego-ideal that teaches us what we should do.
The third is dynamics of personality. It is divided into drives including sex and aggression and Anxiety. Drives deals with the stimulus reaction within a person which is aimed to seek pleasure. Drives related sex means stimulus reaction to seek pleasure but not only in genital satisfaction. Sex can take many forms such as narcissism, love, sadism, and masochism. Meanwhile, aggression drive connects to self- destruction. According to Freud, “the aim of destructive
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teasing, gossip, sarcasm, humiliation, humor, and enjoyment of others people‟s suffering.
Anxiety deals with unpleasant situation. There are three kinds of anxiety. First is neurotic anxiety that occurs because of unknown danger. Second is moral anxiety occurs from the conflict between the ego and the superego. Third is realistic anxiety that occurs because of fear.
The fourth is Defense Mechanisms. It is divided into six. They are repression, reaction formation, displacement, fixation, regression, projection, introjection, and sublimation. The writer only uses reaction formation, fixation, and projection which influence Olive‟s personality.
Repression is the self-defend by repressing drives and expressing in displace and disguise forms to deceive the ego. Reaction Formation is a defense mechanism “in which a repressed impulse may become conscious is through adopting a disguise that is directly opposite its or iginal form” (p. 35). It means that we hide the true anxiety by showing fake feeling to defend ourselves.
Displacement is to displace our feeling such as anger, anxiety into other objects or persons. In displacement “people can redirect their unacceptable urges onto a variety of people or objects so that the original impulse is di sguised or concealed” (p. 36).
Fixation is a defense that is influenced by the process of psychologically growing up which full of stressful and anxious moment for example “when the
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stage” (p. 36). Regression occurs when “libido has passed a developmental stage, it may, during time of stress and anxiety, revert back to that earlier s tage” (p. 36). It means that although we have grown up and become adult, we can act as a child like we do previously to defend ourselves.
Projection can be defined “as seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in one‟s own unconscious” (p. 37). It means that we usually blame unacceptable feeling to other people whereas this unacceptable feeling comes from our unconsciousness. The extreme type of projection is paranoia
. Interjection is “a defense mechanism whereby people incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego” (p. 37). This defense mechanism shows the way people defend their self by imitating or adopting other people‟s act, style, etc. Sublimation is “the repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim” (p. 38). The sublimation aim is shown in creative cultural accomplishment such as art, music, literature, human relationship, and other social activities.
The fifth is stages of development. It is divided into four periods. The first is infantile Period. This period posses a sexual life in human through pregenital sexual development and occurs when they are 4 or 5 years after birth. There are three phases in infantile stage such as oral phase, anal phase, and phallic phase.
The second is latency period. This period portray that children‟s sexual activity has been bordered by the parents. The third is genital period that is shown the
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balancing “among the structures of the mind, with their ego controlling their id and superego but at the same time allowing for reasonable desire and demands” (p. 46).
b) Adler’s Individual Psychology
Alfred Adler is one of the researchers who contribute his theories of personality. Adler revealed that i ndividual psychology presents “an optimistic view of people while resting heavily on the notion of social interest, that is, a feeling of oneness with all humankind ” (as cited in Jess & Gregory, 2009, p 65). There are seven level of individual psychology. The first theory is striving for success or superiority. This theory is divided into four namely the final goal, the striving force as compensation, striving for personal superiority, and striving for success. The writer uses two theories, namely final goal and striving for personal supe riority since those theories has big influence toward Olive‟s personality.
According to Adler, the final goal has great significance because it unifies personality and renders all behavior comprehensible. Adler agrees that people struggle to get their own final goal in their life. He also conveys that final goal is fictional and has no objective. That is why the final goal is called as a product of creative power, that is, “people ability to freely shape their behavior and create their own perso nality” (p. 70). The striving force as compensation means the struggle of human to look for success by compensating the weakness and feelings of inferiority. Striving for
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personal inferiority and are motivated by the overcompensation for covering their personal inferiority. Striving for success deals with the success of people is psychologically healthy because they look for and struggle for the success for human being not only for individual superiority.
The second is subjective perceptions which are divided into two namely fictionalism and physical inferiorities. The third is unity and self-consistency of personality. There are two ways people operate with unity and self-consistency. They are organ dialect and conscious and unconscious. The fourth is social interest. The fifth is style of life.
The six is creative power. Alder believes that “each person is empowered with the freedom to create her or his own style of life and they are responsible for who they are and how they behave” (p.79). It means that human are freely to be whatever they want. Human creative power leads and controls their life, determine the way they behave to gain their goal, and give responsible for their final goal.
The last is abnormal development. The writer also uses this theory to analyze Olive‟s personality.
c) Fromm’s Humanistic Psychoanalysis
Erich Fromm contributes the theory of humanistic psychology. Fromm assumed that “humanity‟s separation from the natural world has produced feelings of loneliness and isolation, a condition called basic anxiety (as cited in Jess &
Gregory, 2009, p. 187). There are four aspects which relate well to F romm‟s
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of orientation. The second is the burden of freedom. Fromm divides it into two namely mechanism of escape and positive freedom. The third is character orientations which are also divided into namely nonproductive orientations and the productive orientations.