Bioaugmentasi Benzena Tanah Tercemar Hid
%LRWD9RO9,,,2NWREHU
,661
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ
'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR GHQJDQ0HQJJXQDNDQ%DFLOOXV 6S6WUDLQ
8GDQ8
%LRDXJPHQWDWLRQRILQYLWUR %HQ]HQH+\GURFDUERQ%LRGHJUDGDWLRQRQ&RQWDPLQDWHG
6RLOE\%DFLOOXV 6S6WUDLQ8DQG8
$JXV,ULDQWR
2HGMLRQR$JXV5L\DQWR 06\DPVXO.RPDU
)DNXOWDV%LRORJL8QLYHUVLWDV-HQGHUDO6RHGLUPDQ3XUZRNHUWR
NRUHVSRQGHQVL
$EVWUDFW
6RLO SROOXWLRQ E\ VXEVWDQFHV VXFK DV EHQ]HQH FDQ FDXVH VHULRXVSUREOHPVVXFK DVDTXLIHU
FRQWDPLQDWLRQDQGUHGXFWLRQRIWKHELRGLYHUVLW\RIRUJDQLVPV$QXPEHURIPLFURRUJDQLVPV
DUH FDSDEOH WR GHJUDGH VXFK VXEVWDQFHV QDWXUDOO\ +RZHYHU LQWURGXFWLRQ RI DQ\ RWKHU
PLFURRUJDQLVPV DQG RU QXWULHQW ELRDXJPHQWDWLRQ DUH QHFHVVDU\ LQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKH
ELRGHJUDGDWLRQUDWH7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHHIIHFWRILQWURGXFLQJSURPLVLQJORFDOVWUDLQV
RI %DFLOOXV QDPHO\ 8 DQG 8 DQG XUHD DGGLWLRQ DW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZY 7KH
SDUDPHWHU PHDVXUHG ZDV EHQ]HQH S+ PLFURELDO QXPEHU DQG &2 7KH EHVW UHVXOW ZDV
UHYHDOHGIURPELRDXJPHQWDWLRQRIPL[WXUHRI8DQG8+RZHYHUWKDWUHVXOWZDVQRW
VLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQFHZLWKWKHXVHRIVLQJOHHLWKHUVWUDLQ8RU8UHVSHFWLYHO\
.H\ZRUGV%DFLOOXVELRDXJPHQWDWLRQELRGHJUDGDWLRQVRLOEHQ]HQH
'LWHULPD$SULOGLVHWXMXL6HSWHPEHU
3 HQGDKXOXDQ
6HQ\DZD DURPDWLN PHUXSDNDQ VHQ\DZD
UHNDOVLWUDQ \DQJ VXOLW GLXUDLNDQ ROHK PLNURED
$WODV %DUWKD 6DODK VDWX VHQ\DZD
DURPDWLNSHQ\XVXQPLQ\DNEXPL\DLWXEHQ]HQD
\DQJ PHPLOLNL FLQFLQ DURPDWLN WXQJJDO
%HQ]HQD GDSDW EHUVLIDW WRNVLN WHUKDGDS
OLQJNXQJDQ DQWDUD ODLQ PHPSHQJDUXKL PHWD
EROLVPDEDNWHULKHWHURWURILNSDGDSHUDLUDQGDQ
VHGLPHQ WHWDSL VLIDW WRNVLN WHUVHEXW WLGDN
VHEHVDU KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWLN \DQJ GLJRORQJ
NDQ VHEDJDL 3$+ SRO\QXFOHDU DURPDWLF
K\GURFDUERQ VHSHUWL QDIWDOHQ GDQ IHQDQWUHQ
&DSRQH %DXHU 6LIDW WRNVLN
GLPLQLPDOLVDVL PHODOXL SHPHFDKDQ FLQFLQ
DURPDWLN GHQJDQ PHPDQIDDWNDQ HQ]LP
PLNURED
6HMXPODK PLNURED GLNHWDKXL PDPSX
PHQGHJUDGDVL VHQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWL N
%DNWHUL \DQJ GLNHWDKXL PDPSX PHQGHJUDGDVL
VHQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWLN DQWDUD ODLQ
3VHXGRPRQDV $UWKUREDFWHU $OFDOLJHQHV
%UHYLEDFWHULXP %UHYLEDFLOOXV GDQ %DFLOOXV
%DOEDHWDO*ULVKFKHQNRY HWDO
&KHQ HW DO 6SHVLHVVSHVLHV %DFLOOXV
\DQJ PDPSX PHQGHJUDGDVL NRPSRQHQPLQ\DN
EXPL EHUXSD VHQ\DZD DURPDWLN DQWDUD ODLQ
%DFLOOXV PDFHUDQV % P\FRLGHV %
PHJDWHULXP % VXEWLOLV % SXPLOXV %
WKHUPROHRYRUDQV % JRUGRQDH GDQ %
EHQ]RHYRUDQV 6KDUSOH\3LFKLQRW\HWDO
=DULOOD 3HUU\
3HQFHPDUDQ KLGURNDUERQ GDSDW EHUODQJ
VXQJ SDGD DLU WDQDK GDQ XGDUD 3HQFHPDUDQ
LWXEHUDVDOGDULLQGXVWULSHUPLQ\DNDQKXOXKLOLU
GDQ GLVWULEXVLQ\D 3DGD VHMXPODK NDVXV
SHQFHPDUDQ \DQJ WHUMDGL VDQJDW EHUDW KLQJJD
PHQFHPDUL ODSLVDQ DTXLIHU DLU WDQDK DWDX DUHD
\DQJOXDVGLGDUDWPDXSXQGLSHUDLUDQ
6DODK VDWX XVDKD PHQJDWDVL DNLEDW
SHQFHPDUDQ \DQJ SRSXOHU \DLWX FDUD ELRORJLV
\DQJGLNHQDOVHEDJDLELRUHPHGLDVL(IHNWLYLWDV
ELRUHPHGLDVL VDQJDW GLWHQWXNDQ ROHK IDNWRU
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR
IDNWRU WHUWHQWX VHSHUWL NRQVHQWUDVL PLNURED
SHQGHJUDGDVL FHPDUDQ NRQVHQWUDVL FHPDUDQ
VXKXS+RSWLPXPNHWHUVHGLDDQRNVLJHQGDQ
QXWULHQ%RXZHU
3HQHOLWLDQ VHFDUD LQ YLWUR PHQJJXQDNDQ
%DFLOOXV VWUDLQ ORNDO WHODK GLODNXNDQ XQWXN
PHQJHWDKXL NHPDPSXDQQ\D GDODP PHQGHJUD
GDVLWROXHQ,ULDQWR .RPDU3HQHOLWLDQ
\DQJ GLODNXNDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD SHQDP
EDKDQGXDVWUDLQ%DFLOOXV VHFDUDEHUVDPDVDPD
GDQ GHQJDQ SHQDPEDKDQ XUHD PDPSX
PHQQXUXQNDQ NDGDU WROXHQD GDUL SSP
PHQMDGL SSP DWDX SHQXUXQDQ
GDODPPDVDWLJDPLQJJX6XSOHPHQWDVLQXWULHQ
EHUXSD VXPEHU 1 PLVDOQ\D XUHD DWDX DPRQLD
GDSDW PHQLQJNDWNDQ NHPDPSXDQ PLNURED
GDODP PHQGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ 6DEDUQL
,ULDQWR .RPDU
0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ
,VRODW %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 \DQJ
GLLVRODVL GDUL 7DPDQ 1DVLRQDO 8MXQJNXORQ
GLUHPDMDNDQ SDGD PHGLXP DJDU QXWULHQ 1$
2[RLG 6HODQMXWQ\D GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD
PHGLXP NDOGX QXWULHQ 1%2[RLG GDQ
GLLQNXEDVL [ MDP 0LNURED \DQJ WXPEXK
SDGDNDOGXQXWULHQGLKLWXQJSRSXODVLQ\DVHFDUD
ODQJVXQJ PHQJJXQDNDQ KHPRVLWRPHWHU -LND
MXPODK VHO WHODK PHQFDSDL VHOPO PDND
NXOWXUGDSDWGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLLQRNXOXPMLND
NXUDQJ PDND KDUXV GLSHNDWNDQ GHQJDQ VHQWUL
IXJDVLGDQPHPEXDQJVHEDJLDQFDLUDQDOLTXRW
GDQMLNDEHUOHELKKDUXVGLHQFHUNDQ
'LVLDSNDQ HPEHU SODVWLN YROXPH OLWHU
VHVXDL NHEXWXKDQ EXDK PDVLQJ PDVLQJ
GLLVLGHQJDQWDQDK\DQJWHUFHPDUPLQ\DNEXPL
VHEDQ\DN J VHODQMXWQ\D GLLVL GHQJDQ
DNXDGHV VWHULO VHEDQ\DN PO GDQ GLDGXN
UDWD,QRNXOXP\DQJVXGDKVLDSGLLQRNXODVLNDQ
NH PDVLQJPDVLQJ HPEHU SODVWLN VHEDQ\DN
POGDQGLWDPEDKNDQXUHDEHUDWYROXPH
8QWXN SHQJJXQDDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ PDND
SHQDPEDKDQ GLODNXNDQ VHLPEDQJ GHQJDQ
PHQDPEDKNDQ PO GDUL PDVLQJPDVLQJ
VXVSHQVL %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 $GDSXQ
NRQWURO GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ SHQDPEDK DQ PO
DNXDGHV VWHULO 3HUODNXDQ WHUVHEXW PDVLQJ
PDVLQJ GHQJDQ WLJD XODQJDQ GDQ GLDPDWL SDGD
DZDO SHQHOLWLDQ DNKLU PLQJJX NH DNKLU
PLQJJXNHGDQDNKLUPLQJJXNH
%HEHUDSD SHXEDK \DQJ GLDPDWL \DLWX
NDGDU EHQ]HQD VLVD GHQJDQ *& 1RHJURKDWL
&2 EHEDV $3+$ MXPODK VHO
PLNURED PHQJJXQDNDQ DJDU FDZDQ DWDX 73&
7RWDO 3ODWH &RXQW -RHWRQR GNN GDQ
QLODLS+GHQJDQS+PHWHU+RULED)/
+DVLOGDQ3HPEDKDVDQ
+DVLO SHQHOLWLDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD
SRSXODVL PLNURED WHUXV PHQLQJNDW GDU L DZDO
SHUODNXDQ KLQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH
3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL \DQJ WDMDP WHUMDGL SDGD
PLQJJX NH SDGD SHQJJXQDDQ %DFLOOXV 8
GDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ 3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL
\DQJ WDMDP SDGD 8 EHUODQJVXQJ SDGD
PLQJJX NH 3DGD DNKLU SHQHOLWLDQ PLQJJX
NH SHQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL PLNURED SDOLQJ
EHVDU WHUMDGL SDGD SHUODNXDQ LQRNXODVL FDP
SXUDQ%DFLOOXV 8GDQ8KDOLQLPHQXQMXN
NDQEDKZDNHUMDNHGXDMDVDGWHUVHEXWEHUVLIDW
VLQHUJLV EDLN DQWDUD NHGXDQ\D PDXSXQ GHQJDQ
MDVDG HQGRJHQ VXEVWUDW WHUVHEXW 3RSX ODVL
PLNURED SDGD NRQWURO WHUXV PHQLQJNDW WHWDSL
WDQSD DGD ORQMDNDQ SHUWXPEXKDQ SRSXODVL
3DGD OLQJNXQJDQ EDUX PLNURED DNDQ PHQJD
ODPL IDVH DGDSWDVL VHEHOXP GDSDW WXPEXK
GHQJDQ EDLN 0DVD DGDSWDVL DQWDUD DQJJRWD
VSHVLHVVDWXGHQJDQODLQQ\DEHUEHGDWHUJDQWX QJ
NHPDPSXDQ PDVLQJPDVLQJ VWUDLQ DQJJRWD
VSHVLHV GDODP PHQDQJJDSL OLQJNXQJDQQ\D
$WODV %DUWKD 3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL
PLNURED HQGRJHQ WDPSDNQ\D GLVWLPXODVL ROHK
SHPEHULDQ XUHD 7DEHO 3HQLQJNDWDQ
WHUVHEXWVHMDODQGHQJDQSHUXEDKDQSDGDSHXE DK
\DQJ ODLQ \DQJ PHQMDGL LQGLNDWRU DNWLYLWDV
PLNURED SDGD GHJUDGDVL EHQ]HQD \DLWX NDGDU
EHQ]HQDS+GDQNDGDU&2
.DGDU EHQ]HQD SDGD VHPXD SHUODNXDQ
WHUXV PHQXUXQ GDUL DZDO SHQHOLWLDQ KLQJJD
PLQJJX NH 3HQXUXQDQ SDOLQJ WDMDP WHUMDGL
SDGD PLQJJX NH PLVDOQ\D SDGD SHUODNXDQ
PHQJJXQDNDQ%DFLOOXV 8\DQJPHQXQMXNNDQ
SHQXUXQDQ EHQ]HQD GDUL SSP PHQMDGL
SSP GDQ SDGD NRQWURO
SSP 0HVNLSXQ SDGD GDODP PLQJJX
SHUWDPDNLQHUMD %DFLOOXV 8PHUXSDNDQ\DQJ
WHUEDLN WHWDSL SDGD DNKLU SHQHOLWLDQ PLQJJX
%LRWD9RO9,,,2NWREHU
$JXV,ULDQWRHWDO
NH SHQXUXQDQ NDGDU EHQ]HQD WHUEDLN
GLSHUROHK SDGD SHQJJXQDDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ
GHQJDQ VLVD EHQ]HQD VHEHVDU SSP DWDX
PHQXUXQ 3DGD SHQDPEDKDQ %DFLOOXV
8 VLVD EHQ]HQD VHEHVDU SSP
8 SSP GDQ
NRQWUROSSP
'DWDSDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD
SHQDPEDKDQ QXWULHQ EHUXSD 1 XUHD PDPSX
PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX GHJUDGDVL EHQ]HQD ROHK
PLNUREDHQGRJHQ%LRDXJPHQWDVL %DFLOOXV 8
GDQ 8 DWDX FDPSXUDQQ\D WHUEXNWL GDSDW
PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX ELRGHJUDGDVL VHNLWDU
'DWD SDGD 7DEHO PHUXSDNDQ EXNWL EDKZD
NHUMD VLQHUJLVWLN DQWDUD EHUDJDP PLNURED
GDODPKDOLQLPLNUREDHQGRJHQLVRODW8GDQ
8 VHFDUD EHUVDPDVDPD PDPSX PHQXQMXN
NDQKDVLOWHUEDLN
+DVLOSHQJXNXUDQPHQXQMXNNDQQLODLS+
VXEVWUDW WHUXV PHQXUXQ VHMDODQ GHQJDQ
EHUODQJVXQJQ\D SURVHV ELRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDU
ERQ %LRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ DNDQ PHQ\H
EDENDQ SHQJXUDLDQ KLGURNDUERQ PHQMDGL
VHQ\DZD VHSHUWL DVDPDVDP RUJDQLN + 2 GDQ
&2 0DGLJDQHWDO3HPEHEDVDQDVDP
DVDP RUJDQLN DNDQ EHUDNLEDW SDGD SHQXUXQDQ
QLODL S+ VXEVWUDW +LQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH
SHUXEDKDQ S+ \DQJ WHUMDGL WLGDN VLJQLILNDQ
3HQXUXQDQ QLODL S+ \DQJ WDMDP KDQ\D
EHUODQJVXQJSDGDPLQJJXSHUWDPD
6HEDJDLPDQD GLWXQMXNNDQ 7DEHO
SHQXUXQDQ S+ \DQJ WHUEHVDU WHUMDGL SDGD
SHUODNXDQ NRQWURO \DLWX GDUL S+ PHQMDGL
S+'LGXJDSHQXUXQDQS+LQLWHUMDGL
NDUHQD DNXPXODVL SURGXN DQWDUD \DQJ EHUVLIDW
DVDP%HUGDVDUNDQGDWDMXPODKPLNURED7DEHO
GHJUDGDVLEHQ]HQD7DEHOGDQNDGDU&2
7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ODMX ELRGHJUD
GDVL SDGD NRQWURO UHODWLI SDOLQJ ODPEDW GLEDQ
GLQJNDQ SHUODNXDQ ODLQQ\D +DO LQL PXQJNLQ
PHUXSDNDQ LQGLNDVL EDKZD ELRDXJPHQWDVL
%DFLOOXV 8 8 GDQ FDPSXUDQQ\D PHP
SHUFHSDW ELRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ VHUWD
WUDQVIRUPDVLNHVHQ\DZD ODQMXWEHUXSD&2 GDQ
+2 VHKLQJJD WLGDN WHUMDGL DNXPXODVL SURGXN
DQWDUDEHUXSDVHQ\DZDVHQ\DZDEHUVLIDWDVDP
0HQXUXW 6DLG GDQ )DX]L
SHQXUXQDQ S+ WHUVHEXW GDSDW SXOD VHEDJDL
DNLEDW VXPEHU 1 \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ 1LODL S+
OLQJNXQJDQDNDQFHQGHUXQJPHQXUXQPDQDNDOD
%LRWD9RO9,,,2NWREHU
VXPEHU1\DQJGLJXQDNDQDGDODKDPRQLDDWDX
XUHD &2>1+ @ $PRQLD SDGD ODUXWDQ GL
EDZDK S+ EHUDGD GDODP EHQWXN 1+
0LNUREDVHODQMXWQ\DDNDQPHQJLNDWQ\DVHEDJDL
51+ 3DGD SURVHV WHUVHEXW VHEXDK LRQ +
DNDQ WHWDS WLQJJDO GL OLQJNXQJDQ VHKLQJJDS+
DNDQWXUXQ
$NWLYLWDVSHPHFDKDQKLGURNDUERQWHUPD
VXNEHQ]HQDSDGDDNKLUQ\DDNDQPHQJKDVLONDQ
SURGXN DNKLU EHUXSD NDUERQ GLRNVLGD &2
GDQ DLU +2 %HUGDVDUNDQ KDO WHUVHEXW
SHQLQJNDWDQNDGDUNDUERQGLRNVLGDPHUXSDNDQ
LQGLNDVL SHQLQJNDWDQ DNWLYLWDV ELRGHJUDGDVL
7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQ WHUMDGLQ\D
SHQLQJNDWDQ NDUERQGLRNVLGD VHMDN DZDO SHQH
OLWLDQ KLQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH .DUERQ
GLRNVLGD PHUXSDNDQ SURGXN DNKLU SHQJXUDLDQ
KLGURNDUERQ GDQ GHQJDQ VHJHUD DNDQ GLEHEDV
NDQNHXGDUD'DWDSDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQ
EDKZD NDGDU NDUERQGLRNVLGD WHUWLQJJL GL
MXPSDL SDGD SHUODNXDQ ELRGHJUDGDVL GHQJDQ
ELRDXJPHQWDVL%DFLOOXVVWUDLQ 8
.HVLPSXODQ
%LRDXJPHQWDVL EDNWHUL %DFLOOXV VWUDLQ
8 GDQ 8 VHUWD FDPSXUDQ NHGXDQ\D
WHUEXNWL PDPSX PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX EL RGHJUD
GDVL EHQ]HQD SDGD WDQDK \DQJ WHUFHPDU
KLGURNDUERQ 7DPSLODQ WHUEDLN GLWXQMXNNDQ
ROHK SHUODNXDQ EHUXSD ELRDXJPHQWDVL FDP
SXUDQ %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 GHQJDQ WRWDO
SHQXUXQDQNDGDUEHQ]HQD
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR
'DIWDU3XVWDND
$WODV 50 DQG 5 %DUWKD 0LFURELDO
(FRORJ\ )XQGDPHQWDOV DQG $SSOLFD
WLRQV QG (G 7KH %HQMDPLQ&XPPLQJV
3XEO&R,QF0HQOR3DUN
%DOED 07 1 $O$ZDGKL DQG 5 $O'DKHU
%LRUHPHGLDWLRQ
RI
RLO
FRQWDPLQDWHG VRLO PLFURELRORJLFDO
PHWKRGV IRU IHDVLELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW DQG
-RXUQDO
RI
ILHOG
HYDOXDWLRQ
0LFURELRORJLFDO0HWKRGV
%RXZHU(-%LRUHPHGLDWLRQRI2UJDQLF
&RQWDPLQDQWV LQ WKH 6XEVXUIDFH ,Q
0LWFKHOO 5 (G (QYLURQPHQWDO
0LFURELRORJ\ SS -RKQ :LOH\
6RQV,QF3XEOLFDWLRQ1HZ
,661
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ
'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR GHQJDQ0HQJJXQDNDQ%DFLOOXV 6S6WUDLQ
8GDQ8
%LRDXJPHQWDWLRQRILQYLWUR %HQ]HQH+\GURFDUERQ%LRGHJUDGDWLRQRQ&RQWDPLQDWHG
6RLOE\%DFLOOXV 6S6WUDLQ8DQG8
$JXV,ULDQWR
2HGMLRQR$JXV5L\DQWR 06\DPVXO.RPDU
)DNXOWDV%LRORJL8QLYHUVLWDV-HQGHUDO6RHGLUPDQ3XUZRNHUWR
NRUHVSRQGHQVL
$EVWUDFW
6RLO SROOXWLRQ E\ VXEVWDQFHV VXFK DV EHQ]HQH FDQ FDXVH VHULRXVSUREOHPVVXFK DVDTXLIHU
FRQWDPLQDWLRQDQGUHGXFWLRQRIWKHELRGLYHUVLW\RIRUJDQLVPV$QXPEHURIPLFURRUJDQLVPV
DUH FDSDEOH WR GHJUDGH VXFK VXEVWDQFHV QDWXUDOO\ +RZHYHU LQWURGXFWLRQ RI DQ\ RWKHU
PLFURRUJDQLVPV DQG RU QXWULHQW ELRDXJPHQWDWLRQ DUH QHFHVVDU\ LQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKH
ELRGHJUDGDWLRQUDWH7KLVVWXG\H[DPLQHGWKHHIIHFWRILQWURGXFLQJSURPLVLQJORFDOVWUDLQV
RI %DFLOOXV QDPHO\ 8 DQG 8 DQG XUHD DGGLWLRQ DW FRQFHQWUDWLRQ ZY 7KH
SDUDPHWHU PHDVXUHG ZDV EHQ]HQH S+ PLFURELDO QXPEHU DQG &2 7KH EHVW UHVXOW ZDV
UHYHDOHGIURPELRDXJPHQWDWLRQRIPL[WXUHRI8DQG8+RZHYHUWKDWUHVXOWZDVQRW
VLJQLILFDQWO\GLIIHUHQFHZLWKWKHXVHRIVLQJOHHLWKHUVWUDLQ8RU8UHVSHFWLYHO\
.H\ZRUGV%DFLOOXVELRDXJPHQWDWLRQELRGHJUDGDWLRQVRLOEHQ]HQH
'LWHULPD$SULOGLVHWXMXL6HSWHPEHU
3 HQGDKXOXDQ
6HQ\DZD DURPDWLN PHUXSDNDQ VHQ\DZD
UHNDOVLWUDQ \DQJ VXOLW GLXUDLNDQ ROHK PLNURED
$WODV %DUWKD 6DODK VDWX VHQ\DZD
DURPDWLNSHQ\XVXQPLQ\DNEXPL\DLWXEHQ]HQD
\DQJ PHPLOLNL FLQFLQ DURPDWLN WXQJJDO
%HQ]HQD GDSDW EHUVLIDW WRNVLN WHUKDGDS
OLQJNXQJDQ DQWDUD ODLQ PHPSHQJDUXKL PHWD
EROLVPDEDNWHULKHWHURWURILNSDGDSHUDLUDQGDQ
VHGLPHQ WHWDSL VLIDW WRNVLN WHUVHEXW WLGDN
VHEHVDU KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWLN \DQJ GLJRORQJ
NDQ VHEDJDL 3$+ SRO\QXFOHDU DURPDWLF
K\GURFDUERQ VHSHUWL QDIWDOHQ GDQ IHQDQWUHQ
&DSRQH %DXHU 6LIDW WRNVLN
GLPLQLPDOLVDVL PHODOXL SHPHFDKDQ FLQFLQ
DURPDWLN GHQJDQ PHPDQIDDWNDQ HQ]LP
PLNURED
6HMXPODK PLNURED GLNHWDKXL PDPSX
PHQGHJUDGDVL VHQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWL N
%DNWHUL \DQJ GLNHWDKXL PDPSX PHQGHJUDGDVL
VHQ\DZD KLGURNDUERQ DURPDWLN DQWDUD ODLQ
3VHXGRPRQDV $UWKUREDFWHU $OFDOLJHQHV
%UHYLEDFWHULXP %UHYLEDFLOOXV GDQ %DFLOOXV
%DOEDHWDO*ULVKFKHQNRY HWDO
&KHQ HW DO 6SHVLHVVSHVLHV %DFLOOXV
\DQJ PDPSX PHQGHJUDGDVL NRPSRQHQPLQ\DN
EXPL EHUXSD VHQ\DZD DURPDWLN DQWDUD ODLQ
%DFLOOXV PDFHUDQV % P\FRLGHV %
PHJDWHULXP % VXEWLOLV % SXPLOXV %
WKHUPROHRYRUDQV % JRUGRQDH GDQ %
EHQ]RHYRUDQV 6KDUSOH\3LFKLQRW\HWDO
=DULOOD 3HUU\
3HQFHPDUDQ KLGURNDUERQ GDSDW EHUODQJ
VXQJ SDGD DLU WDQDK GDQ XGDUD 3HQFHPDUDQ
LWXEHUDVDOGDULLQGXVWULSHUPLQ\DNDQKXOXKLOLU
GDQ GLVWULEXVLQ\D 3DGD VHMXPODK NDVXV
SHQFHPDUDQ \DQJ WHUMDGL VDQJDW EHUDW KLQJJD
PHQFHPDUL ODSLVDQ DTXLIHU DLU WDQDK DWDX DUHD
\DQJOXDVGLGDUDWPDXSXQGLSHUDLUDQ
6DODK VDWX XVDKD PHQJDWDVL DNLEDW
SHQFHPDUDQ \DQJ SRSXOHU \DLWX FDUD ELRORJLV
\DQJGLNHQDOVHEDJDLELRUHPHGLDVL(IHNWLYLWDV
ELRUHPHGLDVL VDQJDW GLWHQWXNDQ ROHK IDNWRU
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR
IDNWRU WHUWHQWX VHSHUWL NRQVHQWUDVL PLNURED
SHQGHJUDGDVL FHPDUDQ NRQVHQWUDVL FHPDUDQ
VXKXS+RSWLPXPNHWHUVHGLDDQRNVLJHQGDQ
QXWULHQ%RXZHU
3HQHOLWLDQ VHFDUD LQ YLWUR PHQJJXQDNDQ
%DFLOOXV VWUDLQ ORNDO WHODK GLODNXNDQ XQWXN
PHQJHWDKXL NHPDPSXDQQ\D GDODP PHQGHJUD
GDVLWROXHQ,ULDQWR .RPDU3HQHOLWLDQ
\DQJ GLODNXNDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD SHQDP
EDKDQGXDVWUDLQ%DFLOOXV VHFDUDEHUVDPDVDPD
GDQ GHQJDQ SHQDPEDKDQ XUHD PDPSX
PHQQXUXQNDQ NDGDU WROXHQD GDUL SSP
PHQMDGL SSP DWDX SHQXUXQDQ
GDODPPDVDWLJDPLQJJX6XSOHPHQWDVLQXWULHQ
EHUXSD VXPEHU 1 PLVDOQ\D XUHD DWDX DPRQLD
GDSDW PHQLQJNDWNDQ NHPDPSXDQ PLNURED
GDODP PHQGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ 6DEDUQL
,ULDQWR .RPDU
0HWRGH3HQHOLWLDQ
,VRODW %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 \DQJ
GLLVRODVL GDUL 7DPDQ 1DVLRQDO 8MXQJNXORQ
GLUHPDMDNDQ SDGD PHGLXP DJDU QXWULHQ 1$
2[RLG 6HODQMXWQ\D GLWXPEXKNDQ SDGD
PHGLXP NDOGX QXWULHQ 1%2[RLG GDQ
GLLQNXEDVL [ MDP 0LNURED \DQJ WXPEXK
SDGDNDOGXQXWULHQGLKLWXQJSRSXODVLQ\DVHFDUD
ODQJVXQJ PHQJJXQDNDQ KHPRVLWRPHWHU -LND
MXPODK VHO WHODK PHQFDSDL VHOPO PDND
NXOWXUGDSDWGLJXQDNDQVHEDJDLLQRNXOXPMLND
NXUDQJ PDND KDUXV GLSHNDWNDQ GHQJDQ VHQWUL
IXJDVLGDQPHPEXDQJVHEDJLDQFDLUDQDOLTXRW
GDQMLNDEHUOHELKKDUXVGLHQFHUNDQ
'LVLDSNDQ HPEHU SODVWLN YROXPH OLWHU
VHVXDL NHEXWXKDQ EXDK PDVLQJ PDVLQJ
GLLVLGHQJDQWDQDK\DQJWHUFHPDUPLQ\DNEXPL
VHEDQ\DN J VHODQMXWQ\D GLLVL GHQJDQ
DNXDGHV VWHULO VHEDQ\DN PO GDQ GLDGXN
UDWD,QRNXOXP\DQJVXGDKVLDSGLLQRNXODVLNDQ
NH PDVLQJPDVLQJ HPEHU SODVWLN VHEDQ\DN
POGDQGLWDPEDKNDQXUHDEHUDWYROXPH
8QWXN SHQJJXQDDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ PDND
SHQDPEDKDQ GLODNXNDQ VHLPEDQJ GHQJDQ
PHQDPEDKNDQ PO GDUL PDVLQJPDVLQJ
VXVSHQVL %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 $GDSXQ
NRQWURO GLODNXNDQ GHQJDQ SHQDPEDK DQ PO
DNXDGHV VWHULO 3HUODNXDQ WHUVHEXW PDVLQJ
PDVLQJ GHQJDQ WLJD XODQJDQ GDQ GLDPDWL SDGD
DZDO SHQHOLWLDQ DNKLU PLQJJX NH DNKLU
PLQJJXNHGDQDNKLUPLQJJXNH
%HEHUDSD SHXEDK \DQJ GLDPDWL \DLWX
NDGDU EHQ]HQD VLVD GHQJDQ *& 1RHJURKDWL
&2 EHEDV $3+$ MXPODK VHO
PLNURED PHQJJXQDNDQ DJDU FDZDQ DWDX 73&
7RWDO 3ODWH &RXQW -RHWRQR GNN GDQ
QLODLS+GHQJDQS+PHWHU+RULED)/
+DVLOGDQ3HPEDKDVDQ
+DVLO SHQHOLWLDQ PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD
SRSXODVL PLNURED WHUXV PHQLQJNDW GDU L DZDO
SHUODNXDQ KLQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH
3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL \DQJ WDMDP WHUMDGL SDGD
PLQJJX NH SDGD SHQJJXQDDQ %DFLOOXV 8
GDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ 3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL
\DQJ WDMDP SDGD 8 EHUODQJVXQJ SDGD
PLQJJX NH 3DGD DNKLU SHQHOLWLDQ PLQJJX
NH SHQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL PLNURED SDOLQJ
EHVDU WHUMDGL SDGD SHUODNXDQ LQRNXODVL FDP
SXUDQ%DFLOOXV 8GDQ8KDOLQLPHQXQMXN
NDQEDKZDNHUMDNHGXDMDVDGWHUVHEXWEHUVLIDW
VLQHUJLV EDLN DQWDUD NHGXDQ\D PDXSXQ GHQJDQ
MDVDG HQGRJHQ VXEVWUDW WHUVHEXW 3RSX ODVL
PLNURED SDGD NRQWURO WHUXV PHQLQJNDW WHWDSL
WDQSD DGD ORQMDNDQ SHUWXPEXKDQ SRSXODVL
3DGD OLQJNXQJDQ EDUX PLNURED DNDQ PHQJD
ODPL IDVH DGDSWDVL VHEHOXP GDSDW WXPEXK
GHQJDQ EDLN 0DVD DGDSWDVL DQWDUD DQJJRWD
VSHVLHVVDWXGHQJDQODLQQ\DEHUEHGDWHUJDQWX QJ
NHPDPSXDQ PDVLQJPDVLQJ VWUDLQ DQJJRWD
VSHVLHV GDODP PHQDQJJDSL OLQJNXQJDQQ\D
$WODV %DUWKD 3HQLQJNDWDQ SRSXODVL
PLNURED HQGRJHQ WDPSDNQ\D GLVWLPXODVL ROHK
SHPEHULDQ XUHD 7DEHO 3HQLQJNDWDQ
WHUVHEXWVHMDODQGHQJDQSHUXEDKDQSDGDSHXE DK
\DQJ ODLQ \DQJ PHQMDGL LQGLNDWRU DNWLYLWDV
PLNURED SDGD GHJUDGDVL EHQ]HQD \DLWX NDGDU
EHQ]HQDS+GDQNDGDU&2
.DGDU EHQ]HQD SDGD VHPXD SHUODNXDQ
WHUXV PHQXUXQ GDUL DZDO SHQHOLWLDQ KLQJJD
PLQJJX NH 3HQXUXQDQ SDOLQJ WDMDP WHUMDGL
SDGD PLQJJX NH PLVDOQ\D SDGD SHUODNXDQ
PHQJJXQDNDQ%DFLOOXV 8\DQJPHQXQMXNNDQ
SHQXUXQDQ EHQ]HQD GDUL SSP PHQMDGL
SSP GDQ SDGD NRQWURO
SSP 0HVNLSXQ SDGD GDODP PLQJJX
SHUWDPDNLQHUMD %DFLOOXV 8PHUXSDNDQ\DQJ
WHUEDLN WHWDSL SDGD DNKLU SHQHOLWLDQ PLQJJX
%LRWD9RO9,,,2NWREHU
$JXV,ULDQWRHWDO
NH SHQXUXQDQ NDGDU EHQ]HQD WHUEDLN
GLSHUROHK SDGD SHQJJXQDDQ NXOWXU FDPSXUDQ
GHQJDQ VLVD EHQ]HQD VHEHVDU SSP DWDX
PHQXUXQ 3DGD SHQDPEDKDQ %DFLOOXV
8 VLVD EHQ]HQD VHEHVDU SSP
8 SSP GDQ
NRQWUROSSP
'DWDSDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQEDKZD
SHQDPEDKDQ QXWULHQ EHUXSD 1 XUHD PDPSX
PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX GHJUDGDVL EHQ]HQD ROHK
PLNUREDHQGRJHQ%LRDXJPHQWDVL %DFLOOXV 8
GDQ 8 DWDX FDPSXUDQQ\D WHUEXNWL GDSDW
PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX ELRGHJUDGDVL VHNLWDU
'DWD SDGD 7DEHO PHUXSDNDQ EXNWL EDKZD
NHUMD VLQHUJLVWLN DQWDUD EHUDJDP PLNURED
GDODPKDOLQLPLNUREDHQGRJHQLVRODW8GDQ
8 VHFDUD EHUVDPDVDPD PDPSX PHQXQMXN
NDQKDVLOWHUEDLN
+DVLOSHQJXNXUDQPHQXQMXNNDQQLODLS+
VXEVWUDW WHUXV PHQXUXQ VHMDODQ GHQJDQ
EHUODQJVXQJQ\D SURVHV ELRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDU
ERQ %LRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ DNDQ PHQ\H
EDENDQ SHQJXUDLDQ KLGURNDUERQ PHQMDGL
VHQ\DZD VHSHUWL DVDPDVDP RUJDQLN + 2 GDQ
&2 0DGLJDQHWDO3HPEHEDVDQDVDP
DVDP RUJDQLN DNDQ EHUDNLEDW SDGD SHQXUXQDQ
QLODL S+ VXEVWUDW +LQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH
SHUXEDKDQ S+ \DQJ WHUMDGL WLGDN VLJQLILNDQ
3HQXUXQDQ QLODL S+ \DQJ WDMDP KDQ\D
EHUODQJVXQJSDGDPLQJJXSHUWDPD
6HEDJDLPDQD GLWXQMXNNDQ 7DEHO
SHQXUXQDQ S+ \DQJ WHUEHVDU WHUMDGL SDGD
SHUODNXDQ NRQWURO \DLWX GDUL S+ PHQMDGL
S+'LGXJDSHQXUXQDQS+LQLWHUMDGL
NDUHQD DNXPXODVL SURGXN DQWDUD \DQJ EHUVLIDW
DVDP%HUGDVDUNDQGDWDMXPODKPLNURED7DEHO
GHJUDGDVLEHQ]HQD7DEHOGDQNDGDU&2
7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQ EDKZD ODMX ELRGHJUD
GDVL SDGD NRQWURO UHODWLI SDOLQJ ODPEDW GLEDQ
GLQJNDQ SHUODNXDQ ODLQQ\D +DO LQL PXQJNLQ
PHUXSDNDQ LQGLNDVL EDKZD ELRDXJPHQWDVL
%DFLOOXV 8 8 GDQ FDPSXUDQQ\D PHP
SHUFHSDW ELRGHJUDGDVL KLGURNDUERQ VHUWD
WUDQVIRUPDVLNHVHQ\DZD ODQMXWEHUXSD&2 GDQ
+2 VHKLQJJD WLGDN WHUMDGL DNXPXODVL SURGXN
DQWDUDEHUXSDVHQ\DZDVHQ\DZDEHUVLIDWDVDP
0HQXUXW 6DLG GDQ )DX]L
SHQXUXQDQ S+ WHUVHEXW GDSDW SXOD VHEDJDL
DNLEDW VXPEHU 1 \DQJ GLJXQDNDQ 1LODL S+
OLQJNXQJDQDNDQFHQGHUXQJPHQXUXQPDQDNDOD
%LRWD9RO9,,,2NWREHU
VXPEHU1\DQJGLJXQDNDQDGDODKDPRQLDDWDX
XUHD &2>1+ @ $PRQLD SDGD ODUXWDQ GL
EDZDK S+ EHUDGD GDODP EHQWXN 1+
0LNUREDVHODQMXWQ\DDNDQPHQJLNDWQ\DVHEDJDL
51+ 3DGD SURVHV WHUVHEXW VHEXDK LRQ +
DNDQ WHWDS WLQJJDO GL OLQJNXQJDQ VHKLQJJDS+
DNDQWXUXQ
$NWLYLWDVSHPHFDKDQKLGURNDUERQWHUPD
VXNEHQ]HQDSDGDDNKLUQ\DDNDQPHQJKDVLONDQ
SURGXN DNKLU EHUXSD NDUERQ GLRNVLGD &2
GDQ DLU +2 %HUGDVDUNDQ KDO WHUVHEXW
SHQLQJNDWDQNDGDUNDUERQGLRNVLGDPHUXSDNDQ
LQGLNDVL SHQLQJNDWDQ DNWLYLWDV ELRGHJUDGDVL
7DEHO PHQXQMXNNDQ WHUMDGLQ\D
SHQLQJNDWDQ NDUERQGLRNVLGD VHMDN DZDO SHQH
OLWLDQ KLQJJD DNKLU PLQJJX NH .DUERQ
GLRNVLGD PHUXSDNDQ SURGXN DNKLU SHQJXUDLDQ
KLGURNDUERQ GDQ GHQJDQ VHJHUD DNDQ GLEHEDV
NDQNHXGDUD'DWDSDGD7DEHOPHQXQMXNNDQ
EDKZD NDGDU NDUERQGLRNVLGD WHUWLQJJL GL
MXPSDL SDGD SHUODNXDQ ELRGHJUDGDVL GHQJDQ
ELRDXJPHQWDVL%DFLOOXVVWUDLQ 8
.HVLPSXODQ
%LRDXJPHQWDVL EDNWHUL %DFLOOXV VWUDLQ
8 GDQ 8 VHUWD FDPSXUDQ NHGXDQ\D
WHUEXNWL PDPSX PHQLQJNDWNDQ ODMX EL RGHJUD
GDVL EHQ]HQD SDGD WDQDK \DQJ WHUFHPDU
KLGURNDUERQ 7DPSLODQ WHUEDLN GLWXQMXNNDQ
ROHK SHUODNXDQ EHUXSD ELRDXJPHQWDVL FDP
SXUDQ %DFLOOXV 8 GDQ 8 GHQJDQ WRWDO
SHQXUXQDQNDGDUEHQ]HQD
%LRDXJPHQWDVL%HQ]HQD7DQDK7HUFHPDU+LGURNDUERQ\DQJ'LELRGHJUDGDVLVHFDUDLQYLWUR
'DIWDU3XVWDND
$WODV 50 DQG 5 %DUWKD 0LFURELDO
(FRORJ\ )XQGDPHQWDOV DQG $SSOLFD
WLRQV QG (G 7KH %HQMDPLQ&XPPLQJV
3XEO&R,QF0HQOR3DUN
%DOED 07 1 $O$ZDGKL DQG 5 $O'DKHU
%LRUHPHGLDWLRQ
RI
RLO
FRQWDPLQDWHG VRLO PLFURELRORJLFDO
PHWKRGV IRU IHDVLELOLW\ DVVHVVPHQW DQG
-RXUQDO
RI
ILHOG
HYDOXDWLRQ
0LFURELRORJLFDO0HWKRGV
%RXZHU(-%LRUHPHGLDWLRQRI2UJDQLF
&RQWDPLQDQWV LQ WKH 6XEVXUIDFH ,Q
0LWFKHOO 5 (G (QYLURQPHQWDO
0LFURELRORJ\ SS -RKQ :LOH\
6RQV,QF3XEOLFDWLRQ1HZ