Group Japan Report Taufik Irawan eng1
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
As The Individual Report Of
THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR AND VISIT
TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)
TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia and Japan
Held By
Graduate School of
International Cooperation Studies
Taufik Irawan, Student ID. 120820160017
pakelnatore@gmail.com
Master of Management Program
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Padjadjaran
MM UNPAD JAPAN TRIP
15 – 19 MAY 2017
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA
Definition of Waste
In Law No. 18 on Waste Management, the definition of waste as a residual activity of human and / or natural
processes is solid. Waste is essentially waste or waste from human sources of activity and natural processes
that have no economic value, can even have a negative economic value because in the good handling to
dispose or clean it costs a lot. Waste is material that has no value or value for the purpose of fabrication of
ordinary or principal or the use of defective or defective goods on manufacturing fabrics or excessive or
irreversible materials or consumables. Waste management is a systematic and sustainable activity that includes
waste reduction and handling.
In the process of nature there is no garbage. Garbage is a synthetic concept largely derived from industrial
activity (also known as waste), such as mining, manufacturing, and consumption. Almost all industrial products
will be garbage with an amount almost equal to the amount of consumption. Trash can be solid, liquid, or gas.
If the waste forms gas, then the waste is called emissions. Emissions are usually associated with pollution.
Garbage or solid waste such as objects in the form of plastic, aluminium, iron, cans, bottles / glass / glass, and
so forth. While the liquid waste is the seepage of liquid waste from the decomposition of waste is called lindir
and can pollute groundwater and rivers. Groundwater contamination, such as, is caused by the bacteria
content of e-coli and heavy metals.
Governments are responsible for the proper collection and disposal of garbage from settlements. However,
because there are other things that should be prioritized in the development in the region and the lack of
funding support for the operation of waste management, making in some areas of waste management
activities is not as expected. This is further reinforced by the absence of the principle that those producing
goods must manage the waste from the goods.
Some common conditions occurred in the implementation of urban waste management during this time,
where household waste by society is collected and disposed of into a container or container provided by the
government. From here trash is transported by truck to generally less controlled landfills, where scavengers
look for recyclable items.
From some of the above understanding, it can be concluded that Waste is a solid waste material from the
activities of households, markets, offices, lodging houses, hotels, restaurants, industry, building materials and
old ruins, motor vehicles, waste is a by-product of Human activities that have been used. The amount of waste
generated in a particular area is proportional to the level of consumption of goods or population. The greater
the volume of waste generated every day, unsanitary disposal of garbage will cause major problems, because
garbage or garbage disposal into open areas will cause pollution Soil will also affect the ground water channel.
Likewise, burning garbage will lead to water pollution, blockage of drains and floods.
Types of Waste
Then in Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, set some types of waste are as follows:
1. Household waste, which is solid waste derived from the residual daily activities in the household,
excluding stools and specific waste and from natural processes derived from the household environment.
This garbage is sourced from the house or from the housing complex.
2. Household waste, such as household garbage, is not from households and households but comes from
other sources such as markets, trade centers, offices, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, terminals,
ports, industries , City parks, and more.
3. Specific waste, ie household waste or household waste due to its nature, concentration and / or amount
requiring special handling, including, waste containing B3 (hazardous and toxic materials such as used
batteries, ex-toner, etc.), garbage Which contains B3 waste (medical waste), waste from disasters, debris,
technologically unprocessed waste, periodic waste (waste of conscience).
In waste management planning, the Waste Management Act expects city / district governments to form a kind
of municipal / district or provincial scale waste management forum. This forum consists of community in
general, universities, community leaders, environmental / waste organizations, experts, business entities and
others. Things that can be facilitated forum is: to give suggestions, considerations and suggestions on the
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performance of waste management, helping formulate waste management policies, Provide advice and be able
to settle disputes disputes. Until now, there is no national policy to know the waste itself is still socialized.
Sources of waste
Based on the definition of garbage and the types of garbage there are also sources of waste that cause air
pollution by bad smell and environmental pollution. There are some experts or opinions about waste sources
According to Gelbert et al. Sources of waste generation are as follows:
1. Waste settlements, namely household waste in the form of food processing waste, used household
equipment, paper, cardboard, glass, cloth, garden waste / yard, and others.
2. Agricultural and plantation waste. Agricultural waste is classified as organic material. During the harvest
season is the time most of this waste is generated which is usually burned or used for fertilizer. For
chemical waste such as pesticides and artificial fertilizers need special treatment so as not to pollute the
environment. Another agricultural waste is a plastic sheet that covers plants that reduce evaporation and
inhibition of weed growth, but this plastic can be recycled.
3. Garbage from the rest of the building and building construction. Garbage originating from buildings and
restoration activities of these buildings can be either organic or inorganic. Organic waste, for example:
plywood, bamboo, wood. Inorganic waste, for example: sand, cement, brick, steel, tile, iron, glass, and
cans.
4. Garbage from trade and office. Garbage originating from trading areas such as: shops, traditional markets,
stalls, supermarkets consist of cardboard, wrapping, paper, and organic materials including food and
restaurant waste. Garbage originating from educational institutions, government and private offices
usually consists of paper, stationery (pencils, ballpoints, markers, etc.), photo copy toner, printer ribbons,
printer ink boxes, batteries, chemicals from laboratories, machine ribbons Typewriting, movie cliches,
broken computers, and so on. Used batteries and chemical wastes should be collected separately and
should be subject to special treatment because it is dangerous and toxic.
5. Waste from industry. This waste comes from a whole series of production processes (chemicals, pieces of
material), treatment and packaging of products (paper, wood, plastic, cloth / cloth saturated with solvents
for cleaning). Industrial waste in the form of chemicals that are often toxic require special treatment
before disposal.
Stages and Process of Waste Management
Waste management is also growing in line with the development of types of waste that will be managed.
Several ways in the stages and the final waste management process undertaken by the community based on
Law Number 18 Year 2008 on Waste Management include the following activities:
1. Waste management is a systematic, comprehensive, and continuous activity which includes waste
reduction and handling.
2. Reduction of waste, ie activities to overcome the incidence of waste since the waste producers
(households, markets, and others), reusing waste from the source and / or at the processing site, and
recycling waste at the source and or at the processing site. Waste reduction will be regulated in a
separate Ministerial Regulation, the activities included in this waste reduction are:
a. Set waste reduction goals.
b. Developing clean technology and product labels.
c. Using production materials that can be recycled or reused.
d. Facilities for use or recycling.
e. Develop awareness of reuse or recycling programs
3. Handling waste, which is a series of garbage collection activities that include sorting (grouping and
segregation of waste by type and nature), collection (moving waste from waste source to TPS or
integrated waste processing facility), transporting (removal of waste from sources, TPS or Integrated
waste processing, final product processing (changing shape, composition, characteristic and amount of
waste to be further processed, utilized or returned to nature and active processing of waste processing or
residue of previous processing results to be returned to environmental media.
4. Temporary shelters are places before waste is transported to recycling, processing, and / or processing
places, and integrated final waste processing.
5. Integrated waste treatment plant is where the collection, reuse, recycling, processing, and final waste
processing activities are conducted.
6. Final waste processing site (TPA) is a place to process and return the waste to environmental media safely
for people and the environment.
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Authority of Waste Management
In other laws and regulations it is mandatory for the Residential Area Management, commercial area, industrial
estate, special area, public facility, social facility, and other facilities shall provide separation facilities. As for
some of the authority in questions are.
1. Central Government Authority
In the management of waste management, the government has the authority to: establish national
policies and strategies for waste management; Establishing standards, norms, criteria and procedures for
waste management; Facilitate and develop interregional cooperation, networks and partnerships in waste
management; Coordinate, supervise the local government performance in waste management; And
establishing interregional dispute settlement policies in waste management, the affirmation shall be
submitted by the Governor to be conditioned in each territory.
2. Authority of Provincial Government
In carrying out waste management, provincial governments have the authority: to establish policies and
strategies in waste management in accordance with government policies; Facilitate inter-regional
cooperation in one province, partnerships, and networks in waste management; Conduct coordination,
guidance and supervision of district/city performance in waste management; And facilitate dispute
settlement of waste management among districts/intercity within a province.
3. Authority of Regency/City Government
In carrying out waste management, district/municipal governments have the authority: to establish waste
management policies and strategies based on national and provincial policies; Conducting district-scale
waste management in accordance with government norms, standards, procedures and criteria;
Conducting guidance and supervision of waste management performance carried out by other parties;
Establishing temporary shelter locations, integrated waste treatment sites, and final waste processing
sites; Periodically monitoring and evaluating every 6 (six) months for a certain period of time towards the
final waste processing site with closed open disposal system; And compiling and organizing an emergency
waste management response system in accordance with its authority.
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OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN
Types of Waste in Japan
Waste Management Law in Law no. 137/1970 classifies junk in Japan into two categories: (1). Industrial waste
and (2). General waste, as proposed in NREL (1993) that Waste is categorized as industrial waste or public
waste. The waste produced by the Waste Disposal Law or determined by the Order Cabinet is called industrial
waste. Currently industrial waste is divided into 19 groups. All waste that is not defined as industrial waste is
called general waste. General waste is essentially residential and waste wastes similar to residential waste but
is generated by businesses and institutions.
Garbage included in the category of public waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and
business waste resulting from the activities of institutions and commercial bodies.
Almost the same as in other countries, the waste in this cherry country, divided into two categories, namely the
category of industrial waste and general waste category.
1. Industrial waste is waste generated from production activities, and there are 19 kinds of waste. Industrial
waste - including industrial wastes - is further classified into two types: special controlled industrial waste
and other industrial waste.
2. General waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and business waste generated
from the activities of institutions and commercial bodies, and broadly divided into three, namely: general
controlled special rubbish, general waste and feces, and garbage Other common.
Industrial Waste in Japan
Industrial waste processing in Japan is regulated in Waste Management Law on the provisions of Law no.
137/1970, chapters III chapters 11 through 15, stating that industrial waste management is handed over as the
responsibility of the party who produces it.
Table 1 Classification of Industrial Waste in Japan
Regulation
No.
Class Waste
Regulated in the Act
(Legislation)
1.
Cinder
3.
4.
5.
6.
Regulated in a
Government Regulation
(Government Ordinance)
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
Waste Example
Coal ash, ash residue from industrial burning
process, and other burning residues
Silt
Mud residue from industrial plants, sludge from
manufacturing process, excess sediments from
deposition process, sediment from pulp mill,
and the like
Oil Waste
Oil mining, vegetable oil, animal oil, lubricating
oil, tar oil, and others
Acid Waste
All types of acidic liquids, including sulfuric acid
and various organic acids.
Alkali Waste
All kinds of alkaline liquid, such as liquid soda
Plastic waste
All types of synthetic polymers made of a
mixture of solid and liquid compounds,
including synthetic toxins and synthetic rubbers
Paper Waste
Paper and paperboard wastes from pulp mills,
paper industry, paper stock, newspapers,
binding books, all books, printed papers, and
paper coated with PCB
Wooden Trash
Wooden fragments, sawdust, bark, all objects
made of wood resulting from industrial
manufacturing processes, including furniture,
wood pulp, and the like
Fiber Trash
All natural fibers are produced by the textile
industry and textile products of the
manufacturing industry
Animal and Plant Adhesive waste substances, beer cooking
Residues
dregs, fermented waste, fish bones and other
animal bones, and the like
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Regulation
No.
Class Waste
11.
12.
Rubbish Rubbish
Pieces of Metal
Waste Example
All natural rubber rubbish
The remaining pieces of steel and non-iron
metal
13. Ceramics and Glass
All glass-based trash or ceramic
14. Slag
Bale ore from blast, manual fireplace furnace,
electronic fireplace furnace, mining, etc.
15. Building Materials
Shattered pieces of concrete, bricks, and
objects from the destruction of a building
16. Livestock Dung
Animal manure such as cattle, cattle, pigs,
poultry, and others
17. Animal Carcasses
Animal carcasses like cattle, cows, pigs, poultry,
and others
18. Special Trash
Certain objects collected by dust pickers in
smoking facilities and residual oil deposits from
combustion facilities
19. Residues generated from industrial waste from grade 1 to class 18
Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute, Surveys and Public Relations Department (1991) in NREL (1993).
Common Waste in Japan
Common waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and business waste generated from
the activities of institutions and commercial bodies. Broadly speaking, public waste in Japan is divided into
three types: (1) Controlled general rubbish, (2) Household waste and faeces, and (3) Other common waste
(NREL 1993).
Table 2 Classification of Household Waste in Japan
Waste
Waste Class
Rubbish is Easy to Burn
(Combustible Waste)
Organic trash
Paper waste and wood
shavings
Trash cardboard
Rubbish Not Easy
Burned
(Non-combustible Waste)
Garbage diapers
Landfill waste
Recyclable Waste
Paper
Textile materials
• Cotton material
• Wool material
• Synthetic fibers
Bottles and glass
Example
The rest of the food and the rest of the dishes
such as vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, tea
leaves, rice remnants, eggshells, and the like
Toilet paper, wood chopsticks, cigar or
cigarette butts, cork, carbon paper, toothpicks,
dried tree branches, milk bottle cover paper,
and the like
Milk carton boxes, yogurt cardboard boxes,
juice cardboard boxes, and the like
Diapers made of paper or synthetic fibers
Synthetic rubber, vinyl, nylon, and the like.
Then also pack the fish, meat, and vegetables.
Then plastic containers for herbs and yogurt.
Products made of rubber such as shoes and
rubber sandals. Other products such as lipstick,
bucket, pottery, plastic film, shell, leather,
tapestry or mats up to 4.5 tatami and carpet.
Newspapers, magazines, leaflets, wrapping
paper, writing paper, cardboard boxes, clothing
boxes, shoe boxes, and the like.
Woven fabrics, trousers, skirts, suits, shirts,
sheets, and sweaters. But for textile products
made of leather and mats are included in the
category of garbage.
Bottles for soy sake, sauce, whiskey, beer,
wine, coca cola, juice, healthy drinks. Then also
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Waste
Waste Class
Metal
• Iron
• Non-iron
Plastic waste
Electronic tools
Bulky Waste
household
Hazardous Waste
Great rubbish
Difficult classified
Rubbish is dangerous
Example
thick glass, oil bottle, but for fragile bottles are
included in the category of garbage
Iron-containing metals include household
products made of metal (frying pots, flower
pots, kettles, etc.), iron cans (oil cans, beverage
cans, milk cans), iron plates, etc, Except spray
cans made from non-ferrous materials
including the category of crap.
Non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum (empty
cans, beer kegs), and steel cans.
All plastic-based waste, such as plastic shopping
bags, PET bottles, detergent wrappers, egg
containers, and plastic food wrappers
Refrigerator, washing machine, television,
stereo, stove, bike, stroller, and others
Wardrobe, beds, sofas, mats measuring 6
tatami or more, carpets, doors, septic wall
barriers, and the like.
Thermometers, batteries, and incandescent
lamps
Products made of a mixture of plastic, glass,
woven, metal (boats or lifeboats, jet skis,
umbrellas, etc.), fire extinguishers, pianos, tires
and products that cannot be included in the
above categories
Source : NREL (1993)
Waste Sources in Japan
Almost the same as other countries, the source of waste in Japan can be grouped into two categories: housing
and non-housing (World Bank 1999). What is meant by housing waste in Japan is the garbage generated from
houses and apartments. Meanwhile, non-residential waste in Japan is usually generated from activity (1).
Commercial bodies such as shops, hotels, motels, restaurants, and markets; (2). Institutions such as offices,
schools, hospitals, prisons, and government departments; (3). Areas where construction of buildings such as:
renovation areas, destruction areas, and new building construction areas; (4). Open areas such as: streets,
alleys, parks, empty areas, playgrounds, beaches, highways, and recreation areas; (5). Area treatment plant
site; (6). Industrial area; (7). agricultural area; (8). Mining areas, and so forth.
Table 3 Sources of Waste in Japan
Sources
Producer
Example
Housing (Residential)
Housing, apartment, and
residence either from small
family or extended family.
Food waste, cardboard, paper, plastic, textile,
leather, metal, wood, glass, special waste (large
garbage, electronic appliances, oil, batteries,
tires), and harmful household waste.
Commercial Agency
Shops, motels, hotels,
markets, supermarkets,
restaurants, and offices.
Schools, hospitals, prisons,
and government buildings
Streets, alleys, parks, empty
areas, playgrounds,
beaches, highways,
recreation areas, and more.
Institutions
Public Area
Paper, plastic, cardboard, wood, glass, metal,
special waste, food waste, and sometimes
dangerous waste.
Street trash, dirt streets, garden ornaments,
public garbage from beaches, from parks, and
garbage from other recreational areas, and
other special rubbish.
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Sources
Producer
Example
Industrial
Heavy industry to light
industry.
Building Construction and
Destruction Area
New construction areas,
road repair areas, building
renovation areas, and
building demolition areas.
Power plants, chemical
plants, mineral distillation
processes.
Household waste, packaging, food waste,
building construction materials, building debris,
ash, and special waste.
Wood, steel, concrete, soil, building materials,
sand, heavy objects, cement, woodworking
tools, and so forth.
Chemical Process Area
Agricultural
Rubbish which is the rest of the industrial
process, material pieces, ore slag, and other
waste in the form of industrial waste
processing waste.
Rotten food waste, agricultural waste, and
hazardous waste such as pesticides.
Mine waste such as ash, coal pulp, other
mineral remnants.
Other plantation areas, and
agricultural land.
Mining and Quarrying
Coal mining areas,
petroleum, and other
minerals.
Source: World Bank (1999), has been reprocessed.
Waste Management in Japan
Management or waste management is not just an activity undertaken to collect the garbage that is then
transported and disposed of to landfills (Wanless, 2008). Moreover, there is a series of stages that are always
present in it and have their respective functions that support the conduct of waste management. If there is one
stage that is not done, then the whole process can be disrupted. Therefore, the stages in the waste
management is a unified whole and presented to support each other.
Separation of Waste in Japan
Separation of waste components into flammable and non-flammable waste is common in Japan, since over
80% of municipality in Japan implements a waste separation system before the garbage is collected (Plastic
Waste Management Institute 1991). However, on the other hand it can be seen that the number of
municipalities that enforce the separation of recycling waste is relatively small: less than 30% of the
municipality-municipality present in Japan (NREL 1993).
Waste Collection in Japan
In Japan, municipality is instrumental in garbage collection, either directly or indirectly, and is also responsible
for the overall solid waste management contained in its juridical area (NREL 1993). Most household waste is
collected directly by municipally while the rest is indirectly by private companies that have contracts. The
underlying municipality in Japan regulates its waste by focusing on garbage collection. Municipality started
garbage collection by controlling the garbage directly from the source: households and companies where the
waste came from or produced.
Although garbage collection by door-to-door collection sometimes happens frequently, it is common for
garbage collection by "station-based collection" where garbage is carried by citizens to a designated collection
point.
The frequency of garbage collection varies depending on municipality policy, so each district may have
different collection schedules. The place of littering has usually been determined by municipality and has been
agreed upon by the locals, generally taking place on the sidewalk, under trees, or open areas that are all easily
accessible by garbage trucks. Meanwhile, large garbage disposal can be done by dialing certain fixed phone
numbers or carrying their own trash to a large garbage disposal facility, and usually charged for each item.
Waste Transport in Japan
Garbage transport in Japan is generally done by most municipalities at a predetermined time on a regular basis.
In addition, especially for large garbage, can also be done after a request from residents to transport it (NREL
1993). Waste transport is carried out with the aim of: to move or carry garbage collected by residents to a
temporary disposal site for processing, which will then be transported to landfills. In the implementation, used
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aid facilities in the form of certain transportation that has been provided, and usually a large truck hauling
garbage.
Waste Processing in Japan
After all the garbage collects, the next step is waste processing. This stage aims to reduce the amount of waste
that will be sent to landfills. For without going through this stage, the amount that can be reduced will not be
significant.
Waste Processing in Japan
Shin Koto Incineration Plant is one of the largest garbage processing sites in Tokyo. At this company visit, we
had the opportunity to visit it. Despite the incinerator, the building is very clean, the air is fresh and beautiful
scenery. In addition we also have the opportunity to gain knowledge and insights about waste management so
that it can be an additional science for a time applied in Indonesia.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant Spesification
Site area
: 61,000m2
Incineration
: 1,000t/day
Construction cost
: 88 billion yen approximately
Completed
: September1998
Building scale
: Reinforced concrete (partially iron framed);
Nine stories above (partially one under) the ground;
Building site
: 28,000m2 approximately
Total floor area
: 77,000m2 approximately
Stack
: Outer cylinder reinforced concrete made
Inner cylinder
: stainless steel sheet made
Height
: 150m
Incinerator
: Fully continuous incineration, fire grate type 600t/day x 3 units
Boiler
: Natural circulation type water pipe boiler with heater
Maximum steam generated
: 121.3t/h x 3 units
Turbine generator
: Bleeder condensing turbine 50,000kW x 1 unit
Dust collector
: Bug filter dust collector
Volume of treated exhaust gas : 200,000Nm3 max./h x 3 units
Refuse bunker
: 45,000m3 approximately
Refuse bunker gate
: 2 1 double-leafed hinged gates
Ash bunker
: 2,900m3 approximately
Power reception equipment
: Incoming power voltage 66,000volt, 2 lines
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Here is the waste processing flow at Shin koto incineration plant.
Final Waste Disposal in Japan
The final disposal stage is the cover of the entire waste management, where waste that reaches this stage is
considered as waste that cannot be reused or recycled.
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PESTLE ANALYSIS IN JAPAN
Although the region is prone to earthquake, but in fact Japan has become one of the developed countries in
the eastern region of Asia. Here is an analysis of political, economy, social, technology, legal, and environment
in japan.
Political Factors
The Japanese Government System is a constitutional monarchy. The emperor's power was restricted and only
derived mainly when performing official duties. The Emperor is the leader of the Imperial Family. It was
established by the Constitutional institution to be "the symbol of the State and the unity of the nation." The
emperor is not the leader of the Executive institution and has no authority relating to Government. Instead, the
cabinet, together with the Minister of State and Prime Minister, is an executive institution. The Prime Minister,
as head of government was appointed by Parliament and was crowned by an Emperor. This system of
government runs under an arrangement established by the Japanese Constitution since 1947. The current
japannese emperor is Akihito, and the current Japanese prime minister is Shinzo Abe.
Japan's parliament is a legislative institution. Using a two-room system, consisting of two assemblies, the Upper
House, and the Lower House. Members of parliament are elected directly by the people, sourced from
sovereignty.
The Supreme Court and other lower courts that form the Judicial branch, they have been detached from the
executive and legislative branches.
Economical Factors
Japan is in the top 5 for the largest economy in the world. So, the Japanese economy is very strong. Japan is a
country with a remarkable rate of economic growth. Its economy has grown since the 20th century, especially
after World War II. Now Japan has become one of the countries with the largest economic power in the world.
The free market economy and induced Japan is one of the largest in the world with the United States and China
in terms of international purchasing power parity. Its economy is highly efficient and competes in areas related
to international trade, but productivity is lower in agriculture, distribution, and service.
Having achieved the highest economic growth in the world from the 1960s to the 1980s, the Japanese
economy slumped drastically in the early 1990s, when the "bubble economy" fell. The supply of industry
leadership and technicians, highly educated and hard-working workers, huge savings and investments and the
intensive promotion of international trade and industry development have produced a mature industrial
economy.
Japan has low natural resources, but trade helps it gain resources for its economy.
Social Factors
Japan is a country famous for its various cultures including queuing cultures. Queues in the country are longer
than our country but they can queue up well because they are very respectful of the rights of others.
Actually in Japan there is no limit marking the direction of the queue but they can arrange it themselves neatly
because their cultural habits queue up in the flesh and create order by itself, and if there is someone who does
not fit in common in Japanese society, then that person will be considered strange person "hen na hito".
In addition, most Japanese choose to walk to MRT from one place to another. So, there will be many
pedestrians in Japan. Although it seems trivial, walking there is ethics in Japan. Trivia in Indonesia that is always
avoided by pedestrians in Japan when walking in public is smoking because it is considered unethical for
pedestrians in Japan is walking while smoking.
Technological Factors
Japan has a long history of technological development and industrialization that has a significant impact on
economic growth and country development. The combination of research (R&D) and the application of
technology was able to change the state of defeat that was previously destroyed in the second world war,
becoming one of the highest income countries in the world.
Evidence of technological progress in Japan is shown at least in the following:
1. Rapid Train Technologies
The Shinkansen fast train is an innovative and efficient technology from Japan that is very interesting and
spectacular. The Shinkansen train uses magnetic levitation technology to keep the train as high as 10
centimeters from the rail and drive up to 600 kilometers per hour.
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2. Earthquake Resistant Technology
Japan is located between the Pacific Ocean so it is very vulnerable to earthquakes. Some of the earthquakes
that occurred earlier have become evidence that Japan must work to create a technology that is able to
cope with this earthquake. Therefore, then emerged earthquake resistant building technology. Earthquake
resistant technology will make existing buildings become flexible and not easily collapsed due to the effects
of the earthquake.
3. Paper Efficiency Technology
Next innovative technology from Japan is tissue paper efficiency technology. This is done by using a
machine capable of recycling office paper waste into toilet paper. With these findings then 40 sheets of A4
size paper can be converted into one roll of toilet paper within 30 minutes.
4. Futuristic Washing Machine Technology
This futuristic washing machine technology works without having to use water as its cleaning medium.
Cleaning without water itself is certainly very futuristic because it is not found in most washing machines.
This waterless washing machine itself is called AQUA Racooon which is the production of AQUA Japan. This
machine works by utilizing special ozone technology so that the dirty clothes will be clean and the smell will
come back fresh. With this technology also someone will be efficient and economical because they no
longer need to spend additional dry cleaning services.
Legal factors
In japan, many laws are based on the European system, such as Company law and Labor Law. You can find
employee laws in employment contracts, such as working hours, minimum wage laws, etc.
In addition, in Japan there are also legal rules that are unique and different from other countries, including:
1. Grabbed the queue
2. Smoking in the non-smoking area
3. Forcing a drink at a party
4. Become a scalper
5. Cut hair without permission
6. Disrupt both praying and funerals
7. Vomiting in a taxi
8. Spit in the garden
9. Receive more change than you should
10. Climb up the telephone pole
11. Drinking while riding a bicycle
Environment Factors
Japan's large population is concentrated around Tokyo. This is because most of the area on this island is
mountain and forest. This area is habitable and reduces the development of Japan to smaller and accessible
parts of the country. The soil is vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes. With tightly packed housing and
developments to accommodate high populations, they face the risk of colossal damage in the event of a
natural disaster.
Japan is famous for its clean environment, It turned out that this condition occurred in Japan not in a short
time, because Japan has also been in a dirty and dirty position before. Hygiene in Japan is influenced by Shinto
religious teachings. In Shinto Religion, how to get closer to god one of them by maintaining cleanliness. In
addition, in Japan taught hygiene awareness since childhood to become an inherent culture.
11
CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS IN JAPAN
Japanese culture is slightly influenced by Chinese culture so that acculturation occurs between immigrant
culture or China with native culture of Japan. For example in the field of architecture, the kingdom of Jaman
Yamato in Japan, in his kingdom there are architectural results of acculturation of Chinese culture and Japanese
culture. This shows that Chinese culture is in great demand by the Japanese people.
However, in the field of government, Japan did not change that resulted from acculturation with China. As in
the position of Tenno who is a direct descendant of Ameterasu. As well as regarding the beliefs of the Japanese
still hold on to the teachings of Shinto, unaffected by the teachings of Confucianism.
Japanese culture that has acculturated with Chinese culture, including:
1. Posts and Languages
With the Chinese being brought in by a Korean scholar named Wani, the Japanese adopted Chinese writing.
The way that is used is, the Japanese write and read Japanese words written by Chinese characters and with
the same sound but with Japanese utterance, at first there is chaos because it is still difficult to bertaptasi
with the Japanese but eventually progressed in the perfect direction Because every Japanese word can be
written well. This language and writing from China is made official language and writing in Japan.
2. Religion
The majority in Japan are Shinto religions. Shinto is the official religion originating from Japan. This Shinto
teaching is animistic because it believes in many gods. In his religious ritual Shinto worship at the spirits of
ancestors/ancestors. And the most worshiped by Shinto people is the sun god Amaterasu. Therefore
Shinto's teachings worship the Japanese emperor who is considered the descendant of Amaterasu.
In about the 5th century entered the Buddhist religion from China to Japan. The Buddhist teachings in Japan
trust the sun god or otherwise known as Amaterasu as the supreme deity who is regarded as the
incarnation of Buddha Daichi Nyorai. The most famous Buddhist religion in Japan is Zen Buddhism absorbed
from China. Shinto shrines begin to be built as a home for our people permanently (shaden).
3. Philosophy
With the entry of Chinese literature into Japan, Chinese philosophy was widely spread among the great
people in Japan. Among other things are Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism is the worship of the
ancestors, loyalty to the family, the child's service to the family, and so on. Taoism is the use of magic or
magic.
4. Astronomy
In the belief the Japanese also hold the belief or calculation of fortune in life. Calculations such as by the
Moon (astronomical science) or zodiac are known from China.
5. Weaving
At the beginning of its development China influenced the Japanese with a garment consisting of two pieces
of clothing namely the upper clothing and underwear. Underwear in the form of skirts wrapped around the
waist. Furthermore, the upper shirt consists of two types of collars ie flat collar to just below the neck
(agekubi) and collar-shaped "V" (tarekubi) are brought together in the chest.
6. Agriculture
With the entry of bronze and agriculture, so many Japanese people have livelihoods as farmers. Agricultural
equipment from metal raw materials taken from Chinese culture that goes to Japan.
7. Craft
Ceramic refinement system is an influence brought by China to Japan besides timber technology, silk thread
processing which mostly done in Japan comes from China.
8. Treatment
Traditional Chinese traditional massage known as Shiatsu or also known as 'anma'. Anma was later adopted
and adapted by Japanese society. This anma therapy gradually evolves and is influenced by cultures from
east and west.
12
CULTURAL ANALYSIS - BEST PRACTICES
Asakusa Kannon Temple and Nakamise Street
As a modern city, Tokyo turned out to have a temple that always crowded visitors, the temple of Kannon
Asakusa. In Asakusa, historical relics of the past synergize with modern buildings in the vicinity. Visitors can
enjoy the atmosphere of the past at the most famous temples in Japan.
According to legend, the temple was built in 645, by the name of Asakusa Kannon Temple, in 628 a pair of
sister fishermen, Hinokuma Hanamari and Hinokuma Takenari, found the statue of Kannon stuck in their net on
the Sumida River. The village elders then built the temple in honor of Bodhisattwa Kannon, also known as Guan
Yi, the Goddess of Mercy. The temple, later named Sensoji Temple, is known as the oldest Buddhist temple in
Tokyo.
Entering the main gate, visitors will pass Nakamise Douri (Nakamise Shopping Street), which is a road along
approximately 200-250 meters, which contains approximately 89 stores selling typical souvenirs of Japan.
The end of Nakamise Street is a gateway to the Sensoji Temple, the Hozomon Gate (Treasure House Gate).
Entering the visitors' Hozomon Gate will be the main page of Sensoji Temple dedicated to Kannon Bosatsu.
Before getting to the main hall, we'll see a five-level pagoda on the left.
MARKETING ANALYSIS - BEST PRACTICES
Takeshita Street
Takeshita-dori is a long way from Harajuku Station in Shibuya-ku to Meiji-dori Street. This street is a shopping
district with a length of 350 meters. Here there are striking and unique items and clothing groups known as
"Harajuku outfits". Takeshita-dori on weekends and holidays, usually very crowded.
The shop at Takeshita-dori has a relatively cheap price range, compared to the shops that can be seen in
upscale malls. Visitors can also find affordable restaurants for snacks. Vehicles are prohibited from passing on
Jalan Takeshita-dori at 11:00 am - 6:00 pm daily.
Tsukiji Fish Market
Tsukiji Fish Market is the best wholesale market of fish, vegetables and fruits in Tokyo and Japan. Its activities
are overseen by Tokyo Metropolitan's wholesale market center. The main activity is tuna auction before
sunrise.
See the various types of fresh fish and other seafood that make a special attraction for the tourists who come
because in the market you also can find some restaurants that serve refined fresh seafood. Tsukiji Market is
divided into the inner market and outer market. Inner market is the center of wholesale buying activity while
outer market is preferable for tourists, because this area is more open to tourists.
Shisui Premium Outlets
This is the Premium outlets closest to Narita International Airport. Due to its close proximity, within the
Shopping mall area is displayed a large TV that displays the flight schedule.
Shisui Premium Outlet is part of Japan's Premium Outlet retail chain which has several branches. In Shisui
Premium Outlet, there are more than 180 shops and restaurants in it. This place merupakn where to shop for
souvenirs, especially clothing. The design of the shops is not like shopping centers generally with indoor
buildings, but we can walk around like in the streets of Tokyo.
The road is big enough for pedestrians. At the edge there was plenty of seating and trees. Food sold in the
restaurant consists of various menus, both western and japanese. Some shops also provide tax-free facilities
which means we can get a cheaper price.
13
REFERENCE
http://pestleanalysis.com/japan-pestle-analysis/
http://theindonesiatimes.com/kuil-kannon-asakusa/
https://bigvacation.web.id/yuk-jalan-jalan-ke-pasar-ikan-dan-seafood-terkenal-di-jepang-yaitu-tsukiji-fishmarket/
https://elfamichelliakarima.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/pengaruh-kebudayaan-cina-terhadap-kebudayaanjepang/
https://historyvitae.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/kebudayaan-jepang/
https://www.japanhoppers.com/id/kanto/tokyo/kanko/716/
Nomor, U. U. (18). tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. Jakarta, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.
NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management in Japan. Springfield,
VA: U.S. Department of Energy.
Suprihatin, A., Prihanto, D., & Gelbert, M. (1996). Sampah dan Pengolahannya. Indah Offset. Malang.
Waste Report. 2017. Clean Authority of Tokyo.
14
ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
As The Individual Report Of
THE INTERNATIONAL JOINT SEMINAR AND VISIT
TO CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO
(Shin-Koto Incineration Plant)
TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
Humanizing Collaboration between Indonesia and Japan
Held By
Graduate School of
International Cooperation Studies
Taufik Irawan, Student ID. 120820160017
pakelnatore@gmail.com
Master of Management Program
Faculty of Economics and Business
University of Padjadjaran
MM UNPAD JAPAN TRIP
15 – 19 MAY 2017
ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT SUPERVISION AND CONTROL
ON WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA AND JAPAN
OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA
Definition of Waste
In Law No. 18 on Waste Management, the definition of waste as a residual activity of human and / or natural
processes is solid. Waste is essentially waste or waste from human sources of activity and natural processes
that have no economic value, can even have a negative economic value because in the good handling to
dispose or clean it costs a lot. Waste is material that has no value or value for the purpose of fabrication of
ordinary or principal or the use of defective or defective goods on manufacturing fabrics or excessive or
irreversible materials or consumables. Waste management is a systematic and sustainable activity that includes
waste reduction and handling.
In the process of nature there is no garbage. Garbage is a synthetic concept largely derived from industrial
activity (also known as waste), such as mining, manufacturing, and consumption. Almost all industrial products
will be garbage with an amount almost equal to the amount of consumption. Trash can be solid, liquid, or gas.
If the waste forms gas, then the waste is called emissions. Emissions are usually associated with pollution.
Garbage or solid waste such as objects in the form of plastic, aluminium, iron, cans, bottles / glass / glass, and
so forth. While the liquid waste is the seepage of liquid waste from the decomposition of waste is called lindir
and can pollute groundwater and rivers. Groundwater contamination, such as, is caused by the bacteria
content of e-coli and heavy metals.
Governments are responsible for the proper collection and disposal of garbage from settlements. However,
because there are other things that should be prioritized in the development in the region and the lack of
funding support for the operation of waste management, making in some areas of waste management
activities is not as expected. This is further reinforced by the absence of the principle that those producing
goods must manage the waste from the goods.
Some common conditions occurred in the implementation of urban waste management during this time,
where household waste by society is collected and disposed of into a container or container provided by the
government. From here trash is transported by truck to generally less controlled landfills, where scavengers
look for recyclable items.
From some of the above understanding, it can be concluded that Waste is a solid waste material from the
activities of households, markets, offices, lodging houses, hotels, restaurants, industry, building materials and
old ruins, motor vehicles, waste is a by-product of Human activities that have been used. The amount of waste
generated in a particular area is proportional to the level of consumption of goods or population. The greater
the volume of waste generated every day, unsanitary disposal of garbage will cause major problems, because
garbage or garbage disposal into open areas will cause pollution Soil will also affect the ground water channel.
Likewise, burning garbage will lead to water pollution, blockage of drains and floods.
Types of Waste
Then in Law Number 18 of 2008 on Waste Management, set some types of waste are as follows:
1. Household waste, which is solid waste derived from the residual daily activities in the household,
excluding stools and specific waste and from natural processes derived from the household environment.
This garbage is sourced from the house or from the housing complex.
2. Household waste, such as household garbage, is not from households and households but comes from
other sources such as markets, trade centers, offices, schools, hospitals, restaurants, hotels, terminals,
ports, industries , City parks, and more.
3. Specific waste, ie household waste or household waste due to its nature, concentration and / or amount
requiring special handling, including, waste containing B3 (hazardous and toxic materials such as used
batteries, ex-toner, etc.), garbage Which contains B3 waste (medical waste), waste from disasters, debris,
technologically unprocessed waste, periodic waste (waste of conscience).
In waste management planning, the Waste Management Act expects city / district governments to form a kind
of municipal / district or provincial scale waste management forum. This forum consists of community in
general, universities, community leaders, environmental / waste organizations, experts, business entities and
others. Things that can be facilitated forum is: to give suggestions, considerations and suggestions on the
1
performance of waste management, helping formulate waste management policies, Provide advice and be able
to settle disputes disputes. Until now, there is no national policy to know the waste itself is still socialized.
Sources of waste
Based on the definition of garbage and the types of garbage there are also sources of waste that cause air
pollution by bad smell and environmental pollution. There are some experts or opinions about waste sources
According to Gelbert et al. Sources of waste generation are as follows:
1. Waste settlements, namely household waste in the form of food processing waste, used household
equipment, paper, cardboard, glass, cloth, garden waste / yard, and others.
2. Agricultural and plantation waste. Agricultural waste is classified as organic material. During the harvest
season is the time most of this waste is generated which is usually burned or used for fertilizer. For
chemical waste such as pesticides and artificial fertilizers need special treatment so as not to pollute the
environment. Another agricultural waste is a plastic sheet that covers plants that reduce evaporation and
inhibition of weed growth, but this plastic can be recycled.
3. Garbage from the rest of the building and building construction. Garbage originating from buildings and
restoration activities of these buildings can be either organic or inorganic. Organic waste, for example:
plywood, bamboo, wood. Inorganic waste, for example: sand, cement, brick, steel, tile, iron, glass, and
cans.
4. Garbage from trade and office. Garbage originating from trading areas such as: shops, traditional markets,
stalls, supermarkets consist of cardboard, wrapping, paper, and organic materials including food and
restaurant waste. Garbage originating from educational institutions, government and private offices
usually consists of paper, stationery (pencils, ballpoints, markers, etc.), photo copy toner, printer ribbons,
printer ink boxes, batteries, chemicals from laboratories, machine ribbons Typewriting, movie cliches,
broken computers, and so on. Used batteries and chemical wastes should be collected separately and
should be subject to special treatment because it is dangerous and toxic.
5. Waste from industry. This waste comes from a whole series of production processes (chemicals, pieces of
material), treatment and packaging of products (paper, wood, plastic, cloth / cloth saturated with solvents
for cleaning). Industrial waste in the form of chemicals that are often toxic require special treatment
before disposal.
Stages and Process of Waste Management
Waste management is also growing in line with the development of types of waste that will be managed.
Several ways in the stages and the final waste management process undertaken by the community based on
Law Number 18 Year 2008 on Waste Management include the following activities:
1. Waste management is a systematic, comprehensive, and continuous activity which includes waste
reduction and handling.
2. Reduction of waste, ie activities to overcome the incidence of waste since the waste producers
(households, markets, and others), reusing waste from the source and / or at the processing site, and
recycling waste at the source and or at the processing site. Waste reduction will be regulated in a
separate Ministerial Regulation, the activities included in this waste reduction are:
a. Set waste reduction goals.
b. Developing clean technology and product labels.
c. Using production materials that can be recycled or reused.
d. Facilities for use or recycling.
e. Develop awareness of reuse or recycling programs
3. Handling waste, which is a series of garbage collection activities that include sorting (grouping and
segregation of waste by type and nature), collection (moving waste from waste source to TPS or
integrated waste processing facility), transporting (removal of waste from sources, TPS or Integrated
waste processing, final product processing (changing shape, composition, characteristic and amount of
waste to be further processed, utilized or returned to nature and active processing of waste processing or
residue of previous processing results to be returned to environmental media.
4. Temporary shelters are places before waste is transported to recycling, processing, and / or processing
places, and integrated final waste processing.
5. Integrated waste treatment plant is where the collection, reuse, recycling, processing, and final waste
processing activities are conducted.
6. Final waste processing site (TPA) is a place to process and return the waste to environmental media safely
for people and the environment.
2
Authority of Waste Management
In other laws and regulations it is mandatory for the Residential Area Management, commercial area, industrial
estate, special area, public facility, social facility, and other facilities shall provide separation facilities. As for
some of the authority in questions are.
1. Central Government Authority
In the management of waste management, the government has the authority to: establish national
policies and strategies for waste management; Establishing standards, norms, criteria and procedures for
waste management; Facilitate and develop interregional cooperation, networks and partnerships in waste
management; Coordinate, supervise the local government performance in waste management; And
establishing interregional dispute settlement policies in waste management, the affirmation shall be
submitted by the Governor to be conditioned in each territory.
2. Authority of Provincial Government
In carrying out waste management, provincial governments have the authority: to establish policies and
strategies in waste management in accordance with government policies; Facilitate inter-regional
cooperation in one province, partnerships, and networks in waste management; Conduct coordination,
guidance and supervision of district/city performance in waste management; And facilitate dispute
settlement of waste management among districts/intercity within a province.
3. Authority of Regency/City Government
In carrying out waste management, district/municipal governments have the authority: to establish waste
management policies and strategies based on national and provincial policies; Conducting district-scale
waste management in accordance with government norms, standards, procedures and criteria;
Conducting guidance and supervision of waste management performance carried out by other parties;
Establishing temporary shelter locations, integrated waste treatment sites, and final waste processing
sites; Periodically monitoring and evaluating every 6 (six) months for a certain period of time towards the
final waste processing site with closed open disposal system; And compiling and organizing an emergency
waste management response system in accordance with its authority.
3
OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN JAPAN
Types of Waste in Japan
Waste Management Law in Law no. 137/1970 classifies junk in Japan into two categories: (1). Industrial waste
and (2). General waste, as proposed in NREL (1993) that Waste is categorized as industrial waste or public
waste. The waste produced by the Waste Disposal Law or determined by the Order Cabinet is called industrial
waste. Currently industrial waste is divided into 19 groups. All waste that is not defined as industrial waste is
called general waste. General waste is essentially residential and waste wastes similar to residential waste but
is generated by businesses and institutions.
Garbage included in the category of public waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and
business waste resulting from the activities of institutions and commercial bodies.
Almost the same as in other countries, the waste in this cherry country, divided into two categories, namely the
category of industrial waste and general waste category.
1. Industrial waste is waste generated from production activities, and there are 19 kinds of waste. Industrial
waste - including industrial wastes - is further classified into two types: special controlled industrial waste
and other industrial waste.
2. General waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and business waste generated
from the activities of institutions and commercial bodies, and broadly divided into three, namely: general
controlled special rubbish, general waste and feces, and garbage Other common.
Industrial Waste in Japan
Industrial waste processing in Japan is regulated in Waste Management Law on the provisions of Law no.
137/1970, chapters III chapters 11 through 15, stating that industrial waste management is handed over as the
responsibility of the party who produces it.
Table 1 Classification of Industrial Waste in Japan
Regulation
No.
Class Waste
Regulated in the Act
(Legislation)
1.
Cinder
3.
4.
5.
6.
Regulated in a
Government Regulation
(Government Ordinance)
7.
8.
9.
10.
2.
Waste Example
Coal ash, ash residue from industrial burning
process, and other burning residues
Silt
Mud residue from industrial plants, sludge from
manufacturing process, excess sediments from
deposition process, sediment from pulp mill,
and the like
Oil Waste
Oil mining, vegetable oil, animal oil, lubricating
oil, tar oil, and others
Acid Waste
All types of acidic liquids, including sulfuric acid
and various organic acids.
Alkali Waste
All kinds of alkaline liquid, such as liquid soda
Plastic waste
All types of synthetic polymers made of a
mixture of solid and liquid compounds,
including synthetic toxins and synthetic rubbers
Paper Waste
Paper and paperboard wastes from pulp mills,
paper industry, paper stock, newspapers,
binding books, all books, printed papers, and
paper coated with PCB
Wooden Trash
Wooden fragments, sawdust, bark, all objects
made of wood resulting from industrial
manufacturing processes, including furniture,
wood pulp, and the like
Fiber Trash
All natural fibers are produced by the textile
industry and textile products of the
manufacturing industry
Animal and Plant Adhesive waste substances, beer cooking
Residues
dregs, fermented waste, fish bones and other
animal bones, and the like
4
Regulation
No.
Class Waste
11.
12.
Rubbish Rubbish
Pieces of Metal
Waste Example
All natural rubber rubbish
The remaining pieces of steel and non-iron
metal
13. Ceramics and Glass
All glass-based trash or ceramic
14. Slag
Bale ore from blast, manual fireplace furnace,
electronic fireplace furnace, mining, etc.
15. Building Materials
Shattered pieces of concrete, bricks, and
objects from the destruction of a building
16. Livestock Dung
Animal manure such as cattle, cattle, pigs,
poultry, and others
17. Animal Carcasses
Animal carcasses like cattle, cows, pigs, poultry,
and others
18. Special Trash
Certain objects collected by dust pickers in
smoking facilities and residual oil deposits from
combustion facilities
19. Residues generated from industrial waste from grade 1 to class 18
Source: Plastic Waste Management Institute, Surveys and Public Relations Department (1991) in NREL (1993).
Common Waste in Japan
Common waste is all waste other than industrial waste, household waste, and business waste generated from
the activities of institutions and commercial bodies. Broadly speaking, public waste in Japan is divided into
three types: (1) Controlled general rubbish, (2) Household waste and faeces, and (3) Other common waste
(NREL 1993).
Table 2 Classification of Household Waste in Japan
Waste
Waste Class
Rubbish is Easy to Burn
(Combustible Waste)
Organic trash
Paper waste and wood
shavings
Trash cardboard
Rubbish Not Easy
Burned
(Non-combustible Waste)
Garbage diapers
Landfill waste
Recyclable Waste
Paper
Textile materials
• Cotton material
• Wool material
• Synthetic fibers
Bottles and glass
Example
The rest of the food and the rest of the dishes
such as vegetables, fruits, meat, fish, tea
leaves, rice remnants, eggshells, and the like
Toilet paper, wood chopsticks, cigar or
cigarette butts, cork, carbon paper, toothpicks,
dried tree branches, milk bottle cover paper,
and the like
Milk carton boxes, yogurt cardboard boxes,
juice cardboard boxes, and the like
Diapers made of paper or synthetic fibers
Synthetic rubber, vinyl, nylon, and the like.
Then also pack the fish, meat, and vegetables.
Then plastic containers for herbs and yogurt.
Products made of rubber such as shoes and
rubber sandals. Other products such as lipstick,
bucket, pottery, plastic film, shell, leather,
tapestry or mats up to 4.5 tatami and carpet.
Newspapers, magazines, leaflets, wrapping
paper, writing paper, cardboard boxes, clothing
boxes, shoe boxes, and the like.
Woven fabrics, trousers, skirts, suits, shirts,
sheets, and sweaters. But for textile products
made of leather and mats are included in the
category of garbage.
Bottles for soy sake, sauce, whiskey, beer,
wine, coca cola, juice, healthy drinks. Then also
5
Waste
Waste Class
Metal
• Iron
• Non-iron
Plastic waste
Electronic tools
Bulky Waste
household
Hazardous Waste
Great rubbish
Difficult classified
Rubbish is dangerous
Example
thick glass, oil bottle, but for fragile bottles are
included in the category of garbage
Iron-containing metals include household
products made of metal (frying pots, flower
pots, kettles, etc.), iron cans (oil cans, beverage
cans, milk cans), iron plates, etc, Except spray
cans made from non-ferrous materials
including the category of crap.
Non-ferrous metals, such as aluminum (empty
cans, beer kegs), and steel cans.
All plastic-based waste, such as plastic shopping
bags, PET bottles, detergent wrappers, egg
containers, and plastic food wrappers
Refrigerator, washing machine, television,
stereo, stove, bike, stroller, and others
Wardrobe, beds, sofas, mats measuring 6
tatami or more, carpets, doors, septic wall
barriers, and the like.
Thermometers, batteries, and incandescent
lamps
Products made of a mixture of plastic, glass,
woven, metal (boats or lifeboats, jet skis,
umbrellas, etc.), fire extinguishers, pianos, tires
and products that cannot be included in the
above categories
Source : NREL (1993)
Waste Sources in Japan
Almost the same as other countries, the source of waste in Japan can be grouped into two categories: housing
and non-housing (World Bank 1999). What is meant by housing waste in Japan is the garbage generated from
houses and apartments. Meanwhile, non-residential waste in Japan is usually generated from activity (1).
Commercial bodies such as shops, hotels, motels, restaurants, and markets; (2). Institutions such as offices,
schools, hospitals, prisons, and government departments; (3). Areas where construction of buildings such as:
renovation areas, destruction areas, and new building construction areas; (4). Open areas such as: streets,
alleys, parks, empty areas, playgrounds, beaches, highways, and recreation areas; (5). Area treatment plant
site; (6). Industrial area; (7). agricultural area; (8). Mining areas, and so forth.
Table 3 Sources of Waste in Japan
Sources
Producer
Example
Housing (Residential)
Housing, apartment, and
residence either from small
family or extended family.
Food waste, cardboard, paper, plastic, textile,
leather, metal, wood, glass, special waste (large
garbage, electronic appliances, oil, batteries,
tires), and harmful household waste.
Commercial Agency
Shops, motels, hotels,
markets, supermarkets,
restaurants, and offices.
Schools, hospitals, prisons,
and government buildings
Streets, alleys, parks, empty
areas, playgrounds,
beaches, highways,
recreation areas, and more.
Institutions
Public Area
Paper, plastic, cardboard, wood, glass, metal,
special waste, food waste, and sometimes
dangerous waste.
Street trash, dirt streets, garden ornaments,
public garbage from beaches, from parks, and
garbage from other recreational areas, and
other special rubbish.
6
Sources
Producer
Example
Industrial
Heavy industry to light
industry.
Building Construction and
Destruction Area
New construction areas,
road repair areas, building
renovation areas, and
building demolition areas.
Power plants, chemical
plants, mineral distillation
processes.
Household waste, packaging, food waste,
building construction materials, building debris,
ash, and special waste.
Wood, steel, concrete, soil, building materials,
sand, heavy objects, cement, woodworking
tools, and so forth.
Chemical Process Area
Agricultural
Rubbish which is the rest of the industrial
process, material pieces, ore slag, and other
waste in the form of industrial waste
processing waste.
Rotten food waste, agricultural waste, and
hazardous waste such as pesticides.
Mine waste such as ash, coal pulp, other
mineral remnants.
Other plantation areas, and
agricultural land.
Mining and Quarrying
Coal mining areas,
petroleum, and other
minerals.
Source: World Bank (1999), has been reprocessed.
Waste Management in Japan
Management or waste management is not just an activity undertaken to collect the garbage that is then
transported and disposed of to landfills (Wanless, 2008). Moreover, there is a series of stages that are always
present in it and have their respective functions that support the conduct of waste management. If there is one
stage that is not done, then the whole process can be disrupted. Therefore, the stages in the waste
management is a unified whole and presented to support each other.
Separation of Waste in Japan
Separation of waste components into flammable and non-flammable waste is common in Japan, since over
80% of municipality in Japan implements a waste separation system before the garbage is collected (Plastic
Waste Management Institute 1991). However, on the other hand it can be seen that the number of
municipalities that enforce the separation of recycling waste is relatively small: less than 30% of the
municipality-municipality present in Japan (NREL 1993).
Waste Collection in Japan
In Japan, municipality is instrumental in garbage collection, either directly or indirectly, and is also responsible
for the overall solid waste management contained in its juridical area (NREL 1993). Most household waste is
collected directly by municipally while the rest is indirectly by private companies that have contracts. The
underlying municipality in Japan regulates its waste by focusing on garbage collection. Municipality started
garbage collection by controlling the garbage directly from the source: households and companies where the
waste came from or produced.
Although garbage collection by door-to-door collection sometimes happens frequently, it is common for
garbage collection by "station-based collection" where garbage is carried by citizens to a designated collection
point.
The frequency of garbage collection varies depending on municipality policy, so each district may have
different collection schedules. The place of littering has usually been determined by municipality and has been
agreed upon by the locals, generally taking place on the sidewalk, under trees, or open areas that are all easily
accessible by garbage trucks. Meanwhile, large garbage disposal can be done by dialing certain fixed phone
numbers or carrying their own trash to a large garbage disposal facility, and usually charged for each item.
Waste Transport in Japan
Garbage transport in Japan is generally done by most municipalities at a predetermined time on a regular basis.
In addition, especially for large garbage, can also be done after a request from residents to transport it (NREL
1993). Waste transport is carried out with the aim of: to move or carry garbage collected by residents to a
temporary disposal site for processing, which will then be transported to landfills. In the implementation, used
7
aid facilities in the form of certain transportation that has been provided, and usually a large truck hauling
garbage.
Waste Processing in Japan
After all the garbage collects, the next step is waste processing. This stage aims to reduce the amount of waste
that will be sent to landfills. For without going through this stage, the amount that can be reduced will not be
significant.
Waste Processing in Japan
Shin Koto Incineration Plant is one of the largest garbage processing sites in Tokyo. At this company visit, we
had the opportunity to visit it. Despite the incinerator, the building is very clean, the air is fresh and beautiful
scenery. In addition we also have the opportunity to gain knowledge and insights about waste management so
that it can be an additional science for a time applied in Indonesia.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant Spesification
Site area
: 61,000m2
Incineration
: 1,000t/day
Construction cost
: 88 billion yen approximately
Completed
: September1998
Building scale
: Reinforced concrete (partially iron framed);
Nine stories above (partially one under) the ground;
Building site
: 28,000m2 approximately
Total floor area
: 77,000m2 approximately
Stack
: Outer cylinder reinforced concrete made
Inner cylinder
: stainless steel sheet made
Height
: 150m
Incinerator
: Fully continuous incineration, fire grate type 600t/day x 3 units
Boiler
: Natural circulation type water pipe boiler with heater
Maximum steam generated
: 121.3t/h x 3 units
Turbine generator
: Bleeder condensing turbine 50,000kW x 1 unit
Dust collector
: Bug filter dust collector
Volume of treated exhaust gas : 200,000Nm3 max./h x 3 units
Refuse bunker
: 45,000m3 approximately
Refuse bunker gate
: 2 1 double-leafed hinged gates
Ash bunker
: 2,900m3 approximately
Power reception equipment
: Incoming power voltage 66,000volt, 2 lines
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Here is the waste processing flow at Shin koto incineration plant.
Final Waste Disposal in Japan
The final disposal stage is the cover of the entire waste management, where waste that reaches this stage is
considered as waste that cannot be reused or recycled.
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PESTLE ANALYSIS IN JAPAN
Although the region is prone to earthquake, but in fact Japan has become one of the developed countries in
the eastern region of Asia. Here is an analysis of political, economy, social, technology, legal, and environment
in japan.
Political Factors
The Japanese Government System is a constitutional monarchy. The emperor's power was restricted and only
derived mainly when performing official duties. The Emperor is the leader of the Imperial Family. It was
established by the Constitutional institution to be "the symbol of the State and the unity of the nation." The
emperor is not the leader of the Executive institution and has no authority relating to Government. Instead, the
cabinet, together with the Minister of State and Prime Minister, is an executive institution. The Prime Minister,
as head of government was appointed by Parliament and was crowned by an Emperor. This system of
government runs under an arrangement established by the Japanese Constitution since 1947. The current
japannese emperor is Akihito, and the current Japanese prime minister is Shinzo Abe.
Japan's parliament is a legislative institution. Using a two-room system, consisting of two assemblies, the Upper
House, and the Lower House. Members of parliament are elected directly by the people, sourced from
sovereignty.
The Supreme Court and other lower courts that form the Judicial branch, they have been detached from the
executive and legislative branches.
Economical Factors
Japan is in the top 5 for the largest economy in the world. So, the Japanese economy is very strong. Japan is a
country with a remarkable rate of economic growth. Its economy has grown since the 20th century, especially
after World War II. Now Japan has become one of the countries with the largest economic power in the world.
The free market economy and induced Japan is one of the largest in the world with the United States and China
in terms of international purchasing power parity. Its economy is highly efficient and competes in areas related
to international trade, but productivity is lower in agriculture, distribution, and service.
Having achieved the highest economic growth in the world from the 1960s to the 1980s, the Japanese
economy slumped drastically in the early 1990s, when the "bubble economy" fell. The supply of industry
leadership and technicians, highly educated and hard-working workers, huge savings and investments and the
intensive promotion of international trade and industry development have produced a mature industrial
economy.
Japan has low natural resources, but trade helps it gain resources for its economy.
Social Factors
Japan is a country famous for its various cultures including queuing cultures. Queues in the country are longer
than our country but they can queue up well because they are very respectful of the rights of others.
Actually in Japan there is no limit marking the direction of the queue but they can arrange it themselves neatly
because their cultural habits queue up in the flesh and create order by itself, and if there is someone who does
not fit in common in Japanese society, then that person will be considered strange person "hen na hito".
In addition, most Japanese choose to walk to MRT from one place to another. So, there will be many
pedestrians in Japan. Although it seems trivial, walking there is ethics in Japan. Trivia in Indonesia that is always
avoided by pedestrians in Japan when walking in public is smoking because it is considered unethical for
pedestrians in Japan is walking while smoking.
Technological Factors
Japan has a long history of technological development and industrialization that has a significant impact on
economic growth and country development. The combination of research (R&D) and the application of
technology was able to change the state of defeat that was previously destroyed in the second world war,
becoming one of the highest income countries in the world.
Evidence of technological progress in Japan is shown at least in the following:
1. Rapid Train Technologies
The Shinkansen fast train is an innovative and efficient technology from Japan that is very interesting and
spectacular. The Shinkansen train uses magnetic levitation technology to keep the train as high as 10
centimeters from the rail and drive up to 600 kilometers per hour.
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2. Earthquake Resistant Technology
Japan is located between the Pacific Ocean so it is very vulnerable to earthquakes. Some of the earthquakes
that occurred earlier have become evidence that Japan must work to create a technology that is able to
cope with this earthquake. Therefore, then emerged earthquake resistant building technology. Earthquake
resistant technology will make existing buildings become flexible and not easily collapsed due to the effects
of the earthquake.
3. Paper Efficiency Technology
Next innovative technology from Japan is tissue paper efficiency technology. This is done by using a
machine capable of recycling office paper waste into toilet paper. With these findings then 40 sheets of A4
size paper can be converted into one roll of toilet paper within 30 minutes.
4. Futuristic Washing Machine Technology
This futuristic washing machine technology works without having to use water as its cleaning medium.
Cleaning without water itself is certainly very futuristic because it is not found in most washing machines.
This waterless washing machine itself is called AQUA Racooon which is the production of AQUA Japan. This
machine works by utilizing special ozone technology so that the dirty clothes will be clean and the smell will
come back fresh. With this technology also someone will be efficient and economical because they no
longer need to spend additional dry cleaning services.
Legal factors
In japan, many laws are based on the European system, such as Company law and Labor Law. You can find
employee laws in employment contracts, such as working hours, minimum wage laws, etc.
In addition, in Japan there are also legal rules that are unique and different from other countries, including:
1. Grabbed the queue
2. Smoking in the non-smoking area
3. Forcing a drink at a party
4. Become a scalper
5. Cut hair without permission
6. Disrupt both praying and funerals
7. Vomiting in a taxi
8. Spit in the garden
9. Receive more change than you should
10. Climb up the telephone pole
11. Drinking while riding a bicycle
Environment Factors
Japan's large population is concentrated around Tokyo. This is because most of the area on this island is
mountain and forest. This area is habitable and reduces the development of Japan to smaller and accessible
parts of the country. The soil is vulnerable to tsunamis and earthquakes. With tightly packed housing and
developments to accommodate high populations, they face the risk of colossal damage in the event of a
natural disaster.
Japan is famous for its clean environment, It turned out that this condition occurred in Japan not in a short
time, because Japan has also been in a dirty and dirty position before. Hygiene in Japan is influenced by Shinto
religious teachings. In Shinto Religion, how to get closer to god one of them by maintaining cleanliness. In
addition, in Japan taught hygiene awareness since childhood to become an inherent culture.
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CROSS CULTURAL ANALYSIS IN JAPAN
Japanese culture is slightly influenced by Chinese culture so that acculturation occurs between immigrant
culture or China with native culture of Japan. For example in the field of architecture, the kingdom of Jaman
Yamato in Japan, in his kingdom there are architectural results of acculturation of Chinese culture and Japanese
culture. This shows that Chinese culture is in great demand by the Japanese people.
However, in the field of government, Japan did not change that resulted from acculturation with China. As in
the position of Tenno who is a direct descendant of Ameterasu. As well as regarding the beliefs of the Japanese
still hold on to the teachings of Shinto, unaffected by the teachings of Confucianism.
Japanese culture that has acculturated with Chinese culture, including:
1. Posts and Languages
With the Chinese being brought in by a Korean scholar named Wani, the Japanese adopted Chinese writing.
The way that is used is, the Japanese write and read Japanese words written by Chinese characters and with
the same sound but with Japanese utterance, at first there is chaos because it is still difficult to bertaptasi
with the Japanese but eventually progressed in the perfect direction Because every Japanese word can be
written well. This language and writing from China is made official language and writing in Japan.
2. Religion
The majority in Japan are Shinto religions. Shinto is the official religion originating from Japan. This Shinto
teaching is animistic because it believes in many gods. In his religious ritual Shinto worship at the spirits of
ancestors/ancestors. And the most worshiped by Shinto people is the sun god Amaterasu. Therefore
Shinto's teachings worship the Japanese emperor who is considered the descendant of Amaterasu.
In about the 5th century entered the Buddhist religion from China to Japan. The Buddhist teachings in Japan
trust the sun god or otherwise known as Amaterasu as the supreme deity who is regarded as the
incarnation of Buddha Daichi Nyorai. The most famous Buddhist religion in Japan is Zen Buddhism absorbed
from China. Shinto shrines begin to be built as a home for our people permanently (shaden).
3. Philosophy
With the entry of Chinese literature into Japan, Chinese philosophy was widely spread among the great
people in Japan. Among other things are Confucianism and Taoism. Confucianism is the worship of the
ancestors, loyalty to the family, the child's service to the family, and so on. Taoism is the use of magic or
magic.
4. Astronomy
In the belief the Japanese also hold the belief or calculation of fortune in life. Calculations such as by the
Moon (astronomical science) or zodiac are known from China.
5. Weaving
At the beginning of its development China influenced the Japanese with a garment consisting of two pieces
of clothing namely the upper clothing and underwear. Underwear in the form of skirts wrapped around the
waist. Furthermore, the upper shirt consists of two types of collars ie flat collar to just below the neck
(agekubi) and collar-shaped "V" (tarekubi) are brought together in the chest.
6. Agriculture
With the entry of bronze and agriculture, so many Japanese people have livelihoods as farmers. Agricultural
equipment from metal raw materials taken from Chinese culture that goes to Japan.
7. Craft
Ceramic refinement system is an influence brought by China to Japan besides timber technology, silk thread
processing which mostly done in Japan comes from China.
8. Treatment
Traditional Chinese traditional massage known as Shiatsu or also known as 'anma'. Anma was later adopted
and adapted by Japanese society. This anma therapy gradually evolves and is influenced by cultures from
east and west.
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CULTURAL ANALYSIS - BEST PRACTICES
Asakusa Kannon Temple and Nakamise Street
As a modern city, Tokyo turned out to have a temple that always crowded visitors, the temple of Kannon
Asakusa. In Asakusa, historical relics of the past synergize with modern buildings in the vicinity. Visitors can
enjoy the atmosphere of the past at the most famous temples in Japan.
According to legend, the temple was built in 645, by the name of Asakusa Kannon Temple, in 628 a pair of
sister fishermen, Hinokuma Hanamari and Hinokuma Takenari, found the statue of Kannon stuck in their net on
the Sumida River. The village elders then built the temple in honor of Bodhisattwa Kannon, also known as Guan
Yi, the Goddess of Mercy. The temple, later named Sensoji Temple, is known as the oldest Buddhist temple in
Tokyo.
Entering the main gate, visitors will pass Nakamise Douri (Nakamise Shopping Street), which is a road along
approximately 200-250 meters, which contains approximately 89 stores selling typical souvenirs of Japan.
The end of Nakamise Street is a gateway to the Sensoji Temple, the Hozomon Gate (Treasure House Gate).
Entering the visitors' Hozomon Gate will be the main page of Sensoji Temple dedicated to Kannon Bosatsu.
Before getting to the main hall, we'll see a five-level pagoda on the left.
MARKETING ANALYSIS - BEST PRACTICES
Takeshita Street
Takeshita-dori is a long way from Harajuku Station in Shibuya-ku to Meiji-dori Street. This street is a shopping
district with a length of 350 meters. Here there are striking and unique items and clothing groups known as
"Harajuku outfits". Takeshita-dori on weekends and holidays, usually very crowded.
The shop at Takeshita-dori has a relatively cheap price range, compared to the shops that can be seen in
upscale malls. Visitors can also find affordable restaurants for snacks. Vehicles are prohibited from passing on
Jalan Takeshita-dori at 11:00 am - 6:00 pm daily.
Tsukiji Fish Market
Tsukiji Fish Market is the best wholesale market of fish, vegetables and fruits in Tokyo and Japan. Its activities
are overseen by Tokyo Metropolitan's wholesale market center. The main activity is tuna auction before
sunrise.
See the various types of fresh fish and other seafood that make a special attraction for the tourists who come
because in the market you also can find some restaurants that serve refined fresh seafood. Tsukiji Market is
divided into the inner market and outer market. Inner market is the center of wholesale buying activity while
outer market is preferable for tourists, because this area is more open to tourists.
Shisui Premium Outlets
This is the Premium outlets closest to Narita International Airport. Due to its close proximity, within the
Shopping mall area is displayed a large TV that displays the flight schedule.
Shisui Premium Outlet is part of Japan's Premium Outlet retail chain which has several branches. In Shisui
Premium Outlet, there are more than 180 shops and restaurants in it. This place merupakn where to shop for
souvenirs, especially clothing. The design of the shops is not like shopping centers generally with indoor
buildings, but we can walk around like in the streets of Tokyo.
The road is big enough for pedestrians. At the edge there was plenty of seating and trees. Food sold in the
restaurant consists of various menus, both western and japanese. Some shops also provide tax-free facilities
which means we can get a cheaper price.
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REFERENCE
http://pestleanalysis.com/japan-pestle-analysis/
http://theindonesiatimes.com/kuil-kannon-asakusa/
https://bigvacation.web.id/yuk-jalan-jalan-ke-pasar-ikan-dan-seafood-terkenal-di-jepang-yaitu-tsukiji-fishmarket/
https://elfamichelliakarima.wordpress.com/2012/04/26/pengaruh-kebudayaan-cina-terhadap-kebudayaanjepang/
https://historyvitae.wordpress.com/2009/04/21/kebudayaan-jepang/
https://www.japanhoppers.com/id/kanto/tokyo/kanko/716/
Nomor, U. U. (18). tahun 2008 tentang Pengelolaan Sampah. Jakarta, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup.
NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory. 1993. Integrated Solid Waste Management in Japan. Springfield,
VA: U.S. Department of Energy.
Suprihatin, A., Prihanto, D., & Gelbert, M. (1996). Sampah dan Pengolahannya. Indah Offset. Malang.
Waste Report. 2017. Clean Authority of Tokyo.
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