Shimamura`s motivation to have a love relationship with a geisha in Yasunari Kawabata`s Snow Country - USD Repository
SHIMAMURA’S MOTIVATION TO HAVE A LOVE RELATIONSHIP WITH A GEISHA IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S SNOW COUNTRY A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Ester Lidiya Student Number: 031214064 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
SHIMAMURA’S MOTIVATION TO HAVE A LOVE RELATIONSHIP WITH A GEISHA IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S SNOW COUNTRY A THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Ester Lidiya Student Number: 031214064 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
MY WAY
And now the end is near And so I face the final curtain My friend I’ll say it clear I’ll state my case of which I’m certain I’ve lived a life that’s full I’ve travelled each and every highway And more, much more than this, I did it my way Regrets I’ve had a few But then again too few to mention I did what I had to do And saw it thru’ without exemption I planned each chattered course Each careful step along the by way But more, much more than this, I did it my way Yes there were times I’m sure you knew When I bit off more than I could chew But thru’ it all when there was doubt I ate it up and spit it out I faced it all and I stood tall, and did it my way I’ve loved, I’ve laughed and cried I’ve had my fill my share of losing And now as tears subside, I find it all so amusing To think I did all that And may I say not in a shy way Oh no, oh no, not me, I did it my way For what is a man, what has he got If not himself then he has not To say the things he truly feels And not the words of one who kneels The record shows I took the blows And did it my way
This thesis is dedicated to: Papa and Mama Bapak and Ibuk
Ayah, the light of my life
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the workor parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 25 July 2011
The Writer
Ester Lidiya
031214064
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Ester Lidiya Nomor Mahasiswa : 031214064Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:SHIMAMURA’S MOTIVATION TO HAVE A LOVE RELATIONSHIP WITH
A GEISHA IN YASUNARI KAWABATA’S SNOW COUNTRYBeserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan
dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain
untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan
royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal 29 Juli 2011 Yang menyatakan, Ester Lidiya
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ, myAlmighty Father, for His love, mercy and guidance to finish my thesis. I am sure that
I would not have been able to write and finish this thesis without His blessing.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Henny Herawati
S.Pd., M.Hum., for all her patience, kindness, advices, time and support. I would
like to thank for her guidance and beneficial suggestions for my thesis. May God
bless her and all of her families with joy and happiness.My deepest gratitude would also goes to my beloved Papa Gatot Muliyono
and Mama Lantati, for all their patience, love, supports, encouragement, and prayers
during my study. I would also like to express my appreciation to Bapak Jajang and
Ibu Sri Suharti for all their love, supports, and prayer. My sincere and deepest
gratitude is also for Ayah, Nuryono Hadi, S.T., for all his love, kindness, supports,
and who always give me strength to accomplish this thesis.I would like to thank for all of English Education Study Program lecturers
and staffs for all the knowledge and assistance during my study in Sanata Dharma
University.Finally, I thank all of 2003 PBI students whom I cannot mention one by one,
who have given me good times during my study. I thank them for being such good
friends, for all the good both bad times.Last but not least, I thank those whose names I cannot mention here. May God bless them with all the goodness and happiness.
The writer, Ester Lidiya
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ..................................................................................................... i PAGES OF APPROVAL .................................................................................. ii DEDICATION PAGE ....................................................................................... iv STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ............................................... v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI......................... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..............................................................................vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................viii ABSTRACTS ...................................................................................................... x ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study ................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Formulation .......................................................................... 3
1.3 Objectives of the Study ...................................................................... 3
1.4 Benefits of the Study .......................................................................... 4
1.5 Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 4
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Review ............................................................................. 6
2.1.1 Critical Approaches in Literature ......................................... 6
2.1.2 Character .............................................................................. 7
2.1.3 Characterization ................................................................... 9
2.1.4 Theory of Motivation ........................................................... 11
2.1.4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation ........................ 11 2.1.4.2 Social Motives ......................................................
12
2.1.4.3 Attachment Theory ............................................... 13
2.1.5 Concept of Love .................................................................. 14
2.2 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 16
3.2 Approach of the Study ....................................................................... 18
4.2.2 Need for Affiliation .............................................................. 29
5.2.2 Suggestions for English Teachers ........................................ 41
5.2.1 Suggestions for the Future Researcher ................................. 40
5.2 Suggestions .......................................................................................... 40
5.1 Conclusions .......................................................................................... 38
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
4.2.4 Concept of Love between Shimamura and Komako ............ 33
4.2.3.2 Safe Haven ............................................................. 32
4.2.3.1 Proximity Maintenance .......................................... 31
4.2.3 Attachment Theory ............................................................... 31
4.2.1 Intrinsic Motivation .............................................................. 28
3.3 Method of the Study .......................................................................... 19
4.2 Shimamura’s Motivation to Have a Love Relationship with Komako 28
4.1.1.5 Inconsistent........................................................................ 26
4.1.1.4 Selfish ................................................................................ 24
4.1.1.3 Dilettante ........................................................................... 24
4.1.1.2 Wealthy ............................................................................. 22
4.1.1.1 Good-looking .................................................................... 22
4.1.1 The Characterization of Shimamura ................................................ 22
4.1 The Characterization of Main Character ............................................. 21
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS
REFERENCES ................................................................................................... 42
APPENDICES .................................................................................................... 44
Appendix 1 Summary of Snow Country ........................................................... 45
Appendix 2 The Biography of Yasunari Kawabata ......................................... 46
Appendix 3 Lesson Plan for Teaching Intensive Reading II .............................48
Appendix 4 Teaching Material ........................................................................... 50
ABSTRACT
Lidiya, Ester. (2011). Shimamura’s Motivation to Have A Love Relationship
with A Geisha in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts
Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma
University.This study analyzes Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. The novel portrays the life of a wealthy, married man who spent his holiday in the hot-spring area, and has a love relationship with a geisha. The study is conducted to reveal the motivation of the main character to have a love relationship with a geisha.
The aim of the study is to answer the two questions in the problem formulation. The first is how Shimamura is described. The second is what motivate Shimamura to have a love relationship with a hot-spring geisha, Komako.
This thesis employed the library research in gathering the data. There were two kinds of sources used in this study, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel Snow Country and the secondary sources were gained from books on literary works. This study utilizes theory of character and characterization, theory of motivation, social motives, attachment theory, and concept of love. The approach used is psychological approach because this study deals with the main character’s motivation to have a love relationship with a hot- spring geisha.
There are two findings based on the analysis. The first finding describes the characterization of Shimamura. Shimamura is good-looking, weatlhty, dilettante, selfish, and inconsistent. The second finding reveals Shimamura’s motivation to have a love relationship with a geisha. There are intrinsic motivation directed by affiliative motive that satisfy the comfort and safety needs in intimate interpersonal relationship that motivate Shimamura to have a love relationship which considered as liking and romantic love stages that involves intimacy and passion.
ABSTRAK
Lidiya, Ester. (2011). Shimamura’s Motivation to Have A Love Relationship
with A Geisha in Yasunari Kawabata’s Snow Country. Yogyakarta: Program
Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni,
Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.Skripsi ini membahas tentang novel karya Yasunari Kawabata, Snow Country. Novel ini menggambarkan tentang kehidupan seorang pria kaya yang sudah menikah, yang menghabiskan waktu liburannya di tempat pemandian air panas, dan menjalin hubungan cinta dengan seorang geisha. Skripsi ini membahas tentang motivasi dari karakter utama di dalam novel tersebut untuk menjalin hubungan cinta dengan seorang geisha.
Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah intuk menjawab dua pertanyaan dalam rumusan masalah. Pertama adalah bagaimana karakter Shimamura dijelaskan. Kedua adalah apa yang memotivasi Shimamura untuk menjalin hubungan cinta dengan seorang geisha.
Studi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada dua macam sumber yang digunakan, yaitu sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama didapat dari novel Snow Country, sedangkan sumber kedua didapat dari beberapa buku kesusastraan. Skripsi ini manggunakan teori karakter dan karakterisasi, teori motivasi, motif - motif sosial, teori kedekatan, dan konsep cinta. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi karena menyangkut tentang motivasi dari karakter utama untuk menjalin hubungan cinta dengan seorang geisha di pemandian air panas.
Ada dua hasil analisa yang didapatkan berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan. Hasil analisa pertama menjelaskan karakteristik dari Shimamura. Shimamura adalah seorang pria tampan, kaya, tidak serius, egois dan tidak konsisten. Hasil analisa kedua mengungkapkan motivasi Shimamura untuk menjalin hubungan cinta dengan seorang geisha. Ada motivasi dari dalam yang didorong oleh motivasi untuk bersama yang memenuhi kebutuhan akan kenyamanan dan keamanan di dalam hubungan antarpersonal yang intim, yang memotivasi Shimamura untuk menjalin sebuah hubungan cinta yang diketahui sebagai tingkat hubungan suka dan hubungan romantis yang melibatkan keintiman dan hasrat.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter presents the background of the study, the objectives of the study,
the problem formulation, the benefits of the study, and definition of terms. The
background of the study focuses on the topic of the study. In the objectives of the
study, explanation on the focus of the study is given. The problem that will be
discussed is given in the problem formulation, and the explanation about the benefit
of the study for the writer and other researchers is given in the benefits of the study.1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is reflection of human life because it usually talks about every aspect in human life. It is expressed in poetry, or through narrative story such as short story, novel, and drama. Lots of people like to read novel more than other literary works. It is mostly because novel is easier to understand, and also the aspects in the novel itself such as characters and the setting in the novel seem to be real. By reading a novel, the readers can see the characters and settings through imagination in which the readers may have a wish to experience it. Sometimes when we read a novel, we can feel some feelings which will appear from the story. They can be happiness, sadness, anger, or maybe a motivation which can make us to do something.
In this study, a topic about motivation is going to be revealed.
Motivation is like a desire or a will to do something to reach the goal. A psychologist, Morris, defines motive as a specific need, desire, or want such as thirst, or achievement that energizes and directs goal – oriented behaviour (408). It is clear from the definition that human want to do something or do an action because they are motivated to get their aim. In this study, the main character’s motivation will be discussed that he has a relationship with a geisha.
Japanese literature is one of the famous ones in the world. Japanese authors write many great classic and modern stories, tales, poems, and also plays. One of the greatest novelists in Japan is Yasunari Kawabata, who is the first Japanese writer that received the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Snow Country, one of Kawabata’s literary works, is a literal translation of the Japanese title Yukiguni. The name comes from where the story takes place, rural Japan that receives a huge amount of snow in the winter. It is located on the west coast of the main island in Japan, and it is famous as the region which has the most snow in the world. Snow Country tells about Shimamura, the main character, who has love relationship with a hot-spring or onsen geisha, named Komako.
The story begins from the first visit of Shimamura, who comes to a remote hot-spring resort. Shimamura somehow likes Komako and therefore visits the resort a few times. Komako really likes Shimamura and she has done
interested in Yoko too, though never goes far beyond distant observation and occassional conversations.
The topic about Shimamura as the main character’s motivation to have a relationship with a country geisha named Komako is interesting to be revealed in this study. It is interesting to know the motivation of a man, a wealthy man whom has a relationship with a remote hot-spring geisha, that he is also a married man.
1.2 Problem Formulation In this study, the problems are formulated in the following questions: (1) How is the main character, Shimamura, depicted?
(2) What motivate Shimamura to have love relationship with a geisha in
Kawabata’s Snow Country?1.3 Objectives of the Study This study is conducted to find out the answers to the questions that are formulated in the problem formulation. There are two major objectives in this literary study. The first is to describe the character, Shimamura who is presented in the novel. The second is to analyze the character’s motivation, Shimamura to have love relationship with a geisha named Komako.
1.4 Benefit of the Study This study in general may be beneficial for people who love to read literary works. It can be used to introduce the readers to the work of Yasunari
Kawabata and all the aspects in a novel. Better understanding in character, characterization and motivations of one’s character in the novel are expected to be given to the readers. This study might provide them useful information and guidance to make critical judgments. The study also hopefully can be used as
an alternative material in teaching reading or prose in school and university.
1.5 Definition of Terms
1. Motivation Kalish in his The Psychology of Human Behavior says that “motivated behaviour is behaviour set into motion by a need. A need indicates that some type of satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the dissatisfaction (29).” Worchel and Shelbilske (408) divide motivations into two kinds. They are extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from the external factors of an individual and intrinsic motivation which are derived from the enjoyment and satisfaction.
2. Love Stenberg in his The Triangle of Love: Intimacy, Passion, Commitment, explains love as different combinations of the three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment which are can be considered as many stages or types of love. They are Liking, infatuation, Empty Love, Romantic Love, Companionate love, Fatuous love, and Consummate Love.
3. Geisha In this study, geisha is referred to onsen geisha or hot-spring geisha, Japanese geisha, or entertainers, who work in onsen (hot-spring) resorts or towns. The term onsen geisha has a negative connotation in that the term has come to be synonymous with prostitute.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onsen_geisha&action=edit")
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents Review of Related Theories, Theoretical Framework. Review of Related Theories contains the theories or the approaches
that are relevant with the study. In the Theoretical Framework, the contribution of the theories and review that are used to solve the problems in the study, will be discussed or explained.
2.1 Review of Related Theories
In this study, some theories are used to support the analysis. They are theory of critical approach, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of motivation, and concept of love.
2.1.1 Critical Approaches in Literature
Appreciating literary works can be in different ways for every reader. One way to do it is by giving evaluative judgements. Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H.
Woods said, “To have a reasonable judgement, we need to employ a means, which is called critical approach” (3). Therefore, readers need some appropriate approaches known as critical approach to literature. It helps the readers to gain better understanding in the nature, function, and positive values of literary works.
sociocultural-historical approach, biographical approach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach.
Only one approach is used in this study. It is psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods state that this approach leads us to analyze the novel from psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it is also explaining and understanding the human motivation (13). The Psychological approach helps to understand the character’s personality and behaviour pattern better because it is from psychological point of view which is related to the motivations. Since this study aims at analyzing Shimamura’s motivation in having relationship with a geisha, so that psychological approach is used in terms of psychological aspects to analyze his motivation.
2.1.2 Character
According to Abrams in his A Glossary of Literary Terms defines character as “The persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who interrupt the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they-say-the dialogue and by what they-do-the action (20).”
There are two kinds of character that are stated in Abram’s A Glossary of Literacy Terms. “Flat” character (also called “type character or two- dimension character) refers to a character which is shaped in a “single idea or quantity” is the first type. Therefore, the author describes the flat character in a brief explanation.
or phrase. The second type of character is “round” character, means a character who / which is “complex in temperament and motivation.” Thus, an author will describe the character like a real people who can give unpredictable actions. In a novel or a short story, the author provides the reader with the “subtle particularly” of the character (21).
According to Ian Milligan in The Novel in English, there are two kinds of
characters based on their role in a story, namely as Major and Minor Characters (155). The Major character is the character that becomes the focus in the story from the beginning until the end and it is perform the important role in clarifying the theme of the story. In other word, if we understand the major character of the story, we also understand the theme of the story. The Minor characters are those who appear in a certain setting and just necessarily to become the background of the major characters. In other word, their role in the story is less important than the major character does.
Holman and Harmon in their A Handbook to Literature classify characters
into Static and Dynamic characters. A Static character is one who changes little or who does not change at all. The pattern of action reveals the character rather than showing the character changing in response to the actions. A Dynamic character is one who very often changes or who is modified by actions and experiences and one objective of the work in which the character appears is to reveal the consequences of these actions (83).
2.1.3 Characterization
Holman and Harmon in their A Handbook to Literature define characterization as “the creation of imaginary person. Even tough they are created imaginatively, they are seen to be real and exist for the readers or audience as lifelike (81).”
There are three fundamental methods of characterization in fiction. First is the explicit presentation of the character by the author through direct exposition illustrated by the action. Second is the presentation of the character in action of the expectation that the reader will be able to deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions. The last is the representation from within a character of the impact of the actions and emotions on the character’s inner beauty, with the expectation that the reader will come to a clear understanding of the attributes of the character (Holman and Harmon, 81).
Abrams also presents different ways of characterization. He points out two ways in characterization, namely “showing and telling”. Showing (or also called “the dramatic method”) means that the author describes the character by giving what the character says and does in the novel. The readers, therefore, have to conclude the character by themselves. Telling is direct description about character given either by the author him or herself or by another characters in the novel (21).
M.J Murphy distinguishes nine ways of how an author reveals the character’s personalities and traits to the readers (161-173). First is personal
appearance such as face, body and clothes. It is very important because it gives clues about the character. Second is character as seen by another. In this case, the author can describe the character through the eyes and opinion of another. Third is
speech where the author can give some clues to the character through what a
person says when he or she speaks in a conversation or puts forward an opinion.Forth is past life. The author can give the reader a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character by letting the reader to learn about that person’s past life. Fifth is conversation with others. The author can give the reader clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him or her. Sixth is reaction. In this case, the author gives us a clue to a person’s character by permitting us to know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Seventh is thoughts. The author can give the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about, because what is in the person’s mind and what he or she feels are reflected on his or her character. Eighth is direct
comment. The author can give comment on a person’s character directly. The last
one is mannerism. The author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or peculiarities that may also tell about his or her character.
2.1.3 Theory of Motivation
People conduct some actions because of some reasons or motive. Motive differs from motivation. Motive is a power or factor within a human that arouses, directs, and organizes behaviour, while motivation is a reason or drive that causes a person to do something or conduct an action or to give a certain attitude his or her behaviour.
Kalish in his The Psychology of Human Behavior says that “motivated behaviour is behaviour set into motion by a need. A need indicates that some type of satisfaction is lacking and implies that the organism is activated to reduce the dissatisfaction (29).”
Maslow in Goble’s The Third Force says that people conduct action to fulfil their needs. He says that “man is initially motivated by series of basic needs; as these are satisfied; he moves toward the level of the higher level of higher needs and becomes motivated by them (47).”
2.1.4.1 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Worchel and Shelbilske (408) divide motivations into two kinds. They are extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation comes from the external factors of an individual. The external factors may come from their desires to pay, status, grades, promotion, and similar types of rewards.
The other kind of motivation is the intrinsic motivation. When people do actions which are derived from the enjoyment and satisfaction, it is called intrinsic
two bases, they are: the people should control their behaviour and they should have feeling as a capable and a competent person. Basically, the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivation is activated by some rewards while intrinsic motivation is activated by enjoyment of the performance rather than an expectation of reward.
2.1.4.2 Social Motives
David McClelland was an American psychologist who developed a theory in the 1980s that describes human motivation into a set of basic needs often referred to as “the three social motives”. According to McClelland, everyone is more strongly motivated by some needs and less strongly by other needs.
Everyone has all three of these motives but simply with a different relative degree. The result of the needs is a unique mix that gives one its personality.
What McClelland found out during his research was that 80 percent of the daily mental activity could be related to the three social motives. They are with other words those motives that are most common in the everyday life. Though the needs for security and nurturing are legitimate and widely studied motives they do occupy so little of most western civilized people’s regular concerns that meant that it is possible to ignore them to a wide extend.
McClelland’s three social motives are: Need for achievement as the first that can be defined as the drive to transcend, the drive to accomplish in relation to a set of standards and the drive to endeavour to succeed. Second is Need for
relationship. The third is Need for power that can be understood as the need to make others behave in a way they would not have behaved otherwise.
The need for affiliation or can be said as affiliate motive is used in this study to analyze the motivation of the main character, Shimamura who has a love relationship with a geisha, because it is related to the interpersonal relationship as discussed to answer the second problem formulation.
2.1.4.3 Attachment Theory
Attachment is a special emotional relationship that involves an exchange of comfort, care, and pleasure. The roots of research on attachment began with Freud’s theories about love. John Bowlby devoted extensive research to the concept of attachment, describing it as a “lasting psychological connectedness between human beings” (194).
Bowlby believed that there are four distinguishing characteristics of attachment. The first is Proximity Maintenance which is described as the desire to be near the people we are attached to. Second is Safe Haven which is described as returning to the attachment figure for comfort and safety in the face of fear or threat. Third is Secure Base which is described as the attachment figure acts as a base of security from which the child can explore the surrounding environment that is usually the attachment between child and the elder. The last one is
Separation Distress which is described as anxiety that occurs in the absence of the
attachment figure.
Adult intimate relationship are often defined by emotional responsiveness, when needs for closeness, support and security are either met or not met.
Attachment security occurs when partners can provide comfort and support to one another during emotionally difficult times.
2.1.5 Concept of Love
Psychologist Robert Stenberg explains love with his triangular theory of love that describes types of love based on three different scales: intimacy, passion, and commitment. Different stages and types of love can be explained as different combinations of these three elements as seen in the table below: Table 1. Types of Love
Combinations of intimacy, passion, and commitment Intimacy Passion Commitment
Liking Infatuation Empty love Romantic love Companionate love Fatuous love Consummate Love
The first kind of love is liking which is this intimate personal relationship characterizes true friendship, in which a person feels a bondedness, a warmth, and a closeness with another but not intense passion or long-term commitment. Second is infatuated love that is often what is felt as love at first sight. Third is
empty love that can be described as love which the commitment remains, but the
intimacy and passion have died. Fourth is romantic love that is understood as love which is bonded emotionally as in liking and physically through passionate arousal. Fifth is companionate love that is often found in marriages in which the passion has gone out of the relationship but deep affection and commitment remains. It is stronger than friendship because of the extra element of commitment. The love is ideally shared between family members or between deep friends who spend a lot of time together in any asexual but friendly relationship. Sixth is fatuous love that can be described as love which is a commitment is motivated largely by passion, without the stabilizing influence of intimacy. The last one is consummate love that can be described as the complete form of love that involves all three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment.
Liking and romantic love are used in the study because it can be used to analyzed what kind of love relationship that occurs between Shimamura and Komako, and to answer the second problem formulation.
2.2 Theoretical Framework
The analysis explains some theories to answer the problems proposed in the problem formulation. They are critical approaches to literature, theory of character and characterization, theory of intrinsic motivation and social motives, attachment theory and also concept of love.
First, the theory of critical approaches to literature and theory of character and characterization are used to find out the answer of the first problem formulation, which is to reveal the characters of Shimamura as the main character of the novel. The theory of critical approach proposed by Rohrberger and Woods is used in order to help analyzing the main character so that the answer of the first problem formulation is able to be found. The theory of character and characterization proposed by Murphy which is presenting nine ways in knowing the character in a story is also used to get deeper understanding on the character.
The theory of intrinsic motivation and social motives by David McClelland, attachment theory by John Bowlby, and concept of love by Robert Stenberg are used in the study in order to find out the second formulation about the motivation of the main character, Shimamura, to have a love relationship with a geisha, Komako.
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY This chapter consists of three main parts namely, Object of the Study, Approach of the Study and Method of the Study. Object of the Study concerns with
the object or data of the study in the literary work that is analyzed. Approach of the
study contains the approach that is used in analyzing the work. Method of the Study
describes the way or procedure taken in analyzing the work.3.1 Object of the Study
The title of the novel that will be analyzed in this study is Snow Country
(1948) by Yasunari Kawabata. The English translation by Edward G. Seidensticker of
the novel was published in 1957.This novel is the most popular work of Kawabata
and become one of his three novels cited by the Nobel Committee in awarding him
. the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1968 Snow Country is the story of Shimamura, a wealthy, sophisticated and a
married man from Tokyo, and a geisha named Komako in a small, nameless village
located in the snow country of Japan, which is the snowiest region on Earth. Komako
and Shimamura come together at an isolated mountain hotspring. Komako is a girl
who became a geisha to help pay the medical bills of a young man who is dying. He
may or may not be her fiancé. Shimamura is an older, married man with a family. He
is described as a dilettante, a wealthy man who lives a life of idleness. He goes to the
hotspring after spending eight days in the mountains and asks for a geisha. All of the
geishas, however, are busy with a celebration in the village so Shimamura ends up
with Komako, a young girl who has not yet become a full-fledged geisha. Their
relationship is rocky; Komako is too young, too clean but they become lovers in spite
of Shimamura’s hesitancy. Komako, unlike Shimamura, throws herself into the
relationship with her whole heart. An added complication to their relationship is
Yoko, a young girl Shimamura notices on the train when he make his first visit to the
resort and then becomes fascinated with her.At the end of the novel, Komako has told Shimamura to leave and not return,
saying she will live a normal life if he stays away. Shimamura, who seems to care
more for Komako than he wants to or is comfortable with, is on the verge of leaving
when a fire tragedy occurs in the village. The tragedy seems as a final ending for their
relationship.3.2 Approach of the Study
A certain approach is needed to analyze a work because the way we use to
view the work is based on the approach. Since this study deals with psychological
aspect that is used to analyze the main character in the novel, Shimamura, the
Psychological approach is used. By using this approach, the character is analyzed
from the psychological point of view.The character’s behaviour, attitude, thinking, and appearance towards other
people in his social relationship must be noticed. The psychological aspects of human
being and their interactions with others in a society present that it may values and can
be analyzed.3.3 Method of the Study
This study uses library research as a method in gathering the data. Since it
conducts a library research, some sources are used to support the analysis. Yasunari
Kawabata’s Snow Country is used as the primary source. Some books such as
Reading and Writing about Literature by Rohrberger and Woods, M.J Murphy’s book
about how an author reveals the characters’ personalities and traits to the readers, and
electronic sources accesses as the secondary source.This study also concerns about the steps taken in the analysis, so that the
solution to the problems formulated in this study is able to be obtained. There were
some steps taken in analyzing this study. Firstly is that the primary source, the novel
Snow Country, was started to be read for many times in order to get better
understanding of the novel, and to focus on the problems that are analyzed. The main
character, Shimamura, is become the main attention and focus to be analyzed.Secondly, the summary of the novel been made in order to make points that
would be discussed. It is intended to make guidelines for the analysis. This step was
taken also in order to make the study more focus on the main problem discussed.Thirdly, theories of characters, characterization, and motivations as secondary
sources were read in order to analyze the main problem as formulated in the problem
formulations. It was intended to get better understanding about the problem that
would be discussed and to focus the analysis.CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS In this chapter, the answers to the questions stated in the problem
formulation are presented. This chapter consists of two sections. The first section is the analysis of Shimamura character and characterization. The second section discusses the motivation of the main character, Shimamura, to have a love relationship with a hot-spring geisha.
4.1 The Characterization of Main Character
Abram defines characters as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue, and by what they do, the action (20).
Shimamura is the person presented in a novel. Shimamura is presented in Kawabata’s Snow Country. According to Ian Milligan in his The Novel in English, Shimamura is the major character because he mostly appears in the novel and becomes the focus in the story. Shimaura is a wealthy, married man from Tokyo, coming to the hot spring area known as “snow country” on his holidays for not only for once, but for several times.
In revealing the characteristic of Shimamura better, a theory proposed by Murphy is used. He proposes nine ways in presenting the characters in a novel. conversations others, reaction, direct comment, thought, and mannerism. Shimamura’s characterization can be analyzed through his personal description, he as seen by other characters, his speech, his reactions, his thoughts, and also his manner.
4.1.1 The Characterization of Shimamura
4.1.1.1 Good-looking
Shimamura is a good-looking man. It can be seen from the explanation of the blind massager who came to give massage to Shimamura, who said that Shimamura is an ideal man who has proportional body. Although she is blind, but she can feel how soft and nice Shimamura is, and she knews that Shimamura don’t drink (59).
Komako also said that Shimamura is also a neat man. He didn’t grow mustache and always shaves himself nice and blue, his face also round and plump.
He also has white skin. The way he cleans himself is representing from which class he comes from. Shimamura also said about himself that he is sweet and gentle, adding Komako’s words about him (113).
4.1.1.2 Wealthy