Trip Japan Report Yurie Gagarin
INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT TO REVIEW BEST PRACTICES IN JAPAN
YURIE GAGARIN
MM FEB UNPAD
NPM : 120820160072
MARKETING ANALYSIS OF TSUKIJI FISH MARKET
Tsukiji Fish Market is the major fish marketplace in the world. So famous, so this market has become one of the
best widespread tourist destinations in Tokyo. Here you can see how seafood is sold in Japan, as well as a variety
of Japanese fancy seafood favorites. In addition, you can also snack and eat at the shops in the market.
Tsukiji Market or popular as Tsukiji fish market is the main market located in Tsukiji, Chūō district of Tokyo. This
market is a wholesale center of seafood and agricultural product. It opens every morning, except Sunday, holidays,
and market holidays in Japan (usually Wednesday). This market is the biggest fish market in Tokyo.
The Tsukiji Market began officially on February 2, 1935, and is the oldest market among the 11 Tokyo Metropolitan
Wholesale Market Markets. Each day auctioned 2,080 tons of sea and 1,180 tons of vegetables / fruits, and makes
it the largest fish market in Japan.
The area around Tsukiji Market is called the Shopping Center Outdoor Market of Tsukiji or popular as jōgai shijō
(outside market). In addition to crowded with seafood stores, in shopping centers there are many restaurants,
especially sushi, and retail stores of various types of goods. The exterior of the market is a busy tourist attraction.
The Tsukiji market starts from the fish market near the Nihonbashi bridge which caters to the needs of Tokyo
residents since the Edo period. When the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923, all the fish markets and wet
markets in Tokyo were burned down. City council decided to set up a wholesale market in Tokyo. One of them is
the Tsukiji Market. The city government bought land of state land (formerly the Naval Academy location, Naval
Technology Research Center) to be the market location. After buying the seaworthy portions, market development
begins from the sea-aging period for 3 years 3 months since March 1928. Of the total land area of 196,729 m²,
16,631.4 m² is a land rushing plot. Building construction and supporting facilities took place from December 1930
to April 1933, ranging from refrigerators, ice factories, auction houses, banana storage rooms, to 2,710 meter
railway expansion from Shiodome Cargo Station. The construction of all supporting facilities was completed in
August 1934.
Traders who started selling at Tsukiji Market since 1934 are traders from Nihonbashi's freshwater fish market, and
chicken traders / eggs. Vegetable and fruit merchants started selling since February 1935, sea fish traders since
June and November 1935, followed by wholesalers, vegetable / fruit traders, tsukemono traders, and other
traders.
In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War occurred, the government applied a centralized economic policy that
removed the brokerage system. Each family is given a food coupon for food exchange, and the amount of
merchandise entering the market is minimal.
After World War II ended, the government again liberated trade. The goods traded in the market are increasing.
Wholesalers are getting more and more unhealthy competition. In 1955, nineteen wholesalers of marine products
were forced to merge into 7 existing wholesalers until now. Wholesale merchants and fruit top initiatives merge
themselves into 4 wholesalers.
Economically Tsukiji is not only a fish auction center, it manages 400 seafood varieties of sea grass, tuna and even
whales. More than 700,000 tons of seafood are managed annually.
This fish market has absorbed 60,000 manpower including fish traders, accountants, auctioneers, employees and
distributors. Tsukiji has become an integrated fish market icon. Tsukiji is also famous for its auctioning of fish,
especially the largest tuna in the world.
In 1954, Daigo Fukuryū Maru fishing vessel was out of danger area when the United States conducted a TellerUlam design (Operation Castle Bravo) at Bikini atoll. After returning to Japan, the tuna and scarf sharks caught by
Daigo Fukuryū Maru were auctioned at Tsukiji Market on March 13. The catch was apparently radioactive
contaminated. The auction was stopped, and other fishermen catches can not be sold. Capture is buried inside the
market complex. On top of it was the monument to the "atomic bomb tuna". In connection with the work of the
market renovation project which took place since 2006, monuments were temporarily moved to the Daigo Fukuryu
Maru Exhibition Building in Yumenoshima, Tokyo. As a substitute, on the outside of the market wall is attached a
warning plaque Daigo Fukuryu Maru.
A number of famous restaurant lines along the market street, so many visitors come to enjoy fresh cuisine.
Because mostly the shops in the marketplace are closed in the evening, so get up early for a delicious breakfast.
Most popular foods on the market are sushi, Kaisen-don (a bowl of rice with fresh seafood) and other dishes using
fresh seafood. However, even if you do not eat raw fish or seafood, there are many other dishes you can enjoy.
The restaurant often delivers set meals with grilled or boiled-and-spiced fish. Some restaurants have Chinese
noodles and gyu don- (a bowl of rice topped with beef and vegetables) on the menu. There is a specialty restaurant
featuring poultry dishes. We can enjoy the food without having to enter the restaurant. The shops in the market
sell a variety of food outside the store: raw, grilled oysters-and salted shrimp, sandwich cuts, rice, and roast beef
skewers (gyu-kushi). There's even a store specializing in Japanese omlelets.
Marketing Analysis of Tsukiji Fish Market based on 7P:
1. Product: products sold in Tsukiji Fish market are fresh sea catches, ranging from various types of fish, shrimp,
squid (squid), shellfish, crabs, eels, and even whales; Processed products such as dried squid that can be eaten
directly like a snack; Fresh fruits and vegetables (the quality of Japanese strawberries is very good); Ready to eat
food products sold at food stalls, such as sushi, Japanese omelets, snacks and more; And there are stores selling
beans like macadamia nuts, almonds and meds; As well as souvenir shops typical of Tsukiji Fish Market like T-shirts
with pictures of various marine animals, tableware, refrigerator magnets, key chains and others.
2. Price: the selling price of goods in Tsukiji Fish market is more expensive than the price in Indonesia, but suitable
for the purchasing power of Japanese people. The quality is very good. I bought unpeeled almond peanuts for
about 1000 yen / 250 grams (about Rp 120,000), but the price of almonds in Indonesia is only 180,000 rupiah /
kilogram. For adult shirts around 2000 yen, it's more expensive than the typical Japanese shirts sold at Nakamise
Shopping Street, but the materials used for T-shirts at Tsukiji are better and better quality than those sold at
Nakamise Shopping Street. In Japan, almost all prices are fixed price and we can not bargain.
3. Place: Tsukiji market is easily accessible from any place in Tokyo. The nearest railway station is Tsukiji-shijo
station on the Oedo line from the Subway Station and Tsukiji Toei on the Hibiya Metro Tokyo line. By bus, take the
bus to Toyomi Suisan Futo or Harumi Futo from Tokyo Station or bus to Narihira-bashi from Shinbashi station and
get off at Tsukiji-3-chome bus stop. It is possible to take a bus to Tsukiji Chuo Shijo at Shinbashi Station and get off
at Tsukiji Chou Shijo bus stop. If we go by car, can use Tsukiji-Gawa-Daiichi parking for 200 yen per 30 minutes.
Most of the shops in the market are closed on Sundays and extra holidays so you should check out the open days
and holidays on Tsukiji's market calendar on the market website first.
4. Promotion: some food shop owners attract buyers by giving free tester to visitors / tourists at Tsukiji Fish
market. They stand by the wayside by handing out their products for tasting, so that visitors can know the taste of
the foods before deciding to buy them. I tasted dried squid and almonds and finally decided to buy the almond
because it tasted so good.
5. People: people here are traders at Tsukiji Fish market. They have the character of discipline and hardworking,
creative, and there are almost no merchants / workers who do nothing. Everything works in accordance with their
respective duties so that the flow of trade in Tsukiji runs neatly and smoothly. Similarly, the Tsukiji Fish Market
information center has a very clean place and informative staff.
6. Process: The process in this case is how the merchant in Tsukiji serves its customers. The process of serving
almost the same as in Indonesia, we choose goods to be purchased and then paid to the cashier or merchant.
7. Physical Evidence: Physical Evidence will explain how the arrangement of building from a company. Is the
company using a unique interior, an attractive lightning system, a room design that attracts the attention of
consumers, and so forth. Companies will certainly realize that the arrangement of building in a company will
certainly affect the mood of visitors. Interior design that impressed a mess will certainly make consumers feel a bit
uncomfortable with the circumstances in the company. Buildings should be able to create a pleasant atmosphere,
so as to provide experience to visitors and can provide added value for visitors.
At Tsukiji Fish Market, the building / building is very good, neat, clean and modern. In a seafood sale building, it
consists of kiosks occupied by traders. Everything is neatly arranged, clean and almost no fish smells at all. It's
really a creative and inspirational fish market.
In Indonesia, the government will develop Muara Baru Port as National Fish Center (NFC). Inspired by Tsukiji Fish
Market in Japan, Muara Baru Fish Market will be built and managed with modern and integrated.
The Muara Baru fishing port has detailed steps that are divided into several stages and have been assisted by the
Japanese government for its development supervision.
"The Japanese master plan we use (to build Muara Baru). Its important points have been accommodated in the
integrated master plan of development of Kalibaru and Muara Angke," said Deputy of Infrastructure Coordination
Coordinating Ministry for the Ministry of Marine Affairs, Ridwan Djamaluddin in his official statement as quoted
detikFinance in Jakarta , Monday (1/5/2017).
Furthermore, Muara Baru development as a clean and easy to manage modern fish market requires adequate
infrastructure. This will make Muara Baru as Tsukiji Fish Market Jakarta better than Japanese property due to its
integrated infrastructure.
The reason, which distinguishes Tsukiji with Muara Baru is Tsukiji not integrated with the fishing port. While Muara
Baru has a fishing port Nizam Zachman projected integrated into fishing port, fish processing and fish market
(auction) in a more modern context.
Hopefully not only in the new Muara but in other fishing areas in Indonesia will have a neat, clean and modern fish
market like Tsukiji Fish market.
CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SENSOJI TEMPLE AND ASAKUSA SHRINE
The location of Sensoji temple and Asakusa Shrine are in one complex. Sensoji temple is a Buddhist temple, while
Asakusa Shrine is a Shinto temple. The buildings are dominated by red color and looks so traditional. These
temples are located near Nakamise-dori. It was amazing place and I’m happy that I’ve been there.
After I visited Sensoji Temple and Asakusa Shrine, my opinion how Japanese culture is linked to other religions,
other life and cultural values:
In Japan, religion is closely related to culture and tradition. In one complex asakusa there is a Buddhist temple
(Sensoji) and Shinto shrine (Asakusa shrine), where Shinto is the original religion of the Japanese. The Japanese are
very nurturing their culture and traditions, this can be seen during the summer fireworks festival (hanabi matsuri)
in Asakusa I’ve visited, the people who come in diverse. Starting from parents, children and of course teenagers.
Trains and streets are full of people who want to see this hanabi matsuri show. And the tradition to attend this
festival is to use "Yukata". Yukata is a non-formal kimono commonly used to replace real kimono when there are
non-formal events. And Yukata has become a compulsory clothing when hanabi takes place. Although not all
people present use the yukata, but most will use it (especially women). The men were many who wore yukata, and
they looked very traditional and sweet.
Besides the highly visible Japanese culture are:
1. Culture of queuing up. Wherever they go, they will queue neatly and orderly, for example at the train station,
escalator, toilet and others.
2. Culture of hygiene. The neighborhood in Japan is very clean, the roads are clean with wide sidewalks so it's
convenient for walking or riding a bicycle. The cars don’t have black smoke from the exhaust, and the most
surprising thing is that on the road almost cannot be found motorcycle / motorcycle rider, whereas in Indonesia,
motorcycle manufacturers are Japan companies like Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki. In Japan, usually using a motorcycle is
the traders who must deliver goods to the destination, for example fish sellers etc. Household waste has been
separated between burnable / combustible garbage, incombustible, large-sized waste (eg bicycles, furniture,
refrigerators, etc.), as well as waste that can recycled such as paper, glass bottles and PET bottles, cans and others
so as to facilitate garbage collector to process it.
3. Culture of time discipline. The Japanese are very respectful of time, there is no term "rubber clock" in Japan, as
in Indonesia. All things runs according to the time specified. Train schedule is also very precise, never too late. And
the most fun is that we do not have to wait long for the next train (for the subway train). As for the Skyliner that I
ride, the train that goes to Narita Airport, has a departure schedule and seat number that is obtained when we buy
a ticket so that no train can be left behind.
4. Culture of shame. Japan is the country with the highest suicide rate in the world with the number of deaths due
to suicide in Japan is still recorded as much as 17.3 per 100,000 citizens in 2016. In the United States, the mortality
rate due to suicide is recorded at about 13 per 100,000 people per year. In the UK, the numbers are listed below
10 per 100,000. Many factors that cause it, the main factor is the financial and health. If you feel embarrassed for
having made a mistake in any work there are just Japanese who commit suicide. Kayoko Ueno, Sociologist from the
University of Tokushima, calls Japan a "nation of suicide" or a hobby of suicide. Suicide in Japan becomes an
honorable way to acknowledge the mistakes that have been made. In 2003, the Japanese government noted there
were more than 34,427 people committed suicide. That number became the highest record until now. To tackle
the problem, the Japanese government finally issued a policy through the Basic Act on Suicide Prevention which
began in 2006. The result was quite positive, where the number of suicides in Japan continues to decline. In 2014,
suicide cases "only" reached 24 thousand cases only. One of the preferred places to commit suicide in Japan is
Aokigahara forest located on the northwest side of Mount Fuji, stretching from Kawaguchiko town to Narizawa
village, Yamanashi Prefecture. Aokigahara is also called "tree oceans forest" and "sea of Fuji mountain trees". So
called because if the wind blows the trees there looks like the wave conditions in the sea. The forest age is
estimated to be around 1200 years.
COMPANY VISIT
SHIN-KOTO INCINERATION PLANT, CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO, TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
When I visited Japan on Academic trip program with MM FEB Unpad, our company visit is to Shin-Koto
incineration, Clean Authority of Tokyo 23 cities, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. This place is a burning place for
combustion. Shin-Koto Incineration plant is one of the biggest incineration plant from 23 cities. There are 21 plants
in 23 cities (2 of which are under construction):
Facilities of Clean Authority of TOKYO
These are the list of Incineration plant
1. Chuo Incineration Plant
2. Minato Incineration Plant
3. Kita Incineration Plant
4. Shinagawa Incineration Plant
5. Meguro Incineration Plant
6. Ota Incineration Plant
7. Tamagawa Incineration Plant
8. Setagaya Incineration Plant
9. Chitose Incineration Plant
10. Shibuya Incineration Plant
11. Suginami Incineration Plant
12. Toshima Incineration Plant
13. Itabashi Incineration Plant
14. Nerima Incineration Plant
15. Hikarigaoka Incineration Plant
16. Sumida Incineration Plant
17. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
18. Ariake Incineration Plant
19. Adachi Incineration Plant
20. Katsushika Incineration Plant
21. Edogawa Incineration Plant
Other Facilities :
1. Shinagawa Cleaning Facility for Night soil (Night soil relations)
2. Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center
3. Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center
4. Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility
What does an incineration plant do? Influenced exerted on the environment by human activities has become one
of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue.
In order to bring a solution to the issue, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the
recycling of waste as a resource. Burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since
combustible waste is burnt in a hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated services to
generate electricity for energy recycling.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant prepared with the state-of-the-art air pollution anticipatory facilities plays a vital part
of processing excess produced in 23 cities in Tokyo, enjoying a much longer service life as a last dumping site.
Plant Overview
Site area : 61,000m2
Incineration
: 1,800tons/day
Construction cost
: 88 billion yen approximately
Completed
: September 1998
Building Scale
: Reinforced concrete (partially iron framed); Nine stories above (partially one under)
the ground; Building site : 28,000m2 approximately; Total floor area : 77,000m2 approximately; Stack : Outer
cylinder is reinforced concrete made; Inner cylinder : stainless steel sheet made; Height : 150 m.
Waste management offices in each of the 23 cities collect and transfer waste.
1.
2.
Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts efficient operation
plans that correspond to seasonal changes and regional trends in waste amount.
Waste processing in the 23 Cities is free of charge for household waste (excluding the disposal of waste
exceeding 10 kg per day), while large-sized waste and business-generated waste are charged.
Transfer
To ensure efficient transfer, transfer methods are detrmined based on the type of waste (combustible,
incombustible, or larged-sized).
a. Combustible Waste
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on collection
sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
b. Incombustible Waste
Incombustible waste is transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center or the
Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are located on the waterfront,
some cities have established land or boat transfer stations, where waste is reloaded onto container
vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer. Such relayed transfer contributes to improve transfer
efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
c. Large-sized Waste
Large-sized waste is delivered to the Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility. Cities that
have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from smaller collection vehicles onto
larger vehicles. Such relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic
congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Intermediate Treatment of Waste
1. Processing combustible waste
Combustible waste is incinerated at incineration plants. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin and foul
odor, and maintains a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to
approximately one-twentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it
into slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced.
2. Improper waste disposal may cause a halt or failure of incinerators
3. Bottom ash is recycled as cement materials
4. Bottom ash is melted into slag
5. Environmental measures to prevent exhaust and wastewater emissions
6. Putting the heat energy generated from incineration to beneficial use
7. Processing incombustible waste and large-sized waste : incombustible waste is pulverized before sent to
landfill disposal. The process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is
pulverized to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible. Incombustible
also contain recycleable resources, such as ferrous metals and alumunium, which are separated and
collected.
There are 15 parts to operate the Incineration plant as we can see from the picture.
Recommendation
In Indonesia, the total amount of waste in some provinces tends to increase from year to year. For example, in
2000 the amount of waste in West Java was around 10.00 million tons and increased to 11.13 million tons in 2007.
Table 2.1 shows the amount of waste in some provinces that increased from 2000 to 2006.
Table 1 Waste Production in Several Provinces in Indonesia from 2000 to 2006
No
Province
Waste produced (million tons)
2000
2002
2004
2006
1
West Java
10,00
10,37
10,75
11,13
2
East Java
9,73
9,82
9,91
9,99
3
Central Java
8,74
8,82
8,89
8,96
4
North Sumatera
3,26
3,35
3,44
3,53
5
DKI Jakarta
2,34
2,38
2,42
2,45
Source: Ministry of Environment (2008b)
Provinces in Indonesia with the most waste producers are West Java, followed by East Java, Central Java, North
Sumatra and DKI Jakarta. Four of the five provinces are located in Java Island. This makes Java Island the biggest
waste-producing island in Indonesia (Ministry of Environment, 2008b).
Garbage produced is dominated by household waste and among them is food waste. Household waste accounts
for 44.5% of total waste in Indonesia. Garbage produced reaches 1.12 kg / capita every day (Ministry of
Environment, 2008a). Food waste dominates 58% of total household waste (Ministry of Environment, 2008b).
Table 2.2 shows the composition of Indonesian waste based on the source of the producer.
Table 2.2 Source, Amount and Percentage of Waste Generated at
Indonesia
No
Source
Waste Produced
Amount
(million tons)
Percentage
(%)
1
Household
16,7
44,5
2
Market
7,7
20,5
3
Street
3,5
9,3
4
Public Facilities
3,4
9,1
5
Office
3,1
8,3
6
Industry
1,3
3,5
7
Others
1,8
4,8
8
Total
38,5
100
Source: Ministry of Environment (2008b).
Java Island is the smallest island among the five major islands in Indonesia but produces the most waste. The
amount is very significant, reaching almost 21.2 million tons per year. This correlates with population density in
Java. West Java Province is the largest province of waste producers and Bandung as the capital of West Java
produces garbage with a range of 0.61 kg / person per day (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013).
Special city of Bandung, the waste generated is also very significant in number. With reference to data in 2006, the
total volume of waste generated can reach 2503.9 tons / day. Settlement is the largest source of waste in the city
of Bandung with a percentage of 65.56% of total waste generated or by 1642.6 tons / day ( Region Company of
Cleanliness Bandung, 2006). Table 2.3 shows the garbage composition in Bandung based on the source of the
producer.
Table 2.3 Source, Number and Percentage of Rubbish Generated at Bandung
No
Source
Waste Produced
Amount
(tons)
Percentage
(%)
1
Household
1642,6
65,6
2
Market
470,7
18,8
3
Street
137,7
5,5
4
Public Facilities
150,2
6,0
5
Office
70,1
2,8
6
Industry
32,6
1,3
7
Total
2503,9
100
Source: PD Sanitation Bandung (2006).
In 2016, the report of Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (Walhi) West Java revealed that the production of household
goods, food, drink and others consumed by the community caused West Java waste production to reach 27
thousand tons per day.
While in 2017, West Java Regional Secretary, Iwa Karniwa revealed that the production of garbage in the area of
Bandung, Cimahi City and West Bandung district alone reached 1315 tons per day.
"Waste production for Bandung City is 1,110 tons per day or 87 percent, for Kota Cimahi 127 tons per day or nine
percent and West Bandung Regency 78 tons per day or four percent," said Iwa Karniwa, as quoted by Antara.
About 10 tons of waste is processed by scavengers every day. While the rest will be disposed in TPA Sarimukti. Of
the thousands of tons of waste, only about four tons of waste is processed into compost every day. So the rest of
more than 1000 tons will only be buried and one day will mount.
According to Wahyu Surakusumah in his article entitled "The Problem of Garbage City of Bandung and Alternative
Solution", the problem of waste in Bandung is difficult to overcome because the community does not separate
between organic and non-organic waste. This makes waste management difficult and inefficient. Whereas if the
waste is separated, will facilitate the management. This has been proven by Surabaya.
"[...] The waste separation has started from the source in Surabaya so that the garbage entering the TPA is only
30%, it saves the waste transportation and waste management," said the Mayor of Surabaya, Tri Rismaharani, as
quoted by the Ministry of Environment website.
Thus it is clear that sorting waste from its source is very important to reduce the amount of garbage that
accumulates in the landfill.
My recommendation in relations to the possibility of city government in Indonesia, particularly for how to build
people awareness in Indonesia to manage waste from the garbage collection from the household, then collected
by Sanitary Agency and dumped at the landfill are:
1. Disseminate organic and inorganic waste segregation to the community, making it easier to process
waste, either directly or through social media, television, radio and others.
2. This socialization is held in each RT / RW so that the waste segregation program is widespread in the
community.
3. Created local regulations on sorting and waste management
4. Provision of sanctions to communities that violate the regulation, especially to the community who
littering in rivers.
5. Apply 3R: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle from households
• Reduce → Reducing what becomes waste
• Reuse → Reusing things before disposing of them
• Recycle → Recycle things as resources
PICTURES
Akihabara
Akihabara is a district in central Tokyo which is famous for many electronics and anime stuffs. Here I bought an
anime t-shirt for my younger sister. The anime t-shirt here was quite expensive.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
Tsukiji Fish Market
h
Omotesando
Vending Machines found everywhere in Japan
References
https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/3488647/dirombak-muara-baru-bisa-saingi-tsukiji-fish-marketmilik-jepang
www.wikipedia.co.id
http://internasional.kompas.com/read/2017/03/24/08332631/jepang.catat.rekor.bunuh.diri.tertinggi.di.dunia.sim
ak.datanya.
https://www.duniaku.net/2017/03/23/fakta-bunuh-diri-di-jepang/
www.japanhoppers.com
http://www.japanindocuteculture.com/2013/10/hanabi-matsuri-festival-kembang-api.html
http://www.union.tokyo23-seisou.lg.jp.e.de.hp.transer.com/kojo/index.html
https://www.tokyokankyo.jp/tokyoprogram/en/recycling-technologies/major-equipment/
http://sampahmasyarakat.com/2016/03/21/statistik-sampah/
http://resource.bebassampah.id/news/waspada-bahaya-laten-longsor-sampah
YURIE GAGARIN
MM FEB UNPAD
NPM : 120820160072
MARKETING ANALYSIS OF TSUKIJI FISH MARKET
Tsukiji Fish Market is the major fish marketplace in the world. So famous, so this market has become one of the
best widespread tourist destinations in Tokyo. Here you can see how seafood is sold in Japan, as well as a variety
of Japanese fancy seafood favorites. In addition, you can also snack and eat at the shops in the market.
Tsukiji Market or popular as Tsukiji fish market is the main market located in Tsukiji, Chūō district of Tokyo. This
market is a wholesale center of seafood and agricultural product. It opens every morning, except Sunday, holidays,
and market holidays in Japan (usually Wednesday). This market is the biggest fish market in Tokyo.
The Tsukiji Market began officially on February 2, 1935, and is the oldest market among the 11 Tokyo Metropolitan
Wholesale Market Markets. Each day auctioned 2,080 tons of sea and 1,180 tons of vegetables / fruits, and makes
it the largest fish market in Japan.
The area around Tsukiji Market is called the Shopping Center Outdoor Market of Tsukiji or popular as jōgai shijō
(outside market). In addition to crowded with seafood stores, in shopping centers there are many restaurants,
especially sushi, and retail stores of various types of goods. The exterior of the market is a busy tourist attraction.
The Tsukiji market starts from the fish market near the Nihonbashi bridge which caters to the needs of Tokyo
residents since the Edo period. When the Great Kantō earthquake in September 1923, all the fish markets and wet
markets in Tokyo were burned down. City council decided to set up a wholesale market in Tokyo. One of them is
the Tsukiji Market. The city government bought land of state land (formerly the Naval Academy location, Naval
Technology Research Center) to be the market location. After buying the seaworthy portions, market development
begins from the sea-aging period for 3 years 3 months since March 1928. Of the total land area of 196,729 m²,
16,631.4 m² is a land rushing plot. Building construction and supporting facilities took place from December 1930
to April 1933, ranging from refrigerators, ice factories, auction houses, banana storage rooms, to 2,710 meter
railway expansion from Shiodome Cargo Station. The construction of all supporting facilities was completed in
August 1934.
Traders who started selling at Tsukiji Market since 1934 are traders from Nihonbashi's freshwater fish market, and
chicken traders / eggs. Vegetable and fruit merchants started selling since February 1935, sea fish traders since
June and November 1935, followed by wholesalers, vegetable / fruit traders, tsukemono traders, and other
traders.
In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War occurred, the government applied a centralized economic policy that
removed the brokerage system. Each family is given a food coupon for food exchange, and the amount of
merchandise entering the market is minimal.
After World War II ended, the government again liberated trade. The goods traded in the market are increasing.
Wholesalers are getting more and more unhealthy competition. In 1955, nineteen wholesalers of marine products
were forced to merge into 7 existing wholesalers until now. Wholesale merchants and fruit top initiatives merge
themselves into 4 wholesalers.
Economically Tsukiji is not only a fish auction center, it manages 400 seafood varieties of sea grass, tuna and even
whales. More than 700,000 tons of seafood are managed annually.
This fish market has absorbed 60,000 manpower including fish traders, accountants, auctioneers, employees and
distributors. Tsukiji has become an integrated fish market icon. Tsukiji is also famous for its auctioning of fish,
especially the largest tuna in the world.
In 1954, Daigo Fukuryū Maru fishing vessel was out of danger area when the United States conducted a TellerUlam design (Operation Castle Bravo) at Bikini atoll. After returning to Japan, the tuna and scarf sharks caught by
Daigo Fukuryū Maru were auctioned at Tsukiji Market on March 13. The catch was apparently radioactive
contaminated. The auction was stopped, and other fishermen catches can not be sold. Capture is buried inside the
market complex. On top of it was the monument to the "atomic bomb tuna". In connection with the work of the
market renovation project which took place since 2006, monuments were temporarily moved to the Daigo Fukuryu
Maru Exhibition Building in Yumenoshima, Tokyo. As a substitute, on the outside of the market wall is attached a
warning plaque Daigo Fukuryu Maru.
A number of famous restaurant lines along the market street, so many visitors come to enjoy fresh cuisine.
Because mostly the shops in the marketplace are closed in the evening, so get up early for a delicious breakfast.
Most popular foods on the market are sushi, Kaisen-don (a bowl of rice with fresh seafood) and other dishes using
fresh seafood. However, even if you do not eat raw fish or seafood, there are many other dishes you can enjoy.
The restaurant often delivers set meals with grilled or boiled-and-spiced fish. Some restaurants have Chinese
noodles and gyu don- (a bowl of rice topped with beef and vegetables) on the menu. There is a specialty restaurant
featuring poultry dishes. We can enjoy the food without having to enter the restaurant. The shops in the market
sell a variety of food outside the store: raw, grilled oysters-and salted shrimp, sandwich cuts, rice, and roast beef
skewers (gyu-kushi). There's even a store specializing in Japanese omlelets.
Marketing Analysis of Tsukiji Fish Market based on 7P:
1. Product: products sold in Tsukiji Fish market are fresh sea catches, ranging from various types of fish, shrimp,
squid (squid), shellfish, crabs, eels, and even whales; Processed products such as dried squid that can be eaten
directly like a snack; Fresh fruits and vegetables (the quality of Japanese strawberries is very good); Ready to eat
food products sold at food stalls, such as sushi, Japanese omelets, snacks and more; And there are stores selling
beans like macadamia nuts, almonds and meds; As well as souvenir shops typical of Tsukiji Fish Market like T-shirts
with pictures of various marine animals, tableware, refrigerator magnets, key chains and others.
2. Price: the selling price of goods in Tsukiji Fish market is more expensive than the price in Indonesia, but suitable
for the purchasing power of Japanese people. The quality is very good. I bought unpeeled almond peanuts for
about 1000 yen / 250 grams (about Rp 120,000), but the price of almonds in Indonesia is only 180,000 rupiah /
kilogram. For adult shirts around 2000 yen, it's more expensive than the typical Japanese shirts sold at Nakamise
Shopping Street, but the materials used for T-shirts at Tsukiji are better and better quality than those sold at
Nakamise Shopping Street. In Japan, almost all prices are fixed price and we can not bargain.
3. Place: Tsukiji market is easily accessible from any place in Tokyo. The nearest railway station is Tsukiji-shijo
station on the Oedo line from the Subway Station and Tsukiji Toei on the Hibiya Metro Tokyo line. By bus, take the
bus to Toyomi Suisan Futo or Harumi Futo from Tokyo Station or bus to Narihira-bashi from Shinbashi station and
get off at Tsukiji-3-chome bus stop. It is possible to take a bus to Tsukiji Chuo Shijo at Shinbashi Station and get off
at Tsukiji Chou Shijo bus stop. If we go by car, can use Tsukiji-Gawa-Daiichi parking for 200 yen per 30 minutes.
Most of the shops in the market are closed on Sundays and extra holidays so you should check out the open days
and holidays on Tsukiji's market calendar on the market website first.
4. Promotion: some food shop owners attract buyers by giving free tester to visitors / tourists at Tsukiji Fish
market. They stand by the wayside by handing out their products for tasting, so that visitors can know the taste of
the foods before deciding to buy them. I tasted dried squid and almonds and finally decided to buy the almond
because it tasted so good.
5. People: people here are traders at Tsukiji Fish market. They have the character of discipline and hardworking,
creative, and there are almost no merchants / workers who do nothing. Everything works in accordance with their
respective duties so that the flow of trade in Tsukiji runs neatly and smoothly. Similarly, the Tsukiji Fish Market
information center has a very clean place and informative staff.
6. Process: The process in this case is how the merchant in Tsukiji serves its customers. The process of serving
almost the same as in Indonesia, we choose goods to be purchased and then paid to the cashier or merchant.
7. Physical Evidence: Physical Evidence will explain how the arrangement of building from a company. Is the
company using a unique interior, an attractive lightning system, a room design that attracts the attention of
consumers, and so forth. Companies will certainly realize that the arrangement of building in a company will
certainly affect the mood of visitors. Interior design that impressed a mess will certainly make consumers feel a bit
uncomfortable with the circumstances in the company. Buildings should be able to create a pleasant atmosphere,
so as to provide experience to visitors and can provide added value for visitors.
At Tsukiji Fish Market, the building / building is very good, neat, clean and modern. In a seafood sale building, it
consists of kiosks occupied by traders. Everything is neatly arranged, clean and almost no fish smells at all. It's
really a creative and inspirational fish market.
In Indonesia, the government will develop Muara Baru Port as National Fish Center (NFC). Inspired by Tsukiji Fish
Market in Japan, Muara Baru Fish Market will be built and managed with modern and integrated.
The Muara Baru fishing port has detailed steps that are divided into several stages and have been assisted by the
Japanese government for its development supervision.
"The Japanese master plan we use (to build Muara Baru). Its important points have been accommodated in the
integrated master plan of development of Kalibaru and Muara Angke," said Deputy of Infrastructure Coordination
Coordinating Ministry for the Ministry of Marine Affairs, Ridwan Djamaluddin in his official statement as quoted
detikFinance in Jakarta , Monday (1/5/2017).
Furthermore, Muara Baru development as a clean and easy to manage modern fish market requires adequate
infrastructure. This will make Muara Baru as Tsukiji Fish Market Jakarta better than Japanese property due to its
integrated infrastructure.
The reason, which distinguishes Tsukiji with Muara Baru is Tsukiji not integrated with the fishing port. While Muara
Baru has a fishing port Nizam Zachman projected integrated into fishing port, fish processing and fish market
(auction) in a more modern context.
Hopefully not only in the new Muara but in other fishing areas in Indonesia will have a neat, clean and modern fish
market like Tsukiji Fish market.
CULTURAL ANALYSIS OF SENSOJI TEMPLE AND ASAKUSA SHRINE
The location of Sensoji temple and Asakusa Shrine are in one complex. Sensoji temple is a Buddhist temple, while
Asakusa Shrine is a Shinto temple. The buildings are dominated by red color and looks so traditional. These
temples are located near Nakamise-dori. It was amazing place and I’m happy that I’ve been there.
After I visited Sensoji Temple and Asakusa Shrine, my opinion how Japanese culture is linked to other religions,
other life and cultural values:
In Japan, religion is closely related to culture and tradition. In one complex asakusa there is a Buddhist temple
(Sensoji) and Shinto shrine (Asakusa shrine), where Shinto is the original religion of the Japanese. The Japanese are
very nurturing their culture and traditions, this can be seen during the summer fireworks festival (hanabi matsuri)
in Asakusa I’ve visited, the people who come in diverse. Starting from parents, children and of course teenagers.
Trains and streets are full of people who want to see this hanabi matsuri show. And the tradition to attend this
festival is to use "Yukata". Yukata is a non-formal kimono commonly used to replace real kimono when there are
non-formal events. And Yukata has become a compulsory clothing when hanabi takes place. Although not all
people present use the yukata, but most will use it (especially women). The men were many who wore yukata, and
they looked very traditional and sweet.
Besides the highly visible Japanese culture are:
1. Culture of queuing up. Wherever they go, they will queue neatly and orderly, for example at the train station,
escalator, toilet and others.
2. Culture of hygiene. The neighborhood in Japan is very clean, the roads are clean with wide sidewalks so it's
convenient for walking or riding a bicycle. The cars don’t have black smoke from the exhaust, and the most
surprising thing is that on the road almost cannot be found motorcycle / motorcycle rider, whereas in Indonesia,
motorcycle manufacturers are Japan companies like Honda, Yamaha, Suzuki. In Japan, usually using a motorcycle is
the traders who must deliver goods to the destination, for example fish sellers etc. Household waste has been
separated between burnable / combustible garbage, incombustible, large-sized waste (eg bicycles, furniture,
refrigerators, etc.), as well as waste that can recycled such as paper, glass bottles and PET bottles, cans and others
so as to facilitate garbage collector to process it.
3. Culture of time discipline. The Japanese are very respectful of time, there is no term "rubber clock" in Japan, as
in Indonesia. All things runs according to the time specified. Train schedule is also very precise, never too late. And
the most fun is that we do not have to wait long for the next train (for the subway train). As for the Skyliner that I
ride, the train that goes to Narita Airport, has a departure schedule and seat number that is obtained when we buy
a ticket so that no train can be left behind.
4. Culture of shame. Japan is the country with the highest suicide rate in the world with the number of deaths due
to suicide in Japan is still recorded as much as 17.3 per 100,000 citizens in 2016. In the United States, the mortality
rate due to suicide is recorded at about 13 per 100,000 people per year. In the UK, the numbers are listed below
10 per 100,000. Many factors that cause it, the main factor is the financial and health. If you feel embarrassed for
having made a mistake in any work there are just Japanese who commit suicide. Kayoko Ueno, Sociologist from the
University of Tokushima, calls Japan a "nation of suicide" or a hobby of suicide. Suicide in Japan becomes an
honorable way to acknowledge the mistakes that have been made. In 2003, the Japanese government noted there
were more than 34,427 people committed suicide. That number became the highest record until now. To tackle
the problem, the Japanese government finally issued a policy through the Basic Act on Suicide Prevention which
began in 2006. The result was quite positive, where the number of suicides in Japan continues to decline. In 2014,
suicide cases "only" reached 24 thousand cases only. One of the preferred places to commit suicide in Japan is
Aokigahara forest located on the northwest side of Mount Fuji, stretching from Kawaguchiko town to Narizawa
village, Yamanashi Prefecture. Aokigahara is also called "tree oceans forest" and "sea of Fuji mountain trees". So
called because if the wind blows the trees there looks like the wave conditions in the sea. The forest age is
estimated to be around 1200 years.
COMPANY VISIT
SHIN-KOTO INCINERATION PLANT, CLEAN AUTHORITY OF TOKYO, TOKYO METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
When I visited Japan on Academic trip program with MM FEB Unpad, our company visit is to Shin-Koto
incineration, Clean Authority of Tokyo 23 cities, Tokyo Metropolitan Government. This place is a burning place for
combustion. Shin-Koto Incineration plant is one of the biggest incineration plant from 23 cities. There are 21 plants
in 23 cities (2 of which are under construction):
Facilities of Clean Authority of TOKYO
These are the list of Incineration plant
1. Chuo Incineration Plant
2. Minato Incineration Plant
3. Kita Incineration Plant
4. Shinagawa Incineration Plant
5. Meguro Incineration Plant
6. Ota Incineration Plant
7. Tamagawa Incineration Plant
8. Setagaya Incineration Plant
9. Chitose Incineration Plant
10. Shibuya Incineration Plant
11. Suginami Incineration Plant
12. Toshima Incineration Plant
13. Itabashi Incineration Plant
14. Nerima Incineration Plant
15. Hikarigaoka Incineration Plant
16. Sumida Incineration Plant
17. Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
18. Ariake Incineration Plant
19. Adachi Incineration Plant
20. Katsushika Incineration Plant
21. Edogawa Incineration Plant
Other Facilities :
1. Shinagawa Cleaning Facility for Night soil (Night soil relations)
2. Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center
3. Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center
4. Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility
What does an incineration plant do? Influenced exerted on the environment by human activities has become one
of the global issues. Waste disposal is part of such an issue.
In order to bring a solution to the issue, it is important to reduce waste as little as possible and promote the
recycling of waste as a resource. Burning is an excellent way of processing waste and recycling energy since
combustible waste is burnt in a hygienic manner, reducing the volume to 5% while heat generated services to
generate electricity for energy recycling.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant prepared with the state-of-the-art air pollution anticipatory facilities plays a vital part
of processing excess produced in 23 cities in Tokyo, enjoying a much longer service life as a last dumping site.
Plant Overview
Site area : 61,000m2
Incineration
: 1,800tons/day
Construction cost
: 88 billion yen approximately
Completed
: September 1998
Building Scale
: Reinforced concrete (partially iron framed); Nine stories above (partially one under)
the ground; Building site : 28,000m2 approximately; Total floor area : 77,000m2 approximately; Stack : Outer
cylinder is reinforced concrete made; Inner cylinder : stainless steel sheet made; Height : 150 m.
Waste management offices in each of the 23 cities collect and transfer waste.
1.
2.
Collection
Each city sets collection days and areas depending on the type of waste, and conducts efficient operation
plans that correspond to seasonal changes and regional trends in waste amount.
Waste processing in the 23 Cities is free of charge for household waste (excluding the disposal of waste
exceeding 10 kg per day), while large-sized waste and business-generated waste are charged.
Transfer
To ensure efficient transfer, transfer methods are detrmined based on the type of waste (combustible,
incombustible, or larged-sized).
a. Combustible Waste
Combustible waste is loaded onto collection vehicles (such as compaction type vehicle) on collection
sites, from which it is directly transferred to an incineration plant.
b. Incombustible Waste
Incombustible waste is transferred to either the Chubo Incombustible Waste Processing Center or the
Keihinjima Island Incombustible Waste Processing Center. Since both are located on the waterfront,
some cities have established land or boat transfer stations, where waste is reloaded onto container
vehicles or vessels for relayed transfer. Such relayed transfer contributes to improve transfer
efficiency, reduced traffic congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
c. Large-sized Waste
Large-sized waste is delivered to the Large-sized Waste Pulverization Processing Facility. Cities that
have a transfer station conduct relayed transfer by reloading it from smaller collection vehicles onto
larger vehicles. Such relayed transfer contributes to improved transfer efficiency, reduced traffic
congestion, and alleviation of air pollution due to exhaust.
Intermediate Treatment of Waste
1. Processing combustible waste
Combustible waste is incinerated at incineration plants. Incineration prevents bacteria, vermin and foul
odor, and maintains a sanitary environment. By incinerating waste, its volume is reduced to
approximately one-twentieth. By recycling a part of bottom ash into cement materials, and by melting it
into slag, the amount going to the landfill is further reduced.
2. Improper waste disposal may cause a halt or failure of incinerators
3. Bottom ash is recycled as cement materials
4. Bottom ash is melted into slag
5. Environmental measures to prevent exhaust and wastewater emissions
6. Putting the heat energy generated from incineration to beneficial use
7. Processing incombustible waste and large-sized waste : incombustible waste is pulverized before sent to
landfill disposal. The process is divided into pulverization and separation. Incombustible waste is
pulverized to reduce its volume, so that an efficient use of landfill sites is made possible. Incombustible
also contain recycleable resources, such as ferrous metals and alumunium, which are separated and
collected.
There are 15 parts to operate the Incineration plant as we can see from the picture.
Recommendation
In Indonesia, the total amount of waste in some provinces tends to increase from year to year. For example, in
2000 the amount of waste in West Java was around 10.00 million tons and increased to 11.13 million tons in 2007.
Table 2.1 shows the amount of waste in some provinces that increased from 2000 to 2006.
Table 1 Waste Production in Several Provinces in Indonesia from 2000 to 2006
No
Province
Waste produced (million tons)
2000
2002
2004
2006
1
West Java
10,00
10,37
10,75
11,13
2
East Java
9,73
9,82
9,91
9,99
3
Central Java
8,74
8,82
8,89
8,96
4
North Sumatera
3,26
3,35
3,44
3,53
5
DKI Jakarta
2,34
2,38
2,42
2,45
Source: Ministry of Environment (2008b)
Provinces in Indonesia with the most waste producers are West Java, followed by East Java, Central Java, North
Sumatra and DKI Jakarta. Four of the five provinces are located in Java Island. This makes Java Island the biggest
waste-producing island in Indonesia (Ministry of Environment, 2008b).
Garbage produced is dominated by household waste and among them is food waste. Household waste accounts
for 44.5% of total waste in Indonesia. Garbage produced reaches 1.12 kg / capita every day (Ministry of
Environment, 2008a). Food waste dominates 58% of total household waste (Ministry of Environment, 2008b).
Table 2.2 shows the composition of Indonesian waste based on the source of the producer.
Table 2.2 Source, Amount and Percentage of Waste Generated at
Indonesia
No
Source
Waste Produced
Amount
(million tons)
Percentage
(%)
1
Household
16,7
44,5
2
Market
7,7
20,5
3
Street
3,5
9,3
4
Public Facilities
3,4
9,1
5
Office
3,1
8,3
6
Industry
1,3
3,5
7
Others
1,8
4,8
8
Total
38,5
100
Source: Ministry of Environment (2008b).
Java Island is the smallest island among the five major islands in Indonesia but produces the most waste. The
amount is very significant, reaching almost 21.2 million tons per year. This correlates with population density in
Java. West Java Province is the largest province of waste producers and Bandung as the capital of West Java
produces garbage with a range of 0.61 kg / person per day (Badan Pusat Statistik, 2013).
Special city of Bandung, the waste generated is also very significant in number. With reference to data in 2006, the
total volume of waste generated can reach 2503.9 tons / day. Settlement is the largest source of waste in the city
of Bandung with a percentage of 65.56% of total waste generated or by 1642.6 tons / day ( Region Company of
Cleanliness Bandung, 2006). Table 2.3 shows the garbage composition in Bandung based on the source of the
producer.
Table 2.3 Source, Number and Percentage of Rubbish Generated at Bandung
No
Source
Waste Produced
Amount
(tons)
Percentage
(%)
1
Household
1642,6
65,6
2
Market
470,7
18,8
3
Street
137,7
5,5
4
Public Facilities
150,2
6,0
5
Office
70,1
2,8
6
Industry
32,6
1,3
7
Total
2503,9
100
Source: PD Sanitation Bandung (2006).
In 2016, the report of Wahana Lingkungan Hidup (Walhi) West Java revealed that the production of household
goods, food, drink and others consumed by the community caused West Java waste production to reach 27
thousand tons per day.
While in 2017, West Java Regional Secretary, Iwa Karniwa revealed that the production of garbage in the area of
Bandung, Cimahi City and West Bandung district alone reached 1315 tons per day.
"Waste production for Bandung City is 1,110 tons per day or 87 percent, for Kota Cimahi 127 tons per day or nine
percent and West Bandung Regency 78 tons per day or four percent," said Iwa Karniwa, as quoted by Antara.
About 10 tons of waste is processed by scavengers every day. While the rest will be disposed in TPA Sarimukti. Of
the thousands of tons of waste, only about four tons of waste is processed into compost every day. So the rest of
more than 1000 tons will only be buried and one day will mount.
According to Wahyu Surakusumah in his article entitled "The Problem of Garbage City of Bandung and Alternative
Solution", the problem of waste in Bandung is difficult to overcome because the community does not separate
between organic and non-organic waste. This makes waste management difficult and inefficient. Whereas if the
waste is separated, will facilitate the management. This has been proven by Surabaya.
"[...] The waste separation has started from the source in Surabaya so that the garbage entering the TPA is only
30%, it saves the waste transportation and waste management," said the Mayor of Surabaya, Tri Rismaharani, as
quoted by the Ministry of Environment website.
Thus it is clear that sorting waste from its source is very important to reduce the amount of garbage that
accumulates in the landfill.
My recommendation in relations to the possibility of city government in Indonesia, particularly for how to build
people awareness in Indonesia to manage waste from the garbage collection from the household, then collected
by Sanitary Agency and dumped at the landfill are:
1. Disseminate organic and inorganic waste segregation to the community, making it easier to process
waste, either directly or through social media, television, radio and others.
2. This socialization is held in each RT / RW so that the waste segregation program is widespread in the
community.
3. Created local regulations on sorting and waste management
4. Provision of sanctions to communities that violate the regulation, especially to the community who
littering in rivers.
5. Apply 3R: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle from households
• Reduce → Reducing what becomes waste
• Reuse → Reusing things before disposing of them
• Recycle → Recycle things as resources
PICTURES
Akihabara
Akihabara is a district in central Tokyo which is famous for many electronics and anime stuffs. Here I bought an
anime t-shirt for my younger sister. The anime t-shirt here was quite expensive.
Shin-Koto Incineration Plant
Tsukiji Fish Market
h
Omotesando
Vending Machines found everywhere in Japan
References
https://finance.detik.com/berita-ekonomi-bisnis/3488647/dirombak-muara-baru-bisa-saingi-tsukiji-fish-marketmilik-jepang
www.wikipedia.co.id
http://internasional.kompas.com/read/2017/03/24/08332631/jepang.catat.rekor.bunuh.diri.tertinggi.di.dunia.sim
ak.datanya.
https://www.duniaku.net/2017/03/23/fakta-bunuh-diri-di-jepang/
www.japanhoppers.com
http://www.japanindocuteculture.com/2013/10/hanabi-matsuri-festival-kembang-api.html
http://www.union.tokyo23-seisou.lg.jp.e.de.hp.transer.com/kojo/index.html
https://www.tokyokankyo.jp/tokyoprogram/en/recycling-technologies/major-equipment/
http://sampahmasyarakat.com/2016/03/21/statistik-sampah/
http://resource.bebassampah.id/news/waspada-bahaya-laten-longsor-sampah