A STUDY ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE A Study on the Pronunciation of Consonant: A Case Study of Javanese learners of English.
A STUDY ON THE PRONUNCIATION OF
CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Language Studies,
Graduate School of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Education
A Thesis
by
Mukhamad Luthfi Ali
ID No. S 200110068
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
ABSTRACT
MUKHAMAD
LUTHFI
ALI.
S200110068.
A
STUDY
ON
THE
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH. Thesis. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2016.
The present research is to investigate the characteristic pronunciation of consonant
difficulties encountered by Javanese learners of English. The idea for this study
has risen out when the researcher teaching English at one of senior high school in
central Java. The researcher often found the lack of systematic of sound system
produced by Indonesian EFL learners, especially on consonant sounds. In this
research, the researcher used descriptive method, which is appropriate to the
research. In collecting the data, the present study applied direct observation.
Subject of the research are 20 Javanese learners of English which have gotten the
material of English pronunciation. From 21 consonants that studied, the researcher
found 12 sound shifts done by JLE, they are; /f/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /b/, /g/, /d/, /ʃ/, /θ/, /ð/,
/ʒ/, /z/, and /v/. The most difficult sound that found by the researcher was /ʒ/. JLE
could only pronounce 9.28% correctly. This phoneme also has 7 sound changes.
Most of them change it into /dʒ/ in initial position, /ʃ/ in medial position, and /dʒ/
in final position. The researcher also found that the position of sounds in initial,
medial, and final influences the sound shift. Those difficulties appear because of
three major problems; the differences in the phonemic systems between English
and Javanese, the non-existence of consonant clusters in Javanese, and a
systematic deviation.
Key words: Pronunciation, Consonants, Sound Shift, Javanese Learners of
English
ABSTRAK
MUKHAMAD
LUTHFI
ALI.
S200110068.
A
STUDY
ON
THE
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH. Thesis. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2016.
Penelitan ini meneliti tentang kesulitan cara pengucapan bunyi konsonan yang
dialami oleh pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa. Ide dari penelitian
ini muncul ketika peneliti mengajar Bahasa Inggris di salah satu sekolah
menengah atas di Jawa Tengah. Peneliti juga menemukan hilangnya sistem bunyi
yang dihasilkan oleh pembelajar EFL berlatar belakang Indonesia, khususnya
pada bunyi konsonan. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode
deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengamatan langsung untuk
mengumpulkan data. Subjek penelitian adalah 20 pembelajar Bahasa Inggris
berlatar belakang Jawa yang pernah mendapatkan materi English Pronunciation.
Dari 21 konsonan yang diteliti, peneliti menemukan 12 perubahan bunyi yang
dilakukan oleh pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa, antara lain
bunyi /f/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /b/, /g/, /d/, /ʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /z/, and /v/. Bunyi yang paling sulit
yang ditemukan oleh peneliti adalah bunyi /ʒ/. Hanya 9,28% yang diucapkan
dengan benar oleh para pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa. Bunyi
ini juga mengalami 7 perubuhan bunyi. Kebanyakan para pembelajar Bahasa
Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa mengubahnya menjadi bunyi /dʒ/ di depan, bunyi
/ʃ/ di tengah, dan bunyi /dʒ/ di belakang. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa posisi
bunyi di depan, tengah, dan belakang mempengaruhi perubahan bunyi. Kesulitankesulitan tersebut muncul karena tiga masalah utama; perbedaan system fonemis
antara Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Jawa, tidak adanya konsonan kluster dalam
Bahasa Jawa, dan penyimpangan yang sistematis.
Kata Kunci: Bunyi, Konsonan, Perubahan Bunyi, Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris
berlatar belakang Jawa.
MOTTO
MOTTO:
☺ Dream it, plan it, pray it, do it.
☺ Do the best thing and don’t wait till tomorrow what you can do today.
☺ Do something honesty and sincerely.
☺ Mistakes may be painful and costly but we can learn from our mistakes.
DEDICATION
The following people are those who I admire the most and would like to
give my deepest thanks to:
His beloved dad, Faijun Sudiharjo, S. Pd. and mom, Nur Endah
Sulistyowati, S. Pd.
His beloved wife, Madania Kusumawardani, S.Kom.
His Brothers M. Verdy Averos and M. Heldy Ardiansyah and my sister
Nurmalita Kurnia Wulandari.
All of his friends of MPB 2011 (Pak Trisno Solo, Mas Agung, Mas Heri, Bu
Wiwik, Bu Jamiyati and the others)
His beloved lectures (Mr. Agus Wijayanto, Mrs. Muamaroh, Mr. Anam
Sutopo, and the others)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirabil’alamin, the researcher says thanks to Allah SWT for
the merciful and blessing in order that the researcher can finish this thesis from
the first up to the last.
It has been realized by the researcher that this writing would never been
completed comprehensively without any help from others, and actually many
people have contributed spiritually or physically for this thesis. The researcher
would like to express the deepest gratitude and an appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Bambang Setiaji, as the Rector of Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta.
2. Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH., M.Hum, as the director of Graduate
Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum, the head of Magister Language Study of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta who have given her a chance to write
this thesis.
4. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D., the Primary Supervisor, for her careful guidance,
support, suggestion, corrections and advice, which has helped the writer to
shape up this work.
5. Muamaroh, Ph.D., the Co-Supervisor, for her careful guidance and advice,
which has helped the writer to shape up this work.
6. The participants of the research who have helped the researcher to submit the
data.
7. His beloved father (Faijun Sudiharjo, S.Pd.) and mother (Nur Endah
Sulistyowati, S.Pd.), who always gives his the support and pray the researcher
to finish this thesis.
8. His beloved wife, Madania Kusumawardani, S.Kom., who always give her
supports, her prays, and her loves everyday and every time.
9. His beloved brothers Briptu M. Verdy Averos, M. Heldy Ardiansyah and
Sister Nurmalita Kurnia Wulandari.
10. The big family of Post Graduate Program of Language Studies Department
2011 for the encouragement and motivation to finish the thesis.
11. All of his friends who give the support and the spirit for the researcher to
finish this thesis.
The researcher realized that this thesis is far from being perfect, in order to
make this thesis be better, the researcher hopes the comment, and suggestion to
complete this thesis. The researcher also hopes this is useful for the readers and
the others.
Surakarta, October 2016
The Writer
MUKHAMAD LUTHFI ALI
S200110068
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ....................................................................................................................... i
PRIMARY SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL FORM ............................................... ii
CO-SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL FORM .......................................................... iii
APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION .................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .........................................................................v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi
MOTTO ................................................................................................................ vii
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1
A. Background of the Study..................................................................1
B. Limitation of Study ..........................................................................6
C. Statements of the Problems ..............................................................6
D. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................7
E. Significants of the Study ..................................................................7
F. Definition of the Key Terms ............................................................7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY .................................................9
A. Previous Study ..................................................................................9
B. Review of Literature .......................................................................16
1. The Concept of Pronunciation ...................................................16
2. Factor that Affect the Mastering of Pronunciation ....................18
3. Accent .......................................................................................19
4. Non-native Accent .....................................................................21
5. Java Accent ................................................................................23
6. Influence of Java Accent Toward English Pronunciation .........24
7. English Sounds ..........................................................................25
8. English and Javanese Sound System .........................................42
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................46
A. Type of the study............................................................................46
B. Setting of the study ........................................................................48
C. Subject of the study ........................................................................48
D. Data and Data sources ....................................................................49
E. Technique of Collecting the Data ..................................................50
F. Data Validity ..................................................................................50
G. Technique of Data Analysis ...........................................................51
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................53
A. Research Findings ..........................................................................53
1. The Consonants Sound Shifts of English Pronunciation Done by
Javanese Learners of English.....................................................53
2. The Variations of English Pronunciation Done by Javanese
Learners of English ....................................................................65
3. The most difficult sounds pronounced by Javanese learners of
English .......................................................................................84
B. Discussions.....................................................................................87
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION ..99
A. Conclusions ....................................................................................99
B. Implication ..................................................................................100
C. Recommendation..........................................................................101
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Table
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
27
4.14
Name of Table
Java accent
Vowel sounds
Consonant sounds
Table of the verb /p/
Table of the verb /b/
Table of the verb /t/
Table of the verb /d/
Table of the verb /k/
Table of the verb /g/
Table of the verb /tʃ/
Table of the verb /dʒ/
Table of the verb /f/
Table of the verb /v/
Table of the verb /ð/
Table of the verb /θ/
Table of the verb /s/
Table of the verb /z/
Table of the verb /ʃ/
Table of the verb /ʒ/
Table of the verb /h/
Table of the verb /m/
Table of the verb /n/
Table of the verb /ŋ/
Table of the verb /l/
English consonants (MacCarthy, 1960)
Javanese consonants (Marsono, 1987)
Comparison between the articulatory movements of
the speech organs
Page
24
25
27
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
43
44
92
LIST OF APPENDICES
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Appendices
Instrument
Phonetics transcription
The result of pronunciation done by the participants
The variations of pronunciation done by the participants
The number of variations of pronunciation done by the participants
English phonemes which are difficult to pronounce by participants
List of participants
CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH
THESIS
Submitted to the Department of Language Studies,
Graduate School of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Master of Education
A Thesis
by
Mukhamad Luthfi Ali
ID No. S 200110068
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE STUDIES
GRADUATE SCHOOL
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
2016
ABSTRACT
MUKHAMAD
LUTHFI
ALI.
S200110068.
A
STUDY
ON
THE
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH. Thesis. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2016.
The present research is to investigate the characteristic pronunciation of consonant
difficulties encountered by Javanese learners of English. The idea for this study
has risen out when the researcher teaching English at one of senior high school in
central Java. The researcher often found the lack of systematic of sound system
produced by Indonesian EFL learners, especially on consonant sounds. In this
research, the researcher used descriptive method, which is appropriate to the
research. In collecting the data, the present study applied direct observation.
Subject of the research are 20 Javanese learners of English which have gotten the
material of English pronunciation. From 21 consonants that studied, the researcher
found 12 sound shifts done by JLE, they are; /f/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /b/, /g/, /d/, /ʃ/, /θ/, /ð/,
/ʒ/, /z/, and /v/. The most difficult sound that found by the researcher was /ʒ/. JLE
could only pronounce 9.28% correctly. This phoneme also has 7 sound changes.
Most of them change it into /dʒ/ in initial position, /ʃ/ in medial position, and /dʒ/
in final position. The researcher also found that the position of sounds in initial,
medial, and final influences the sound shift. Those difficulties appear because of
three major problems; the differences in the phonemic systems between English
and Javanese, the non-existence of consonant clusters in Javanese, and a
systematic deviation.
Key words: Pronunciation, Consonants, Sound Shift, Javanese Learners of
English
ABSTRAK
MUKHAMAD
LUTHFI
ALI.
S200110068.
A
STUDY
ON
THE
PRONUNCIATION OF CONSONANTS: A CASE STUDY OF JAVANESE
LEARNERS OF ENGLISH. Thesis. Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
2016.
Penelitan ini meneliti tentang kesulitan cara pengucapan bunyi konsonan yang
dialami oleh pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa. Ide dari penelitian
ini muncul ketika peneliti mengajar Bahasa Inggris di salah satu sekolah
menengah atas di Jawa Tengah. Peneliti juga menemukan hilangnya sistem bunyi
yang dihasilkan oleh pembelajar EFL berlatar belakang Indonesia, khususnya
pada bunyi konsonan. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode
deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pengamatan langsung untuk
mengumpulkan data. Subjek penelitian adalah 20 pembelajar Bahasa Inggris
berlatar belakang Jawa yang pernah mendapatkan materi English Pronunciation.
Dari 21 konsonan yang diteliti, peneliti menemukan 12 perubahan bunyi yang
dilakukan oleh pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa, antara lain
bunyi /f/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, /b/, /g/, /d/, /ʃ/, /θ/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /z/, and /v/. Bunyi yang paling sulit
yang ditemukan oleh peneliti adalah bunyi /ʒ/. Hanya 9,28% yang diucapkan
dengan benar oleh para pembelajar Bahasa Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa. Bunyi
ini juga mengalami 7 perubuhan bunyi. Kebanyakan para pembelajar Bahasa
Inggris berlatar belakang Jawa mengubahnya menjadi bunyi /dʒ/ di depan, bunyi
/ʃ/ di tengah, dan bunyi /dʒ/ di belakang. Peneliti juga menemukan bahwa posisi
bunyi di depan, tengah, dan belakang mempengaruhi perubahan bunyi. Kesulitankesulitan tersebut muncul karena tiga masalah utama; perbedaan system fonemis
antara Bahasa Inggris dan Bahasa Jawa, tidak adanya konsonan kluster dalam
Bahasa Jawa, dan penyimpangan yang sistematis.
Kata Kunci: Bunyi, Konsonan, Perubahan Bunyi, Pembelajar Bahasa Inggris
berlatar belakang Jawa.
MOTTO
MOTTO:
☺ Dream it, plan it, pray it, do it.
☺ Do the best thing and don’t wait till tomorrow what you can do today.
☺ Do something honesty and sincerely.
☺ Mistakes may be painful and costly but we can learn from our mistakes.
DEDICATION
The following people are those who I admire the most and would like to
give my deepest thanks to:
His beloved dad, Faijun Sudiharjo, S. Pd. and mom, Nur Endah
Sulistyowati, S. Pd.
His beloved wife, Madania Kusumawardani, S.Kom.
His Brothers M. Verdy Averos and M. Heldy Ardiansyah and my sister
Nurmalita Kurnia Wulandari.
All of his friends of MPB 2011 (Pak Trisno Solo, Mas Agung, Mas Heri, Bu
Wiwik, Bu Jamiyati and the others)
His beloved lectures (Mr. Agus Wijayanto, Mrs. Muamaroh, Mr. Anam
Sutopo, and the others)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Alhamdulillahirabil’alamin, the researcher says thanks to Allah SWT for
the merciful and blessing in order that the researcher can finish this thesis from
the first up to the last.
It has been realized by the researcher that this writing would never been
completed comprehensively without any help from others, and actually many
people have contributed spiritually or physically for this thesis. The researcher
would like to express the deepest gratitude and an appreciation to:
1. Prof. Dr. Bambang Setiaji, as the Rector of Universitas Muhammadiyah
Surakarta.
2. Prof. Dr. Khudzaifah Dimyati, SH., M.Hum, as the director of Graduate
Program of Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
3. Prof. Dr. Markhamah, M.Hum, the head of Magister Language Study of
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta who have given her a chance to write
this thesis.
4. Agus Wijayanto, Ph.D., the Primary Supervisor, for her careful guidance,
support, suggestion, corrections and advice, which has helped the writer to
shape up this work.
5. Muamaroh, Ph.D., the Co-Supervisor, for her careful guidance and advice,
which has helped the writer to shape up this work.
6. The participants of the research who have helped the researcher to submit the
data.
7. His beloved father (Faijun Sudiharjo, S.Pd.) and mother (Nur Endah
Sulistyowati, S.Pd.), who always gives his the support and pray the researcher
to finish this thesis.
8. His beloved wife, Madania Kusumawardani, S.Kom., who always give her
supports, her prays, and her loves everyday and every time.
9. His beloved brothers Briptu M. Verdy Averos, M. Heldy Ardiansyah and
Sister Nurmalita Kurnia Wulandari.
10. The big family of Post Graduate Program of Language Studies Department
2011 for the encouragement and motivation to finish the thesis.
11. All of his friends who give the support and the spirit for the researcher to
finish this thesis.
The researcher realized that this thesis is far from being perfect, in order to
make this thesis be better, the researcher hopes the comment, and suggestion to
complete this thesis. The researcher also hopes this is useful for the readers and
the others.
Surakarta, October 2016
The Writer
MUKHAMAD LUTHFI ALI
S200110068
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ....................................................................................................................... i
PRIMARY SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL FORM ............................................... ii
CO-SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL FORM .......................................................... iii
APPROVAL OF THESIS FOR SUBMISSION .................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP .........................................................................v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................... vi
MOTTO ................................................................................................................ vii
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................... viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................... xi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................... xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES ...................................................................................... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1
A. Background of the Study..................................................................1
B. Limitation of Study ..........................................................................6
C. Statements of the Problems ..............................................................6
D. Objectives of the Study ....................................................................7
E. Significants of the Study ..................................................................7
F. Definition of the Key Terms ............................................................7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED THEORY .................................................9
A. Previous Study ..................................................................................9
B. Review of Literature .......................................................................16
1. The Concept of Pronunciation ...................................................16
2. Factor that Affect the Mastering of Pronunciation ....................18
3. Accent .......................................................................................19
4. Non-native Accent .....................................................................21
5. Java Accent ................................................................................23
6. Influence of Java Accent Toward English Pronunciation .........24
7. English Sounds ..........................................................................25
8. English and Javanese Sound System .........................................42
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ................................................................46
A. Type of the study............................................................................46
B. Setting of the study ........................................................................48
C. Subject of the study ........................................................................48
D. Data and Data sources ....................................................................49
E. Technique of Collecting the Data ..................................................50
F. Data Validity ..................................................................................50
G. Technique of Data Analysis ...........................................................51
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ............................53
A. Research Findings ..........................................................................53
1. The Consonants Sound Shifts of English Pronunciation Done by
Javanese Learners of English.....................................................53
2. The Variations of English Pronunciation Done by Javanese
Learners of English ....................................................................65
3. The most difficult sounds pronounced by Javanese learners of
English .......................................................................................84
B. Discussions.....................................................................................87
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION, IMPLICATION AND RECOMMENDATION ..99
A. Conclusions ....................................................................................99
B. Implication ..................................................................................100
C. Recommendation..........................................................................101
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
LIST OF TABLES
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Table
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
27
4.14
Name of Table
Java accent
Vowel sounds
Consonant sounds
Table of the verb /p/
Table of the verb /b/
Table of the verb /t/
Table of the verb /d/
Table of the verb /k/
Table of the verb /g/
Table of the verb /tʃ/
Table of the verb /dʒ/
Table of the verb /f/
Table of the verb /v/
Table of the verb /ð/
Table of the verb /θ/
Table of the verb /s/
Table of the verb /z/
Table of the verb /ʃ/
Table of the verb /ʒ/
Table of the verb /h/
Table of the verb /m/
Table of the verb /n/
Table of the verb /ŋ/
Table of the verb /l/
English consonants (MacCarthy, 1960)
Javanese consonants (Marsono, 1987)
Comparison between the articulatory movements of
the speech organs
Page
24
25
27
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
43
44
92
LIST OF APPENDICES
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Name of Appendices
Instrument
Phonetics transcription
The result of pronunciation done by the participants
The variations of pronunciation done by the participants
The number of variations of pronunciation done by the participants
English phonemes which are difficult to pronounce by participants
List of participants