S IND 1006367 table of content
DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR ..............................................................................................i
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ...................................................................................iv
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................x
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ..............................................................................................xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................xii
DAFTAR SIMBOL ..................................................................................................xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian ............................................................................1
B. Masalah Penelitian .......................................................................................5
1. Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................................5
2. Batasan Masalah ......................................................................................5
3. Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................6
C. Tujuan Penelitian .........................................................................................6
D. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................6
1. Manfaat praktis ........................................................................................7
2. Manfaat Teretis ........................................................................................7
E. Struktur Organisasi Penulisan ......................................................................7
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA, KERANGKA TEORETIS DAN
FONOLOGI
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ..........................................................................................9
B. Kerangka Teoretis ........................................................................................10
1. Fonologi ...................................................................................................10
2.Fonetik ......................................................................................................11
a. Jenis-jenis Fonetik ....................................................................................11
1) Fonetik Artikulatoris.............................................................................12
2) Fonetik Akustis .....................................................................................12
3) Fonetik Auditoris ..................................................................................13
3. Alat Ucap .................................................................................................14
a. Fungsi Alat Ucap......................................................................................16
1) Paru-paru ..............................................................................................16
2) Pangkal Tenggorokan (Larynx),Pita Suara, Glotis dan Epiglotis .........17
3) Rongga Kerongkongan (Farynx) ..........................................................18
4) Langit-langit Lunak (Soft Palate,Velum), Anak Tekak (Uvula), dan
Pangkal lidah (Dorsum) ........................................................................18
5) Langit-langit keras (Palatum), Ujung Lidah (Apeks), dan Daun
Lidah (Laminum) ..................................................................................19
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6) Ceruk Gigi/Gusi Dalam (Alveolum, Alveola, Alveolar ), Ujung Lidah
(Apeks), dan Daun Lidah (Laminum) ....................................................20
7) Gigi (Dentum, Teeth, Dental), Ujung Lidah (Apeks), dan Bibir
(Labium)................................................................................................20
8) Bibir (Lip, Labium) ...............................................................................21
9) Lidah (Tongue) .....................................................................................21
10) Mulut dan Rongga Mulut .....................................................................22
11) Rongga Hidung .....................................................................................22
b. Proses pembentukan Bunyi ......................................................................22
1) Arus Udara ............................................................................................23
2) Pita Suara ..............................................................................................23
3) Alat Ucap ..............................................................................................24
a) Komponen Supraglotal .....................................................................24
b) Komponen Laring .............................................................................26
c) Komponen Sub Glotal ......................................................................27
4. Jenis-Jenis Bunyi bahasa..........................................................................28
a. Bunyi Vokal, Konsonan, dan Semi Vokal ..............................................28
b. Bunyi Oral dan Bunyi Nasal...................................................................30
c. Bunyi Bersuara dan Bunyi Tak bersuara ................................................31
d. Bunyi Keras dan Bunyi Lunak ................................................................31
e. Bunyi Panjang dan Bunyi Pendek ...........................................................32
f. Bunyi Tunggal dan Bunyi Rangkap ........................................................32
g. Bunyi Nyaring dan Bunyi Tak Nyaring ..................................................32
h. Bunyi Egresif dan Bunyi Inggresif .........................................................33
i. Bunyi Segmental dan Bunyi Supra Segmental ......................................33
j. Bunyi Utama dan Bunyi Pengiring atau Bunyi Sertaan ........................33
1) Bunyi Labialisasi ...............................................................................34
2) Bunyi Palatalisasi ..............................................................................34
3) Bunyi Veralisasi ................................................................................34
4) Bunyi Retrofleksi ...............................................................................34
5) Bunyi Glotalisasi ...............................................................................35
6) Bunyi Aspirasi ...................................................................................35
7) Bunyi Nasalisasi ................................................................................35
8) Bunyi Eksplosif .................................................................................35
9) Bunyi Efektif .....................................................................................35
10) Bunyi Klik .........................................................................................35
5. Klasifikasi Vokal .....................................................................................36
a. Tinggi Randahnya Posisi lidah.............................................................36
1) Bunyi Tinggi .....................................................................................36
2) Bunyi Agak Tinggi ...........................................................................36
3) Bunyi Tengah ...................................................................................36
4) Bunyi Agak Rendah..........................................................................37
5) Bunyi Rendah ...................................................................................37
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b. Maju Mundur Lidah .............................................................................37
1) Bunyi Depan .....................................................................................37
2) Bunyi Tengah ...................................................................................37
3) Bunyi Belakang ................................................................................38
c. Struktur................................................................................................38
1) Vokal Tertutup .................................................................................38
2) Vokal Semi Tertutup .......................................................................38
3) Vokal Semi Terbuka .........................................................................38
4) Vokal Terbuka ..................................................................................38
d. Bentuk Mulut atau Bibir .......................................................................39
1) Bentuk Bulat .....................................................................................39
2) Bentuk Netral ....................................................................................39
3) Bentuk Tak Bulat ..............................................................................39
6. Klasifikasi Konsonan ...............................................................................39
a. Pita Suara ..............................................................................................39
1) Bunyi Bersuara atau Bunyi Hidup ....................................................40
2) Bunyi Tak Bersuara atau Bunyi Mati ...............................................40
b. Lubang Lewatan Udara .........................................................................40
1) Bunyi Oral ........................................................................................40
2) Bunyi Nasal ......................................................................................40
3) Bunyi Sengau ....................................................................................41
c. Mekanisme Artikulasi ..........................................................................41
1) Bunyi Bilabial ...................................................................................41
2) Bunyi Labio dental ...........................................................................41
3) Bunyi Apiko Dental ..........................................................................41
4) Bunyi Apiko Alveolar ......................................................................42
5) Bunyi Lamino Palatal .......................................................................42
6) Bunyi Dorso Velar ............................................................................42
7) Bunyi Dorso Uvular..........................................................................42
8) Bunyi Laringal ..................................................................................43
9) Bunyi Glotal .....................................................................................43
7. Diftong (Gugus vokal) dan Deret Vokal .................................................44
a. Diftong Naik ........................................................................................45
b. Diftong Turun......................................................................................45
c. Diftong Memusat .................................................................................45
8. Kluster (Gugus Konsonan) dan Deret Konsonan.....................................45
9. Silabel atau Silaba ....................................................................................46
10. Klasifikasi Suprasegmental ......................................................................47
11. Perubahan Bunyi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia .............................................49
C. Korespondensi Bunyi ...................................................................................53
D. Ketunarunguan .............................................................................................53
1.Klasifikasi Tunarungu .................................................................................54
2.Faktor Penyebab Ketunarunguan ................................................................57
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3.Perkembangan Bahasa ................................................................................58
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
A. Lokasi dan Subjek ........................................................................................59
B. Desain Penelitian .........................................................................................60
C. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................61
1.Definisi Opeasional ...................................................................................61
2.Instrumen Penelitian..................................................................................62
3.Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................62
4.Teknik Penganalisisan Data ......................................................................64
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
A. Realisasi Pelafalan Tuturan Penyandang Tunarungu Tingkat Berat
terhadap Kata Berdasarkan Kajian Fonetik dan Gejala Perubahan Bunyi
pada pelafalan Tuturana Pelafalan Penyandang Tunarungu Tingkat Berat .66
B. Pembahasan..................................................................................................624
1. Bunyi Vokal .........................................................................................624
2. Bunyi Konsonan...................................................................................629
3. Bunyi Deret Vokal ...............................................................................675
4. Bunyi Deret Konsonan .........................................................................685
5. Bunyi Gugus Vokal (Diftong) .............................................................752
6. Bunyi Gugus Konsonan (Kluster) ........................................................755
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
A. Simpulan ......................................................................................................784
B. Saran ............................................................................................................786
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...............................................................................................787
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
2.1 Vokal Bahasa Indonesia ...............................................................................29
2.2 Konsonan Bahasa Indonesia ........................................................................30
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram
2.1 Diagram Tingkat Ketunarunguan .........................................................56
3.1 Diagram Desain Penelitian ...................................................................60
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
2.1 Alat Ucap .....................................................................................................14
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KATA PENGANTAR ..............................................................................................i
ABSTRAK ................................................................................................................ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH ...................................................................................iv
DAFTAR ISI .............................................................................................................vi
DAFTAR TABEL ....................................................................................................x
DAFTAR DIAGRAM ..............................................................................................xi
DAFTAR GAMBAR ................................................................................................xii
DAFTAR SIMBOL ..................................................................................................xiii
BAB I PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Penelitian ............................................................................1
B. Masalah Penelitian .......................................................................................5
1. Identifikasi Masalah .................................................................................5
2. Batasan Masalah ......................................................................................5
3. Rumusan Masalah ....................................................................................6
C. Tujuan Penelitian .........................................................................................6
D. Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................6
1. Manfaat praktis ........................................................................................7
2. Manfaat Teretis ........................................................................................7
E. Struktur Organisasi Penulisan ......................................................................7
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA, KERANGKA TEORETIS DAN
FONOLOGI
A. Tinjauan Pustaka ..........................................................................................9
B. Kerangka Teoretis ........................................................................................10
1. Fonologi ...................................................................................................10
2.Fonetik ......................................................................................................11
a. Jenis-jenis Fonetik ....................................................................................11
1) Fonetik Artikulatoris.............................................................................12
2) Fonetik Akustis .....................................................................................12
3) Fonetik Auditoris ..................................................................................13
3. Alat Ucap .................................................................................................14
a. Fungsi Alat Ucap......................................................................................16
1) Paru-paru ..............................................................................................16
2) Pangkal Tenggorokan (Larynx),Pita Suara, Glotis dan Epiglotis .........17
3) Rongga Kerongkongan (Farynx) ..........................................................18
4) Langit-langit Lunak (Soft Palate,Velum), Anak Tekak (Uvula), dan
Pangkal lidah (Dorsum) ........................................................................18
5) Langit-langit keras (Palatum), Ujung Lidah (Apeks), dan Daun
Lidah (Laminum) ..................................................................................19
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6) Ceruk Gigi/Gusi Dalam (Alveolum, Alveola, Alveolar ), Ujung Lidah
(Apeks), dan Daun Lidah (Laminum) ....................................................20
7) Gigi (Dentum, Teeth, Dental), Ujung Lidah (Apeks), dan Bibir
(Labium)................................................................................................20
8) Bibir (Lip, Labium) ...............................................................................21
9) Lidah (Tongue) .....................................................................................21
10) Mulut dan Rongga Mulut .....................................................................22
11) Rongga Hidung .....................................................................................22
b. Proses pembentukan Bunyi ......................................................................22
1) Arus Udara ............................................................................................23
2) Pita Suara ..............................................................................................23
3) Alat Ucap ..............................................................................................24
a) Komponen Supraglotal .....................................................................24
b) Komponen Laring .............................................................................26
c) Komponen Sub Glotal ......................................................................27
4. Jenis-Jenis Bunyi bahasa..........................................................................28
a. Bunyi Vokal, Konsonan, dan Semi Vokal ..............................................28
b. Bunyi Oral dan Bunyi Nasal...................................................................30
c. Bunyi Bersuara dan Bunyi Tak bersuara ................................................31
d. Bunyi Keras dan Bunyi Lunak ................................................................31
e. Bunyi Panjang dan Bunyi Pendek ...........................................................32
f. Bunyi Tunggal dan Bunyi Rangkap ........................................................32
g. Bunyi Nyaring dan Bunyi Tak Nyaring ..................................................32
h. Bunyi Egresif dan Bunyi Inggresif .........................................................33
i. Bunyi Segmental dan Bunyi Supra Segmental ......................................33
j. Bunyi Utama dan Bunyi Pengiring atau Bunyi Sertaan ........................33
1) Bunyi Labialisasi ...............................................................................34
2) Bunyi Palatalisasi ..............................................................................34
3) Bunyi Veralisasi ................................................................................34
4) Bunyi Retrofleksi ...............................................................................34
5) Bunyi Glotalisasi ...............................................................................35
6) Bunyi Aspirasi ...................................................................................35
7) Bunyi Nasalisasi ................................................................................35
8) Bunyi Eksplosif .................................................................................35
9) Bunyi Efektif .....................................................................................35
10) Bunyi Klik .........................................................................................35
5. Klasifikasi Vokal .....................................................................................36
a. Tinggi Randahnya Posisi lidah.............................................................36
1) Bunyi Tinggi .....................................................................................36
2) Bunyi Agak Tinggi ...........................................................................36
3) Bunyi Tengah ...................................................................................36
4) Bunyi Agak Rendah..........................................................................37
5) Bunyi Rendah ...................................................................................37
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b. Maju Mundur Lidah .............................................................................37
1) Bunyi Depan .....................................................................................37
2) Bunyi Tengah ...................................................................................37
3) Bunyi Belakang ................................................................................38
c. Struktur................................................................................................38
1) Vokal Tertutup .................................................................................38
2) Vokal Semi Tertutup .......................................................................38
3) Vokal Semi Terbuka .........................................................................38
4) Vokal Terbuka ..................................................................................38
d. Bentuk Mulut atau Bibir .......................................................................39
1) Bentuk Bulat .....................................................................................39
2) Bentuk Netral ....................................................................................39
3) Bentuk Tak Bulat ..............................................................................39
6. Klasifikasi Konsonan ...............................................................................39
a. Pita Suara ..............................................................................................39
1) Bunyi Bersuara atau Bunyi Hidup ....................................................40
2) Bunyi Tak Bersuara atau Bunyi Mati ...............................................40
b. Lubang Lewatan Udara .........................................................................40
1) Bunyi Oral ........................................................................................40
2) Bunyi Nasal ......................................................................................40
3) Bunyi Sengau ....................................................................................41
c. Mekanisme Artikulasi ..........................................................................41
1) Bunyi Bilabial ...................................................................................41
2) Bunyi Labio dental ...........................................................................41
3) Bunyi Apiko Dental ..........................................................................41
4) Bunyi Apiko Alveolar ......................................................................42
5) Bunyi Lamino Palatal .......................................................................42
6) Bunyi Dorso Velar ............................................................................42
7) Bunyi Dorso Uvular..........................................................................42
8) Bunyi Laringal ..................................................................................43
9) Bunyi Glotal .....................................................................................43
7. Diftong (Gugus vokal) dan Deret Vokal .................................................44
a. Diftong Naik ........................................................................................45
b. Diftong Turun......................................................................................45
c. Diftong Memusat .................................................................................45
8. Kluster (Gugus Konsonan) dan Deret Konsonan.....................................45
9. Silabel atau Silaba ....................................................................................46
10. Klasifikasi Suprasegmental ......................................................................47
11. Perubahan Bunyi Dalam Bahasa Indonesia .............................................49
C. Korespondensi Bunyi ...................................................................................53
D. Ketunarunguan .............................................................................................53
1.Klasifikasi Tunarungu .................................................................................54
2.Faktor Penyebab Ketunarunguan ................................................................57
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3.Perkembangan Bahasa ................................................................................58
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN
A. Lokasi dan Subjek ........................................................................................59
B. Desain Penelitian .........................................................................................60
C. Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................61
1.Definisi Opeasional ...................................................................................61
2.Instrumen Penelitian..................................................................................62
3.Teknik Pengumpulan Data ........................................................................62
4.Teknik Penganalisisan Data ......................................................................64
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN
A. Realisasi Pelafalan Tuturan Penyandang Tunarungu Tingkat Berat
terhadap Kata Berdasarkan Kajian Fonetik dan Gejala Perubahan Bunyi
pada pelafalan Tuturana Pelafalan Penyandang Tunarungu Tingkat Berat .66
B. Pembahasan..................................................................................................624
1. Bunyi Vokal .........................................................................................624
2. Bunyi Konsonan...................................................................................629
3. Bunyi Deret Vokal ...............................................................................675
4. Bunyi Deret Konsonan .........................................................................685
5. Bunyi Gugus Vokal (Diftong) .............................................................752
6. Bunyi Gugus Konsonan (Kluster) ........................................................755
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN SARAN
A. Simpulan ......................................................................................................784
B. Saran ............................................................................................................786
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ...............................................................................................787
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
2.1 Vokal Bahasa Indonesia ...............................................................................29
2.2 Konsonan Bahasa Indonesia ........................................................................30
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DAFTAR DIAGRAM
Diagram
2.1 Diagram Tingkat Ketunarunguan .........................................................56
3.1 Diagram Desain Penelitian ...................................................................60
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar
2.1 Alat Ucap .....................................................................................................14
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