JAEA Takasaki Annual Report 2012 (Ed.) Takuji KOJIMA Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Japan Atomic Energy Agency Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken (Received December 9, 2013)

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  © Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 2014 JAEA-Review 2013-059 JAEA Takasaki Annual Report 2012 (Ed.) Takuji KOJIMA

  Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Japan Atomic Energy Agency Watanuki-machi, Takasaki-shi, Gunma-ken (Received December 9, 2013)

  

JAEA Takasaki annual report 2012 describes research and development activities performed

from April 1, 2012 to March 31, 2013 mainly with Takasaki Ion Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application (TIARA, four ion accelerators), and electron/gamma-ray irradiation

  60 facilities (an electron accelerator and three Co gamma-ray irradiation facilities) at Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA Takasaki). These

activities are classified into four research fields: 1) Space, Nuclear and Energy Engineering,

2) Environmental Conservation and Resource Exploitation, 3) Medical and Biotechnological Application, and 4) Advanced Materials, Analysis and Novel Technology.

  

This annual report contains 164 reports consisting of 156 research papers and 8 status reports

on operation/maintenance of the irradiation facilities described above, a list of publications, patents, related press-releases, television broadcasting, and the type of research collaborations as appendices.

  Keywords: TIARA, Ion Accelerator, Electron Accelerator, Gamma-ray Facility, Nuclear and Energy Engineering, Environmental Conservation, Resource Exploitation, Medical Application, Biotechnological Application, Advanced Materials, Novel Technology, Materials for Space, Semiconductors, Inorganic Materials, Organic Materials, Functional Materials, Radiation Chemistry, Radiation Biology, Radioisotope Production, Material Analysis, Solid State Physics, Beam Technology, Accelerator Technology, Facility Operation, Safety Control (Editorial committee) Takuji KOJIMA, Hisayoshi ITOH, Atsushi TANAKA,

  Watalu YOKOTA, Shimpei MATSUHASHI, Yasuyuki Haruyama, Hiroshi YOSHIDA and Yoshiteru NAKAMURA

  i JAEA-Review 2013-059 高崎量子応用研究所研究年報 2012

  日本原子力研究開発機構 高崎量子応用研究所 小嶋 拓治

  （編） （

2013 年 12 月 9 日受理）

高崎量子応用研究所研究年報

  2012 は、同研究所にある TIARA 施設（イオン加速器 4 基）

  60 及び電子･ガンマ線照射施設（電子加速器 1 基、 Co ガンマ線照射施設 3 棟）等を利用し て

2012 年 4 月 1 日から 2013 年 3 月 31 日までの間に行われた研究・技術開発成果をまと

めたものである。この研究年報には、 1）宇宙・原子力・エネルギー、2）環境保全・資 源利用、 3）医療・バイオ技術応用、4）先端材料・分析・基盤技術の 4 分野に分類した 156 編の論文及び 8 編の施設の運転・管理状況報告からなる合計 164 編を収録する。また、論

文リスト、出願特許、新聞発表、テレビ放映及び研究実施形態・利用施設の一覧表を付録

として含む。

  高崎量子応用研究所：〒

370-1292 群馬県高崎市綿貫町 1233

  編集委員：（著者代表）小嶋 拓治、伊藤 久義、田中 淳、横田 渉、 松橋 信平、春山 保幸、吉田 宏、中村 義輝

  ii

  

PREFACE

This report covers activities of research and development using TIARA (Takasaki Ion

Accelerators for Advanced Radiation Application), an electron accelerator and Co-60

gamma-ray irradiation facilities in Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, JAEA,

from April 2012 to March 2013.

  This annual report contains 164 papers in the following research fields: 1) Space, Nuclear and Energy Engineering, 2) Environmental Conservation and Resource Exploitation, 3) Medical and Biotechnological Application,

4) Advanced Materials, Analysis and Novel Technology, 5) Status of Irradiation Facilities.

  In the field of Space Engineering, radiation tolerance of solar cell components and

various types of electronic devices has been examined in connection with their space

application. R&Ds of new functional devices have been also performed by using ion

irradiation technique. For Nuclear and Energy Engineering, practically available results

were obtained for radiation stability of Cs or Sr adsorbents, radiation effects in cement

solidification form, zeolite, and sludge used for radioactive waste treatment, and radiation

resistance of polymer materials and optical devices applied for nuclear facilities. As for

structural materials used in light water, fast and fusion reactors, radiation induced

microstructural change has been intensively studied using ion beams for pressure vessel steels,

fuel claddings and blanket materials at TIARA. High performance polymer electrolyte

membranes suitable for fuel cell application and ion exchange membranes used for hydrogen

production have been developed by radiation grafting and cross-linking technique.

  In the field of Environmental Conservation and Resource Exploitation, radiation grafting

technique using electron beams was used to develop fibrous catalysts producing biodiesel

fuels as well as adsorbents removing radioactive Cs ions in water. Using the latter material,

water purifier was fabricated and its high performance on Cs removal was demonstrated.

Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties of various biodegradable polymers has

been studied with radiation crosslinking technique for their industrial applications.

Experimental and theoretical investigations of wastewater treatment due to gamma-ray

irradiation showed that ionizing radiation was quite useful for decomposition of chlorinated

antibiotics in water. Hydro-gels produced by crosslinking of hydroxypropyl cellulose were

investigated to be effective for immobilizing denitrifying bacteria useful for environmental

purification.

  In the field of Medical and Biotechnological Application, radiation sensitivity of higher

  iii plants and microorganisms has been investigated and new knowledge was provided. Obvious gamma-ray sensitivity was found in the seeds of flavonoid-less mutants in Arabidopsis, meanwhile grown-medium dependent increase of survival was observed in E.coli

cells. Radiation-induced bystander effects on normal human lung fibroblasts were

investigated. Following co-culture between irradiated cells and non-irradiated cells for 24 h,

non-irradiated bystander cells were cultured for 14 days to count colonies formed.

The dose-response curve of carbon ions (LET = 108 keV/µm) was similar to that of γ-rays

(0.2 keV/µm), indicating that radiation-induced bystander cell-killing effect is independent of LET. On the other hand, the ion microbeam analysis with particle-induced X-ray/Gamma-ray emission (micro-PIXE/PIGE) system for elemental mapping of bio-medical samples was widely utilized to study about the risk of cigarette smoking, Gadolinium neutron capture therapy, participation to the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis of asbestos suction, functions of plant tissue and so on. In order to expand the potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy using radionuclides, generating a radio-peptide drug for targeting oncoprotein such as the human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (Her2), was investigated. A new labeling technique for radiohalogenating of peptide has been

  131 successfully developed to synthesize the F(p- I)MARSGL, which is a radioiodinated linear peptide consisting of six amino acids as an anti-Her2 peptide. The radionuclides are also applied to the plant studies on plant functions, absorption of various nutrients and pollutants from the environment, which is crucial for the human society. New experimental methods

  13 were developed for production of a N-labeled N 2 gas tracer with high radioactivity, for analysis of cadmium transport in a whole plant body, and for live-imaging of radiocesium movement using a specially-designed gamma camera. The ion beam breeding has been applied for many kinds of plants and microorganisms such as chrysanthemum, rice, poplar, and entomopathogenic fungi to obtain new useful varieties. A candidate gene was identified for high ethyle caproate production in the sake yeast generated by the ion beam breeding.

  Study on mutational effect of carbon ion beams in Arabidopsis suggested that the frequency of large DNA deletions is affected by LET.

  In the field of Advanced Materials and Analysis, applying ion- or electron-irradiation effect leads to creation of various materials such as Gasochromic MoO 3 film, protein or polyvinylpyrrolidone nanowire/fiber, Platinum nanoparticles, SiC membrane/nanotubes, Zeolite membrane, PMMA, fluoropolymer, SU-8 and UV curable resin with micro structures.

  Analyses of characteristics of various materials with and without irradiation were performed using conventional methods, photospectrometry (PL, CL), microscopy (TEM, AFM, MFM, and ESR) and radiation-applied analysis, e.g. PIGE, ILUMIS, EELS, AICM, XRD,

  XMCD-PEEM, positron annihilation spectroscopy, and SPM. As for the Novel Technology, radiation chemistry studies on radiolysis of water or organics were carried out using

  iv

  

continuous or pulsed MeV heavy ion beams. Different kinds of radiation measurements

were also studied on the basis of TOF method, wall-less TE proportional counter, fluorescent

screen, and CR-39 detector. Characteristics of rock-salt, ice, PMMA, Gafchromic film,

CVD diamond film, and scintillator were examined as new detectors. The fundamental

studies on the interaction between MeV/atom cluster ions and target materials for C 2 -C 60 were

performed on the basis of the measurement of secondary ions/electrons or luminescence

emitted from materials, and theoretical estimation of energy deposition/loss. Technical

developments at AVF cyclotron for single-hit irradiation and wide uniform irradiation were in

progress besides quick beam change for microbeam and phase bunching analysis for higher

quality of beams. Development of a compact focusing system for 300 keV gaseous ion

microbeam and microwave ion source with long-life was also in progress as off-line

experiments.

  About the Status of Irradiation Facilities, all the accelerators in TIARA, the AVF

cyclotron, the 3-MV tandem accelerator, the 3-MV single ended accelerator and the 400-kV

ion implanter, were operated steadily and safely as well as MeV-electron and Co-60

gamma-ray irradiation facilities. Total operation times of the tandem accelerator, the

single-ended accelerator and the ion implanter were 38,671, 44,064 and 34,305 hours,

respectively, since the beginning of their operation. The total number of experiments made

by various users using the AVF cyclotron was 9,788 from the first beam extraction in 1991 to

March 2013, as a result of continuous efforts such as regular maintenance and trouble

shooting.

  Masao Tamada, Director General Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute Japan Atomic Energy Agency

  v This is a blank page.

  

Contents

  1

1. Space, Nuclear and Energy Engineering ···················································

  1-01 Radiation Tolerance of New Coverglass for Space Solar Sheet ······················· 5 1-02 Proton Induced Degradation of Triple Junction Amorphous Silicon Thin Film Solar Cells ········································································ 6 1-03 Applicability of the Improved Radiation Hardness Techniques for Angle Irradiation in DICE Latches on a 65 nm Bulk CMOS Process ························ 7 1-04 Influence of Generated Charge by High Energy Ion Irradiation on Soft Error Rate in SOI SRAM ··································································· 8

1-05 Radiation Damage in Si 1-x Ge x Source/Drain p-type MOSFETs ······················ 9

  1-06 Anomalous Charge Collection from 4H-SiC Schottky Barrier Diodes ·············· 10 1-07 Atomic and Electronic Structure Analysis of the Interface between a-SiO

  2 and 4H-SiC(11-20) ··········································································· 11 1-08 Proton Irradiation Effects on Nitride Semiconductor-based Light Emitting Device ························································································· 12 1-09 Evaluation of Radiation Tolerance of FRAM Microprocessor for Heavy Ion Irradiation ········································································ 13 1-10 Experimental Study on Radiation Effects on Magnetic Tunnel Junctions 2 ········ 14

  1-11 Ion Beam Induced Luminescence (IBIL) from Diamond Induced by Various Single Ion with High Energy ······························································· 15 1-12 Fabrication of Strongly Coupled Pair of NV Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation ·············································································· 16 1-13 Radiolytic Stabilities of Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Ligands for Mutual Separation of Am/Cm/Ln ··································································· 17 1-14 Characterization of Composite Adsorbent for Minor Actinides by Micro-PIXE Method ········································································· 18 1-15 Radiolytic Stability of Metal Hexacyanoferrate as Adsorbent for Recovery of Cesium Ion ···················································································· 19 1-16 Study on Durability of Strontium Adsorbents against Gamma Irradiation ·········· 20 1-17 Effect of Gamma-ray Irradiation on De-oxygenation of Salt-containing

  Water by Hydrazine ········································································· 21 1-18 Evaluation of Hydrogen Gas Generation from Cement Solidification Form by Gamma-ray Irradiation II ··································································· 22 1-19 Studies of Irradiation Effects on Surface Structure of Zeolites after Decontamination of Radioactive Water ··················································· 23 1-20 Evaluation of Radiation Resistance of Activated Sludge Used for Nitrate Ion Decomposition ················································································ 24 1-21 Radiation Resistance Test of Insulation for Instrumentation Wire of JT-60SA Magnet ············································································· 25 1-22 Radiation Resistant Evaluation of Sealing Coat Using Super Quick Hardening Type Polyurethane and Polyurea ·························································· 26

  vii viii

  1-23 Study of Radiation Resistance of Optical Fibers for Remote Imaging and Spectroscopy ·················································································· 27

1-24 Study of Radiation-resistant LED Lighting ·············································· 28

1-25 Creation of Database of Radiation Resistance on Polymer Materials and

  Equipment ····················································································· 29 1-26 Evaluation of High-temperature Irradiation Resistance of ODS Ferritic Steel for Fast Reactor Application ························································· 30 1-27 Irradiation Hardening Behavior of SUS316L and F82H Steels in Heavy Irradiation Fields up to 250 dpa ···························································· 31

1-28 Radiation-induced Hardening for SUS316L with Bending Deformation ············ 32

  1-29 Irradiation Hardening of Extra High Purity Ni-base Superalloy under External Stress ················································································ 33 1-30 Irradiation Hardening of G-Phase Strengthened Ni-base Alloy under Multi-ion Irradiation ········································································· 34 1-31 Precipitate Stability and Swelling Resistance of High-Nickel Alloy during Irradiation ······················································································· 35 1-32 Effects of Displacement Damage and Gas Atoms on Radiation Hardening and Microstructure in F82H Weldment ························································· 36 1-33 Corrosion Tests of Steels Used for Reactor Pressure Vessel and Primary Containment Vessel ·········································································· 37

1-34 Corrosion Resistance of Tank Material Used for Flock Storage ······················ 38

1-35 Investigation of Microstructure in SiC Made by Nano-infiltration Transient

  Eutectic Process after Triple Ion Beam Bombardment ································· 39 1-36 Ionizing Dose Dependences of Radiation-induced Conductivity and Radiation-induced Electrical Degradation of Chemical Vapor Deposited Silicon Carbides under Gamma-ray Irradiation ·········································· 40

  1-37 Surface Morphology of He Implanted CeO

  2 Thin Film ································ 41 1-38 A Macroporous SiC Material Synthesized from Preceramic Polymer with Direct Foaming and Radiation Curing ···················································· 42 1-39 Alkaline Durable Anion Exchange Membranes Synthesized by Radiation-induced Grafting for Hydrazine Hydrate Fuel Cell ························ 43 1-40 Preparation of Anion-Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications by γ-ray Pre-irradiation Grafting: Effect of the Carbon Dioxide in the Air ············· 44 1-41 Poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK)-based Graft Type Polymer Electrolyte Membrane: Relative Humidity Dependence for Fuel Cell Application ·············· 45 1-42 Preparation of Novel Polymer Electrolyte Membranes by Combination of Radiation Induced Grafting and Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ············ 46 1-43 Preparation of Platinum Nanoparticle Catalysts for Fuel Cell Applications by Ion Implantation ·············································································· 47 1-44 Ion Content of Ion Exchange Membrane in HI-I 2 -H

  2 O Mixture ······················ 48 1-45 Applied-voltage Dependence on Conductometric Track Etching of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) ··································································· 49 ix

  1-46 Microscopic Evaluation of the Absolute Fluence Distribution of an Ion Beam Using a Track Etching ······································································· 50

  2. Environmental Conservation and Resource Exploitation ··············

  51 2-01 Homogeneous Transesterification Kinetics of Triglyceride to Biodiesel Using Grafted Fibrous Catalyst ···························································· 53 2-02 Effect of Initial Radical Concentration on Radiation-induced Graft Polymerization on Polyethylene Nonwoven Fabric ····································· 54 2-03 Development of the Water Purifier with Grafted Adsorbent for Cs Removal ······ 55

  2-04 Development of a Grafted Filter for Radioactive Cesium ····························· 56 2-05 The Influence on the Vulcanized Rubber Physical Properties by Radiation Grafting ··········································································· 57 2-06 Radiation-induced Crosslinking of Poly(butylene adipate-co-telephtalate) ········· 58

  2-07 Effect of Gamma-rays Irradiation on Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of BSA, DNA and Their Mixture ····························································· 59 2-08 Treatment of Chlorinated Antibiotics by Oxidative/Reductive Species under Ionizing Radiation ···································································· 60 2-09 Immobilization of Denitrifying Bacteria to HPC Gel Medium Synthesized by EB Irradiation ················································································· 61

  3. Medical and Biotechnological Application ·································

  63 3-01 Estimation of Damage Localization in DNA Irradiated with Ionizing Radiations in Water ·········································································· 69 3-02 The Effect of Radiation Quality on Growth-medium Dependent Survival in Escerichia coli ················································································ 70

  3-03 Gamma-ray Sensitivity in Arabidopsis thaliana Exhibiting Different Flavonoid Accumulation Patterns ······································································ 71 3-04 Target Irradiation of Individual Cells Using Focusing Heavy-ion Microbeam of JAEA-Takasaki (IV): An Improvement of Control Pathway of Scanned

  Beam Irradiation for “Actual” Cell Sample Irradiation ································ 72 3-05 Microbeam Irradiation Response of the Salt Chemotaxis in Mock-conditioned C. elegans ····················································································· 73

  3-06 Radiation-induced Bystander Cell-killing Effect is Dependant on Dose of Carbon Io ns and γ-rays but Independent of LET ········································ 74 3-07 Mechanisms for the Induction of Radioadaptive Response by