Research and Conservation of Biodiversit

3.1 History of Villages

3.1.1 Ciptarasa

It was in the early years of the 1900s when a village was formed around the present location. In 1915, the Dutch colonial government allowed the possession of the land property rights (Capsinga). There existed only about five houses and a wide range of swidden cultivation area spread around this area at that time. This land was only the area around Cisarua which is located below Ciptarasa and the rights to the land around Ciptarasa could not be acquired. Moreover, the Dutch government declared the forest around Gunung Halimun as protection forest to regulate invasion, by the local people, into the forest.

In 1942 to 43, the Japanese army held the reins of the government in this area instead of Dutch government. At this time, many local people began to expand their cultivation land at their own pleasure because the Japanese declared that the Dutch’s forest conservation policy was no longer valid. During Japanese government period, three families who were related to the customary leader settled there and began to cultivate the land. Swidden cultivation was the principal agricultural style.

After independence in 1945, the first survey was conducted by the Indonesia government. In the 1970s, paddy fields were generally conspicuous instead of swidden cultivation. The local people used to move around the park. Within a few years the reached Ciptarasa. They moved to Cicadas during the time of Japanese government and to Cicemet in 1942, Sirnaresmi in 1945, Sirnarasa in 1974, Linggarjati in 1981 and to Ciptarasa in 1984. When they began to dwell in Ciptarasa, they existed only 9 families, including the traditional leader.

Photo 2. Ciptarasa village

Research and Conservation of

Table 1: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Ciptarasa

Rank Typical occupation and characteristics

I Area of private lands is more than 1 hectare. Amount of harvest is between

8 person

625 and 750 l. Self-support is possible. Many people have goods such as

television and motor bicycle. Educational and intellectual level is high. Many people have buffaloes, shops.

II Area of property lands is between 0,5 and 1 hectare. Amount of harvest is

13 person

between 175 and 200 l. Self-support is impossible. Many people work as

laborers within their villages. Many people rent paddy fields from others. Most of people have many children.

III

Area of property lands is between 0,25 and 0,50 hectare. Amount of

40 person

is more than 500 l. Self-support is almost possible. Some people have

television, motor bicycle, buffaloes, and shops.

IV Area of private lands is less than 0,25 hectare. Few people have land.

21 person

Amount of harvest is little. Few people rent paddy fields from others and

work as laborers within their villages. Most of people have many children. Most of people depend on their children.

3.1.2 Leuwijamang

It was in 1941 when three people settled in this area. At this time, because the Japanese army invaded this area, the forest law about protection forest, made by the Dutch government, became invalid. This the reason why many people reclaimed the forest for cultivation activities. The main agriculture was swidden cultivation. Paddy fields were only managed once a year until the 1970s. The local people did not use chemical fertilizer or pesticides but use organic fertilizer such as ‘goat dung’. Since the 1970s, the swidden cultivation changed to paddy fields. In 1972, the government (jabatan kehutanan) began to manage the forest areas and trees for the purpose of commerce. The local people forgot their own basic way of living and began to work as laborers in the fields.

In 1978, the forest felling activity had finished. The local people returned to cultivate their own lands. However, their basic life had been drastically changed by the big intruder and their daily food was not enough. In 1978 and 1979, several plantation companies attempted to expand their own lands. The local people again began to engage in plantation wage labor. This continued until 1993.

It was in the 1980s when the people began to learn of the existence of the government Protection Forest (Cagar Alam). Because a lot of land owned by the local people was included into this protection forest, most of them gave up trying to enter included lands. Consequently, a shortage of land entirely change their way of their traditional agriculture. The government began to manage the forest strictly in 1988.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

The fact is that when the Protection Forest was designated, the local people did not pay much attention because they were satisfied working as laborers in companies rather than cultivating their own agricultural lands. As a result, this made it easy for the government to enclose their traditional lands. Nowadays, there are a lot of traditional lands included into the park. Some people still use their traditional lands within the park. However, most of the people gave up their land.

Table 2: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Leuwijamang Rank

Typical occupation and characteristics

I Area of private lands is more than 1 hectare. Amount of harvest is

6 person

more than 1000 l. Self-support is possible. Some people have shops,

Any people can sell agricultural products. Most people do not depend on wage labor, Income is enough.

II Area of private lands is between 0,5 and 1 hectare. Amount of harvest

10 person

is between 500 and 750 l. Self-support is almost possible. Some people

have shops. Many people do not depend on wage labor.

III

Area of private lands is between 0,25 and 0,50 hectare. Amount of harvest

9 person

is between 375 and 500 l. Many people work as laborers within their

villages, Self support is impossible.

IV Area of private lands is less than 0,25 hectare. Amount of harvest is

24 person

between 75 and 125 l. Amount of harvest is not enough at all. Few

people have their own land. Some people rent paddy fields from others.

3.1.3 Cibedug

This village was reclaimed in 1945 when the Japanese army invaded in the area. At that time a family with three people reached the area. Many of the paddy fields and gardens including some swidden cultivation areas, which were cultivated by people in Citorek, and located two hours distance from Cibedug, were found. The size of the land was approximately three hectares. The three families who moved to this area were given cultivation land by the people of Citorek. About four or five years later, many of the relatives of these three families moved to the area, which resulted in intensive reclamation. In the 1960’s, the population increased to about forty families. At that time, the local people got government notification that they prohibited to enter into the forest for the purpose of vast destructive expansion of the cultivation of land. They dared not reclaim any more land. However, about thirty hectares had already been cleared. Until 1982 this area was administered by Perum Perhutani. It was in 1982 when the local government, Forest Concession and central government (Perlindungan dan Pelestarian Alam : PPA ) separately attempted to establish the boundary. No information was given to the local people by central government, at that time. The local people were put under obligation to pay tax (ten percent of their own harvest). The forest concessions allowed them to gather fuel wood from the forest so long as

Research and Conservation of Research and Conservation of

Photo 3. Cibedug village

It was not until 1985 that officials began to patrol the village. Representatives of the local people were force to patrol together. The central government and the Forest Concession board did not recognize each others activities. In 1991, the government negotiated with the local people to transmigrate them to outside the park with some compensation. They resisted government’s demand because they were familiar with this village and they could not have it to turn into old ruins.

Table 3: Wealth rank ad typical economic characteristics of local people in Cibedug Rank

Typical occupation and characteristics

I Area of private lands is more than 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is more

8 person

than 450 l. Self-support is almost possible. Most people do not work as

laborer. Intellectual level is high.

II Area of private lands is between 0,20 and 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is

37 person

between 300 and 450 l. Self-support is impossible. Many people work as

Area of private lands is more than 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is more

10 person

than 450 l. Self-support is almost possible. Most people do not work as

laborer. Intellectual level is high.

IV Area of private lands is more than 0,35 hectare. Amount of harvest is more

10 person

than 450 l. Self-support is almost possible. Most people do not work as

laborer. Intellectual level is high.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

In 1992, as this area was designated as a National Park, regal property rights in their traditional lands has not been recognized. They have not paid tax since 1992. The park management allows, tacitly, the utilization of lands which have already been expanded, so long as they do not expanded, so long as they d o not expand any further. However, the gathering of fuel wood within the park is completely forbidden.

3.2 Population

Statistic data shows that there now exists 51 village (desa) within and around GHNP including three district which are Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak (BCP-JICA, 1999). Furthermore, these village within Bogor, Sukabumi and Lebak areas have approximately 896 people; 3,300 people and 1,734 people respectively.

In Ciptarasa, there are 82 families, at total of 311 people. The people families in level 1, 2, 3 and 4 consist of 8 families (44 people), 13 families (52 people), 40 families (153 people) and 21 families (62 people) respectively (Table 4). In Leuwijmang, there are 49 families with a total of 181 people. The people ad families in level 1, 2, 3 and 4 consist of 6 families (25 people), 10 families (37 people), 9 families (34 people) and 24 families (85 people) respectively. In Cibedug, there exist 64 families, a total 275 people. People ad families in level 1, 2, 3 and 4 consist of 8 families (46 people), 37 families (171 people), 9 families (39 people) ad 10 families (19 people) respectively. It was revealed that Ciptarasa is the biggest of the three villages.

Table 4: Population in three villages Villages

Houses Ciptarasa

Research and Conservation of

3.3 Economy

Table 5 shows the economic level in the three villages is extremely low. Incomes of Ciptarasa, Leuwijamang ad Cibedug are 2.6 million rupiahs, 3.1 million rupiahs and 1.1 illion rupiahs respectively. Especially, the income of the local people in Cibedug is far lower than the other two. Income can be divided into 5 categories, agriculture, forest, wage labor, commerce ad others.

In Ciptarasa and Cibedug, income from cash crops and wage labor within the village is distinctive. Especially in Cibedug, these cover more than 70% of their annual income. On the other hand, in Leuwijamang, income from cash crops and wage labor within the village account for approximately 20%.

Earnings from gold mining is the principal income in the three villages, especially in Leuwijamang (39.2% of total income per year). Because of their lack of opportunity to increase their earnings, they often largely depend on income from gold mining even though they recognize that such activities are illegal. Gold mining is one of the most serious threats to GHNP because this activity causes not only forest destruction but also water pollution in the rivers.

Needless to say, the local people depend on the forest resources to gather fuel wood, food and so on. The percentage of income from the forest explains this fact. However they utilize the forest not for commerce but for their daily needs. This is the reason why income from forest resources occupies

a comparatively low ratio.

Research and Conservation of

Volume VII Biodiversity in Indonesia Research and Conservation of

Tables 5: The annual income of local people (%) ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

Name of Village

Agriculture

Forest

Wage labour

Incomes

Rice Cash Domestic Wood

Wood Handy Others Gold Within Out of Commerce Others (Rp.)

crops animals (natural) (plated) -crafts

village village

0 40.7 2.8 0 1.4 0.8 1.1 12.4 35.3 1.3 3.1 1.1 1.138.000 1) Cash crops include banana, clove, cassava, coffee, pepper, spices, sugar cane, pumpkin and so on.

Cibedug

2) Wood means both fuel wood and construction wood. 3) Others in forest is birds in Leuwijamang, useful tree leafs in Cibedug. 4) Wage labor out of village mean tea plantation labor in Leuwijamang, cutting scrubs and planting trees in Forest Concession Area in Cibedug. 5) Others include labor in guest house and support by families in Leuwijamang, making wayang, clothes ad agricultural machines support by

families in Ciptarasa, making furniture ad musical instruments, salary from government and supported by families in Cibedug.

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park

Traditional People and Biodiversity

3.4 Technology

3.4.1 Traditional Agro-forestry (Harada, 1998)

The local people utilize the surrounding forest and land for various uses such as swidden cultivation (huma/ ladang), irrigated rice field (sawah), garden (kebon/ kebun) and mixed tree garden (kebon talon/ leuweung talun ), Fig. 4 shows the traditional cultivation cycle of the local people around GHNP. After cutting down the trees at first, the ground is utilized for swidden cultivation for at least

one year to cultivate vegetables such as corn and leguminous plats as well as uplad rice. Local people harvest the upland rice only once and vegetables several times a year. After harvesting, it depends on the soil condition whether the local people utilize the land more as swidden cultivation or not. Local people judge the condition from the amount of water which seeps out of the soil. If the amount of the water is abundant enough to accumulate, local people change their initial utilization system into rice field. This mostly means the completion of the natural ecosystem.

If the water is not much, swidden cultivation is left alone to be utilized for secondary crops (jami) for one or two years. In this land upland rice is not cultivated at all, but corn and leguminous plants are cultivated.

After the land is utilized for secondary crops, the land acquires two alternatives. The one is to leave it alone without any trimming. The forest left alone for one or two years is called scrub (reuma ngora), “reuma” which is the area indicated by the appearance of dense young scrub. Moreover, forst left alone for about three years is called secondary forest (reuma kolot). The local people divide the forest into two concepts in accordance with plant sucession steps. It takes about five years after harvesting the second crops until the land is categorized as old forest to be utilized for swidden cultivation.

If the land is left alone, the forest recovers naturally to be secondary forest and the natural forest cycle

ha been completed. The other system is to utilize it as garden after harvesting the second crops. This is called kebon. In the garden, annual plants such as corn and pea are cultivated for daily consumption. Fruit trees such as banana and durian, first growing trees for construction of houses und useful plants such as bamboo and rattan are planted as well. After the land is utilized as garden for several years, planted trees reach high and the forest becomes dense. This forest is called mixed garden, kebon talun. In the lower layer of the scrub, annual plants continue to be cultivated. After this stage, the sunlight can’t reach the ground, as a consequence the canopy closes. This stage is called talon which means mixed forest. At this stage, annual plants can’t be harvested are not only consumed for daily life but also sold in the market. This the forest utilization cycle by the local people.

Traditional agriculture system by the local people start from swidden cultivation to several alternative systems, that is irrigated rice field or secondary forest through to old forest or mixed forest. Local people say, however, that forest utilization cycle such as swidden cultivation “secondary crops” “young forest” old forest is not active. Secondary forest open for cultivation is not left around local communities any more. The land for the local people is limited in consequence of the existence of GHNP. The local people utilize their land effectively as much as possible and based on customary fair distribution of customary land utilization.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Primary forest or old secondary forest (Leuweung Kolot)

Swidden cultivation (huma/ ladang) (1 – 2 years)

Water is no abundant Water is abundant

Secondary crop (jami) (1 – 2 years) Paddy field (sawah)

Scrub (reuma ngora) Garden (kebon)

(less than 5 years)

Mixed garden (kebon talun)

Secondary forest (reuma kolot) Mixed forest (talun)

(more than 5 years)

1) Swidden cultivation is often conducted within mixed garden or mixed forest.

2) During fallow period cultivation of vegetables and breeding of fishes are conducted in the

paddy field.

Figure 4: Forest utilization system by local people

Research and Conservation of

Photo 4. Primary forest (leweung kolot)

Photo 5. Swidden cultivation (huma) Photo 6. Paddy field (sawah)

Photo 7. Scrub (reuma ngora) Photo 8. Secondary forest (reuma kolot)

Photo 9. Garden (kebon) Photo 10. Mixed garden (kebon talun)

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3.4.2 Agricultural Process in Paddy Field

Labor in paddy fields consists of a chain of process including soil preparation, a nursery for seedling, plantation of nursery, weeding and harvest. The process mentioned below is one examples which was conducted in 1998/ 1999 in Ciptarasa.

In October, the local people cut the weeds and the ear of rice plants, which had been left since last year, with a sickle (arit). Subsequently they prepared the soil for planting roughly with a hoe called a pacul (dibaladah). The land had been left for a month until the land was filled with water. In November, the field was leveled again conscientiously with a spade (garu). Weeds which came to the surface of water were removed (diambangkeun/ dioyos). One or two week later, the field was leveled again with a pole called garu (nganglér/ digaru).

Photo 11. Cultivation with hoes (dibaladah) During the soil preparation, they prepared rice

plants for planting. Rice plants were soaked in water for a night (dikeueum). After picking out of the water, these were put into the soil and covered with banana leaves for two night (dipeuyeum). These were spread over the field prepared in advance (ditebar). When the height of seedling reached between 25 and 40 cm in the nursery, seedling were picked up and tied into bundles (dibabut).

These bundled seedling were then planted out Photo 12. Cultivation with buffalos (ngagaru/

in December (ditandur). One week later, they

digaru )

scattered fertilizer (dibérak). In January, they dug the weeds and buried picked weeds in soil by hand (dioyos). Furthermore, they conducted same activities a month later. In March, they cut the weeds on the ridge between the rice fields to avoid damage from mice (dibabad). In April, they harvested the rice plants with a sickle called étém (dibuat/ mipit). Harvested rice plants were bound tightly and dried for approximately a month (dilantay). After this, the rice plants were bound again (dibeungkeut/ diunjal ).

Photo 13. Nursery for rice plants (pabinihan)

Research and Conservation of

Photo 14. Plantation of bundled seedling (tandur) Photo 15. Wedding on the ridge of paddy field (dibaladah)

Photo 16. Harvesting rice plants with a stick Photo 17. Harvested rice plants (mocong) (dibuat)

Photo 18. Rice storage (leuit) Photo 19. Poking bundled rice plants (nutu)

Photo 20. Harvested ceremony (sérén taun) Photo 21. During follows season paddy field are

used as gardens

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Table 6: Labor system in paddy field (%) Name of

Wage Amount of village

invested labor/ year/ family

Ciptarasa Cultivation 81.8 12.5 3.6 2.1 39.2 Nursery

Cultivation 61.0 5.4 4.6 29.0 35.1 Nursery

Cultivation 79.2 1.7 4.6 14.5 38.0 Nursery

3.4.3 Agricultural Process in Swidden cultivation

The following is the typical process of swidden agriculture in the villages. This is ones example conducted in Ciptarasa in 1998/ 1999. At the middle of September, trees and grasses in scrubs or secondary forest were cut down with an axe (koréd) or a stickle (arit) (nyacar). At the beginning of November, trees and grasses, which had been left for about 2 weeks, were burnt (ngahuru). Subsequently, the remnant was gathered and burnt again (ngaduruk). This burning process takes about one month until the beginning of December. Annual crops such as banana, potatoes, corns, pumpkins and pulses were planted. A week later, weed were moved down with a stickle (arit) for about ten days. Subsequently, wholes were prepared in the field with a pole called aseuk in which the rice plants were planted (ngaseuk). This process takes several days. A week later, in the end of December, weed were moved with a stickle (arit) (dikored) followed with the distribution of fertilizer (dibérak). Two weeks later, weed were moved again for about ten days (dikaramas). The dry field had been left alone for about two or three months. In May or June, rice plants were harvested with

a small hand knife (étém) and brought to the frame made from bamboo and timber (lantayan) in order to dry. The harvested rice plants are dried for a week (ngalantai). Subsequently, these were tied tightly (dipocong) and brought to the rice granary called leuit (diunjal).

Research and Conservation of

Photo 22. Trees and grasses are cut with an Photo 23. Cut trees and grasses are burn axe (nyacar)

(ngahuru)

Photo 24. The remnant are gathered and burn Photo 25. Seedling are planted with pole again (ngaduruk)

(ngaseuk)

3.4.4 Agricultural Labor System

Local people manage their cultivated land based on the following labor systems.

Self labor ( sorangan)

This the labor conducted within a family.

Collaborative labor ( ngepak)

This is the labor conducted for planting and harvest. Those who engaged in the labor the planting of rice plants have a right to join in the labor of harvest automatically. They eventually receives 20% of the total amount of the harvest in reward for their labor. In case of absence of the participant, the deputy who designated him is allowed to join in the activity. It is often the case that the owner of the land purposely invites the person who are not involved in the planting activity. He can also get 20% of the rice from his own labor efforts.

Equal labor ( mantuan)

This the labor conducted between relatives or within neighborhoods. This labor is not accompanied with money but free of charge. Those who helps others in the field do not except collateral labor.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

Exchange labor ( liliuran)

This the labor with previous contract labor among several person. People work together successively in each paddy field. Those who are supported in their own paddy field have an obligation to contribute labor force to other members. If they can not support their friends for unavoidable reason, they ought to compensate for their debt with a proportionate amount of money.

Wage labor ( kuli)

This is the onerous labor. Money is distribute in accordance with the total number of labor days. Table

6 describes this labor system in the paddy fields in three village. The activities are categorized within cultivation, nursery, planting, weeding and harvesting. This table shows that almost all activities are conducted by self labor. Furthermore, exchange labor is uncommon in each village. The ratio of wage labor in Ciptarasa is less than Leuwijamang and Cibedug.

In swidden cultivation and garden, a self-reliant labor system is more obvous than in the rice field (Table can not be shown).

3.4.5 Forest Utilization

3.4.5.1 Knowledge of the Local People concerning the Forest

The local community around GHNP usually has their own traditional knowledge for their daily activities needs. People know the situation of their surrounding environment and utilize the plants for their daily needs. The forest in Leuweung Keramat (Holy forest, Devil forest) in Cibedug community is called Devil Forest. The results of the survey in the forest indicate that Puspa (Schima walichii), Rasamala (Altingia excelsa), Mara (Macaranga sp.), Huru Carulang (Litsea tomentosa), Awi tali (Gigantochloa apus ), Pasang (Quercus argentea) were noted or identified as the dominant species.

The farmers in GHNP community have cultivated the land, maintained the seedlings in the nursery, crops and harvested for religious ceremonies. The people at the Pasir Eurih-village Ciomas, Bogor have

a traditional ceremony before they begin to plant the rice in the rice field (Rahayu et. al., 1997). A similar ceremony is conducted by the people surrounding GHNP. Generally in the communities in both villages intended encouragement “yang kuasa” is performed for the success of crops. Harsojo (1984) indicated that the farmers in West Java, apart from rice cultivation, they also produce the fish in fish ponds. This mean that the farmers’ mind are closely related to their own land and rice fields.

3.4.5.2 Utilization of Plant Diversity

The survey identified 464 species of plants that are used by the local people for food, housing, construction, traditional medicine, fire wood, cattle feed and religious ceremonies. Total species used in CR, LJ and CBD are 408, 364 and 375 approximately. Fig. 5 shows that they used trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers. Especially species of trees are extremely various. The species of medangan-medangan (Lauraceae) and Jarak-jarakan (Euphorbiaceae) are the most useful and popular (25 species) of the total number of species 252 species (54,30%) are trees; 92 species (19,83%) of bush ad 41 species (8,84%) of grasses. The use of those plants are described as follows:

Research and Conservation of

Photo 26. Handycrafts

1) Plants for Food

The various species of plants are recognize as food stuff for the local people of GHNP. They have used rice as a source of carbohydrate, apart from maize, cassava, yam (Dioscorea sp.), bolang (Colocasia sp.) and Hui jahe, for a long time. Those plants grow abundantly in GHNP. The survey indicate that 172 species were used for food. Of these 93 species are used as vegetables, 79 species as a fruits, 5 species as spices, 1 species sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as sugar and 1 species Ki goong (Premna pubescens) as a soft-drink such as cincau. Some of them have multi uses as vegetables and fruits and so on.

2) Plants for Construction

Local people usually use some species of plants for construction. The plants is selected for function such as a pillar. The house looks like a hut and they build the rice shed close to the rice field.

The survey noted almost 218 plants species used in house construction in the three villages. Among them were found seven species such as Tepus (Zingiberaceae), Mareme (Glochidion sp.), Patat (Phyrium pubinerve), Pinding totot (Hornstedtia paludosa), Kawung (Arenga pinnata ), Salak leuweung (Sallaca cf. edulis) and Kiray (Metroxylon sp.) and seven species of rotan-rotanan (Arecaceae) are used for construction rope. The interview with the local community indicated that Injuk which is used for the house roof can last for at least ten years, Kiray leaves for four years, Tepus leaves for seven years and Patat leave for 2 years.

Kawung (Arenga pinnata) has multi uses and almost all parts of the plant are use for human purposes. Meanwhile, this plant has been explored, from time to time, without replanting and as a result, it is now an endangered species in Halimun Mountain.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3) Plants for Technical Purpose

The results of the survey noted that 335 plant species are used for technological materials. 47 species are used for utensils, 96 species for wood equipment and tool holders and furniture, 193 species for agricultural tools and the other 8 species for traditional instruments.

4) Plants for Traditional Medicine

Although the development of modern medicines has risen surprisingly quickly, this does not mean that traditional medicinal plant use has been lost. The community surrounding GHNP believe in the use of certain plants based on their own experiences and in correlation with their local religious spirits.

The investigation found that there were 153 plants species recorded as being used for traditional medicines such as stomach troubles, cough, ear ache, swellings, head ache, eye drop, toothache, itching, diuretic and for after child birth.

The use of plants for post child birth to reduce blood loss, prevent head ache and recover stimulation. Setyowati_Indarto and Siagian (1992) mentioned that in CMS- Bgr there were 37 species noted. Sunarti and Rahayu (1997) also found 37 species in a village in Sukaresmi-Bgr. Most of the plants which are used for traditional medicine have now been cultivated.

The Sembung plants (Blumea balsamifera) ad Koneng gede (Curcuma domestica) are commonly used after child birth occurring, in particular in West Java as well as other areas (Rahayu et. al., 1997; Siagian et.al., 1997; Siagian, 2000).

The observation and the study indicated that the part of the plant most people prepare for traditional medicine are mostly are the trunk/ bark (77 species), leave (80 species), root/ bulb (20 species), herb (11 species), fruits (13 species), sap (11 species), flowers (5 species) and seed (1 species). The plat parts that are used are sometimes similar in different tribes and somehow are quite distinctive. The continued of exploitation of plants disturb the growing. But the harvesting plant is ruled in order to prevent the wilting of plant.

Some 153 species of medicinal plant which are rare in Indonesia (Moeljono and Sidik, 1999) are used by communities in GHNP such as Alstonia scholaris R. Br., Kadsura scandens (Bl.)Bl., Fibraurea chloroleuca Ness. and Cinnamomum sintok Bl.. The way of using various species of plants for traditional medicine could be single plant. It is also possible to contaminate with the other species according to the information that formulated species is significantly best compare to the single species. This strongly correlated with active component between each and others.

5) Plants for Fuel Wood

Fire is one of very oldest of the ancient tools by human beings as a source of energy for cooking and other needs (Soeryono, 1978). Wood is one of the most effective material to burn

Research and Conservation of Research and Conservation of

Generally, all of the trees are used by the local community surrounding GHNP (Ciptarasa 229 species; Leuwijamang 209 species and Cibedug 67 species). Cibedug people, however, are one of the communities, around GHNP, that does disturb the forest. The characteristic of the fire wood that is chosen by these local people is the best quality for producing energy, is smokeless and non-aromatic. Therefore, the species of Huru/ Medang (Lauraceae) are not selected as fire wood in Cibedug. Among 272 species of fire woods, 15 species are Eugenia sp., Garcinia rostrata, G. dulcis, Mallotus paniculatus, Blumeodendron tokbrai, Calycina sp., Macaranga javanica, M. tanarius, Paraterisanthes falcataria, Lithocarpus indicus, Glochidion fulvirameum , Quercus gemelliflora, Leungsir, Pasang tanduk and Kayang batu are favoured species.

6) Plants for Multipurpose

There were 147 species of plant noted as being used for other purposes such as traditional ceremonies or religious ceremonies (41 species), animal/ vet. Feeding (71 species), children toys (18 species), ornamental plants (5 species), natural pesticide (4 species), green manure (8 species), a form of sugar (3 species), sugar/ cigarette wrapping and fishing toxin (each of them 2 species). The variety of species of plant as used in traditional ceremonies are intended to protect against agricultural pest, devil disturbance and diseases as well as for healthy livestock.

It is common in Indonesia that people cultivate with traditional ceremonies by using certain crops. The common species planted for ceremonies are Pacing (Costus speciosus) to calm and cool the land, Cangkuang leaves (Pandanus furcatus) and Harendong (Melastoma malabathricum ) for pest protection, the bark of Teureup (Artocarpus elasticus) for pest control of rice in storage (shed) and for seed for a high yield, as well. The application of various species is often to induce magic power on agricultural activities and it seems the farmer feels worried if their rice fails. The farmer in Bukit Tiga Puluh National Park in Riau cultivate plants such as Setawar (Costus speciosus), Sedingin (Kalanchoe pinnata), Sibokal (Polyalthia subcordata ), Ribu-ribu (Anisophylla distincha), Bunga abang kuning (Celosia argentea), Renggau (Flacourtia rukam), at the beginning of cultivation to achieve highest yields (Rahayu and Wiriadinata, 1995).

The research carried out by Rahayu and Siagian (1993) at Pasir Eurih, CMS-Bgr describes the farmer carrying out a traditional ceremony on Wednesday called Syafar. A similar ceremony was performed at Cibedug village on Tuesday called Selasa wekasan. During the ceremony leaves and bark of Sulangkar (Leea indica), Dadap trunk (Erythrina subumbrans), Palias (Pogonantherum paniceum), Rane diuk (Selaginella sp.) and Tulak tanggul (Schefflera fastigata ) were hang on each farmer’s door. The aim of those plant species was to protect and prevent against diseases and dangerous happening around the living environment. The use of the other plant species is shown in detail in the appendix.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3.4.5.3 Frequency of Forest Utilization

Table 7 shows the high dependence of local people on forest resources such as for food and forest wood in particular. Food includes different things such as young leaves, potatoes, flowers and so on. They gather food not only in gardens but also in the forest. The difference between the three village is not remarkable.

Fuel wood is absolutely indispensable for them because they utilize fuel wood to cook vegetables and boil water for their daily consumption. Generally, they gather fuel wood twice or three times a week. This hard labor is carried out by men. They spend natural trees in the forest as well as planted trees such as fruits trees and useful trees in their own gardens. Frequency of gathering fuel wood from the forest in CRS, LJ and CBD as 38.3%; 30.8% and 75.8% within of a 30 day period respectively. The local people in CBD depend more heavily on the forest than those in other villages. This exemplifies the fact that cultivated trees planted by local people in CBD are not enough so that they are forced to enter into the forest as a daily routine. As mentioned above, considering the situation in CBD, it is of up-most importance that the local people be included in activities to conserve and protect the natural resources of GHNP.

Table 7. Frequency of local people gathering food and fuel wood (%)

Name of Village

Food

Fuel wood

Forest 1)

Garden 2)

Forest 1) Garden 2)

Forest includes primary forest, secondary forest and scrub. Garden includes swidden agriculture, vegetable garden, mixed garden and mixed forest.

Fuel wood from garden means fruit trees.

Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows the frequency of gathering food and fuel wood from both forest and gardens within a 30 days period respectively. Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 shows that there is no remarkable difference in the way in which natural resources are gathered among the four levels, within each village. As for Fig. 5, the local people in every village generally get food from their gardens. However, they do take food from the forest as well. The total of days per thirty days their enter into the forest to collect food reaches from 10 to 15 days on average. Especially in CBD, frequency is higher compared with other villages.

Research and Conservation of

Fig. 5. Number of each vegetation types used by local people

Fig. 6. Frequency gathering food within 30 day period

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

It can also be seen in Fig. 7 that there is no significant difference in the way in which fuel wood is gathered in the different levels. In Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang the total number of days between forest and gardens is almost the same. Because Ciptarasa is located adjacent to GHNP and a forest Concession area, the local people get natural fuel wood from both forests. This means that the function of the forest protection as a buffer-zone is working to some degree. The local people in LJ collect fuel wood from the tea plantation and clove plantation near the village. These areas also function as a buffer-zone to decrease direct destruction of the forest in the park. On the other hand, the frequency with which wood is taken from the forest, in Cbedug, is much higher than that from the garden. It is supposed that the lack of fuel wood from garden facilitate them to raid into the forest intensively. As Cbedug is encroachment area within GHNP, destructive practices have a direct effort on the forest.

Fig. 7. Frequency gathering fuel wood within 30 days period

Moreover, it can be supposed that there is actually differences in the way fuel wood collected between the three villages. In, Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang, they seldom collect fuel wood. On the other hand, in Cibedug, they often collect fuel wood especially from the forest. Considering that the total amount of consumption within thirty days is similar among the three villages, the total amount per once collection is smaller but more frequent in Cibedug than in Ciptarasa and Leuwijamang.

According to the survey, more than 450 species used by local people were found in and around the forest. Useful plants include food (leaves, fruits etc.), medicine (headache, toothache, stomachache etc.), fuel-wood and so on (traditional ceremony etc.).

Research and Conservation of

As shown in Fig 8, In Ciptarasa, 408 species were utilized including 136 foods, 182 constructions, 276 technologies, 104 medicines, 229 fuel woods and 115 others. In Leuwijamang, 364 species were utilized including 103 foods, 128 constructions, 219 technologies, 105 medicines, 203 fuel woods and 54 others. In Ciptarasa, 408 species were utilize including 136 foods, 182 constructions, 276 technologies, 104 medicines, 229 fuel woods and 115 others.

Fig. 8. Number of species used by local people

3.5 Social Systems

3.5.1 Traditional Land Tenure

The average land acreage of Ciptarasa, Leuwijaang and Cibedug is 0.98 ha; 0.60 ha and 0.38 ha respectively (Table 8). This shows that the land area of Cibedug is much lower than the other village. This can be explained by the fact that due to poor conditions of the forest around Cibedug, local people were forbidden to expand their cultivation land into the park anymore, and they were therefore to utilize their own land before GHNP was established, as effectively as possible. On the other hand, the land area in Ciptarasa is extremely large. The position of Ciptarasa, which is enlarge their cultivation land. Because their principal food depends on rice, they have generally large paddy fields than garden, shrubs etc.

Research and Conservation of

Volume VII Biodiversity in Indonesia Research and Conservation of

Table 8: Area of privately property land (ha) ○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○○

Name of village

Class

Paddy field

Garden,

Leased land

House Total

Scrub, etc.

0.60 Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park Cibedug

0.43 Traditional People and Biodiversity

Table 9: Ratio of private property land again utilization land (%)

Except Paddy field Ciptarasa

Name of village

Class

Paddy field

The differences of land area among each class is conspicuous, especially in Ciptarasa. This proves that wealth-ranking is considered based on the land area of each person. People in class III have about twice as much land area as those in class IV. Table 9 shows the ratio of private property owned land against utilization land. This implies that in Ciptarasa the lower class people tend to lease agricultural land from the upper class people to fulfill their food consumption because they have little land of their own. In other villages, this distinction could not be found among the classes.

The local people use the customary property system for sustainable management and utilization of restricted land within their communities. These concepts are as follows:

1) Inheritance ( warisan)

This land inherited from generation to generation. Generally, the land is divided equally between male and female children after they are independent of their parents.

2) Reclamation ( mulung)

This is the system that acquires property rights on new land that nobody has a right to access. This system is applicable in the case of people attempting to utilize the shrub which others may have cultivated as mixed garden, swidden cultivation and so on and then left. Even if the previous owner can be identified, permission of that person need not be addressed because he does not have soul right to that land.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3) Sale based on labor ( warisan)

This is the system used to acquire property rights by providing finance for the land. The price of the land is not as expensive as Sale (jual beli) as is mentioned below, because people pay for the labor which was spent for the reclamation of the land. It also possible that they provided domestic animals such as chicken or buffalos or rice instead of money.

4) Alienation ( pamasihan/ paméré)

This is the system used to acquired property rights through alienation of the land.

5) Sale ( jual beli)

This is the system used to buy and sell the land. The sale can be divided into two categories, that is permanent sale and temporary sale. The former is the usual sale. The later is a sale which is accompanied by a previous agreement among the person concerned. Generally, when a land owner suffers from a lack of money, they are inclined to pawn their land in order to cover the shortage. Moreover, the person who bought the land from the owner would like to induce a third person to accrue the land. However, he needs to have an obligation to grant permission from the previous owner.

6) Security ( gadé)

This is the system that those who are in difficult economy situation take out a loan on their agricultural land. The property rights of the land can not be handed over to those who accommodate money during a loan period. It is often the case that a time limit to return a payment can not be set, but sometimes an agreement is set in advance. Those who take out a loan do not need to pay bac with interest as they did as before. When the money is repaid, the land is returned to the owner. It is often that because he can not afford to return the money, the next generation take on the responsibility for the debt of their parents.

In case of paddy field, as the land owner continuously has the right to the trees planted beside the paddy field, the lender is prohibited for cutting down the surrounding trees without permission. The lender, however, can harvest foods such as fruits for himself during the loan period except in the case of a previous agreement for the distribution of the harvest. Moreover, the lender is allowed to plant useful trees without permission of the borrower.

7) Rent with compensation ( maparo/ maro/ marteln/ nengah)

This is the system that the owner leave his leand management to others entirely with the compensation of the distribution of the harvest. This is available only for paddy field. The ratio of the distribution depends on the land condition. If the land condition is so good than there is no need for a lot of labor for the cultivation, distribution is enforced as soon as the owner exchange his land as security for a loan. It is often the case that equal distribution is available, but sometimes the ratio is 2 to 1 between the owner and the lender respectively. In short, the traditional fixed rule for the harvest distribution can not be shown and the ratio is dependent on the negotiation between the two sides. The owner has the right to trees and vegetables planted by himself.

If the land lies waste, owing to the lack of good management, the user can acquire all harvest for several seasons. The period of this contract depends on the land condition. If the condition is

Research and Conservation of Research and Conservation of

be about one or two years. During this contract, the owner does not have the right to demand restoration of the land. At the end of the period, as mentioned above, the harvest distribution can

be conducted. As the owner has the right to plant trees beside the land, the user is not allowed to cut down

these trees without permission. The harvest is divided equally between the two sides. This system is profitable in the case that the owner can not manage his own land and puts it into

the hands of others. This could be because he does not have enough time to control the land or he would like to provide the opportunity for those whose land is scarce to utilize the land.

8) Rent without compensation ( nginjeum/ numpang garap)

This is the system that the land owner takes out without any compensation. The period of the contract is settled in advance. Those who rent the land are exempted from the duty to distribute harvest or pay money.

During the contract period, the user is not permitted to plant trees but permitted to plant perennial crops or fruits trees. Moreover, the user is forbidden to cut down any trees in the area. If the user is not capable of returning the land by him self, the responsibility is passed to his children. In an emergency situation such as necessity for his children, the owner can insist on the immediate return of his land. Generally, the owner has priority over the user.

9) Contract ( séwa)

This is the system that user can manage the other’s land for several years with compensation. During the contract period, the user can acquire all harvest from the land.

Table 10: Customary land property system (%) Name of village

Place

Inherit- Reclam- Sale based Alien- Sale

ance

ation

on labor

ation

Ciptarasa Paddy field

Except Paddy field

Leuwijamang Paddy field

Except Paddy field

Cibedug Paddy field

Except Paddy field

Table 10 explain about the customary property system of paddy fields and others in three villages. As for the paddy fields, it is remarkable that the ratio of inheritance is extremely high in all three villages. On the other hand, concerning the land, except for paddy fields, the difference can be revealed. In Ciptarasa, the ratio of reclamation is exceedingly high (76.4%). In Leuwijamng, the ratio of inheritance reaches 71.7%. In Cibedug, the ratio of inheritance and reclamation is 45.1% and 54.9% respectively.

Research and Conservation of

Traditional People and Biodiversity

Conservation in Gunung Halimun National Park ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

The different situations of these villages influences the different customary land property system employed. The local community in Ciptarasa have vast forests owned by the Forest Concession and can access the forest without any restriction to expand their cultivation land. Their swidden cultivation system also contribute to the increased ratio of extensive reclamation. It is often, however, that they do not cut down primary forest but cut down scrub or secondary forest. This the reason why the ratio of reclamation is high. Because Leuwijamang is an enclave, local people are inevitable forbidden to expand into the forest within GHNP.

3.5.2 Modern Land Tenure

Table 11 summarize the average land acreage (ha/family) and percentage of each land tenure type. Based on the management plan, government land tenure types can be places into 4 categories, private property, plantation, forest concession and national park.