ANALYSIS OF THE OPTIMUM PERCENTAGE OF ADMIXTURE OF SIKAMENT-163, WHICH CAN BE ADDED INTO CONCRETE MIXTURE TO ACHIEVE THE MAXIMUM OF CONCRETE COMPRESSION STRENGTH
SIPIL MESIN ARSITEKTUR ELEKTRO
e kA NA LYSIS O F THE O PTIMUM PERC ENTA G E O F A DMIXTURE O F SIKA MENT- 163, WHIC H C A N
BE A DDED INTO C O NC RETE MIXTURE TO A C HIEVE THE MA XIMUM
O F C O NC RETE C O MPRESSIO N STRENG TH
- *
G id io n Turu’ a llo
A b stra k
Pe ne litia n ini b e rtujua n untuk m e nd a p a tka n p ro se nta si o p tim um d a ri b a ha n ta m b a ha n Sika m e nt-
163 ya ng d a p a t d ita m b a hka n ke d a la m c a m p ura n b e to n untuk m e m p e ro le h kua t te ka n b e to n
m a ksim um . Pro se nta si d a ri Sika m e nt-163 ya ng d ita m b a hka n ke d a la m c a m p ura n b e to n
b e rva ria si d a ri 0 % (b e to n no rm a l), 0,75 %, 1 %, 1,25 %, 1,5 %, 1,75 %, 2 %, d a n 2,5 % d a ri b e ra t
se m e n. Pe ne litia n ini d ila ksa na ka n d e ng a n m e ng g una ka n 9 b e nd a uji untuk se tia p p ro se nta si
p e na m b a ha n Sika m e nt-163 d a n p e ng e te sa n d ila kuka n p a d a wa ktu um ur b e to n m e nc a p a i 28
ha ri. Ha sil p e rc o b a a n m e nunjukka n b a hwa p ro se nta si o p tim um d a ri Sika m e nt-163 ya ng
d ita m b a hka n ke d a la m c a m p ura n b e to n untuk m e nd a p a tka n kua t te ka n b e to n m a ksim um
a d a la h 1,5 %. Ha l ini d ise b a b ka n p e na m b a ha n Sika m e nt-163 le b ih d a ri 1,5 % ke d a la m c a mp ura n
b e to n a ka n m e nye b a b ka n jum la h a ir ya ng d ig una ka n kura ng d a ri jum la h a ir ya ng d ip e rluka n
untuk b e rla ng sung nya p ro se s hid ra si ya ng se m p urna . Se b a g a i ha silnya , b e to n ya ng d iha silka n
m e m p unya i kua t te ka n ya ng le b ih re nd a h.Ka ta kunc i b a ha n ta m b a ha n, b e to n, d a n kua t te ka n b e to n :
Abstrac t
This re se a rc h a ims to find o ut the o p timum p e rc e nta g e o f a d mixture o f Sika me nt-163, whic h c a n
b e a d d e d into c o nc re te mixture to a c hie ve the ma ximum o f c o nc re te c o mp re ssio n stre ng th. The
p e rc e nta g e s o f Sika me nt-163, whic h a re a d d e d in c o nc re te mixture , a re 0 % (no rma l c o nc re te ),
0.75 %, 1 %, 1.25 %, 1.5 %, 1.75 %, 2 % a nd 2.5 % b y c e me nt we ig ht. The re se a rc h is c o nd uc te d
using nine te st sp e c ime ns fo r e a c h p e rc e nta g e o f Sika me nt-163 with the sa me slump . The te sts
we re c o nduc te d, whe n the c o nc re te ’ s a g e re a c he d 28 d a ys. The re sults o f te st sho w tha t the
o p timum p e rc e nta g e o f Sika me nt-163, whic h is a d d e d into c o nc re te mixture to a c hie ve the
ma ximum o f c o nc re te c o mp re ssio n stre ng th is 1.5 %. This is c a use d the a d d ing a d mixture
Sika me nt-163 into c o nc re te mixture mo re tha n 1.5 % b y c e me nt we ig ht c a n re d uc e mo re o f use d
wa te r fo r the sa me slump ; the re fo re , the use d wa te r le ss tha n tha t is ne e d e d to p e rfo rm
c o mp le te d hyd ra tio n p ro c e ss. As the re sult, the c o mp re ssio n stre ng th o f c o nc re te wa s p ro d uc e d ,
b e c o me lo we r.Ke yword: Ad mixture , C o nc re te , a nd C o nc re te C o mp re ssio n Stre ng th, p e ng ung sia n
1. Intro d uc tio n use o f c o nc re te in c o nstruc tio n d e p e nd s
no t o nly o n kno wing the rig ht p ro p o rtio ns C o nc re te is m a d e fro m a p ro p e rly o f m a te ria ls to use fo r a p a rtic ula r jo b , p ro p o rtio ne d m ixture o f hyd ra ulic b ut a lso , kno wing ho w to se le c t the rig ht c e m e nt, w a te r, fine a nd c o a rse m a te ria ls. This re q uire s kno wle d g e o f the a g g re g a te s, a nd o fte n, c he m ic a l o r p ro p e rtie s o f e a c h o f the m a te ria ls a nd m ine ra l a d m ixture s. The m o st c o m m o n und e rsta nd ing the te sts use d to m e a sure hyd ra ulic c e m e nt use d in c o nstruc tio n tho se p ro p e rtie s. to d a y is p o rtla nd c e m e nt. The suc c e ssful
- Sta f Pe ng a ja r Jurusa n Te knik Sip il Fa kulta s Te knik Unive rsita s Ta d ula ko , Pa lu
Ad m ixture s a re m a te ria ls o the r tha n c e m e nt, a g g re g a te a nd wa te r tha t a re a d d e d into c o nc re te e ithe r b e fo re o r suc h a s wo rka b ility, c uring te m p e ra ture ra ng e , se t tim e o r c o lo r. So m e a d m ixture s ha ve b e e n in use fo r a ve ry lo ng tim e , suc h a s c a lc ium c hlo rid e to p ro vid e a c o ld -we a the r se tting c o nc re te . O the rs a re m o re re c e nt a nd re p re se nt a n a re a o f e xp a nd ing p o ssib ilitie s fo r inc re a se d p e rfo rm a nc e . No t a ll a d m ixture s a re e c o no m ic a l to e m p lo y o n a p a rtic ula r p ro je c t. Also , so m e c ha ra c te ristic s o f c o nc re te , suc h a s lo w a b so rp tio n, c a n b e a c hie ve d sim p ly b y c o nsiste ntly a d he ring to hig h q ua lity c o nc re ting p ra c tic e s. Ad m ixture s va ry wid e ly in c he m ic a l c o m p o sitio n, a nd m a ny p e rfo rm m o re tha n o ne func tio n. Two b a sic typ e s o f a d m ixture s a re a va ila b le : c he m ic a l a nd m ine ra l. All a d m ixture s to b e use d in c o nc re te c o nstruc tio n sho uld m e e t sp e c ific a tio ns; te sts sho uld b e m a d e to e va lua te ho w the a d m ixture will a ffe c t the p ro p e rtie s o f the c o nc re te to b e m a d e with the sp e c ifie d jo b m a te ria ls, und e r the a ntic ip a te d a m b ie nt c o nd itio ns, a nd b y the a ntic ip a te d c o nstruc tio n p ro c e d ure s. Wa te r-re d uc ing a d m ixture s a re g ro up s o f p ro d uc ts tha t a re a d d e d to c o nc re te to a c hie ve c e rta in wo rka b ility (slum p ) a t a lo we r w/ c tha n tha t o f no rm a l c o nc re te . Wa te r-re d uc ing a d m ixture s a re use d to im p ro ve the q ua lity o f c o nc re te a nd to o b ta in sp e c ifie d stre ng th a t lo we r c e m e nt c o nte nt. The y a lso im p ro ve the p ro p e rtie s o f c o nc re te c o nta ining m a rg ina l- o r lo w-q ua lity a g g re g a te s a nd he lp in p la c ing c o nc re te und e r d iffic ult c o nd itio ns (AC I C o m m e nta ry 212 1963). Altho ug h using a d m ixture s in c o nc re te im p ro ve s c o nc re te 's p ro p e rtie s, m isusing a ny kind o f a d m ixture s will ne g a tive ly a ffe c t the se p ro p e rtie s. It is the re fo re im p o rta nt to fo llo w the m a nufa c ture r's re c o m m e nd a tio ns whe ne ve r a d m ixture s a re use d . Sika m e nt a d m ixture ; p a rtic ula rly Sika m e nt-163 b e g ins to b e use d p e o p le in c o nstruc tio n in Pa lu; the re fo re , stud y a b o ut using o f the a d m ixture s in c o nc re te m ixture ne e d to b e c o nd uc te d to e va lua te it’ s e ffe c ts to c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th, wo rka b ility o f c o nc re te , d ura b ility o f c o nc re te , e tc .
2. Lite ra ture Stud y
The c he m istry o f c o nc re te a d m ixture s is a c o m p le x to p ic re q uiring in-d e p th kno wle d g e a nd e xp e rie nc e . A g e ne ra l und e rsta nd ing o f the o p tio ns a va ila b le fo r c o nc re te a d m ixture s is ne c e ssa ry fo r a c q uiring the rig ht p ro d uc t fo r the jo b , b a se d o n c lima tic c o nd itio ns a nd jo b re q uire m e nts. Ba se d o n the ir func tio ns, a d m ixture s c a n b e c la ssifie d into the five m a jo r c a te g o rie s; i.e . re ta rd ing a d m ixture s, a c c e le ra ting a d m ixture s, sup e r p la stic ize rs, wa te r re d uc ing a d m ixture s, a nd a ir-e ntra ining a d m ixture s.
2.1 Typ e s o f Ad m ixture
2.1.1 Re ta rd ing a d mixture s Re ta rd ing a d m ixture s slo w d o wn the hyd ra tio n o f c e m e nt, le ng the ning se t tim e . Re ta rd e rs a re b e ne fic ia lly use d in ho t we a the r c o nd itio ns in o rd e r to o ve rc o m e a c c e le ra ting e ffe c ts o f hig he r te m p e ra ture s a nd la rg e m a sse s o f c o nc re te o n c o nc re te se tting tim e . Be c a use m o st re ta rd e rs a lso a c t a s wa te r re d uc e rs, the y a re fre q ue ntly c a lle d wa te r-re d uc ing re ta rd e rs. As p e r c he m ic a l a d m ixture c la ssific a tio n b y ASTM-ASTM C 494, typ e B is sim p ly a re ta rd ing a d m ixture , while typ e D is b o th re ta rd ing a nd wa te r re d uc ing , re sulting in c o nc re te with g re a te r c o m p re ssive stre ng th b e c a use o f the lo we r wa te r- c e m e nt ra tio .
Re ta rd ing a d m ixture s c o nsists o f b o th o rg a nic a nd ino rg a nic a g e nts. O rg a nic re ta rd a nts inc lud e unre fine d c a lc ium , so d ium , NH
4
, sa lts o f lig no sulfo nic a c id s, hyd ro c a rb o xylic a c id s, a nd c a rb o hyd ra te s. Ino rg a nic re ta rd a nts inc lud e o xid e s o f le a d a nd zinc , p ho sp ha te s, m a g ne sium sa lts, fluo ra te s a nd b o ra te s. As a n e xa m p le o f a re ta rd a nt's e ffe c ts o n c o nc re te
Ana lysis o f The O p timum Pe rc e nta g e o f Ad mixture o f Sika me nt -163 Whic h C a n Be Ad d e d Into C o nc re te Mixture to Ac hie ve The Ma ximum o f C o nc re te C o mp re ssio n Stre g th (G id io n Turu’ a llo )
175 p ro p e rtie s, lig no sulfa te a c id s a nd hyd ro xyla te d c a rb o xylic a c id s slo w the initia l se tting tim e b y a t le a st a n ho ur use d a t 65 to 100 d e g re e s Fa hre nhe it.
2.1.2 Ac c e le ra ting a d mixture s Ac c e le ra to rs sho rte n the se tting tim e o f c o nc re te , a llo wing a c o ld - we a the r p o ur, e a rly re m o va l o f fo rm s, e a rly surfa c e finishing , a nd in so m e c a se s, e a rly lo a d a p p lic a tio n. Pro p e r c a re m ust b e ta ke n while c ho o sing the typ e a nd p ro p o rtio n o f a c c e le ra to rs, a s und e r m o st c o nd itio ns, c o m m o nly use d a c c e le ra to rs c a use a n inc re a se in the d rying shrinka g e o f c o nc re te .
C a lc ium c hlo rid e is a c o m m o n a c c e le ra to r, use d to a c c e le ra te the tim e o f se t a nd the ra te o f stre ng th g a in. It sho uld m e e t the re q uire m e nts o f ASTM D 98. Exc e ssive a m o unts o f c a lc ium c hlo rid e in c o nc re te mix m a y re sult in ra p id stiffe ning , inc re a se in d rying shrinka g e a nd c o rro sio n o f re info rc e m e nt. In c o ld e r c lim a te s, c a lc ium c hlo rid e sho uld no t b e use d a s a n a nti-fre e ze . La rg e a m o unt o f c a lc ium c hlo rid e is re q uire d to lo we r the fre e zing p o int o f the c o nc re te , whic h m a y a tta c k the c o nc re te itse lf.
2.13 Sup e r p la stic ize rs Sup e r p la stic ize rs, a lso kno wn a s p la stic ize rs, inc lud e wa te r-re d uc ing a d m ixture s. C o m p a re d to wha t is c o m m o nly re fe rre d to a s a "wa te r re d uc e r" o r "m id -ra ng e w a te r re d uc e r", sup e r p la stic ize rs a re "hig h-ra ng e wa te r re d uc e rs". Hig h ra ng e w a te r re d uc e rs a re a d m ixture s tha t a llo w la rg e wa te r re d uc tio n o r g re a te r flo w a b ility (a s d e fine d b y the m a nufa c ture rs, c o nc re te sup p lie rs a nd ind ustry sta nd a rd s) witho ut sub sta ntia lly slo wing se t tim e o r inc re a sing a ir e ntra inm e nt.
Ea c h typ e o f sup e r p la stic ize r ha s d e fine d ra ng e s fo r the re q uire d q ua ntitie s o f c o nc re te m ix ing re d ie nts, a lo ng with the c o rre sp o nd ing e ffe c ts. The y c a n m a inta in a sp e c ific c o nsiste nc y a nd wo rka b ility a t a g re a tly re d uc e d a m o unt o f wa te r. Do sa g e s ne e d e d va ry b y the p a rtic ula r c o nc re te m ix a nd typ e o f sup e r p la stic ize r use d . The y c a n a lso p ro d uc e a hig h stre ng th a d m ixture s, sup e r p la stic ize rs c a n a ffe c t o the r c o nc re te p ro p e rtie s a s we ll. The sp e c ific e ffe c ts, ho we ve r, sho uld b e fo und fro m the m a nufa c ture r o r c o nc re te sup p lie r.
2.14 Wa te r re d uc ing a d m ixture s Wa te r re d uc ing a d m ixture s re q uire le ss wa te r to m a ke a c o nc re te o f e q ua l slum p , o r inc re a se the slum p o f c o nc re te a t the sa m e wa te r c o nte nt. The y c a n ha ve the sid e e ffe c t o f c ha ng ing initia l se t tim e . Wa te r re d uc e rs a re m o stly use d fo r ho t we a the r c o nc re te p la c ing a nd to a id p um p ing . A wa te r-re d uc e r p la stic ize r, ho we ve r, is a hyg ro sc o p ic p o wd e r, whic h c a n e ntra in a ir into the c o nc re te m ix via its e ffe c t o n wa te r's surfa c e te nsio n, the re b y a lso , o b ta ining so m e o f the b e ne fits o f a ir-e ntra inm e nt.
2.15 Air-e ntra ining a d m ixture s Air-e ntra ining a g e nts e ntra in sm a ll a ir b ub b le s in the c o nc re te . The m a jo r b e ne fit o f this is e nha nc e d d ura b ility in fre e ze -tha w c yc le s, e sp e c ia lly re le va nt in c o ld c lim a te s. While so m e stre ng th lo ss typ ic a lly a c c o m p a nie s inc re a se d a ir in c o nc re te , it g e ne ra lly c a n b e o ve rc o m e b y re d uc ing the wa te r-c e m e nt ra tio via im p ro ve d wo rka b ility (d ue to the a ir- e ntra ining a g e nt itse lf) o r thro ug h the use o f o the r a p p ro p ria te a d m ixture s. As a lwa ys, a d m ixture s sho uld o nly b e c o m b ine d in a c o nc re te m ix b y a c o m p e te nt p ro fe ssio na l b e c a use so m e o f the m c a n inte ra c t in und e sira b le wa ys.
Bo nd ing a d mixture s, inc lud ing a d d itio n o f c o m p o und s a nd m a te ria ls suc h a s p o lyvinyl c hlo rid e s a nd a c e ta te s, a c rylic s a nd b uta d ie ne - styre ne c o -p o lym e rs, c a n b e use d to a ssist in b o nd ing ne w / fre sh c o nc re te with o ld / se t c o nc re te .
2.2 C o nc re te C o m p re ssio n Stre ng th The p ro p e rtie s o f c o nc re te d e p e nd o n the q ua ntitie s a nd q ua litie s Jurna l SMARTe k, Vo l. 5, No . 3, Ag ustus 2007: 173 - 180
o f its c o m p o ne nts. Be c a use c e m e nt is the m o st a c tive c o m p o ne nt o f c o nc re te a nd usua lly ha s the g re a te st unit c o st, its in o b ta ining m o st e c o no mic a lly the b a la nc e o f p ro p e rtie s d e sire d fo r a ny p a rtic ula r c o nc re te m ixture .
The c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th will inc re a se b y inc re a se o f its a g e a s the Fig ure 1 sho wn b e lo w. The inc re a sing o f c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th is a lso a ffe c te d b y so m e fa c to rs suc h a s wa te r c e m e nt ra tio , c uring te m p e ra ture , e tc . The hig he r o f its wa te r c e m e nt ra tio the lo we r o f its inc re a sing stre ng th.
Typ e I / II Po rtla nd c e m e nts, whic h c a n p ro vid e a d e q ua te le ve ls o f stre ng th a nd d ura b ility, a re the m o st p o p ula r c e m e nts use d b y c o nc re te p ro d uc e rs. Ho we ve r, so m e a p p lic a tio ns re q uire the use o f o the r c e m e nts to p ro vid e hig he r le ve ls o f p ro p e rtie s. The ne e d fo r hig h- e a rly stre ng th c e m e nts in p a ve m e nt re p a irs a nd the use o f b le nd e d c e m e nts with a g g re g a te s susc e p tib le to a lka li- a g g re g a te re a c tio ns a re e xa m p le s o f suc h a p p lic a tio ns.
It is e sse ntia l tha t hig hwa y e ng ine e rs se le c t the typ e o f c e m e nt tha t will o b ta in the b e st p e rfo rm a nc e fro m the c o nc re te . This c ho ic e invo lve s the c o rre c t kno wle d g e o f the re la tio nship b e twe e n c e m e nt a nd p e rfo rm a nc e a nd , in p a rtic ula r, o f c o nc re te .
The m a nufa c ture a nd c o m p o sitio n o f Po rtla nd c e m e nts, hyd ra tio n p ro c e sse s, a nd c he m ic a l a nd p hysic a l p ro p e rtie s ha ve b e e n re p e a te d ly stud ie d a nd re se a rc he d , with innum e ra b le re p o rts a nd p a p e rs writte n o n a ll a sp e c ts o f the se p ro p e rtie s.
2.2.1 The Effe c t o f Wa te r / C e m e nt Ra tio to C o nc re te C o m p re ssio n Stre ng th.
The stre ng th o f ha rd e ne d c e m e nt d e p e nd s o n the num b e r o f wa te r use d fo r the hyd ra tio n p ro c e ss ta ke s p la c e s. The hyd ra tio n p ro c e ss b a sic a lly, ne e d s wa te r o f a b o ut 25 % o f c e m e nt we ig ht (Tjo kro d im ulyo , 1996). Ab ra m s’ La w sta te s tha t a ssum ing full c o m p a c tio n, a nd a t a g ive n a g e a nd no rm a l te m p e ra ture , stre ng th o f c o nc re te c a n b e ta ke n to b e inve rse ly p ro p o rtio na l to the wa te r/ c e m e nt ra tio a s the fo rm ula b e lo w,
wcr B A
' c f =
………………..(1) Fig ure 1. C o rre la tio n b e twe e n C o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th to c o nc re te ’ s a g e
- + De sc rip tio n:
- = Ad d ing
- + + - - Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio > A Slum p > B
- = Re d uc ing A = w/ c witho ut a d m ixture s
B = Slum p witho ut a d m ixture s
Stre ng th < C C e m e nt a nd w a te r
Slump > B Stre ng th = C Wa te r
Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio < A Slump = B Stre ng th > C Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio = A
Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio > A Slump > B Stre ng th < C Ad mixture s
C e m e nt Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio = A Slump = B Stre ng th = C Wa te r
Wa te r/ C e m e nt Ra tio < A Slump < B Stre ng th > C
Fig ure 2. C o nc e p t o f Using Ad mixture s
The concept of using admixtures in concrete mixture can be seen in the Figure 2 below. As can be seen from the figure; the adding of admixture into concrete mixture at the same slump with normal concrete by reducing used water can increase the concrete compression strength. The concrete compression strength also can be increase by adding cement as the picture shows; however adding cement will reduce workability of concrete due to reduce of concrete slump. Even using cement exceed from the needed amount will generate a new problem in concrete itself, i.e. it will generate shrinkage and creep in concrete at earlier time; therefore it will reduce concrete compression strength (Haidar, 2002).
C o nc re te C o m p re ssio n Stre ng th.
The re la tio nship b e twe e n c e m e nt a nd wa te r c o nte nt is c ruc ia l im p o rta nc e to the c o nc re te d ura b ility. C a p illa ry p o ro sity fo rm e d fro m re sid ua l sp a c e s o c c up ie d b y m ix wa te r inc re a se s with hig he r w/ c ra tio within o rd ina ry Po rtla nd c e m e nt. In this m a nne r, inc re a se d wa te r c o nte nt within the o rig ina l mix ind ic a te s a lo we r stre ng th a nd a p o te ntia l d e c re a se in d ura b ility.
a re the c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th a nd wa te r/ c e m e nt ra tio re sp e c tive ly; while A ra tio , the g re a te r the wa te r c o nse q ue ntly, the c o nc re te a ssum e s le ss c o m p re ssive stre ng th. Also , m o re d a ys o f we t c uring a re re q uire d to o b ta in the ha rd ne ss ne c e ssa ry to ha rd o ff m o isture m ig ra tio n. Fo r e xa m p le , the id e a l ra tio is 0.40 to 0.45, whic h wo uld re q uire se ve n d a ys o f we t c ure . The num b e r o f wa te r use d in c o nc re te m ix is stro ng ly re la te d to the slum p va lue o f c o nc re te fre sh. The m o re wa te r use d in the c o nc re te m ix, the hig he r the slum p .
c r
177 whe re , f’ c a nd w
Ana lysis o f The O p timum Pe rc e nta g e o f Ad mixture o f Sika me nt -163 Whic h C a n Be Ad d e d Into C o nc re te Mixture to Ac hie ve The Ma ximum o f C o nc re te C o mp re ssio n Stre g th (G id io n Turu’ a llo )
C = Stre ng th witho ut
3. Exp e rim e nta l Pro g ra m
3.1 Ma te ria ls Te sting o r f’ c r = f’ c + M ……………………(3) The m a te ria ls use d to p ro d uc e fulfilling the re q uire d sp e c ific a tio n b e fo re c o m p re ssio n stre ng th use d ; o the rwise , the m a te ria ls c a nno t b e f’ c = re q uire d c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n use d . Tho se m a te ria ls a re b o th fine a nd stre ng th. c o a rse a g g re g a te s, c e m e nt a nd wa te r. S = Sta nd a rd d e via tio n va lue (ta ke n 7 The c o a rse a g g re g a te in fro m sto ne MPa if the p re vio us e xp e rie nc e d c rushe d wa s ta ke n fro m Ta ip a rive r, d a ta no t a va ila b le ). while fine a g g re g a te w a s ta ke n fro m M = Ad d itio na l va lue , Ma rg in; It is ta ke n Pa lu rive r. The use d c e m e nt se le c te d
12 MPa if the p re vio us d a ta no t fro m typ e I b ra nd To na sa . a va ila b le . The a g g re g a te s’ te sting , whic h a re d o ne ; a re sie ve a na lysis, a g g re g a te s
3.3. Sa m p le Te st wa te r c o nte nt, a g g re g a te s so il c o nte nt, The te st sp e c im e ns m a d e o f sp e c ific b ulk g ra vity, o rg a nic c o nte nt c o nc re te c ub e o f 150 m m x 150 m m x a nd we a ring o ut te st b y Lo s Ang e le s 150 m m size . Te sts o f the sa m p le c ub e s m a c hine . we re d o ne whe n tho se a g e s we re 28 d a ys. The num b e r o f sa m p le s use d in the
3.2 Mix De sig n te st c a n b e se e n in the Ta b le 1 b e lo w.
The c o m p o sitio n o f m a te ria ls, whic h use d in the c o nc re te m ix, is
4. The Exp e rim e nta l Re sults a nd
c a lc ula te d b a se d o n the Ind o ne sia Disc ussio n. c o d e fo r No rm a l C o nc re te Mix De sig n 4.1 The Exp e rim e nta l Re sults. (SK SNI T-15-1990-03). The a ve ra g e o f
The c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n te st c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th is re sults a t e a c h c o nc re te ’ s a g e is c a lc ula te d b y fo llo wing e q ua tio n. p re se nte d in the Fig ure 3 b e lo w. f’ c r = f’ c + 1.64 S ………………..(2)
52
)
48
a P
45,83
44 43,51
(M 42,49 ta
40
a
39,36
- r
37,53
ta
36,04
36
ra
33,43
n
32
a ek
28
t t a
25,04
u
24 K
20 0,25 0,5 0,75 1 1,25 1,5 1,75 2 2,25 2,5 2,75
Persentase sikament - 163 (%) Fig ure 3. G ra p h re la tio n b e twe e n c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th to c o nc re te ’ s a g e
Ana lysis o f The O p timum Pe rc e nta g e o f Ad mixture o f Sika me nt -163 Whic h C a n Be Ad d e d Into C o nc re te Mixture to Ac hie ve The Ma ximum o f C o nc re te C o mp re ssio n Stre g th (G id io n Turu’ a llo )
179 Ta b le 1. The num b e r o f te st sp e c im e ns
Concrete type Pe rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt- 163 (% ) To ta l
0 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.5
Number of test specimens
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
72 Ta b le 2. Re la tio n b e twe e n the p e rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt-163 with wa te r c e m e nt ra tio . No Pe rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt- 163 b y c e m e nt we ig ht Use d wa te r (kg ) C e m e nt we ig ht (kg ) Wa te r c e m e nt ra tio
1 0 6.2357 10.9928 0.5673 2 0.75 5.9604 10.9928 0.5422 3 1.0 5.8209 10.9928 0.5295 4 1.25 5.6500 10.9928 0.5140 5 1.5 5.4996 10.9928 0.5003 6 1.75 5.2895 10.9928 0.4812 7 2.0 5.0231 10.9928 0.4569 8 2.5 4.4196 10.9928 0.4020
The te st re sults a b o ve sho w tha t the m a xim um c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th is a c hie ve d whe n the p e rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt-163 whic h wa s a d d e d into c o nc re te mixture is 1.5 % b y c e m e nt we ig ht. The g ra p h a lso sho ws tha t a d d the Sika m e nt-163 m o re tha n 1.5 % will re d uc e the c o m p re ssio n stre ng th fro m the o b ta ine d m a xim um va lue ; e ve n a d d it m o re tha n 2 % will p ro d uc e c o nc re te with c o m p re ssio n stre ng th lo we r tha n no rm a l c o nc re te . Ano the r re sult o f this re se a rc h suc h a s the re la tio n b e twe e n the p e rc e nta g e s o f Sika m e nt-163 with wa te r c e m e nt ra tio is sho wn in Ta b le 2 b e lo w. The ta b le sho ws tha t the hig he r p e rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt-163 p ro d uc e s the lo we r wa te r c e m e nt ra tio o f c o nc re te m ixture .
4.2 Disc ussio n Fig ure 3 a b o ve sho ws tha t using o f
Sika m e nt-163 a s m uc h 1.5 % b y c e m e nt we ig ht into c o nc re te m ixture c a n inc re a se the c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th a b o ut 45.83 MPa o ve r the c o m p re ssio n stre ng th o f no rm a l c o nc re te i.e . 36.04 MPa . Ad d ing Sika m e nt-163 a s m uc h 1.75 % into c o nc re te m ixture p ro d uc e s c o nc re te with c o m p re ssio n stre ng th o f 39.36 MPa ; o r d e c re a se 14.12 % fro m the m a xim um va lue (45.83 MPa ); ho we ve r it is still o ve r tha n the c o m p re ssio n stre ng th o f no rm a l c o nc re te . Ho we ve r, a d d Sika m e nt-163 m o re tha n 2 % no t o nly re sults c o nc re te with c o m p re ssio n stre ng th lo we r tha n the re a c he d m a xim um c o m p re ssio n stre ng th b ut e ve n it lo we r tha n the no rm a l c o nc re te c o m p re ssio n stre ng th.
Use Sika m e nt-163 m o re tha n 2 % b y c e m e nt we ig ht will re d uc e d use d wa te r o ve r 19.45 % with the sa m e o f no rm a l c o nc re te slum p a s sho wn Ta b le 2 a b o ve . It m e a ns tha t the p ro d uc e d c o nc re te ha s lo we r w a te r c e m e nt ra tio whic h Jurna l SMARTe k, Vo l. 5, No . 3, Ag ustus 2007: 173 - 180 e xp e c te d to ha ve hig he r stre ng th.
Ho we ve r, it g ive s re ve rse re sults; it is c a use d the use d wa te r b y a d d ing c o nc re te m ixture le ss tha n a m o unt wa te r tha t is ne e d e d to p e rfo rm a c o m p le te d hyd ra tio n p ro c e ss e ve n tho ug h it re sults c o nc re te with lo we r wa te r c e m e nt ra tio o r inc re a se d wo rka b ility.
2001, C o nc re te : Mic ro struc ture , Pro p e rtie s a nd Ma tria ls. Murd o c k, L.J. d a n Bro o k, K.M. 1999,
Yo g ya ka rta .
Be to n, Jurusa n Te knik Sip il Unive rsita s G a d ja h Ma d a .
Tjo kro d im uljo , Ka rd iyo no . 1996, Te kno lo g i
C a mp ura n Be to n Mutu Ting g i Be rda sa rka n Rumusa n Ab ra ms- FXS, Ind o c o nstruc tio n.
Sup a rto no , F.X, 1999, Ra nc a ng a n
C o nc re te C o nstruc tio n, Jo urna l o f Ma te ria ls Eng ine e ring , ASC E.
C ha n. 1999, Using Admixture s fo r
sc ie nc e a nd Te c hno lo g y, Vo l.8, No , 1. Ra ym o nd W.N. C ha n d a n Eric h P.W
Effe c ts o f Ag g re g a te Vo lume Fra c tio n o n the Ela stic Mo duli a nd Vo id ra tio o f C e me nt Ba se d Ma te ria ls,, Jo urna l o f Ma rine
Ra n Hua ng a nd C hung C hia Ya ng , 2000,
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Ne ville , A.M. d a n Bro o ks, J.J., 1998,
Ba ha n d a n Pra kte k Be to n, Erla ng g a . Ja ka rta .
ASC E C o nfe re nc e . Me hta P.K. d a n Pa ulo Mo nte iro J.M.,
In c o nc lusio n, the o p tim um p e rc e nta g e o f Sika m e nt-163, whic h c a n b e a d d e d into c o nc re te m ixture ; is 1.5 % with re d uc ing wa te r till 11.8 % fro m tha t is use d fo r no rm a l c o nc re te . The p ro d uc e d c o nc re te re sults the c o m p re ssio n stre ng th o f 27.16 % hig he r tha n no rm a l c o nc re te ’ s stre ng th. Mo re o ve r, using o f the Sika m e nt-163 whic h p ro d uc e d b y Sika C o m p a ny c a n a lso inc re a se c o nc re te wo rka b ility.
o n Fra c ture C ha ra c te ristic s in Mo rta r Struc ture s, 15 th
Eng ine e ring , ASC E Kha lil Ha id a r, 2002, Influe nc e o f Po ro sity
o f Ag g re g a te s o n C o nc re te Pro p e rtie s, Jo urna l o f Ma te ria ls
Ja m e s M. d a n Ha rp e r, P.E., 1999, Effe c ts
C o nc re te , C ha p m a n a nd Ha ll
G a ni, M.S.J., 1997, C e me nt a nd
C a ra Pe mb ua ta n Re nc a na C a mp ura n Be to n No rma l (SK SNI T- 15-1990-03), Ya ya sa n LPMB, Ba nd ung .
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Intro d uc tio n, 6th e d . Ne w Yo rk: Wile y,
a nd Eng ine e ring —An
C a lliste r Jr., W. D. 2003, Ma te ria ls Sc ie nc e
Ano nim , 2003, “ Ba ha n Pre se nta si Sika ” , PT Sika Ind o nse ia
4.3 Sug g e stio n fo r the future wo rk It is ne e d e d to a d va nc e d stud y the e ffe c ts o f Sika m e nt-163 a d m ixture to the d ura b ility c o nc re te e sp e c ia lly to c o rro sio n o f re info rc e d c o nc re te e m b e d d e d in c o nc re te to kno w whe the r the Sika m e nt-163 e ffe c t the p a ssive la ye r o f c o nc re te o r no t.