S SEJ 1103599 Table of content
vi
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK...................................................................................................... i
ABSTRAC ..................................................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................. iii
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL........................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................... x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah .......................................................................... 1
1.2.Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 5
1.3.Tujuan Penelitian...................................................................................... 6
1.4.Manfaat Penelitian.................................................................................... 6
1.5.Struktur Organisasi Penelitian.................................................................. 7
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ..................................................................... 10
2.1. Segregasi Ras ........................................................................................ 10
2.2. Hak-Hak Sipil........................................................................................ 13
2.3. Teori Konflik Dahrendrof ..................................................................... 18
2.4. Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................. 21
2.4.1. Penelitian Berbentuk Skripsi .................................................. 22
2.4.2. Penelitian Berbentuk Jurnal ................................................... 24
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................... 29
3.1. Metode Penelitian................................................................................. 29
3.2.Teknik Penelitian................................................................................... 32
3.3. Tahapan Penelitian .............................................................................. 33
3.3.1. Persiapan Penelitian ............................................................... 34
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
3.3.1.1 Pemilihan Topik .......................................................... 34
3.3.1.2. Penyusunan Rancangan Penelitian ............................ 34
3.3.2. Tahap Pelaksanaan Penelitian ................................................. 37
3.3.2.1. Heuristik .................................................................... 37
3.3.2.2..Kritik .......................................................................... 39
3.3.2.3. Intepretasi................................................................... 42
3.3.2.4. Historiografi ............................................................... 43
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................... 45
4.1. Kondisi Sosial Politik Masyarakat Orang Kulit Hitam Sebelum
Mendapatkan Kesetaraan Hak Sipil ....................................................... 45
4.1.1. Pemisahan Seluruh Fasilitas Sosial (Segregation).................. 46
4.1.2. Korban Organisasi Radikal (Mob Violent) ............................. 51
4.1.2.1. The Ku Klux Klan ...................................................... 52
4.1.2.2. Black Legion .............................................................. 55
4.2.Ketertarikan Malcolm X Dalam Memperjuangkan Hak-Hak Sipil Orang
Kulit Hitam di Amerika Serikat ............................................................. 57
4.2.1. Faktor Keluarga....................................................................... 58
4.2.1.1. Kesengsaraan Keluarga ............................................ 58
4.2.2. Faktor Politik........................................................................... 63
4.2.2.1. Doktrinasi Elijah Muhammad .................................. 63
4.2.2.2. Pandangan Politik W. E. Du Bois ............................ 67
4.2.3. Faktor Agama ......................................................................... 70
4.2.3.1. Menemukan Islam .................................................... 71
4.2.3.2. Inspirasi dari Makkah ............................................... 73
4.3. Upaya-Upaya Malcolm X Dalam Memeperjuangkan Hak-Hak Sipil
Orang Kulit Hitam di Amerika Serikat Tahun 1957-1965 .................... 77
4.3.1. Bergabung Dengan Nation of Islam ........................................ 77
4.3.2. Membentuk Organisasi Sosial dan Politik Orang Kulit Hitam...
................................................................................................. 83
4.3.3. Menjalin Persahabatan Dengan Para Pemimpin Negara-Negara
Lain ........................................................................................ 86
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
4.4. Dampak Perjuangan Malcolm X Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Politik Orang
Kulit Hitam Amerika Serikat ................................................................. 91
4.4.1 Meningkatnya Kesejahteraan Sosial Orang Kulit Hitam ....... 91
4.4.2 Hak Pemilihan ......................................................................... 94
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .......................................... 97
5.1.Simpulan................................................................................................ 97
5.2.Rekomendasi ......................................................................................... 99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 101
LAMPIRAN
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Udang-Undang Hak Sipil No. 13, No. 14, No. 15 ........................... 15
Tabel 2.2 Undang-Undang Hak Sipil 1957, 1964, 1965, 1968 ....................... 16
Tabel 4.1 Presentase Pendaftaran Pemilih Orang Kulit Hitam 1940-1976....... 95
Tabel 4.2 Kegiatan Politik Kaum Kulit Hitam Pasca Perjuangan Malcolm X . 95
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 4.1 Organisasi Radikal Ku Klux Klan Dengan Propaganda America
for White .................................................................................... 55
Gambar 4.2 Elijah Muhammad Sebagai Chief Minister Nation of Islam ... 67
Gambar 4.3 W. E. B. Du Bois Tokoh Intelektual Perjuangan Kulit Hitam
Amerika Serikat......................................................................... 70
Gambar 4.4 Lambang Nation of Islam ......................................................... 83
Gambar 4.5 Peta Selama Kunjungan yang Dilakukan Oleh Malcolm X
Selama di Afrik ......................................................................... 87
Gambar 4.6 Gambar Kunjungan Malcolm X Mengunjungi KAA............... 91
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK...................................................................................................... i
ABSTRAC ..................................................................................................... ii
KATA PENGANTAR ................................................................................. iii
DAFTAR ISI ................................................................................................ vi
DAFTAR TABEL........................................................................................ ix
DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................................... x
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................. 1
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah .......................................................................... 1
1.2.Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 5
1.3.Tujuan Penelitian...................................................................................... 6
1.4.Manfaat Penelitian.................................................................................... 6
1.5.Struktur Organisasi Penelitian.................................................................. 7
BAB II KAJIAN PUSTAKA ..................................................................... 10
2.1. Segregasi Ras ........................................................................................ 10
2.2. Hak-Hak Sipil........................................................................................ 13
2.3. Teori Konflik Dahrendrof ..................................................................... 18
2.4. Penelitian Terdahulu ............................................................................. 21
2.4.1. Penelitian Berbentuk Skripsi .................................................. 22
2.4.2. Penelitian Berbentuk Jurnal ................................................... 24
BAB III METODE PENELITIAN ........................................................... 29
3.1. Metode Penelitian................................................................................. 29
3.2.Teknik Penelitian................................................................................... 32
3.3. Tahapan Penelitian .............................................................................. 33
3.3.1. Persiapan Penelitian ............................................................... 34
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
3.3.1.1 Pemilihan Topik .......................................................... 34
3.3.1.2. Penyusunan Rancangan Penelitian ............................ 34
3.3.2. Tahap Pelaksanaan Penelitian ................................................. 37
3.3.2.1. Heuristik .................................................................... 37
3.3.2.2..Kritik .......................................................................... 39
3.3.2.3. Intepretasi................................................................... 42
3.3.2.4. Historiografi ............................................................... 43
BAB IV PEMBAHASAN ........................................................................... 45
4.1. Kondisi Sosial Politik Masyarakat Orang Kulit Hitam Sebelum
Mendapatkan Kesetaraan Hak Sipil ....................................................... 45
4.1.1. Pemisahan Seluruh Fasilitas Sosial (Segregation).................. 46
4.1.2. Korban Organisasi Radikal (Mob Violent) ............................. 51
4.1.2.1. The Ku Klux Klan ...................................................... 52
4.1.2.2. Black Legion .............................................................. 55
4.2.Ketertarikan Malcolm X Dalam Memperjuangkan Hak-Hak Sipil Orang
Kulit Hitam di Amerika Serikat ............................................................. 57
4.2.1. Faktor Keluarga....................................................................... 58
4.2.1.1. Kesengsaraan Keluarga ............................................ 58
4.2.2. Faktor Politik........................................................................... 63
4.2.2.1. Doktrinasi Elijah Muhammad .................................. 63
4.2.2.2. Pandangan Politik W. E. Du Bois ............................ 67
4.2.3. Faktor Agama ......................................................................... 70
4.2.3.1. Menemukan Islam .................................................... 71
4.2.3.2. Inspirasi dari Makkah ............................................... 73
4.3. Upaya-Upaya Malcolm X Dalam Memeperjuangkan Hak-Hak Sipil
Orang Kulit Hitam di Amerika Serikat Tahun 1957-1965 .................... 77
4.3.1. Bergabung Dengan Nation of Islam ........................................ 77
4.3.2. Membentuk Organisasi Sosial dan Politik Orang Kulit Hitam...
................................................................................................. 83
4.3.3. Menjalin Persahabatan Dengan Para Pemimpin Negara-Negara
Lain ........................................................................................ 86
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
4.4. Dampak Perjuangan Malcolm X Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Politik Orang
Kulit Hitam Amerika Serikat ................................................................. 91
4.4.1 Meningkatnya Kesejahteraan Sosial Orang Kulit Hitam ....... 91
4.4.2 Hak Pemilihan ......................................................................... 94
BAB V SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI .......................................... 97
5.1.Simpulan................................................................................................ 97
5.2.Rekomendasi ......................................................................................... 99
DAFTAR PUSTAKA .............................................................................. 101
LAMPIRAN
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 2.1 Udang-Undang Hak Sipil No. 13, No. 14, No. 15 ........................... 15
Tabel 2.2 Undang-Undang Hak Sipil 1957, 1964, 1965, 1968 ....................... 16
Tabel 4.1 Presentase Pendaftaran Pemilih Orang Kulit Hitam 1940-1976....... 95
Tabel 4.2 Kegiatan Politik Kaum Kulit Hitam Pasca Perjuangan Malcolm X . 95
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
x
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 4.1 Organisasi Radikal Ku Klux Klan Dengan Propaganda America
for White .................................................................................... 55
Gambar 4.2 Elijah Muhammad Sebagai Chief Minister Nation of Islam ... 67
Gambar 4.3 W. E. B. Du Bois Tokoh Intelektual Perjuangan Kulit Hitam
Amerika Serikat......................................................................... 70
Gambar 4.4 Lambang Nation of Islam ......................................................... 83
Gambar 4.5 Peta Selama Kunjungan yang Dilakukan Oleh Malcolm X
Selama di Afrik ......................................................................... 87
Gambar 4.6 Gambar Kunjungan Malcolm X Mengunjungi KAA............... 91
Ari Kamal Malik, 2016
PERANAN MALCOLM X D ALAM PERJUANGAN HAK-HAK SIPIL ORANG KULIT HITAM D I AMERIKA
SERIKAT TAHUN 1957-1965
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu