2. Andy Simarmata ppt aglo
Urban Threshold Indicators as a
tool to manage urbanization
Hendricus Andy Simarmata
Urban studies postgraduate program
School of global and strategic studies
Universitas Indonesia
hendricus.andy@ui.ac.id
JAKARTA, 7 November 2016
Why we need to control urbanization
Fast-growing urbanization and expansivelychanging cities
Urbanizing Indonesia or Java? Regional disparity
By 2020, It will be 20 metropolitan, 50 cities above 500 thousand inhabitants,
and more than 100 small cities
Overweight of Jakarta and highly-dependent to Jakarta
Over weithg
Residuals of urbanization process
are wicked problems
How do we control the urbanizing region?
Sumber:
geographyeducation.org
11 US Mega-regions
Infrastructure focused coalition
Mega-regions are large networks of metropolitan areas that are connected through their
economies as well as their infrastructure and transportation flows.
Future
Conurbating
region?
Commuting
Distance
(45 minutes?)
30-40 km
60-80 km
90-120 km
120-200 km
“To recognise the present-day growth of our cities, their
spreading and their pressure into new and vaster groupings
or conurbations, and to realise these as vividly as may
be...”
-Patrick Geddes, City in Evolution
Conurbations:
a group of towns that have spread and joined
together to form an area with a high population,
often with a large city as its centre
-Patrick Geddes, City in Evolution
Edge of cities – Are there any left?
• Prisons (Jails)
• Farming land
• Industrial zone
• Cemeteries
• Solid waste management sites
• Coastal or sea place
Edge cities (Garreau, 1991)
1. The area must have more than 4.5 million square meter of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown)
2. The place must include over 540,000 square meter of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)
3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes)
4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.)
5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago (cow pastures would have been nice)
Urban growth boundary
• A planned capacity to accommodate a 20-year
forecast of housing needs and employment
growth, if the area affected by the boundary
i ludes ultiple jurisdi tio s a spe ial ur a
pla i g age
a e reated the state or
regional to manage the boundary (a guide to
zoning and land use decision)
• Started in UK 1926 due to unregulated urban
growth and ribbon development; in US 1958 due
to the survival of the surrounding horse farms
closely tied to the city's cultural identity (i.e.
Oregon)
Do we regulate our urban growth?
Our measures so far and rule of the game
Threshold analysis
• Created by Malis (1960), an area delineation based on land
suitability
• Developed by using location-oriented technique that has
already counted threshold cost in developing region
• Threshold cost equals to grade cost (land construction) and
stepped cost (limited infrastructure services)
• Recently, threshold consider ecosystem services cost and
add the climate change issues e.g. urban heat island
Agglomeration Index:
standardized LQ
• Continuous
• E a ple: ‘iple s K funtion, was developed by Duranton and
Overman (2005), which analyzes Duranton- Overman K-density,
and Marcon and Puech (2003, 2009) and Arbia et al. (2010)
• Discrete:
Example: the LQ, the Gini index, the Theil index, the Isard index,
the Herfindahl–Hirschman (HH) index, the Ellison-Glaeser (EG)
index (Ellison and Glaeser, 1997), and the Maurel-Sedillot (MS)
index (Maurel and Sedillot, 1999)
Why we need the threshold index
• To anticipatively measure the needs of
infrastructure and to ensure the basic
infrastructure well-provide and right on time
• To al ulate the additio al i frastru tures or
imported ecosystem services if overrun
• To provide assurance to the private sectors in
deciding their investment
• To have a good quality of space production, ensure
the sustainability of urban development
Key issues: who set up the threshold?
+air+underground+undersea: Space
Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries
sea
UU 32/2014
UU27/2007
coastal
Ministry of Agrarian and
spatial management
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
UU41/99
UU19/04
UUPA 5/60
UUPR 26/07
Other uses
(APL)
Forestry
Thank you
Self-control is important for the cities that has been
growing unstoppably to avoid urban obesities
tool to manage urbanization
Hendricus Andy Simarmata
Urban studies postgraduate program
School of global and strategic studies
Universitas Indonesia
hendricus.andy@ui.ac.id
JAKARTA, 7 November 2016
Why we need to control urbanization
Fast-growing urbanization and expansivelychanging cities
Urbanizing Indonesia or Java? Regional disparity
By 2020, It will be 20 metropolitan, 50 cities above 500 thousand inhabitants,
and more than 100 small cities
Overweight of Jakarta and highly-dependent to Jakarta
Over weithg
Residuals of urbanization process
are wicked problems
How do we control the urbanizing region?
Sumber:
geographyeducation.org
11 US Mega-regions
Infrastructure focused coalition
Mega-regions are large networks of metropolitan areas that are connected through their
economies as well as their infrastructure and transportation flows.
Future
Conurbating
region?
Commuting
Distance
(45 minutes?)
30-40 km
60-80 km
90-120 km
120-200 km
“To recognise the present-day growth of our cities, their
spreading and their pressure into new and vaster groupings
or conurbations, and to realise these as vividly as may
be...”
-Patrick Geddes, City in Evolution
Conurbations:
a group of towns that have spread and joined
together to form an area with a high population,
often with a large city as its centre
-Patrick Geddes, City in Evolution
Edge of cities – Are there any left?
• Prisons (Jails)
• Farming land
• Industrial zone
• Cemeteries
• Solid waste management sites
• Coastal or sea place
Edge cities (Garreau, 1991)
1. The area must have more than 4.5 million square meter of office space (about the space of a good-sized downtown)
2. The place must include over 540,000 square meter of retail space (the size of a large regional shopping mall)
3. The population must rise every morning and drop every afternoon (i.e., there are more jobs than homes)
4. The place is known as a single end destination (the place "has it all;" entertainment, shopping, recreation, etc.)
5. The area must not have been anything like a "city" 30 years ago (cow pastures would have been nice)
Urban growth boundary
• A planned capacity to accommodate a 20-year
forecast of housing needs and employment
growth, if the area affected by the boundary
i ludes ultiple jurisdi tio s a spe ial ur a
pla i g age
a e reated the state or
regional to manage the boundary (a guide to
zoning and land use decision)
• Started in UK 1926 due to unregulated urban
growth and ribbon development; in US 1958 due
to the survival of the surrounding horse farms
closely tied to the city's cultural identity (i.e.
Oregon)
Do we regulate our urban growth?
Our measures so far and rule of the game
Threshold analysis
• Created by Malis (1960), an area delineation based on land
suitability
• Developed by using location-oriented technique that has
already counted threshold cost in developing region
• Threshold cost equals to grade cost (land construction) and
stepped cost (limited infrastructure services)
• Recently, threshold consider ecosystem services cost and
add the climate change issues e.g. urban heat island
Agglomeration Index:
standardized LQ
• Continuous
• E a ple: ‘iple s K funtion, was developed by Duranton and
Overman (2005), which analyzes Duranton- Overman K-density,
and Marcon and Puech (2003, 2009) and Arbia et al. (2010)
• Discrete:
Example: the LQ, the Gini index, the Theil index, the Isard index,
the Herfindahl–Hirschman (HH) index, the Ellison-Glaeser (EG)
index (Ellison and Glaeser, 1997), and the Maurel-Sedillot (MS)
index (Maurel and Sedillot, 1999)
Why we need the threshold index
• To anticipatively measure the needs of
infrastructure and to ensure the basic
infrastructure well-provide and right on time
• To al ulate the additio al i frastru tures or
imported ecosystem services if overrun
• To provide assurance to the private sectors in
deciding their investment
• To have a good quality of space production, ensure
the sustainability of urban development
Key issues: who set up the threshold?
+air+underground+undersea: Space
Ministry of Ocean and Fisheries
sea
UU 32/2014
UU27/2007
coastal
Ministry of Agrarian and
spatial management
Ministry of Environment and Forestry
UU41/99
UU19/04
UUPA 5/60
UUPR 26/07
Other uses
(APL)
Forestry
Thank you
Self-control is important for the cities that has been
growing unstoppably to avoid urban obesities