Studi Efek Minyak Wijen, Minyak Almond, dan Minyak Zaitun terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci secara In Vitro dari Basis Gel Alginat
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Agung, I. (2014). Dahsyatnya Tin dan Zaitun. Cetakan Pertama. Banyuanyar
Surakarta: Al-Qudwah Publishing. Halaman 83, 89.
Akhtar, N., Rehman, M.U., Khan, H.M.S., Rasool, F., Saeed, T., dan Murtaza, G.
(2011). Penetration Enhancing Effect of Polysorbate 20 and 80 on the In
Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of L-Ascorbic Acid. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 10(3): 281-288.
Alvarez, A., dan Rodriguez, M., (2000). Lipids in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic
Preparations. Journal of Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla.
51(1-2): 74-96.
Amelia, R. (2014). Studi Efek Tween 80, Minyak Inti Sawit dan Produk
Konversinya terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci secara
In Vitro dari Basis Salep Hidrokarbon. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara.
Ammar, H.O., M. Ghorabb, S. A., El-Nahhasa., dan Kamela, R. (2007).
Evaluation of Chemical Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery of
aspirin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(3): 96-105.
Bangun, H. (2001). Alginat Sebagai Dasar Salep – Pelepasan Obat, Penyerapan
Air, Aliran Reologi, dan Uji Iritasi Kulit. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 130:
37-41.
Barry, B.W. (1983). Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption.
New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman. 8-13, 160-161.
Barry, B.W. (1991). Lipid-Protein-Partitioning Theory of Skin Penetration
Enhancement. J. Cont. Rel. 15: 237-248.
Bharkatiya, M., dan Nema, R. (2009). Skin Penetration Enhancement Techniques.
Pharmaceutics. 1(2): 110-115.
Bhowmik, D., Dasari, V., Duraivel, S., dan Kumar, K.P.S. (2013). Recent Trends
In Penetration Enhancer Used In Transdermal Drug Delivery System. The
Pharma Innovation – Journal. 2(2): 127-134.
Bucks, D.A., Maibach, H.I., dan Guy, R.H. (1989). Occlusion Does Not
Uniformly Enhance Penetration In Vivo. Dalam: Percutaneous Absorption;
Mechanisms, Methodology, Drug Delivery. Editor: Bronaugh, R.L dan
Maibach, H.I. Edisi kedua. New York: Marcel Dekker. Halaman 65-83.
49
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Cornwell, P.A., Barry, B.W., Stoddart, C.P., dan Bouwstra, J.A. (1994). Wide
Anggle x-ray Diffraction of Human Stratum Corneum: Effects of
Hydration and Terpen Enhancer Treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46(12):
938-950.
Cross, S.E., dan Roberts, M.S. (1995). Importance of Dermal Blood Supply and
Epidermis on The Transdermal Ionotophoretic Delivery of Monovalent
Cations. J. Pharm. Sci. 84(5): 584-592.
Denet, A.R., Vanbever, R., Preat, V. (2004). Skin Electroporation for Transdermal
and Topical Delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Review. 56(5): 659-674.
Dermawan, A., Arianto, A., dan Bangun, H. (2013). Study Of The Effects of
Tween 80 and Palm Kernel Oil on in vitro Ascorbic Acid Penetration
Through Rabbit Skin. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research.
5(3): 965-972.
Dinda, S.C., dan Ratna, V.J. (2006). Enhancement of Skin Permeation of
Ibuprofen from Ointments and Gels by Sesame Oil, Sunflower Oil and
Oleic Acid. Indian J Pharm Sci. 68(3): 313-316.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 310-311.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 1124-1210.
Erawati, T., Soeratri, W., Rosita, N., Rukmanajati, W., dan Rahma, H. (2014).
The Influence of Sesame Oil Addition on The Arbutin Release and
Penetration in Carbomer Gel Base. International Journal of Pharma
Research and Health Sciences. 2(3): 241-245.
Fang, L., Li, T., Ren, C., Wang, M., Zhao, L., dan Wang, X. (2007). Optimized
Preparation and Evaluation of Indomethacin Transdermal Patch. Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(6): 249-259.
Hadgraft, J. (2004). Skin Deep. Europen Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics. 58(2): 291-299.
Higaki, K., Nakayama, K., Suyama, T., Amnuaikit, C., Ogawara, K., dan
Kimura, T. (2005). Enhancement of Topical Delivery of Drugs Via
Direct Penetration by Reducing Blood Flow Rate in Skin. Int. J. Pharm.
288(2): 227-233.
Hussain, A., Khan, M.G., Shah, U.S., Shah, U.K., Rahim, N., Wahab, A., dan
Rehman, U.A. (2012). Development of a Novel Ketoprofen Transdermal
Patch: Effect of Almond Oil as Penetration Enhancers on in vitro and ex
vivo Penetration of Ketoprofen Through Rabbit Skin. Journal of
Pharmaceutical sciences. 25(1): 227-232.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hussain, A., Khan, M.G., Jan, U.S., Shah, U.S., Shah, K., Akhlaq, M., Rahim,
N., Nawaz, A., dan Wahab, A. (2012). Effect of Olive Oil on
Transdermal Penetration of Flurbiprofen from Topical Gel as Enhancer.
Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 25(2): 365-369.
Immer, F.F., Immer-Bansi, A.S., dan Trachsel, N. (2003). Pain Treatment With a
COX-2 Inhibitor After Coronary Artery Bypass Operation: A
Randomized Trial. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75: 490-495.
Khadijah, Z. (2012). Khasiat Dahsyat Minyak Zaitun. Yogyakarta: CV. Solusi
Distribusi. Halaman 15.
Kumar, K.P.S., Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, B., dan Chandira, M. (2010).
Transdermal Drug Delivery System-A Novel Drug Delivery System and
Its Market Scope and Oppurtunities. International Journal of Pharma and
Bio Sciences. 1(2): 1-21.
Kushwaha, S., Sharma, P.K., (2012). A Review: Chemical Penetration Enhancers.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3(2): 153-164.
Lademann, J., Otberg, N., Richter, H., Jacobi, U., Schaefer, H., Blume, P.U., dan
Sterry, W. (2003). Follicular Penetration: An Important Pathway for
Topically Applied Subtances. Hautarzt. 54: 321-323.
Lombry, C., Dujardin, N., dan Preat, V. (2000). Transdermal Delivery of
Macromolecules Using Electroporation. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 17(1): 32-37.
Mahalingam, R., Li, X., dan Jasti, B.R. (2008). Semisolid Dosages: Ointments,
Creams, and Gels. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook. 293-298.
Marbun, S. (2015). Studi Penetrasi Indometasin secara In Vitro melalui Kulit
Kelinci dengan menggunakan Minyak Esensial sebagai Enhancer. Skripsi.
Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Cammarata, A. (1993). Farmasi Fisik. Edisi ketiga.
Jakarta : UI-Press. Halaman 827-832.
Mitsui, T. (1997). Cosmetics and Skin. New Cosmetic Science. Edisi Kesatu.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Halaman 13.
Mizobuchi, N., Hasegawa, Y., Kawada, M. (2001). Stable Aspirin - Containing
Preparations for External Use. U.S Patent. 6(268, 355): 1-14.
Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., dan Guy, R.H. (2001). Passive Skin
Penetration Enhancement and Its Quantification In Vitro. Eur. J. Pharm.
Biopharm. 52(2): 103-112.
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Murthy, S.N., dan Hiremath, S.R. (2004). Clinical Pharmacokinetic and
Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems of
Salbutamol Sulphate. Int. J. Pharm. 287: 47-53.
Nzikou, J.M., Matos, L., Bouanga-Kalou, G., Ndangui, C.B., Pambou-Tobi,
N.P.G., Kimbonguila, A., Silou, Th., Linder, M., dan Desobry, S. (2009).
Chemical Composition on the Seeds and Oil of Sesame (Sesamum indicum
L.) Grown in Congo-Brazzaville. Advance Journal of Food Science and
Technology. 1(1): 6-11.
Pathan, I.B., dan Setty, C.M. (2009). Chemical Penetration Enhancers for
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Tropical journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 8(2): 173-179.
Prakash, U.R.T., dan Thiagarajan, P. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic Applications.
International Journal of Pharmacy. 2(2): 366-374.
Ramarao, P., dan Diwan, P.V. (1998). Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of
Polymeric Films of Diltiazem Hydrochloride and Indomethacin for
Transdermal Administration. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
24(4): 327-336.
Ramteke, K.H., Dhole, S.N., dan Patil, S.V. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery
System: A Review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 3(1): 22-35.
Regnier, V., Ledoan, T., dan Preat, V. (1998). Transdermal Drug Delivery
Systems Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic
Applications. J. Drug Target. 5(4): 275-289.
Rusu, D., Cimpoiu, C., dan Hodisan, T. (1998). The Control Over The New
Obtaining Procedeum of Indomethacin. J. Pharm. Biomed Anal. 17: 409413.
Saurabh, V.N., Lalita, L., Nemade, Maya, T., Desai, Shailejkumar, D., Bonde, dan
Shweta, U.D. (2014). Chemical Penetration Enhancer: For Transdermal
Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharmacy Review dan
Research. 4(1):33-40.
Schaefer, H., dan Filaquier, C. (1992). Skin Metabolism. Pathol. Biol. 40(2): 196204.
Scheiman, J.M. (2001). The Impact of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug
Induced Gastropathy. Am. J. Manag. Care. 7: 10-14.
Sharma, G,N., Sanadya, J., Kaushik, A., Dwivedhi, A. (2012). Penetration
Enhancement of Medicinal Agent. International Research Journal of
Pharmacy. 3(5): 82-85.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sung, K.C., Fang, J.Y., Wang, J.J., Hu, O.Y. (2003). Transdermal Delivery of
Nalbuphine and Its Prodrugs by Electroporation. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(1):
63-70.
Sutedjo, M.M. (2004). Pengembangan Kultur Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat. Cetakan
Kedua. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Halaman 77.
Tjay, T.H., dan Rahardja, K. (2008). Obat-Obat Penting. Edisi keenam. Jakarta:
PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Halaman 330-334.
Tortora, G., dan Grabowski, S. (2006). The Integumentary System. In: Principles
of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 150151.
Trommer, H., dan Neubert, R.H.H. (2006). Overcoming The Stratum Corneum:
The Modulation of Skin Penetration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.
19: 106-121.
Vaddi, H.K., Ho, P.C., Chan, Y.W., dan Chan, S.Y. (2002). Terpen in Ethanol:
Haloperidol Permeation and Partition Through Human Skin and Stratum
Corneum Changes. J. Control Release. 8(1-2): 121-133.
Verma, P., dan ram, A. (2011). Effect of Different Penetration Enhancers on Skin
Permeation of Drug Using Ethosomal Carrier Systems. Journal of Current
Pharmaceutical Research. 5(1): 42-44.
Vikas, S., Seema, S., Gurpreet, S., Rana, A.C., dan Baibhav, J. (2011). Penetration
Enhancers: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Drug Delivery. International
Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2(12): 32-36.
Walker, R.B., dan Smith, E.W. (1996). The Role of Percutaneous Penetration
Enhancers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 18: 295-301.
Wasitaatmadja, S. M. (1997). Penuntun Ilmu Kosmetik Medik. Penerbit Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3-5.
Williams, A.C., dan Barry, B.W. (2004). Penetration Enhancers. Advanced Drug
Delivery Reviews. 5(6): 603-618.
Zeeshan, A. (2010). The Uses and Properties of Almond Oil. Complementary
Therapies in Clinical Practice. 16(1): 10-12.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Agung, I. (2014). Dahsyatnya Tin dan Zaitun. Cetakan Pertama. Banyuanyar
Surakarta: Al-Qudwah Publishing. Halaman 83, 89.
Akhtar, N., Rehman, M.U., Khan, H.M.S., Rasool, F., Saeed, T., dan Murtaza, G.
(2011). Penetration Enhancing Effect of Polysorbate 20 and 80 on the In
Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of L-Ascorbic Acid. Tropical Journal of
Pharmaceutical Research. 10(3): 281-288.
Alvarez, A., dan Rodriguez, M., (2000). Lipids in Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic
Preparations. Journal of Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla.
51(1-2): 74-96.
Amelia, R. (2014). Studi Efek Tween 80, Minyak Inti Sawit dan Produk
Konversinya terhadap Penetrasi Indometasin melalui Kulit Kelinci secara
In Vitro dari Basis Salep Hidrokarbon. Skripsi. Medan: Universitas
Sumatera Utara.
Ammar, H.O., M. Ghorabb, S. A., El-Nahhasa., dan Kamela, R. (2007).
Evaluation of Chemical Penetration Enhancer for Transdermal Delivery of
aspirin. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(3): 96-105.
Bangun, H. (2001). Alginat Sebagai Dasar Salep – Pelepasan Obat, Penyerapan
Air, Aliran Reologi, dan Uji Iritasi Kulit. Cermin Dunia Kedokteran. 130:
37-41.
Barry, B.W. (1983). Dermatological Formulations: Percutaneous Absorption.
New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. Halaman. 8-13, 160-161.
Barry, B.W. (1991). Lipid-Protein-Partitioning Theory of Skin Penetration
Enhancement. J. Cont. Rel. 15: 237-248.
Bharkatiya, M., dan Nema, R. (2009). Skin Penetration Enhancement Techniques.
Pharmaceutics. 1(2): 110-115.
Bhowmik, D., Dasari, V., Duraivel, S., dan Kumar, K.P.S. (2013). Recent Trends
In Penetration Enhancer Used In Transdermal Drug Delivery System. The
Pharma Innovation – Journal. 2(2): 127-134.
Bucks, D.A., Maibach, H.I., dan Guy, R.H. (1989). Occlusion Does Not
Uniformly Enhance Penetration In Vivo. Dalam: Percutaneous Absorption;
Mechanisms, Methodology, Drug Delivery. Editor: Bronaugh, R.L dan
Maibach, H.I. Edisi kedua. New York: Marcel Dekker. Halaman 65-83.
49
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Cornwell, P.A., Barry, B.W., Stoddart, C.P., dan Bouwstra, J.A. (1994). Wide
Anggle x-ray Diffraction of Human Stratum Corneum: Effects of
Hydration and Terpen Enhancer Treatment. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46(12):
938-950.
Cross, S.E., dan Roberts, M.S. (1995). Importance of Dermal Blood Supply and
Epidermis on The Transdermal Ionotophoretic Delivery of Monovalent
Cations. J. Pharm. Sci. 84(5): 584-592.
Denet, A.R., Vanbever, R., Preat, V. (2004). Skin Electroporation for Transdermal
and Topical Delivery. Adv. Drug Delivery Review. 56(5): 659-674.
Dermawan, A., Arianto, A., dan Bangun, H. (2013). Study Of The Effects of
Tween 80 and Palm Kernel Oil on in vitro Ascorbic Acid Penetration
Through Rabbit Skin. International Journal of Pharm Tech Research.
5(3): 965-972.
Dinda, S.C., dan Ratna, V.J. (2006). Enhancement of Skin Permeation of
Ibuprofen from Ointments and Gels by Sesame Oil, Sunflower Oil and
Oleic Acid. Indian J Pharm Sci. 68(3): 313-316.
Ditjen POM. (1979). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi ketiga. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 310-311.
Ditjen POM. (1995). Farmakope Indonesia. Edisi keempat. Jakarta: Departemen
Kesehatan RI. Halaman 1124-1210.
Erawati, T., Soeratri, W., Rosita, N., Rukmanajati, W., dan Rahma, H. (2014).
The Influence of Sesame Oil Addition on The Arbutin Release and
Penetration in Carbomer Gel Base. International Journal of Pharma
Research and Health Sciences. 2(3): 241-245.
Fang, L., Li, T., Ren, C., Wang, M., Zhao, L., dan Wang, X. (2007). Optimized
Preparation and Evaluation of Indomethacin Transdermal Patch. Asian
Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 2(6): 249-259.
Hadgraft, J. (2004). Skin Deep. Europen Journal of Pharmaceutics and
Biopharmaceutics. 58(2): 291-299.
Higaki, K., Nakayama, K., Suyama, T., Amnuaikit, C., Ogawara, K., dan
Kimura, T. (2005). Enhancement of Topical Delivery of Drugs Via
Direct Penetration by Reducing Blood Flow Rate in Skin. Int. J. Pharm.
288(2): 227-233.
Hussain, A., Khan, M.G., Shah, U.S., Shah, U.K., Rahim, N., Wahab, A., dan
Rehman, U.A. (2012). Development of a Novel Ketoprofen Transdermal
Patch: Effect of Almond Oil as Penetration Enhancers on in vitro and ex
vivo Penetration of Ketoprofen Through Rabbit Skin. Journal of
Pharmaceutical sciences. 25(1): 227-232.
50
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Hussain, A., Khan, M.G., Jan, U.S., Shah, U.S., Shah, K., Akhlaq, M., Rahim,
N., Nawaz, A., dan Wahab, A. (2012). Effect of Olive Oil on
Transdermal Penetration of Flurbiprofen from Topical Gel as Enhancer.
Journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. 25(2): 365-369.
Immer, F.F., Immer-Bansi, A.S., dan Trachsel, N. (2003). Pain Treatment With a
COX-2 Inhibitor After Coronary Artery Bypass Operation: A
Randomized Trial. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 75: 490-495.
Khadijah, Z. (2012). Khasiat Dahsyat Minyak Zaitun. Yogyakarta: CV. Solusi
Distribusi. Halaman 15.
Kumar, K.P.S., Bhowmik, D., Chiranjib, B., dan Chandira, M. (2010).
Transdermal Drug Delivery System-A Novel Drug Delivery System and
Its Market Scope and Oppurtunities. International Journal of Pharma and
Bio Sciences. 1(2): 1-21.
Kushwaha, S., Sharma, P.K., (2012). A Review: Chemical Penetration Enhancers.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3(2): 153-164.
Lademann, J., Otberg, N., Richter, H., Jacobi, U., Schaefer, H., Blume, P.U., dan
Sterry, W. (2003). Follicular Penetration: An Important Pathway for
Topically Applied Subtances. Hautarzt. 54: 321-323.
Lombry, C., Dujardin, N., dan Preat, V. (2000). Transdermal Delivery of
Macromolecules Using Electroporation. Journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 17(1): 32-37.
Mahalingam, R., Li, X., dan Jasti, B.R. (2008). Semisolid Dosages: Ointments,
Creams, and Gels. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Handbook. 293-298.
Marbun, S. (2015). Studi Penetrasi Indometasin secara In Vitro melalui Kulit
Kelinci dengan menggunakan Minyak Esensial sebagai Enhancer. Skripsi.
Medan: Universitas Sumatera Utara.
Martin, A., Swarbrick, J., dan Cammarata, A. (1993). Farmasi Fisik. Edisi ketiga.
Jakarta : UI-Press. Halaman 827-832.
Mitsui, T. (1997). Cosmetics and Skin. New Cosmetic Science. Edisi Kesatu.
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. Halaman 13.
Mizobuchi, N., Hasegawa, Y., Kawada, M. (2001). Stable Aspirin - Containing
Preparations for External Use. U.S Patent. 6(268, 355): 1-14.
Moser, K., Kriwet, K., Naik, A., Kalia, Y.N., dan Guy, R.H. (2001). Passive Skin
Penetration Enhancement and Its Quantification In Vitro. Eur. J. Pharm.
Biopharm. 52(2): 103-112.
51
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Murthy, S.N., dan Hiremath, S.R. (2004). Clinical Pharmacokinetic and
Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems of
Salbutamol Sulphate. Int. J. Pharm. 287: 47-53.
Nzikou, J.M., Matos, L., Bouanga-Kalou, G., Ndangui, C.B., Pambou-Tobi,
N.P.G., Kimbonguila, A., Silou, Th., Linder, M., dan Desobry, S. (2009).
Chemical Composition on the Seeds and Oil of Sesame (Sesamum indicum
L.) Grown in Congo-Brazzaville. Advance Journal of Food Science and
Technology. 1(1): 6-11.
Pathan, I.B., dan Setty, C.M. (2009). Chemical Penetration Enhancers for
Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems. Tropical journal of Pharmaceutical
Research. 8(2): 173-179.
Prakash, U.R.T., dan Thiagarajan, P. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery System
Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic Applications.
International Journal of Pharmacy. 2(2): 366-374.
Ramarao, P., dan Diwan, P.V. (1998). Formulation and in Vitro Evaluation of
Polymeric Films of Diltiazem Hydrochloride and Indomethacin for
Transdermal Administration. Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy.
24(4): 327-336.
Ramteke, K.H., Dhole, S.N., dan Patil, S.V. (2012). Transdermal Drug Delivery
System: A Review. Journal of Advanced Scientific Research. 3(1): 22-35.
Regnier, V., Ledoan, T., dan Preat, V. (1998). Transdermal Drug Delivery
Systems Influencing Factors, Study Methods and Therapeutic
Applications. J. Drug Target. 5(4): 275-289.
Rusu, D., Cimpoiu, C., dan Hodisan, T. (1998). The Control Over The New
Obtaining Procedeum of Indomethacin. J. Pharm. Biomed Anal. 17: 409413.
Saurabh, V.N., Lalita, L., Nemade, Maya, T., Desai, Shailejkumar, D., Bonde, dan
Shweta, U.D. (2014). Chemical Penetration Enhancer: For Transdermal
Drug Delivery System. International Journal of Pharmacy Review dan
Research. 4(1):33-40.
Schaefer, H., dan Filaquier, C. (1992). Skin Metabolism. Pathol. Biol. 40(2): 196204.
Scheiman, J.M. (2001). The Impact of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug
Induced Gastropathy. Am. J. Manag. Care. 7: 10-14.
Sharma, G,N., Sanadya, J., Kaushik, A., Dwivedhi, A. (2012). Penetration
Enhancement of Medicinal Agent. International Research Journal of
Pharmacy. 3(5): 82-85.
52
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Sung, K.C., Fang, J.Y., Wang, J.J., Hu, O.Y. (2003). Transdermal Delivery of
Nalbuphine and Its Prodrugs by Electroporation. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 18(1):
63-70.
Sutedjo, M.M. (2004). Pengembangan Kultur Tanaman Berkhasiat Obat. Cetakan
Kedua. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta. Halaman 77.
Tjay, T.H., dan Rahardja, K. (2008). Obat-Obat Penting. Edisi keenam. Jakarta:
PT. Elex Media Komputindo. Halaman 330-334.
Tortora, G., dan Grabowski, S. (2006). The Integumentary System. In: Principles
of Anatomy and Physiology. 9th edition. John Wiley and Sons Inc. 150151.
Trommer, H., dan Neubert, R.H.H. (2006). Overcoming The Stratum Corneum:
The Modulation of Skin Penetration. Skin Pharmacology and Physiology.
19: 106-121.
Vaddi, H.K., Ho, P.C., Chan, Y.W., dan Chan, S.Y. (2002). Terpen in Ethanol:
Haloperidol Permeation and Partition Through Human Skin and Stratum
Corneum Changes. J. Control Release. 8(1-2): 121-133.
Verma, P., dan ram, A. (2011). Effect of Different Penetration Enhancers on Skin
Permeation of Drug Using Ethosomal Carrier Systems. Journal of Current
Pharmaceutical Research. 5(1): 42-44.
Vikas, S., Seema, S., Gurpreet, S., Rana, A.C., dan Baibhav, J. (2011). Penetration
Enhancers: A Novel Strategy for Enhancing Drug Delivery. International
Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2(12): 32-36.
Walker, R.B., dan Smith, E.W. (1996). The Role of Percutaneous Penetration
Enhancers. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. 18: 295-301.
Wasitaatmadja, S. M. (1997). Penuntun Ilmu Kosmetik Medik. Penerbit Jakarta:
Universitas Indonesia. Halaman 3-5.
Williams, A.C., dan Barry, B.W. (2004). Penetration Enhancers. Advanced Drug
Delivery Reviews. 5(6): 603-618.
Zeeshan, A. (2010). The Uses and Properties of Almond Oil. Complementary
Therapies in Clinical Practice. 16(1): 10-12.
53
Universitas Sumatera Utara