IMPROVING STUDENTSâ SPEAKING COMPETENCE BY USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING (AN ACTION RESEARCH AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF SMPN I KARANGDOWO, IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013).
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING COMPETENCE
BY USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING
(AN ACTION RESEARCH AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF
SMPN I KARANGDOWO, IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013 )
Written by:
Irfan Nugroho
X2209023
Thesis
Presented as Partial Requirements for the Undergraduate Degree of
Education in Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
Sebelas Maret University
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2013
i
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
PRONOUNCEMENT
I would like to certify that the thesis entitled “IMPROVING STUDENTS’
SPEAKING COMPETENCE BY USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING
(An Action Research at the Second Grade Students of SMPN I
Karangdowo, in the Academic Year of 2012/2013)” is really m y own work.
It is not plagiarism or made by others. Ever ything related to other’s work are
written in quotation, the source of which are listed in bibliography.
Surakarta, 05 July 2013
Irfan Nugroho
ii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
iii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
iv
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Irfan Nugroho.X2209023.Improving Students’ Speaking Competence by Using
Cooperative Learning (An Action Research at the Second Grade Students of
SMPN I Karangdowo, Klaten, in the Academic Year of 2012/2013). A Thesis,
Surakarta: Teac her Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University,
2013.
The present research is aimed at: (1) investigating whether or not cooperative
learning is able to improve the students’ speaking competence; and (2) describing
the application of cooperative learning principles in effort to improve students’
speaking competence.
Categorized as a classroom action research, the present research was undertaken
at Class VIIIC of SM PN 1 Karangdowo, Klaten starting from January until M arch
2013. Two kinds of data were used in the present research. The qualitative data
were used to get non-academic insights relating to the present research. These data
were compiled from questionnaire, interviews, and observation. The second type
of data used in the present research was the quantitative data, which took the
forms of academic data compiled through holding a series of test comprising pretest, cycle I post-test, and cycle II post-test.
The present research unveils some findings. Amongst them is that the use of
cooperative learning could improve the students’ speaking competence. The mean
score of the pre-test results is counted at 33; while the mean score of c ycle I posttest is counted at 78; and the mean score of c ycle II post-test is at 88.
Improvement also takes place in four indicators of speaking competence being
investigated in the present research; grammar competence, discourse competence,
sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence.
Another finding of the present research also reveals that the right application of
cooperative learning principles in the prese nt research greatly influences the
improvement of the students’ speaking competence. Cooperative learning has
some distinctive principles that support the efforts to improve students’ speaking
competence. Certain class structures are best used to teach grammar competence,
discourse competence, strategic competence, or sociolinguistic competence.
Cooperative learning is best for the students to practice the language knowledge in
mind through simulated and meaningful activities that requires the use of
grammar, discourse, strategic, and sociolinguistic competences.
Keyword s: spea king, competence, coopera tive lea rn ing, a ction resea r ch
v
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
MOTTO
“I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah, and I bear
witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger…”
vi
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to:
Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala
vii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alha mdulilla hirabbil’a la miin … Praise is only to Allah Ta’ala, The Lord
of the Universe, Who always blesses the writer in finishing his thesis as a partial
requirement for the Undergraduate Degree of Education in English Department.
The writer wants to express special gratitude to those who had given their
help, guidance and support in writing this thesis.
1. The Dea n of Teacher Training and Education Faculty.
2. The Head of English Department.
3. Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd, as the first consultant.
4. Dewi Sri Wahyuni, S. Pd, M. Pd, as the second consultant.
5. The lecturers in English Education Program.
6. The teachers, staffs, and students of SMPN 1 Karangdowo.
7. His fam ily, friends, and those who are impossibly all mentioned.
The researcher realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. He
accepts gratefully every comment and suggestion. Hopefully, this thesis will be
useful for the readers and English education improvement.
Surakarta, 5
th
Irfan Nugroho
viii
July 2013
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE OF PAGE .................................................................................................. i
PRONOUNCEMENT .......................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ iii
LEGITIMATION PAGE .................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT PAGE ............................................................................................. v
MOTTO PAGE................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE........................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT ................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
A. The background of the Study................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement .................................................................. 5
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 5
D. Benefits of the Study ............................................................... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 7
A. Speaking ................................................................................. 7
1. Definition………………………………………………….7
2. Communicative Competence…………………………….10
3. Construct of Speaking Competence……………………...15
4. Speaking Assessment…………………………………….17
B. Cooperative Learning ............................ ............................... 20
1. Brief Overview.................................................................. 20
2. Definition………...…… .................................................... 21
3. Principles of Cooperative Learning ................................... 24
4. Some Cooperative Learning Techniques ........................... 35
5. Teaching Speaking by Using Cooperative Learning .......... 36
C. Rationale of the Study ........................................................... 37
ix
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
CHAPTER III RESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY ................................................ 40
A. Research Setting ................................................................... 40
B. Research Object .................................................................... 40
C. Research Method .................................................................. 40
D. Research Procedures ............................................................. 41
E. Research Data ....................................................................... 43
F. Technique of Data Collection ................................................ 44
G. Technique of Data Analysis .................................................. 45
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................... 48
A. Research Findings ................................................................. 48
1. Pre-Research Phase……………………………………....51
2. Action……………………………………………….……54
a. Cycle 1 ...................................................................... 54
1) Planning………………………………………….54
2) Action……………………………..……………..57
3) Observation…………………………..………….83
4) Reflection…………………….…………….……88
b. Cycle 2 ...................................................................... 92
1) Planning……….………………………………… 92
2) Action………………………………………….…95
3) Observation……………………………………..108
4) Reflection……………………………………….111
B. Discussion........................................................................... 112
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, IM PLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS ......... 121
A. Conclusion .......................................................................... 121
B. Implication .......................................................................... 124
C. Suggestions ......................................................................... 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 128
APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 134
x
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Interview with School Official Teacher (Transcript) ................... 134
Appendix 2. Pre-Research Observation (Classroom and Class Situations).…..137
Appendix 3. Pre-Research Observation (Questionnaire Recap) ...................... 137
Appendix 4. Pre-Test Form_-_Blank .............................................................. 140
Appendix 5. Pre-Test Score Recap ................................................................. 141
Appendix 6. Cooperative Groups for Cycle I .................................................. 143
Appendix 7. Lesson Plans .............................................................................. 144
Appendix 8. Field Notes ................................................................................ 172
Appendix 9. Sample of Students’ Cycle I Post-Test........................................ 213
Appendix 10. Cycle I Post-Test Score Recap ................................................... 217
Appendix 11. Cooperative Groups for Cycle II ................................................ 217
Appendix 12. Sample of Students Cycle II Post-Test Script ............................. 218
Appendix 13. Recap of Cycle II Post-Test Score ............................................. 223
Appendix 14. Recap of Score from Pre-Test, Cycle I Post-Test, and Cycle II PostTest.................................................................................................................. 224
Appendix 15. Table of Improvement in Each Competence ............................... 225
Appendix 16. Photo Gallery ............................................................................. 226
Appendix 17. Permits....................................................................................... 231
xi
digilib.uns.ac.id
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ SPEAKING COMPETENCE
BY USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING
(AN ACTION RESEARCH AT THE SECOND GRADE STUDENTS OF
SMPN I KARANGDOWO, IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2012/2013 )
Written by:
Irfan Nugroho
X2209023
Thesis
Presented as Partial Requirements for the Undergraduate Degree of
Education in Teacher Training and Education Faculty of
Sebelas Maret University
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
SURAKARTA
2013
i
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
PRONOUNCEMENT
I would like to certify that the thesis entitled “IMPROVING STUDENTS’
SPEAKING COMPETENCE BY USING COOPERATIVE LEARNING
(An Action Research at the Second Grade Students of SMPN I
Karangdowo, in the Academic Year of 2012/2013)” is really m y own work.
It is not plagiarism or made by others. Ever ything related to other’s work are
written in quotation, the source of which are listed in bibliography.
Surakarta, 05 July 2013
Irfan Nugroho
ii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
iii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
iv
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ABSTRACT
Irfan Nugroho.X2209023.Improving Students’ Speaking Competence by Using
Cooperative Learning (An Action Research at the Second Grade Students of
SMPN I Karangdowo, Klaten, in the Academic Year of 2012/2013). A Thesis,
Surakarta: Teac her Training and Education Faculty of Sebelas Maret University,
2013.
The present research is aimed at: (1) investigating whether or not cooperative
learning is able to improve the students’ speaking competence; and (2) describing
the application of cooperative learning principles in effort to improve students’
speaking competence.
Categorized as a classroom action research, the present research was undertaken
at Class VIIIC of SM PN 1 Karangdowo, Klaten starting from January until M arch
2013. Two kinds of data were used in the present research. The qualitative data
were used to get non-academic insights relating to the present research. These data
were compiled from questionnaire, interviews, and observation. The second type
of data used in the present research was the quantitative data, which took the
forms of academic data compiled through holding a series of test comprising pretest, cycle I post-test, and cycle II post-test.
The present research unveils some findings. Amongst them is that the use of
cooperative learning could improve the students’ speaking competence. The mean
score of the pre-test results is counted at 33; while the mean score of c ycle I posttest is counted at 78; and the mean score of c ycle II post-test is at 88.
Improvement also takes place in four indicators of speaking competence being
investigated in the present research; grammar competence, discourse competence,
sociolinguistic competence, and strategic competence.
Another finding of the present research also reveals that the right application of
cooperative learning principles in the prese nt research greatly influences the
improvement of the students’ speaking competence. Cooperative learning has
some distinctive principles that support the efforts to improve students’ speaking
competence. Certain class structures are best used to teach grammar competence,
discourse competence, strategic competence, or sociolinguistic competence.
Cooperative learning is best for the students to practice the language knowledge in
mind through simulated and meaningful activities that requires the use of
grammar, discourse, strategic, and sociolinguistic competences.
Keyword s: spea king, competence, coopera tive lea rn ing, a ction resea r ch
v
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
MOTTO
“I bear witness that none has the right to be worshipped except Allah, and I bear
witness that Muhammad is His slave and Messenger…”
vi
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
DEDICATION
This research is dedicated to:
Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala
vii
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alha mdulilla hirabbil’a la miin … Praise is only to Allah Ta’ala, The Lord
of the Universe, Who always blesses the writer in finishing his thesis as a partial
requirement for the Undergraduate Degree of Education in English Department.
The writer wants to express special gratitude to those who had given their
help, guidance and support in writing this thesis.
1. The Dea n of Teacher Training and Education Faculty.
2. The Head of English Department.
3. Dr. Abdul Asib, M.Pd, as the first consultant.
4. Dewi Sri Wahyuni, S. Pd, M. Pd, as the second consultant.
5. The lecturers in English Education Program.
6. The teachers, staffs, and students of SMPN 1 Karangdowo.
7. His fam ily, friends, and those who are impossibly all mentioned.
The researcher realizes that this thesis is still far from being perfect. He
accepts gratefully every comment and suggestion. Hopefully, this thesis will be
useful for the readers and English education improvement.
Surakarta, 5
th
Irfan Nugroho
viii
July 2013
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE OF PAGE .................................................................................................. i
PRONOUNCEMENT .......................................................................................... ii
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................ iii
LEGITIMATION PAGE .................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT PAGE ............................................................................................. v
MOTTO PAGE................................................................................................... vi
DEDICATION PAGE........................................................................................ vii
ACKNOWLEDGEM ENT ................................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................... ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION......................................................................... 1
A. The background of the Study................................................... 1
B. Problem Statement .................................................................. 5
C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................... 5
D. Benefits of the Study ............................................................... 6
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 7
A. Speaking ................................................................................. 7
1. Definition………………………………………………….7
2. Communicative Competence…………………………….10
3. Construct of Speaking Competence……………………...15
4. Speaking Assessment…………………………………….17
B. Cooperative Learning ............................ ............................... 20
1. Brief Overview.................................................................. 20
2. Definition………...…… .................................................... 21
3. Principles of Cooperative Learning ................................... 24
4. Some Cooperative Learning Techniques ........................... 35
5. Teaching Speaking by Using Cooperative Learning .......... 36
C. Rationale of the Study ........................................................... 37
ix
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
CHAPTER III RESEARCH M ETHODOLOGY ................................................ 40
A. Research Setting ................................................................... 40
B. Research Object .................................................................... 40
C. Research Method .................................................................. 40
D. Research Procedures ............................................................. 41
E. Research Data ....................................................................... 43
F. Technique of Data Collection ................................................ 44
G. Technique of Data Analysis .................................................. 45
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ........................... 48
A. Research Findings ................................................................. 48
1. Pre-Research Phase……………………………………....51
2. Action……………………………………………….……54
a. Cycle 1 ...................................................................... 54
1) Planning………………………………………….54
2) Action……………………………..……………..57
3) Observation…………………………..………….83
4) Reflection…………………….…………….……88
b. Cycle 2 ...................................................................... 92
1) Planning……….………………………………… 92
2) Action………………………………………….…95
3) Observation……………………………………..108
4) Reflection……………………………………….111
B. Discussion........................................................................... 112
CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION, IM PLICATION AND SUGGESTIONS ......... 121
A. Conclusion .......................................................................... 121
B. Implication .......................................................................... 124
C. Suggestions ......................................................................... 125
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 128
APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 134
x
perpustakaan.uns.ac.id
digilib.uns.ac.id
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1. Interview with School Official Teacher (Transcript) ................... 134
Appendix 2. Pre-Research Observation (Classroom and Class Situations).…..137
Appendix 3. Pre-Research Observation (Questionnaire Recap) ...................... 137
Appendix 4. Pre-Test Form_-_Blank .............................................................. 140
Appendix 5. Pre-Test Score Recap ................................................................. 141
Appendix 6. Cooperative Groups for Cycle I .................................................. 143
Appendix 7. Lesson Plans .............................................................................. 144
Appendix 8. Field Notes ................................................................................ 172
Appendix 9. Sample of Students’ Cycle I Post-Test........................................ 213
Appendix 10. Cycle I Post-Test Score Recap ................................................... 217
Appendix 11. Cooperative Groups for Cycle II ................................................ 217
Appendix 12. Sample of Students Cycle II Post-Test Script ............................. 218
Appendix 13. Recap of Cycle II Post-Test Score ............................................. 223
Appendix 14. Recap of Score from Pre-Test, Cycle I Post-Test, and Cycle II PostTest.................................................................................................................. 224
Appendix 15. Table of Improvement in Each Competence ............................... 225
Appendix 16. Photo Gallery ............................................................................. 226
Appendix 17. Permits....................................................................................... 231
xi