THE MAINTENANCE OF BAHASA SIMALUNGUN IN KECAMATAN GUNUNG MALIGAS.

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THE MAINTENACE OF BAHASA SIMALUNGUN

IN KECAMATAN GUNUNG MALIGAS

A Thesis

Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Magister Humaniora

By:

ENNI ERAWATI SARAGIH Register Number: 8106111050

ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM

POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN

2013

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ABSTRACT

Saragih, Enni Erawati. Registration Number: 8106111050. The Maintenance of Bahasa Simalungun. English Aplied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2013.

The objective of this study is to identify levels of language endangerment of Bahasa Simalungun (BS) and to ascertain the domains which are needed by the speaker proportionally to be managed by the speakers to maintain BS. This study was based on qualitative approach that observed with applying mixing method, both qualitative descriptive and quantitative descriptive. Instrument used in this study was interviews and field notes. The data were collected by interviewing 22 Simalungunese comprising of second and first generation. The data were analyzed with reference to the theory six levels of language endangerment by UNESCO and Language Use domain by Fishman.

The findings of the study were, (1) BS is in the stage of risk up to nearly extinct, this was caused by intermarriage, residence in non Simalungun family and parent attitudes. (2) BS needs to be proportionally managed in family domain in order to maintain BS, in friendship domain, educational domain, employment domain and religion domain, the factors affecting the maintainability of the BS were the BS speakers themselves, most of them are shy to learn and use BS in their daily life. (3) 20 options offered to maintain BS and18 options were agreed, some of them are using BS in wedding ceremony (family domain), using BS in IKEIS (friendship domain), using BS in Perwiritan (religion domain), learn BS as Mulok (educational domain), and using BS in selling and buying activity (employment domain), the options done to maintain BS.

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ABSTRAK

Saragih, Enni Erawati. Registration Number: 8106111050. The maintenance of Bahasa Simalungun in Kecamatan Gunung Maligas. Universitas Negeri Medan. 2013.

Objek dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikas tingkatan dari pada keterancaman BS, kemudian mengetahui ranah mana secara proporsional harus di perhatikan oleh penutur BS dan untuk mengetahui cara-cara yang bisa dilakukan oleh penutur BS untuk tetap mempertahankan BS. Penelitian ini adalah menggunakan mixing method, qualitative deskriptif dan quantitative descriftip dengan memperhatikan penomena yang ada, untuk mencari informasi tentang perbedaan penomena yang terjadi di lapangan. Instrument yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah wawancara, catatan dan kuesioner. Data kemudian di analisis dengan merujuk theory the six levels of language endangerment oleh UNESCO dan language use domain oleh Fishman.

Penemuan dari penelitian ini adalah, (1) BS berada pada posisi beresiko sampai mendekati punah, hal ini disebapkan oleh beberapa faktor yaitu, menikah dengan suku yang berbeda, tinggal di komunitas yang non Simalingun dan sikap bahasa orang tua. (2) BS perlu diperhatikan diranah keluarga agar BS tetap terpertahankan, kemudian dilanjut keranah pertemanan, pendidikan, tempat kerja dan ranah agama. (3) 20 opsi ditawarkan kepada penutur BS, dan 18 opsi mereka setujui sebagai opsi yang bisa diterapkan dalam pemertahanan BS diantaranya yaitu, menggunakan BS di resepsi pernikahan (ranah keluarga), menggunakan BS di IKEIS (Ikatan Keluarga Simalungun Islam/ranah pertemanan), menggunkan BS di perwiritan (ranah agama), mempelajari BS sebagai pelajaran muatan lokal (ranah pendidikan), menggunakan BS di aktifitas jual beli (tempat kerja). Hal tersebut dilakukan untuk pemertahanan bahasa Simalungun di kecamatan Gunung Maligas.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim,

The writer would like to express her deep devotion and thanks to the almighty Allah SWT, for everything has given to the writer to finishing this thesis. Shalawat and Salam to Prophet Muhammad SAW as the messenger, has brought the humankind from the bad characters to the good ones.

The writer would like to express her great gratitude to Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D. her first adviser for the valuable time spent in giving the guidance, comments and criticism to manuscript of the thesis. She also would like to thank Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S her second adviser who patiently spent valuable time for advising, guiding and giving great help in the clarification of important ideas to complete this thesis.

At this opportunity she also would like to thank all staff of the English Applied Linguistic Program Prof. Busmin Gurning M.Pd the head of English Applied Linguistics for his idea given to the writer and Mr Farid for aboundantly helpful and invaluable information on administrative requirements for the degree of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum)

The writer’s great gratitute is also dedicated to her beloved father Rusli Saragih and mother Rida for supporting her in finishing her thesis. Her brothers and sisters Isnanto Saragih, S.P, Tri Adrianai Saragih S.Pd, Holidun Saragih. Her beloved husband Ahmad Tarmizi S.Pt. Her students and friends at Asrama Darul

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Lughah, Ustadzah Lisnawati, Mr. Elwardi Hsb and Mrs Yusnaili Budiyanti. Also her friend in LTBI, K Lia, Mulki, Nova, Zikra, Ira, K Eka, K Canra, K Elvi, Bang Rahmat, Nasir, Syafiq, Bayu, K Mita, K Khairiah, Ismen, Aisyah, K Ufe, Salha, Bang Respin, K Yuni. K Hikmah, K Masriani, K vita.

03, Sepetember 2013

ENNI ERAWATI SARAGIH 8106111050

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TABEL OF CONTENTS ... ... i

LIST OF TABEL ... ... iv

LIST OF APPENDICES ... ... v

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 Background of the Study... 1`

1.2 Problems of the Study ... 7

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 7

1.4 Scope of the Study ... 8

1.5 Significance of the Study ... 8

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE ... 10

2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 10

2.1.1 Language Maintenance ... 10

2.1.1.1 The Factors Affect to Maintain Language ... 15

2.1.1.2 Language Attitude ... 17

2.1.1.3 Language And Culture Identity ... 18

2.1.2 Levels of Language Endangerment ... 20

2.1.3 Language Use Domain ... 22

2.1.3.1 Family Domain ... 23

2.1.3.2 Friendship Domain ... 23

2.1.3.3 Religion Domain ... 24

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2.1.3.5 Employment Domain ... 26

2.1.4 Simalungun ... 27

2.1.4.1 Simalungun Area... 27

2.1.4.2 Simalungun Culture ... 28

2.1.5.3 The State Condition of BS ... 31

2.1.5 Relevant Study ... 3

2.2 Conceptual Framework ... 34

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD ... 35

3.1 Research Design ... 35

3.2 Subjects of the Study... 35

3.3 Instruments of Data Collection ... 36

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis ... 37

3.5 Trustworthiness ... 38

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS ... 40

4.1 Data Analysis ... 40

4.1.1 Levels of Language Endangerment ... 41

4.1.2 Language use domain need proportionally to be managed ... 47

4.1.2.1 Family Domain ... 48

4.1.2.2 Friendship Domain ... 50

4.1.2.3 Religion Domain ... 51

4.1.2.4 Education Domain ... 51

4.1.2.5 Employment Domain ... 52 ii

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4.1.2.6 The potentially done to maintain the BS ... 53

4.2 Findings ... ... 57

4.3 Discussion ... ... 58

CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ... 61

5.1 Conclussions . ... 61

5.2 Suggestions ... ... 62

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THE LIST OF TABELS

Page Tabel. The potentially done to maintain BS ... 92 Tabel. Language use domain proportionally done ... 93 Tabel. Levels of language Endangerment ... 94

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LIST OF APPENDICIES

APPENDIX A

The Interview Transcript ... ... 67 APPENDIX B

Language Use Domain ... ... 80 APPENDIX C

Levels of Endangerment ... ... 85 APPENDIX D

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Certain local language surviving potential depends on the speakers’ language attitude. Further, certain languages will be lost if there is no awareness of the speakers to maintain and protect the language. Thus, all local languages have a risk to be extinct according to Grenoble and Whaley. To maintain the language of Simalungun the speakers should love the Simalungun culture, such as expressed by JR Saragih the head of the Simalungun regency addressing the Malam Pesona Kesenian Budaya Simalungun in PRSU Medan ([Analisa: 2012]). He said the Simalungun culture is a legacy and asset, which is precious heritage.

Saragih (2012: 5) Bahasa Simalungun (BS) is at risk now with different levels of language extinction based on different area. Simalungun area divides into two, they are upper Simalungun and down Simalungun. Upper Simalungun consist of Raya, Seribu Dolok, Panei Tongah. In these areas the BS is still maintained. However in the down Simalungun area, Karang Sari, Gunung Maligas, Bajalingge and Melangir the speakers of BS have shifted into dominant languages, such as bahasa Indonesia (BI), Javanese, Malay, etc, because in those areas Simalungunese lived in multicultural and multilingual communities.

Damanik (2009:5) stated that there are two factors that affected the BS, first, external factor which is related to globalization and second, internal factor

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which is affected by the language speakers, now majority of the Simalungunese shift from BS into BI as Janse (2003:1) said that a language is potentially endangered if the generation start preferring a dominant language and learn the obsolescing language imperfectly.

According Wurm in Janse (2003:1), there are five levels of language endangerment, first a language is potentially endanger: if the children start to use the dominant language than the indigenous language. Second, endangered: if the youngest speakers are young adults and there are no or very view child speakers.

Third, seriously in endangered : if the youngest speakers are middle-aged or past

middle-aged. Fourth : it is terminal endangered or moribund if there are only a few elderly speakers left. And fifth : a language is dead when there are no speakers left at all. According to UNESCO discernment, there are six categories of language endangerment, safe, at risk, disappearing, moribound, nearly extinction and extinction (2003: 9). Based on the six categories BS is categorized as the risk language up to extinct depend on area BS used.

Bahasa Indonesa (BI) is used as the dominant language in many Simalungun families. It means, when BS is not in common use in those families, it will be in dangerous stage. The use of BI in all activities makes unbalanced of BS, and also from the disable to protect their language from language globalization that is English besides BI and also human error. The inter-marriage family find it difficult to apply their local language because they have different language. One of the effective ways to cover children’s indigenous language is through family and parent habitual action because, parent have a dominant role to

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form the children language used in their environment. The use of vernaculars at home is a good way for nucleus and extended family to keep using the vernacular language to help the maintenance of language.

Damanik (2009:20) says that Simalungun district is dominantly inhabited by Simalungun, the transitional symptoms began to appear as the social gap. There is social gap. The communication between parents and children in the home are no longer in their local language. BI is mostly used than the BS, this is clearly seen in the intermarriage family.

BS is one of cultural identities of Indonesia and important part of Simalungunese. BS is one of Batak languages in North Sumatera which is used as a symbol of the language users. Beside BS there are some others Batak languages they are, Toba, Karo, Mandailing, Angkola, Dairi, Melayu, etc, speread out of North Sumatera. Indonesian local languages where spread out from Sabang to Marauke at least 746 local languages in Indonesia (Pusat Bahasa : 2009). Despite of numerously different local languages Indonesian speak only BI as the official language, which is used for Indonesian people in communicating each others. Batak language (BS) included into larger eight regional languages in Indonesia, the rest is Sundanese, Madurese language, the language of Minangkabau, Bugis language, Banjar language, and the language of Bali.

BS is used in Gunung Maligas area, it is a district in North Sumatera. BS is used for limitation aspects of life in this area, and it is not truly helpful to

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maintain the language itself, even though it is learned as one of subject in the school.

When two or more languages are in contact, three alternatives will occur (Fishman 1989) Firstly the language maybe maintained without any change ,

secondly, there may be shift of some words in the language, and thirdly, one of the

languages may be leading than the others language that is called as language loss or death. Since 1928, Indonesian language was used as National Language of Indonesia Which pledged by the youth of Indonesia. Than in 1948 it was used as national language of Indonesia and Official language. The situation effects the young Indonesian to be multilingual. They use Indonesia as unity language than local Language used in limited situation and place. This condition is realizing certain language regeneration stop in the future instead of BS, which is seldom practiced by the generation. Base on Oriyama (2010:95) said that multilingual and multicultural caused the language potentially endanger than the dominant language and culture will be applied in the community they live.

Moreover, according to Janse (2003:2) socioeconomic and socio politic factors also affected language use, socioeconomic factors include rapid economic transformation, industrialization, migration and so on and sociopolitical factors include official language policies, discrimination, war etc. BS speakers in Gunung Maligas growth in multicultural and technology, they lived with others language speakers such as Javanese, Mandailingnese, Malay and so on. Among them affect each other and the dominant language will be often used. Saragih (2012:8) the language users of BS reduce in number as they leave their hometown and due to

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intercultural marriage because all languages in the world are potentially extinct, as a result of language characteristic that is always dynamic.

Besides language dominant and globalization, parent also have affected to maintain the language, as Nazaruddin (2011: 60) said that parent role influence children language, the existences of the language is in endangered level since there is no effort of transmitting the language to children.

Furthermore, the loss of BS implies the loss of its culture, knowledge system, including philosophical systems, oral literacy and arts. In wide scale it means that loss of Indonesian and human assets.

Language attitude of BS speakers is mainly supportive to the maintenance of BS. Members of a speech community are not usually neutral towards their own language. They may see it as essential to their community and identity and they may use it without promoting it; they may be ashamed of it and, therefore, not promote it; or they may see it as a nuisance and actively avoid using it. When attitudes towards their language are very positive, the language may be seen as a key symbol of group identity. Just as people value family traditions, festivals and community events, members of the community may see their language as a cultural core value, vital to their community and ethnic identity. If members view their language as hindrance to economic mobility and integration into mainstream society, they may develop negative attitudes toward their language (UNESCO, 2003:14)

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Therefore, the maintenance of BS is crucially done, as the affect of internal and external factors that’s why language must be protected, preserved, and maintained. The maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self identity and symbols of its speakers. There are several factors that support language maintenance, one of them is social factor means that all people who lives around us giving effect to our daily language, dominant language will be successfully use in the community and it is BI. It shows the facts that social factors effects language use in our environment. This problem is really happen in Simalungun families who live in Gunung Maligas. They use BI and sometimes Java very often because their social community is Javanese.

This condition shows maintaining BS is a must to protect one of many vernaculars language in Indonesia from extinction. There are three reasons to protect and maintain BS, first stated in Indonesian Constitutively that is UUD 1945 the government must be responsible to maintain vernaculars as the national culture. Secondly, vernacular is national wealth, because the death of vernaculars have on the death of a culture. And thirdly, vernacular contributes to enrich the Vocabularies of BI.

Furthermore it is important to conduct a study on BS maintenance, in order to maintain BS from being endangered. In maintaining BS there are many ways potentially done as a solution, some of them by opening short course for people who wants to know about BS, than To build up self confidence to speak BS by unionizing a BS community. And one of common intra marriage in

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Simalungun culture is with the closer family. Intra marriage has big effect in maintaining BS, because the children can learn BS directly from their parents.

1.2 Problems of the Study

This study is focused on the language maintenance of BS, and the sub focus is on the language endangerment of BS and its language use domain. Specifically, the problems are formulated as the following.

(1) What is the level of endangerment of the BS in Kecamatan Gunung Maligas?

(2) What domains need to be proportionally managed to maintain the BS in Kecamatan Gunung Maligas?

(3) How is the ways to maintain BS in Kecamatan Gunung Maligas?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

With reference to the research problems, the objectives are

(1) to identify the level of endangerment of the BS

(2) to ascertain the domains which are proportionally needed to be managed by the speakers to maintain BS and

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1.4. Scope of the Study

This study is limited to identify the level of language endangerment of BS in Gunung Maligas where there are two generations of the BS speakers’ studied namely, parents as second generation and children as the third generation. In addition the study is related to the proportional activities potentially done to maintain BS specifically the study ascertains which domain are done by the speakers to maintain BS in Gunung Maligas especially Simalungun Families where here will be classified into five domains they are: family, friendship, religion, education, employment domain.

1.5 Significance of the Study

Findings of the research are expected to have both theoretical and practical significance for the readers, teachers and also for the governments. Theoretically, the findings of the study add up more horizons to the theories of language planning. In addition, the findings can be references to further studies of the BS.

Practically, the findings can be useful guides and references for speakers of BS or the decisions makers to preserve and maintain the BS. In additions, the findings are relevant and useful for government officials in designing the BS language learning programs. Further findings of the study can be references for mapping maintainability of the BS speakers.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclussions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following.

1) With references to the levels of endangerment set by UNESCO, the levels of language endangerment of BS ranges from the risk at to the nearly extinction, Some factors enhance the situations are were found here namely, intermarriage factor, living in non Simalungun community and parents attitudes ’ negative or unsupported attitudes to the BS maintenance.

2) There are five language use domains, that need to be restored they are family domain, friendship domain, religion domain, education domain, and employment domain. the use of BS in the five domains need to be critically revitalized.

3) There are 20 options that could be done to maintain BS, 18 options were agreed by the informant while 2 options were disagreed. The 18 could be applied in the society as the suggestion to maintain the BS from endangerment.

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5.2 Suggestions

In relations to the conclussion suggestions are staged as the following.

(1) It suggested that parents should play important roles to maintain the BS, by teaching and practicing BS to the children at home and also for the gyoung eneration of BS are suggested to be able to use BS as the symbols of Simalungun heritage and ethnic prides.

(2) a. by having the BS written or ascribed on the shirts or at the public places the BS speakers or the society potentially enhanced to revitalize the BS. It is suggested that the craftsmen should explore the BS by creating and writing it up on shirt. Many people will see it and BS can be very common. As Simalungun Jargon ‘ Marsipature Hutanabe’ or ‘habonaron do bona Simalungun.

b. It suggested that the BS language researcher should concern with the language use in Simalungun area in order to measure the maintenance of BS in every chance.

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Batubara, A.J. (2012). The Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing Medan-Tembung. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.

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Simalungun, A Thesis, University of North Sumatera.

Fasold, Ralph (1990), The Sociolinguistic of Language. Oxford. Basil Blackwell Dastgoshadeh, Adel and Jalizadah Kave (2011) Language loss, identity, and

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

5.1 Conclussions

After analyzing the data, conclusions are drawn as the following.

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5.2 Suggestions

In relations to the conclussion suggestions are staged as the following.

b. It suggested that the BS language researcher should concern with the language use in Simalungun area in order to measure the maintenance of BS in every chance.

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REFERENCES

Bogdan, R.C & Biklen, S.K. 1992. Qualitative Research for Education. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

Batubara, A.J. (2012). The Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing Medan-Tembung. Pasca Sarjana Universitas Negeri Medan.

Crystal, D (2007) Language Death. Cambrige. Cambrige University Press.

Damanik, Ramlan (2009) Pemertahanan Bahasa Simalungun di Kabupaten Simalungun, A Thesis, University of North Sumatera.

Fasold, Ralph (1990), The Sociolinguistic of Language. Oxford. Basil Blackwell Dastgoshadeh, Adel and Jalizadah Kave (2011) Language loss, identity, and

English as an International Language. European Journal of Social science. V.21 (4)

Denzim. Norman K & Lincoln. Yvonna S Hand book of “Qualitative Research”. Sage Publication Inc. International Education and Professional Publisher. Thousand Oaks. London. New Delhi.

Fishman. J (1972) Domains and the relationship between Micro-and Macro sociolinguistic. in Gumperz & Hymes .

Fishman, Joshua A ( 1997) Reversing Language Shift: Theoretical and Empirical Foundation of Assistence Multi lingual matters, Multilingual matters Ltd. Canada

Farina Tangkenate (2011). Gayo language Maintenance among the Gayo Teenagers in Medan. Universitas Negeri Medan.

Gomaa, A. Yaseer (2011) Language Maintenance and Transmission: The Case of Egyptian Arabic in Durham, UK. International Journal of Linguistics. 1(1).48

[Harian Analisa.16 April, 2012] Bupati Ajak Masyarakat Cintai Budaya Simalungun, hlm.15.

Herawati, (2010) . Pemertahanan Bahasa Konjo di tengah desakan Bahasa Bugis di Daerah Buffer Stard. Balai Bahasa Sulawesi Tengah