THE MAINTENANCE OF BAHASA MANDAILING IN MEDAN - TEMBUNG.
THE MAINTENANCE OF BAHASA l\tiANDAI:CING IN
l\1EDAN- TEMBUNG
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study
Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
The Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
...
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY
POSTGRADUATE PRCIG.RA.M SCIIOOL
STATE lTNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
THE MAINTENANCE OF BAHASA l\tiANDAI:CING IN
l\1EDAN- TEMBUNG
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study
Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
The Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
...
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY
POSTGRADUATE PRCIG.RA.M SCIIOOL
STATE lTNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
A THESIS
The Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung
By
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
English Applied Linguistics Study Program
The State University of Medan
This thesis was examined on 15th of March 2012 by Board of Examiners
Approved by
Advisers Commission
Adviser I
rof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph. .
NIP: 19550113 198203 1 002
The Head of English Applied
Adviser II
APPROVAL
This thesis was examined on ts•hofMarch 2012 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
1. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
3. Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd.
4. Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd .
...
5. Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA
~=
ABSTRAK
Batu Bara, Asni Juliana. Registration Number: 809115004. The Maintenance
of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung (Pemertahanan Bahasa
Mandailing di Medan-Tembung). Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2012.
.
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pernertahanan Bahasa Mandailing di
Medan - Tembung. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
metode penelitian kualitatif yang mengkaji tentang peran penutur Bahasa
Mandailing dalam mernpertahankan Bahasa Mandailing di Medan- Tembung.
Subject penelitian ini adalah enam puluh penutur Bahasa Mandailing yang tinggal
di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat, Kecamatan Medan- Tembung yang dibagi menjadi
dua kelompok yaitu tiga puluh orang dalam kelompok orang tua (sebagai generasi
kedua) dan tiga puluh orang dalam kelompok anak (sebagai generasi ketiga).
Penelitian ini menggunakan instrument berupa kuesioner dan interview.
Kuesioner digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang penutur Bahasa
Mandailing dalam mernpertahankan bahasa mereka sendiri seperti bahasa apa
yang mereka gunakan dalam berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi dengan anak-anak
mereka, sanak saudara dan ternan- ternan mereka. Sedangkan interview di
gunakan untuk memperoleh data-data yang lebih mendalam atau lebih akurat
mengenai faktor-faktor yang berpengaruhi terhadap pemertahanan Bahasa
, Mandailing di Medan-Ternbung. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles
dan Huberman. Pemertahanan Bahasa Mandailing di generasi kedua tetap
bertahan atau tetap exist karena mereka masih dapat mengunakan Bahasa
Mandailing dalam berkomunikasi sehari-hari dengan penutur Bahasa Mandailing
yang lain sedangkan generasi ketiga tidak, mereka beralih menggunakan bahasa
lain yaitu bahasa yang lebih dominan di gunakan yaitu bahasa Indonesia. Ada
sepuluh faktor yang di analisa dalam penelitian ini yang dapat mempertahankan
Bahasa Mandailing di Medan-Ternbung yaitu menikal1 dengan sesama suku
Mandailing, tinggal di daerah yang di dominasi orang - orang Mandailing,
menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing dirumah, kebanggaan tefiadap suku dan bahasa
Mandailing, menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing · · dilingkungan tetangga,
menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing dilingkungan pendidikan, menggunakan
Bahasa Mandailing dilingkungan keagamaan, menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing
dilingkungan pekerjaan, mengikuti acara adat istiadat, dan pulang kampong secara
beraturan. Keexistensian Bahasa Mandailing pada saat sekarang ini hanya berada
pada generasi kedua dan generasi pertama sedangkan generasi ketiga beralih
menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Batu Bara, Asni Juliana. Registration Number: 809115004. The Maintenance
of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung. A Thesis. Postgraduate School,
English Applied Linguistics. The State University of Medan. 2011.
This study deals with the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan Tembung. It employs qualitative research design. This study aims to describe the
maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung. The subjects were sixty
Mandailingnese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat, Medan - Tembung
District which consisted of two groups, namely parental group (as second
generation) and children group (as third generation). The instruments used for this
study were questionnaire and interview (in-depth interview). Questionnaire was
applied to collect the data about the factors that affect Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Medan-Tembung and interview was applied to get in-depth result
of the research. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's data
analysis. Bahasa Mandailing by second generation is maintained. They keep using
their language (Bahasa Mandailing) in Medan - Tembung because they realize the
condition of BML nowadays, whereas the third generation does not. They shift
from Bahasa Mandailing to speak Indonesian language. There are ten factors
affect that Bahasa Mandailing maintenance, they are intra-marriage, use of the
language at home, living in area dominated by Mandailingnese speakers and ethno
linguistics vitality, use of the language in religion domain, use of the language in
education domain, use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the
language in workplace domain, visiting homeland and following adat istiadat
(traditional) ceremony. At present Bahasa Mandailing in Kec. Medan-Tembung is
only maintained by the old generation, parental generation (second generation)
and upwards generation (first generation). Meanwhile the third generation now
shifts to the dominant fanguage used that is Indonesian language.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise be to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given me the
oppurtunity to finish this thesis. Thank you so much Dear Lord. It is also
impossible to be finished without the guidance and the help of many people.
Firstly, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my
advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,
MPd.who have spent their precious time for correcting this thesis and giving some
valuable advice and guidance.
I also would like to convey my gratitude to the Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, MPd and his secretary, Dr.
Anni Holilla Pulungan, M.Hum and all lecturers that had given me
encouragement and a lot of experience and knowledge.
-I would like to express my gratitude wholeheartedly to all Mandailingnese
families in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat for their kind hospitality during the data
collection of the study.
Then, the most impo.rtant people to whom I would like to express my
special thank, they are to my parents, Ali Gusti Batu Bara and Siti Rohani Maha
and my brother and sisters, Eva Juwita Batu Bara, Amri Rudini Batu Bara and
Novita Devi Batu Bara and also to my beloved husband Suriyanto Usman who
have given me their love, respect, spirit, friendship and moral support during my
strive in completing this thesis.
Medan,
Maret 2012
The writer,
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Reg. Number: 809115004
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF GRAPIDC
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION.................................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the study...........................................................
1
1.2 The Focus of the Smdy...............................................................
7
1.3 The Objectives ofThe Study........................................................
7
1.4 The Scope of The Study..............................................................
7
1.5 The Significances of The Study....................................................
8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..•••.•••...•.. ~.
2.1 Language Maintenance.......................................................................
9
9
2.1.1 Language and identity in language maintenance....................
13
2.1.2 Steps in Maintaining a Language.........................................
14
2.2 Mandailing Language.................................................................
.16
2.2.1 History of Mandailing Society............................................
16
2.2.2 The Mandailing Custom.....................................................
17
2.2.3 The Spread ofMandailingnese Ethnic in Medan- Tembung...
18
I
2.3 The Factors of Language Maintenance.............................................
19
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH............................................
33
3.1 Research Design.........................................................................
33
3.2 Source of Data..........................................................................
33
3.3. Instrument of Data Collection....................................................
33
3.4 Technique of Data Collection......................................................
34
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis........................................................
34
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study................................................
35
CHAPTER IV:
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION............
37
4.1 The Data...... ~.
37
4.2 Data Analysis .................................................................... ,.......
37
4.2.1
Intra-marriage (same culture marriage) ............... ,...
41
4.2.2
Living in an Area Dominated by Mandailingnese .....
44
4.2.3
Ethno linguistic vitality..........................................
48
4.2.4
Use The Language at Home ..................................
50
4.2.5
Use the Language in Religion Domain....................
53
4.2.6
Use the Language in Education Domain..................
56
4.2.7
Use the Language in Neighborhood Domain...........
58
4.2.8
Use the Language in Workplace Domain..................
61
4.2.9
Visiting Homeland.................................................. ..
63
4.2.10 Following Adat Istiadat (Traditional) Ceremony........
65
4.3 Why Do the Speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the Language?. 67
4.4 Findings.......................................................................................
67
4.5 Discussion.................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V:
REFERNCES
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION............................
79
5 .1 Conclusion..........................................................................
79
5.2 Suggestion..........................................................................
80
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.2.1 Second generation ofMandailingnese speakers ability in speaking BM.......
38
Table 4.2.2 Third generation ofMandailingnese speakers ability in speaking BM........
38
Table 4.2.1.1 Intra-Marriage ofMandailingnese in Medan- Tembung.......................
41
Table 4.2.1.2 Third generation Ability in Speaking BM who their Parents Come
from Intra-Marriage.........................................................................
42
Table 4.2.2.1 The second generation ofMandailingnese speakers who Live
in an area dominated by Mandailingnese............................................
43
Table 4.2.2.2 The third gehenmon of Mandailingnese speakers who Live
in an area dominated by Mandailingnese.............................................
Table 4.2.2.3 the population ofMandailingnese in Medan from 1930 up to 2011.........
45
47
Table 4.2.4.1 Language use of second generation ofMandailingnese
speakers at home.............................................................................
51
Table 4.2.4.2 Language use of third generation ofMandailingnese
speakers at Home............................................................................
51
Table 4.2.5.1 Language use of second generation ofMandailingnese speakers
in religion domain...........................................................................
Table 4.2.5.2 Language use ofthird generation ofMandailingnese speakers
53
in religion domain...............................................................................
54
Table 4.2.6.1 Language use of the second generation and the third
generation ofMandailingnese speakers in education domain ...............
56
Table 4.2.7.1 Language use ofthe second generation ofMandailingnese
speakers in neighborhood domain.......................................................
56
Table 4.2.7.2 Language use ofthe third generation ofMandailingnese
speakers in neighborhood domain......................................................
58
Table 4.2.7.3 the second generation competence in speaking Bahasa Mandailing in
neighborhood domain.............................................................................
Table 4.2.7.4 third generation competence of Bah~
60
Mandailinglanguage inMedan-
Tembung....................~.
60
Table 4.2.8.1 Language use ofMandailingnese speakers in workplace domain............
62
Table 4.2.8.2 the reason of Indonesian language use in workplace domain...................
63
LIST OF GRAPIDCS
Page
Graphic 4.2.1 Factors affect BML Maintenance in Second Generation
in Medan-Tembung............................................................................
39
Graphic 4.2.2 Factors affect BML Maintenance in Third Generation
in Medan-Tembung...........................................................................
40
Graphic 4.2.1.1 Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness in speaking
BM who do Intra-Marriage................................................................
Graphic 4.2.3.1 Etbno linguistics Vitality ofMandailingnese....................................
43
49
Graphic 4.2.4.1 the Percentage of Maridailbgnese Awareness
in Manintaining Bl\1 at Home..........................................................
52
Graphic 4.2.5.1 the Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness
in Maintaining BM in Religion Domain.......................................
55
Graphic 4.2.6.1 the Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness
in Maintaining BM in Education Domain.......................................
Graphic 4.2.9 the Frequency ofMandailingnese Speakers in Visiting Homeland......
57
64
Graphic 4.2.1 0 Mandailingnese Speakers in Following Adat Istiadat
Ceremony (Cultural Ceremony)..................................................... ..
66
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 : Research Instrument..........................................................
l 00
Appendix 2 :List of Respondents' Name...............................................
108
Appendix 3 : Questionnaire Answer from Second Generation................
I09
Appendix 4 : Questionnaire Answer from Third Generation.....................
Ill
Appendix 5 : Mandailing Speakers Ability in Speaking Bahasa Mandailing.• 113
Appendix 6: fntra-marriageFactor...........................................................
114
Appendix 7 : Live in an Area Dominated By Mandailingnese...................
115
Appendix 8 : Use_ the Language .at Home••••...••••.•.~·
116
.. ·~
Appendix 9 : Usc the Language in Religion Domain................................
1 J7
Appendix 10 : Use the Language in Neighborhood Domain.....................
118
Appendix 11 : Use the Language in Education Domain...:..........................
119
Appendix 12 : Use the Language in Workplace Domain............................... 120
Appendix 13: Etbnolinguistics Vitality.......................................................... 121
Appendix 14: Practice/Following Adat- lstiadat Ceremony.......................
122
Appendix 15 : Visiting flomeland .............
123
m
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 16: The Map of Research Location............................................... 124
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of The Study
Every human being needs language to communicate each other. They use
language in their daily communication. They can express everything in their mind
by using language to follow every human's activities. In other words, without
language they can not communicate each other and they will get difficulty in it,
because language is important part of human being to express their ideas such as
Bahasa Mandailing. Bahasa Mandailing is important part of Mandailingnese
because they can express everything in their mind using Bahasa Mandailing.
Using Bahasa Mandailing in their daily communication, it is shown the
identity of Mandailingnese. Bahasa Mandailing
i~
a symbol identity of
Mandailingnese. Ethnic identity is the way in which the expression through a
particular language. Ethnic identity is the way in which the expression through a
particular language. Attachment to language is as strong as people regard
themselves as social group, which is influenced largely by how the larger society
regards them. Language must be maintained because language showed the identity
of the language users.
As Holmes (2001 :63) stated that where language is
considered as important symbol of a minority group's identity, the language is
likely to be maintained longer. Moreover Corson (2001 :174) said that the
maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its
speakers. Therefore, language must be protected, preserved and maintained.
Mandailingnese people do not only make settlement in North Sumatra but
also in Kalimantan, Jakarta and even Irian Jaya. The spread of Mandailingnese
1
2
make the spread of their vernacular in many regions in Indonesia. Indonesia has
many indigenous languages. One of them is Bahasa Mandailing. Bahasa
Mandailing is as vernacular of Mandailingnese tribe. Beside its function is as
communication tool, it is also as symbol identity of Mandailingnese ethnics
whereas Indonesian language is as National language of Indonesia and it is as
symbol identity of Indonesian. Beside Indonesian language is as National
language, English has a strong position on education domain. It makes most of
Indonesian children involves multilingualism as they speak their mother tongue at
home, Indonesian language at school and English as lesson should be by
Indonesian' students.
Since 1928, Indonesian language was adopted as the National language of
Indonesia
~hic
pledged by the youth of Indonesia. In 19481 it has been used as.
both National language and official language. Its condition compel the young
generation of Indonesia to be multilingual. Vernacular is used on limited situation.
This condition is realizing certain l~Wguae
regeneration stop in the future.
Based on the language use phenomenon, it was found that Mandailingnese
in Medan -
Tembung use two languages even multilingualism. The
Mandailingnese in Medan-Tembung always use Indonesian language to
communicate to other people include their family. The use of Indonesian language
becomes increasing. The increasing of Indonesian speakers by Mandailingnese
showed some phenomena of their Mandailingnese words such as "Angkang,
Anggi, Bou, Ujing, Pauda ", are rarely used nowadays, it is replaced by word
"Abang, Adik, bibi, paman" from Indonesian language.
I.
3
Medan is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual city - faces such language
phenomenon. As Siregar (1998) stated that Medan is multi-ethnics city. It
competes among- other vernacular. Indonesian language and English is as the
effect of globlalization. Indonesian language is as National language, it is used in
every aspect of life such as education domain, social domain, political domain,
business domain, etc. Meanwhile English strengthens its position in Education
domain since science and technology books are printed in English. Vemaculars
are rarely used by youth generation of Indonesian. For example Bahasa
Mandailing is only used in limited area such as rural area. Bahasa Mandailing is
rarely used by the younger generation of Mandailingnese in Medan-Tembung.
They tend to use Indonesian language and English. Nowadays, both Indonesian
language and :english are used in many aspects such as poli_tic, economic,
education, technology, etc. People tend to use the ordinary language use
especially in Indonesia and by many people around the world. It makes them
rarely and even forget to usc their vernacular. The speakers of a certain language
are in a stronger position when their language is used for national or international
communication, or for official language, or for trade and commerce, or for
education.
The effect of such condition is that the youth generations do not know.
their parents culture background even they use their parent surname. For example
there is a Mandailingnese family which both parents are Mandailing people
gathered in community which dominated by Mandailingnese. The children are
unable to use their parent vernacular even the parent often use their vernacular at
home. When parents speak Bahasa Mandailing, the children will answer in
4
Indonesian language. As Sembiring (2008) indicated that the difference of
language choice between the role of parents and children. According to her,
children prefer to use Indonesian language whereas parents use both Indonesian
language and Karo language. It is also similarly to Mandailingnese children, they
prefers to use Indonesian language than than Bahasa Mandailing and their parents
use both Indonesian language and Bahasa Mandailing.
Sugihana (2004) states that Indonesian Language has been used
dominantly in fa.tnily domain. It means that when Bahasa Mandailing is not a
dominant language in family domain, it will be endangered. The use of Indonesian
language makes the decrease of Bahasa Mandailing speakers in Medan-Tembung.
Other case also was found that Mandailingnese family who live in MedanTembung incompetent to due to regeneration of their vernacular_ to their .
'
generation because they only competent in using passive Bahasa Mandailing. This
phenomenon makes Bahasa Mandailing in danger. As Saragih (2010) stated that
Batak language in North Sumatra is on the third stage of extinction, which is
endangered stage. The language speakers of Batilk language reduce in numbers as
they leave their hometown and due to intercultural marriage, Batak language
speakers who usually use Batak language in the family domain, now replace it
with Indonesian language.
This condition showed that Bahasa Mandailing speakers shift to
Indonesian language. If Bahasa Mandailing is not spoken anywhere, it will be
lost. As Schiffinan (1995:12) stated that if language is not maintained, there can
be several results. One is language death, the speakers of certain language become
5
bilingual and the younger speakers become dominant in other language. If the
language is not spoken anywhere, it will be endangered and lost.
Bahasa Mandailing is the nucleus of Mandailingnese culture. The richness
of culture is mainly indicated and explained by language. As mentioned
previously, Indonesia has many vernacular, one of them is Bahasa Mandailing,
which every vernacular and its culture in Indonesia is protected by government
which stated in UUD 1945, Chapter XIII and Article 32, point 2 that the
government respect and keep maintaining vernaculars as the National culture and
vernacular is also the element of National culture. The death of a vernacular may
cause the death of certain ethnics. The loss of culture means loss of the human
asset and their unique which differentiate them to one another. Then, vernacular is
also a source of vocabulary (or Indonesian language.
Furthermore, it is important to conduct a study on Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance. In maintaining Bahasa Mandailing there are so many things that can
be done in order to maintain Bahasa Mandailing. For example use of the language
at home, intra-marriage, it is also has a big effect. in maintaining Bahasa
Mandailing. As they have the same language in family, they can speak Bahasa
Mandailing at home. Then, their children will be familiar with the language, and
able to speak the language. Other way is including the language in the school
curriculum. For example Mandailingnese in South Tapanuli, the government
insert Bahasa Mandailing in school curriculum. The youth generation of
Mandailingnese in South Tapanuli can learn the language as their language and
use it in their daily communication. This is the exact situation for Mandailingnese
in Medan. i.e. the Mandailingnese can not maintain the language through the
...
6
curriculum, because the government does not insert it in school curriculum
especially in Medan. May be there are some other factors that can cause the
maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung. It is hoped that this
research will be able to show the factors that can support Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Medan- Tembung.
1.2 The Focus of the Study
The focus of this study is "how is the Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in
Medan - Tembung?" Based on the background of the study, the problems are
formulated operationally in the following.
1. What factors support Bahasa Mandailing Maintenance in Medan Tembung?
2. Why do the speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the language?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems the objectives of the study are:
1) to find out the factors which support Bahasa Mandailing
mentenance in Medan - Tembung.
2) to find out ,w.Qy speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the
language in Medan - Tembung.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Medan has many vernaculars but this study only focuses on Bahasa
Mandailing maintenance. Bahasa Mandailing maintenance is investigated through
7
the language use of Mandailingnese speakers in Medan - Tembung. Therefore,
the main aspect of this study is focused on "the factors support Bahasa
Mandailing maintenance in Medan-Tembung.
1.5 The Significances of The Study
Findings of this study is expected to be theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language planning
especially on Bahasa Mandailing maintenance in Medan-Tembung.
Practically, it is useful for Mandailingnese to use Bahasa Mandailing in their
daily communication to support the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in MedanTembung. Then, it is also useful for goverment, in this case language centre,
hopefully the result of this study help them to make a well planned of language
planning especially to keep maintaining Bahasa Mandailing so the language does
not loss.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study concerned on the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in MedanTembung. It was aimed to find out the factors support Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Meda-Tembung. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated
in the following;
(1). The maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan-Tembung, there are
ten factors that affect the Mandailingncse to maintain their language
such as use of the language at home, living in area dominated by
Mandailingnese, intra:marriage, .and ethno linguistic vitality, use of
the language in religion domain, use of the language in education
domain, use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the
language in workplace domain, visiting homeland and following
traditional ceremony. The more dominant factor occur in the second
generation is living in an area dominated by Mandailingnese and
ethnolinguistics vitality. It means that live in an area dominated by
them, they able to practice and speak the language in their
environment and in their daily communication. Using it in their daily
communication affect them to maintain their language and increased
their proud of Mandailingnese. Meanwhile in the third generation,
intra-marriage, use of the language at home and live in an area
dominated by Mandailingnese have the big affect on Bahasa
94
95
Mandailing maintenance. ·Their parents' intra-marriage affect them to
speak Bahasa Mandailing because their parents always speak it and
their children can learn from their parent and acquired the language.
Then, they can practice it at home in their daily communication and
their
en\'ironment
which
the
environment
dominated
by
Mandailingnese. These factors has big role on the maintenance of
Bahasa Mandailing in the third generation.
(2). The Mandailingnese speakers in the second generation keep maintain
Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung. They do maintain Bahasa
Mandailing because firstly they are proud being mandailingnese
Secondly, by using Bahasa Mandailing shows the identity of
mandailingnese. Thirdly,
v~aculr
.
(Bahasa Mandailing) is the
element of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Bahasa
Indonesia. The Mandailingnese speakers of second generation keep
using Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung, whereas the third
generations do not maintain it. Nowadays the existence of Bahasa
Mandailing in Kec. Medan-Tembung is only in old generation as
parental generation (the second generation) and upwards generation
(the
first
generation).
Meanwhile
the- third
generation
of
Mandailingnese shift to speak dominant language used that is
Indonesian language.
I'
96
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are stayed as the following.
1. It is suggested to Mandailingnese parents to use Bahasa Mandailing in
their daily communication. The habitually in using Bahasa Mandailing
affect their language children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn
the language from their parents. Then, they acquire Bahasa Mandailing
and the children can practice it with their parents and with other
Mandailingnese in their daily communication.
2. It is suggested to local government and language centre to apply a program
of reVising Ba.~s
Mandailing shift to keep maintain Bahasa Mandailing
by publishing books about Bahasa Mandailing and by encouraging the
love of the youth on the use of Bahs~
Mandailing
throu~
performing a
story telling competition, and writing competition on Bahasa Mandailing
and It is also suggested to other researchers to be more concerned on the
research about Bahasa Mandailing maintenance.
,,
97
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\j:··J::._
l\1EDAN- TEMBUNG
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study
Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
The Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
...
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY
POSTGRADUATE PRCIG.RA.M SCIIOOL
STATE lTNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
THE MAINTENANCE OF BAHASA l\tiANDAI:CING IN
l\1EDAN- TEMBUNG
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study
Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of
The Degree of Magister Humaniora
By:
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
...
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY
POSTGRADUATE PRCIG.RA.M SCIIOOL
STATE lTNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
2012
A THESIS
The Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung
By
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Registration Number: 809115004
English Applied Linguistics Study Program
The State University of Medan
This thesis was examined on 15th of March 2012 by Board of Examiners
Approved by
Advisers Commission
Adviser I
rof. Amrin Saragih, M.A.,Ph. .
NIP: 19550113 198203 1 002
The Head of English Applied
Adviser II
APPROVAL
This thesis was examined on ts•hofMarch 2012 by Board of Examiners
Board of Examiners
1. Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D.
2. Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd.
3. Prof. Dr. Berlin Sibarani, M.Pd.
4. Prof. Dr. Lince Sihombing, M.Pd .
...
5. Dr. Syahron Lubis, MA
~=
ABSTRAK
Batu Bara, Asni Juliana. Registration Number: 809115004. The Maintenance
of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung (Pemertahanan Bahasa
Mandailing di Medan-Tembung). Thesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan
Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Unimed. 2012.
.
Penelitian ini merupakan kajian tentang pernertahanan Bahasa Mandailing di
Medan - Tembung. Desain penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah
metode penelitian kualitatif yang mengkaji tentang peran penutur Bahasa
Mandailing dalam mernpertahankan Bahasa Mandailing di Medan- Tembung.
Subject penelitian ini adalah enam puluh penutur Bahasa Mandailing yang tinggal
di Kelurahan Bandar Selamat, Kecamatan Medan- Tembung yang dibagi menjadi
dua kelompok yaitu tiga puluh orang dalam kelompok orang tua (sebagai generasi
kedua) dan tiga puluh orang dalam kelompok anak (sebagai generasi ketiga).
Penelitian ini menggunakan instrument berupa kuesioner dan interview.
Kuesioner digunakan untuk mengumpulkan data tentang penutur Bahasa
Mandailing dalam mernpertahankan bahasa mereka sendiri seperti bahasa apa
yang mereka gunakan dalam berinteraksi dan berkomunikasi dengan anak-anak
mereka, sanak saudara dan ternan- ternan mereka. Sedangkan interview di
gunakan untuk memperoleh data-data yang lebih mendalam atau lebih akurat
mengenai faktor-faktor yang berpengaruhi terhadap pemertahanan Bahasa
, Mandailing di Medan-Ternbung. Data dianalisis berdasarkan analisis data Miles
dan Huberman. Pemertahanan Bahasa Mandailing di generasi kedua tetap
bertahan atau tetap exist karena mereka masih dapat mengunakan Bahasa
Mandailing dalam berkomunikasi sehari-hari dengan penutur Bahasa Mandailing
yang lain sedangkan generasi ketiga tidak, mereka beralih menggunakan bahasa
lain yaitu bahasa yang lebih dominan di gunakan yaitu bahasa Indonesia. Ada
sepuluh faktor yang di analisa dalam penelitian ini yang dapat mempertahankan
Bahasa Mandailing di Medan-Ternbung yaitu menikal1 dengan sesama suku
Mandailing, tinggal di daerah yang di dominasi orang - orang Mandailing,
menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing dirumah, kebanggaan tefiadap suku dan bahasa
Mandailing, menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing · · dilingkungan tetangga,
menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing dilingkungan pendidikan, menggunakan
Bahasa Mandailing dilingkungan keagamaan, menggunakan Bahasa Mandailing
dilingkungan pekerjaan, mengikuti acara adat istiadat, dan pulang kampong secara
beraturan. Keexistensian Bahasa Mandailing pada saat sekarang ini hanya berada
pada generasi kedua dan generasi pertama sedangkan generasi ketiga beralih
menggunakan Bahasa Indonesia.
ABSTRACT
Batu Bara, Asni Juliana. Registration Number: 809115004. The Maintenance
of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung. A Thesis. Postgraduate School,
English Applied Linguistics. The State University of Medan. 2011.
This study deals with the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan Tembung. It employs qualitative research design. This study aims to describe the
maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung. The subjects were sixty
Mandailingnese speakers in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat, Medan - Tembung
District which consisted of two groups, namely parental group (as second
generation) and children group (as third generation). The instruments used for this
study were questionnaire and interview (in-depth interview). Questionnaire was
applied to collect the data about the factors that affect Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Medan-Tembung and interview was applied to get in-depth result
of the research. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman's data
analysis. Bahasa Mandailing by second generation is maintained. They keep using
their language (Bahasa Mandailing) in Medan - Tembung because they realize the
condition of BML nowadays, whereas the third generation does not. They shift
from Bahasa Mandailing to speak Indonesian language. There are ten factors
affect that Bahasa Mandailing maintenance, they are intra-marriage, use of the
language at home, living in area dominated by Mandailingnese speakers and ethno
linguistics vitality, use of the language in religion domain, use of the language in
education domain, use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the
language in workplace domain, visiting homeland and following adat istiadat
(traditional) ceremony. At present Bahasa Mandailing in Kec. Medan-Tembung is
only maintained by the old generation, parental generation (second generation)
and upwards generation (first generation). Meanwhile the third generation now
shifts to the dominant fanguage used that is Indonesian language.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise be to Allah, the lord of the universe who has given me the
oppurtunity to finish this thesis. Thank you so much Dear Lord. It is also
impossible to be finished without the guidance and the help of many people.
Firstly, I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to my
advisers, Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A, Ph.D and Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning,
MPd.who have spent their precious time for correcting this thesis and giving some
valuable advice and guidance.
I also would like to convey my gratitude to the Head of English Applied
Linguistics Study Program, Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, MPd and his secretary, Dr.
Anni Holilla Pulungan, M.Hum and all lecturers that had given me
encouragement and a lot of experience and knowledge.
-I would like to express my gratitude wholeheartedly to all Mandailingnese
families in Kelurahan Bandar Selamat for their kind hospitality during the data
collection of the study.
Then, the most impo.rtant people to whom I would like to express my
special thank, they are to my parents, Ali Gusti Batu Bara and Siti Rohani Maha
and my brother and sisters, Eva Juwita Batu Bara, Amri Rudini Batu Bara and
Novita Devi Batu Bara and also to my beloved husband Suriyanto Usman who
have given me their love, respect, spirit, friendship and moral support during my
strive in completing this thesis.
Medan,
Maret 2012
The writer,
Asni Juliana Batu Bara
Reg. Number: 809115004
TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ABSTRACT
TABLE OF CONTENT
LIST OF TABLE
LIST OF GRAPIDC
LIST OF APPENDICES
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION.................................................................................
1
1.1 The Background of the study...........................................................
1
1.2 The Focus of the Smdy...............................................................
7
1.3 The Objectives ofThe Study........................................................
7
1.4 The Scope of The Study..............................................................
7
1.5 The Significances of The Study....................................................
8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE ..•••.•••...•.. ~.
2.1 Language Maintenance.......................................................................
9
9
2.1.1 Language and identity in language maintenance....................
13
2.1.2 Steps in Maintaining a Language.........................................
14
2.2 Mandailing Language.................................................................
.16
2.2.1 History of Mandailing Society............................................
16
2.2.2 The Mandailing Custom.....................................................
17
2.2.3 The Spread ofMandailingnese Ethnic in Medan- Tembung...
18
I
2.3 The Factors of Language Maintenance.............................................
19
CHAPTER III : METHOD OF RESEARCH............................................
33
3.1 Research Design.........................................................................
33
3.2 Source of Data..........................................................................
33
3.3. Instrument of Data Collection....................................................
33
3.4 Technique of Data Collection......................................................
34
3.5 Technique of Data Analysis........................................................
34
3.6 The Trustworthiness of the Study................................................
35
CHAPTER IV:
DATA ANALYSIS, FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION............
37
4.1 The Data...... ~.
37
4.2 Data Analysis .................................................................... ,.......
37
4.2.1
Intra-marriage (same culture marriage) ............... ,...
41
4.2.2
Living in an Area Dominated by Mandailingnese .....
44
4.2.3
Ethno linguistic vitality..........................................
48
4.2.4
Use The Language at Home ..................................
50
4.2.5
Use the Language in Religion Domain....................
53
4.2.6
Use the Language in Education Domain..................
56
4.2.7
Use the Language in Neighborhood Domain...........
58
4.2.8
Use the Language in Workplace Domain..................
61
4.2.9
Visiting Homeland.................................................. ..
63
4.2.10 Following Adat Istiadat (Traditional) Ceremony........
65
4.3 Why Do the Speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the Language?. 67
4.4 Findings.......................................................................................
67
4.5 Discussion.................................................................................
68
CHAPTER V:
REFERNCES
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION............................
79
5 .1 Conclusion..........................................................................
79
5.2 Suggestion..........................................................................
80
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 4.2.1 Second generation ofMandailingnese speakers ability in speaking BM.......
38
Table 4.2.2 Third generation ofMandailingnese speakers ability in speaking BM........
38
Table 4.2.1.1 Intra-Marriage ofMandailingnese in Medan- Tembung.......................
41
Table 4.2.1.2 Third generation Ability in Speaking BM who their Parents Come
from Intra-Marriage.........................................................................
42
Table 4.2.2.1 The second generation ofMandailingnese speakers who Live
in an area dominated by Mandailingnese............................................
43
Table 4.2.2.2 The third gehenmon of Mandailingnese speakers who Live
in an area dominated by Mandailingnese.............................................
Table 4.2.2.3 the population ofMandailingnese in Medan from 1930 up to 2011.........
45
47
Table 4.2.4.1 Language use of second generation ofMandailingnese
speakers at home.............................................................................
51
Table 4.2.4.2 Language use of third generation ofMandailingnese
speakers at Home............................................................................
51
Table 4.2.5.1 Language use of second generation ofMandailingnese speakers
in religion domain...........................................................................
Table 4.2.5.2 Language use ofthird generation ofMandailingnese speakers
53
in religion domain...............................................................................
54
Table 4.2.6.1 Language use of the second generation and the third
generation ofMandailingnese speakers in education domain ...............
56
Table 4.2.7.1 Language use ofthe second generation ofMandailingnese
speakers in neighborhood domain.......................................................
56
Table 4.2.7.2 Language use ofthe third generation ofMandailingnese
speakers in neighborhood domain......................................................
58
Table 4.2.7.3 the second generation competence in speaking Bahasa Mandailing in
neighborhood domain.............................................................................
Table 4.2.7.4 third generation competence of Bah~
60
Mandailinglanguage inMedan-
Tembung....................~.
60
Table 4.2.8.1 Language use ofMandailingnese speakers in workplace domain............
62
Table 4.2.8.2 the reason of Indonesian language use in workplace domain...................
63
LIST OF GRAPIDCS
Page
Graphic 4.2.1 Factors affect BML Maintenance in Second Generation
in Medan-Tembung............................................................................
39
Graphic 4.2.2 Factors affect BML Maintenance in Third Generation
in Medan-Tembung...........................................................................
40
Graphic 4.2.1.1 Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness in speaking
BM who do Intra-Marriage................................................................
Graphic 4.2.3.1 Etbno linguistics Vitality ofMandailingnese....................................
43
49
Graphic 4.2.4.1 the Percentage of Maridailbgnese Awareness
in Manintaining Bl\1 at Home..........................................................
52
Graphic 4.2.5.1 the Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness
in Maintaining BM in Religion Domain.......................................
55
Graphic 4.2.6.1 the Percentage ofMandailingnese Awareness
in Maintaining BM in Education Domain.......................................
Graphic 4.2.9 the Frequency ofMandailingnese Speakers in Visiting Homeland......
57
64
Graphic 4.2.1 0 Mandailingnese Speakers in Following Adat Istiadat
Ceremony (Cultural Ceremony)..................................................... ..
66
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 : Research Instrument..........................................................
l 00
Appendix 2 :List of Respondents' Name...............................................
108
Appendix 3 : Questionnaire Answer from Second Generation................
I09
Appendix 4 : Questionnaire Answer from Third Generation.....................
Ill
Appendix 5 : Mandailing Speakers Ability in Speaking Bahasa Mandailing.• 113
Appendix 6: fntra-marriageFactor...........................................................
114
Appendix 7 : Live in an Area Dominated By Mandailingnese...................
115
Appendix 8 : Use_ the Language .at Home••••...••••.•.~·
116
.. ·~
Appendix 9 : Usc the Language in Religion Domain................................
1 J7
Appendix 10 : Use the Language in Neighborhood Domain.....................
118
Appendix 11 : Use the Language in Education Domain...:..........................
119
Appendix 12 : Use the Language in Workplace Domain............................... 120
Appendix 13: Etbnolinguistics Vitality.......................................................... 121
Appendix 14: Practice/Following Adat- lstiadat Ceremony.......................
122
Appendix 15 : Visiting flomeland .............
123
m
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. _ . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix 16: The Map of Research Location............................................... 124
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1. The Background of The Study
Every human being needs language to communicate each other. They use
language in their daily communication. They can express everything in their mind
by using language to follow every human's activities. In other words, without
language they can not communicate each other and they will get difficulty in it,
because language is important part of human being to express their ideas such as
Bahasa Mandailing. Bahasa Mandailing is important part of Mandailingnese
because they can express everything in their mind using Bahasa Mandailing.
Using Bahasa Mandailing in their daily communication, it is shown the
identity of Mandailingnese. Bahasa Mandailing
i~
a symbol identity of
Mandailingnese. Ethnic identity is the way in which the expression through a
particular language. Ethnic identity is the way in which the expression through a
particular language. Attachment to language is as strong as people regard
themselves as social group, which is influenced largely by how the larger society
regards them. Language must be maintained because language showed the identity
of the language users.
As Holmes (2001 :63) stated that where language is
considered as important symbol of a minority group's identity, the language is
likely to be maintained longer. Moreover Corson (2001 :174) said that the
maintenance of a heritage language is vital for the self-identity and esteem of its
speakers. Therefore, language must be protected, preserved and maintained.
Mandailingnese people do not only make settlement in North Sumatra but
also in Kalimantan, Jakarta and even Irian Jaya. The spread of Mandailingnese
1
2
make the spread of their vernacular in many regions in Indonesia. Indonesia has
many indigenous languages. One of them is Bahasa Mandailing. Bahasa
Mandailing is as vernacular of Mandailingnese tribe. Beside its function is as
communication tool, it is also as symbol identity of Mandailingnese ethnics
whereas Indonesian language is as National language of Indonesia and it is as
symbol identity of Indonesian. Beside Indonesian language is as National
language, English has a strong position on education domain. It makes most of
Indonesian children involves multilingualism as they speak their mother tongue at
home, Indonesian language at school and English as lesson should be by
Indonesian' students.
Since 1928, Indonesian language was adopted as the National language of
Indonesia
~hic
pledged by the youth of Indonesia. In 19481 it has been used as.
both National language and official language. Its condition compel the young
generation of Indonesia to be multilingual. Vernacular is used on limited situation.
This condition is realizing certain l~Wguae
regeneration stop in the future.
Based on the language use phenomenon, it was found that Mandailingnese
in Medan -
Tembung use two languages even multilingualism. The
Mandailingnese in Medan-Tembung always use Indonesian language to
communicate to other people include their family. The use of Indonesian language
becomes increasing. The increasing of Indonesian speakers by Mandailingnese
showed some phenomena of their Mandailingnese words such as "Angkang,
Anggi, Bou, Ujing, Pauda ", are rarely used nowadays, it is replaced by word
"Abang, Adik, bibi, paman" from Indonesian language.
I.
3
Medan is multi-ethnic and multi-lingual city - faces such language
phenomenon. As Siregar (1998) stated that Medan is multi-ethnics city. It
competes among- other vernacular. Indonesian language and English is as the
effect of globlalization. Indonesian language is as National language, it is used in
every aspect of life such as education domain, social domain, political domain,
business domain, etc. Meanwhile English strengthens its position in Education
domain since science and technology books are printed in English. Vemaculars
are rarely used by youth generation of Indonesian. For example Bahasa
Mandailing is only used in limited area such as rural area. Bahasa Mandailing is
rarely used by the younger generation of Mandailingnese in Medan-Tembung.
They tend to use Indonesian language and English. Nowadays, both Indonesian
language and :english are used in many aspects such as poli_tic, economic,
education, technology, etc. People tend to use the ordinary language use
especially in Indonesia and by many people around the world. It makes them
rarely and even forget to usc their vernacular. The speakers of a certain language
are in a stronger position when their language is used for national or international
communication, or for official language, or for trade and commerce, or for
education.
The effect of such condition is that the youth generations do not know.
their parents culture background even they use their parent surname. For example
there is a Mandailingnese family which both parents are Mandailing people
gathered in community which dominated by Mandailingnese. The children are
unable to use their parent vernacular even the parent often use their vernacular at
home. When parents speak Bahasa Mandailing, the children will answer in
4
Indonesian language. As Sembiring (2008) indicated that the difference of
language choice between the role of parents and children. According to her,
children prefer to use Indonesian language whereas parents use both Indonesian
language and Karo language. It is also similarly to Mandailingnese children, they
prefers to use Indonesian language than than Bahasa Mandailing and their parents
use both Indonesian language and Bahasa Mandailing.
Sugihana (2004) states that Indonesian Language has been used
dominantly in fa.tnily domain. It means that when Bahasa Mandailing is not a
dominant language in family domain, it will be endangered. The use of Indonesian
language makes the decrease of Bahasa Mandailing speakers in Medan-Tembung.
Other case also was found that Mandailingnese family who live in MedanTembung incompetent to due to regeneration of their vernacular_ to their .
'
generation because they only competent in using passive Bahasa Mandailing. This
phenomenon makes Bahasa Mandailing in danger. As Saragih (2010) stated that
Batak language in North Sumatra is on the third stage of extinction, which is
endangered stage. The language speakers of Batilk language reduce in numbers as
they leave their hometown and due to intercultural marriage, Batak language
speakers who usually use Batak language in the family domain, now replace it
with Indonesian language.
This condition showed that Bahasa Mandailing speakers shift to
Indonesian language. If Bahasa Mandailing is not spoken anywhere, it will be
lost. As Schiffinan (1995:12) stated that if language is not maintained, there can
be several results. One is language death, the speakers of certain language become
5
bilingual and the younger speakers become dominant in other language. If the
language is not spoken anywhere, it will be endangered and lost.
Bahasa Mandailing is the nucleus of Mandailingnese culture. The richness
of culture is mainly indicated and explained by language. As mentioned
previously, Indonesia has many vernacular, one of them is Bahasa Mandailing,
which every vernacular and its culture in Indonesia is protected by government
which stated in UUD 1945, Chapter XIII and Article 32, point 2 that the
government respect and keep maintaining vernaculars as the National culture and
vernacular is also the element of National culture. The death of a vernacular may
cause the death of certain ethnics. The loss of culture means loss of the human
asset and their unique which differentiate them to one another. Then, vernacular is
also a source of vocabulary (or Indonesian language.
Furthermore, it is important to conduct a study on Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance. In maintaining Bahasa Mandailing there are so many things that can
be done in order to maintain Bahasa Mandailing. For example use of the language
at home, intra-marriage, it is also has a big effect. in maintaining Bahasa
Mandailing. As they have the same language in family, they can speak Bahasa
Mandailing at home. Then, their children will be familiar with the language, and
able to speak the language. Other way is including the language in the school
curriculum. For example Mandailingnese in South Tapanuli, the government
insert Bahasa Mandailing in school curriculum. The youth generation of
Mandailingnese in South Tapanuli can learn the language as their language and
use it in their daily communication. This is the exact situation for Mandailingnese
in Medan. i.e. the Mandailingnese can not maintain the language through the
...
6
curriculum, because the government does not insert it in school curriculum
especially in Medan. May be there are some other factors that can cause the
maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung. It is hoped that this
research will be able to show the factors that can support Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Medan- Tembung.
1.2 The Focus of the Study
The focus of this study is "how is the Maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in
Medan - Tembung?" Based on the background of the study, the problems are
formulated operationally in the following.
1. What factors support Bahasa Mandailing Maintenance in Medan Tembung?
2. Why do the speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the language?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
In relation to the problems the objectives of the study are:
1) to find out the factors which support Bahasa Mandailing
mentenance in Medan - Tembung.
2) to find out ,w.Qy speakers of Bahasa Mandailing maintain the
language in Medan - Tembung.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
Medan has many vernaculars but this study only focuses on Bahasa
Mandailing maintenance. Bahasa Mandailing maintenance is investigated through
7
the language use of Mandailingnese speakers in Medan - Tembung. Therefore,
the main aspect of this study is focused on "the factors support Bahasa
Mandailing maintenance in Medan-Tembung.
1.5 The Significances of The Study
Findings of this study is expected to be theoretically and practically.
Theoretically, the study is considered to enrich the theories of language planning
especially on Bahasa Mandailing maintenance in Medan-Tembung.
Practically, it is useful for Mandailingnese to use Bahasa Mandailing in their
daily communication to support the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in MedanTembung. Then, it is also useful for goverment, in this case language centre,
hopefully the result of this study help them to make a well planned of language
planning especially to keep maintaining Bahasa Mandailing so the language does
not loss.
CHAPTERV
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
The study concerned on the maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in MedanTembung. It was aimed to find out the factors support Bahasa Mandailing
maintenance in Meda-Tembung. Based on the analysis, the conclusions are stated
in the following;
(1). The maintenance of Bahasa Mandailing in Medan-Tembung, there are
ten factors that affect the Mandailingncse to maintain their language
such as use of the language at home, living in area dominated by
Mandailingnese, intra:marriage, .and ethno linguistic vitality, use of
the language in religion domain, use of the language in education
domain, use of the language in neighborhood domain, use of the
language in workplace domain, visiting homeland and following
traditional ceremony. The more dominant factor occur in the second
generation is living in an area dominated by Mandailingnese and
ethnolinguistics vitality. It means that live in an area dominated by
them, they able to practice and speak the language in their
environment and in their daily communication. Using it in their daily
communication affect them to maintain their language and increased
their proud of Mandailingnese. Meanwhile in the third generation,
intra-marriage, use of the language at home and live in an area
dominated by Mandailingnese have the big affect on Bahasa
94
95
Mandailing maintenance. ·Their parents' intra-marriage affect them to
speak Bahasa Mandailing because their parents always speak it and
their children can learn from their parent and acquired the language.
Then, they can practice it at home in their daily communication and
their
en\'ironment
which
the
environment
dominated
by
Mandailingnese. These factors has big role on the maintenance of
Bahasa Mandailing in the third generation.
(2). The Mandailingnese speakers in the second generation keep maintain
Bahasa Mandailing in Medan- Tembung. They do maintain Bahasa
Mandailing because firstly they are proud being mandailingnese
Secondly, by using Bahasa Mandailing shows the identity of
mandailingnese. Thirdly,
v~aculr
.
(Bahasa Mandailing) is the
element of national culture and also a source of vocabulary for Bahasa
Indonesia. The Mandailingnese speakers of second generation keep
using Bahasa Mandailing in Medan - Tembung, whereas the third
generations do not maintain it. Nowadays the existence of Bahasa
Mandailing in Kec. Medan-Tembung is only in old generation as
parental generation (the second generation) and upwards generation
(the
first
generation).
Meanwhile
the- third
generation
of
Mandailingnese shift to speak dominant language used that is
Indonesian language.
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96
5.2 Suggestions
In relation to the conclusion, suggestions are stayed as the following.
1. It is suggested to Mandailingnese parents to use Bahasa Mandailing in
their daily communication. The habitually in using Bahasa Mandailing
affect their language children acquisition. Certainly, the children will learn
the language from their parents. Then, they acquire Bahasa Mandailing
and the children can practice it with their parents and with other
Mandailingnese in their daily communication.
2. It is suggested to local government and language centre to apply a program
of reVising Ba.~s
Mandailing shift to keep maintain Bahasa Mandailing
by publishing books about Bahasa Mandailing and by encouraging the
love of the youth on the use of Bahs~
Mandailing
throu~
performing a
story telling competition, and writing competition on Bahasa Mandailing
and It is also suggested to other researchers to be more concerned on the
research about Bahasa Mandailing maintenance.
,,
97
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