Pengaruh Pemberian 2,4-D dan Frekuensi Subkultur Terhadap Perubahan Genetik Kalus dari Bunga Betina Kelapa Sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Al-Khayri, J. M. 2012. Determination of the date palm cell suspension growth
curve, optimum plating efficiency and influence of liquid medium on
somatic embryogenesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24(5):
447-448.
Arimarsetiowati, R. 2011. Pengaruh auksin 2,4-D dan sitokinin 2-ip terhadap
pembentukan embriogenesis somatik langsung pada eksplan daun Coffea
arabica L. Pelita Perkebunan. 27(2): 68-77.
Azwin. 2007. Evaluasi stabilitas genetik tanaman gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis
Lamk.) hasil kultur in vitro. [Tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor,
Program Pascasarjana.
Badan Litbang Pertanian. 2013. Suplemen sinar tani; inovasi kultur jaringan kelapa
sawit. Edisi 23-29. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Badrun, M. 2010. Lintasan 30 tahun pengembangan kelapa sawit. Kementerian
Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Budiani, A dan Febrimarsa. 2010. Analisis sekuen DNA daerah 5’-EGAD1 dari
buah kelapa sawit normal dan abnormal hasil kultur jaringan. Menara
Perkebunan. 78(2): 45-46.
Chourykaew, B. and K. Kanchanapoom. 1996. In vitro culture of embryos and
callus of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Journal of The Sciences Society
of Thailand. 22: 6.
Corley, R. H. V., Lee, C. H., Law, L. H., and Wong, C. Y. 1986. Abnormal flower
development in oil palm clones. Planter. 62: 233-240.
Da Silva Guedes, R., T. L. da Silva, Z. G. Luis and J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira. 2011.
Initial requirements for embryogenic calluses initiation in thin cell layers
explants from immature female oil palm inflorescence. African Journal of
Biotechnology. 10(52): 10776-10777.
Debergh, P. 1992. Reconsideration of term ‘vitrification’ as used in
micropopagation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture. 30: 32.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
30
Doyle, J. J. and J. L. Doyle. 1990. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for fresh plant
tissue. Focus. 12: 13-15.
Eeuwens, C. J., S. Lord, C.R. Donough, V. Rao, G. Vallejo and S. Nelson. 2002.
Effects of tissue culture condition during embryoid multiplication on the
incidence of “mantled” flowering in clonally propagated oil palm. Plant Cell
Tissue and Organ Culture. 70: 311-323.
Fki, L., R. Masmoudi, W. Kriaâ, A. Mahjoub, B. Sghaier, R. Mzid, A. Mliki, A.
Rival, and N. Drira. 2011. Date palm micropropagation via somatic
embryogenesis. Date Palm Biotechnology: 50.
Gardner, F. P., R. B. Pearce and M. Roger. 2008. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidaya. UI
Press. Jakarta.
Hartley, C. W. S. 1977. The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Second Edition.
Longmans. London.
Hartman, H. T., D. E. Kester, and F. T. Davis-Jr. 1990. Plant propagation: principles
and practices. Prentice-Hall International Inc. New Jersey.
Hendaryono, D. P. S. dan A. Wijayani. 1994. Teknik kultur jaringan. Kanisius.
Yogyakarta.
Hetharie, H. 2008. Abnormalitas bunga dan buah pada klon kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq) berdasarkan analisis morfologi, biokimia dan dna genom.
[Disertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor, Sekolah Pascarjana.
Hetharie, H. 2010. Deteksi perubahan genetik pada kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) abnormal dengan teknik RAPD. Jurnal Budidaya Pertanian. 6(2): 4546.
Ikhtimami, A. 2012. pengaruh periode subkultur terhadap kadar saponin akar
rambut tanaman gingseng jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.). [Skripsi].
Surabaya: Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi. Universitas Airlangga.
Jaligot, E., T. Beule, F. C. Baurens, N. Billotte, and A. Rival. 2004. Search for
methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms associated with
“mantled” variant phenotype in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Genome.
47: 224.225.
Jones, L. H. 1991. Endogenous cytokinin in oil palm (Elaeis guieneensis Jacq.)
callus, embryoids and regenerant plants measured by radio immunoassay.
Plant Cell Tiss. & Org. Cult. 20: hal. 201-209.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
31
Karp, A. 1995. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement. Euphytica. 185: 295302.
Kasi, P. D. dan Sumaryono. 2008. Perkembangan kalus embriogenik sagu
(Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada tiga sistem kultur in vitro. Menara
Perkebunan. 76(1). 4-6.
Larkin P. J. and W. R. Scowcroft. 1981. Somaclonal variation; A novel source of
variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics. 60: 167-214.
Larkin, P. J., W. R. Scowcroft and W. M. Wilson. 1985. Somaclonal variation:
Impact on plant biology and breeding strategies. Di dalam: W. M. Wilson.,
editor. Biotechnology in Plant Science-Relevance to agriculture in the
eighties. California: Academic Press, Inc.
Leroy, X. J., K. Leon, and M. Branchard. 2000. Plant genomic instability detected
by microsatellite-primers. Journal of Biotechnology. 3(2): 140.
Lucia, G., M. R. Castiglione, A. Turrini, V. N. Ronchi and C. Geri. 2011.
Cytogenetic and histological approach for early detection of “mantled”
somaclonal variants of oil palm regenerated by somatic embryogenesis: first
result on the characterization of regeneration system. Caryologia . 64(2):
223-234.
Matthes, M., R. Singh, S. Cheah, and A. Karp. 2001. Variation in oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture-derived regenerants revealed by AFLPs with
methylation –sensitive enzymes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 102:
971-979.
Pahan, I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit. Cetakan ke-1. Jakarta: Penebar
Swadaya. 68-69, 86-87.
Peredo, E. L., M. A. Revilla, R. Arroyo-Garcia. 2006. Assessment of genetic and
epigenetic variation in hop plants regenerated from sequential subcultures
of organogenic calli. Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 1071
Peschke, V. M. and R. L. Philips. 1992. Genetic implication of somaclonal variation
in plants. Advances in Genetic. 29: 41-75.
Purnamaningsih, R. 2002. Regenerasi tanaman melalui embriogenesis somatik dan
beberaoa gen yang mengendalikannya. Buletin AgroBio. 5(2): 51.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
32
Rahayu, B., Solichatun. E. Anggarwulan. 2003. Pengaruh asam 2,4diklorofenoksiasetat (2,4-D) terhadap pembentukan dan pertumbuhan kalus
serta kandungan flavonoid kultur kalus Acalypha indica L. Biofarmasi. 1(1):
3-4.
Rice, R. D., Rice, R.D., Anderson, P.G., Hall J.f and Ranchod, A. 1992.
Micropropagation: Principles and Commercial Practice. Di dalam: M.
Mooyong, editor. Plant biotechnology: Comprehensive biotechnology
(Second Supplement). England: Pergamon Press.
Rival, A., E. Jaligot, T. Beulé and J. Tregear. 1998. Suitability of RAPD analysis
for the detection of somaclonal variants in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.). Plant Breed. 117: 73-76.
Rohlf, F. J. 2000. NTSYS-pc, Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis
system, Version 2.1. Exeter Publications. New York.
Sanputawong, S. and Te-chato, S. 2011. Analysis of Somaclonal variation of callus,
somatic embryo and plant regeneration of in vitro oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.). Journal of Agricultural Technology. 7(2): 531-533.
Santos, M. R. A. D., M. D. G. R. Ferreira and V. Sarubo. 2010. Determination of
callus growth curve in conilon coffee. Revista Caatinga. 23(1): 135.
Serra, A. G. P., R. Paiva and P. D. O. Paiva. 2000. Análises bioquímicas de calos
formados de explantes foliares de castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa
H.B.K.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia . 24(40): 833-840.
Shu, Y., Yan Ying-Cai and Lin Hong-Hui. 2005. Plant regeneration through
somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of Dioscorea zingiberensis.
Plant Cell Tissue. and Organ Culture. 80:157-161.
Sianipar, N. F., G. A. Wattimena, H. Aswidinnoor, M. Thenawijaya, N. ToruanMathius dan G. Ginting. 2007. Karakteristik secara morfologi abnormalitas
embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) dari ekplan daun.
Jurnal AgroBiogen. 3(1): 32-39.
Skirvin, R. N., K. D. McPheeters, and M. Norton. 1994. Sources and frequency of
somaclonal variation. Hort. Sci. 29: 1232-1237.
Soehardjo, H. H. Harahap, R. Ishak, A. Purba, E. Lubis, S. Budiana, dan
Kusmahadi. 1996. Vademecum Kelapa Sawit. PT. Perkebunan Nusantara
IV. Pematang Siantar.
Street, H. E. 1973. Plant Tissue and Cell Cultures. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. London.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Sumaryono, I. Riyadi, P. D. Kasi dan G. Ginting. 2007. Pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan kalus embriogenik dan embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) pada sistem perendaman sesaat. Menara Perkebunan.
75(1): 36-40.
Tandon, R., T. N. Manohara, B. H. M. Nijalingappa, and K. R. Shivanna. 2001.
Polination and pollen-pistil interaction in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).
Ann Bot. 87: 831-838.
Teixera, J.B., M.R. Söndahl, and E. G. Kirby. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis from
immature inflorescences of oil palm. Plant Cell Reports. 13: 247-250.
Thawaro, S. and S. Te-chato. 2009. Effect of genotypes and auxins on callus
formation from mature zygotic embryos of hybrid oil palms. Journal of
Agricultural Technology. 5(1): 169-170.
Thuzar, M., A. Vanavichit, S. Tragnoonrung, C. Jantasuriyat. 2011. Efficient and
rapid plant regeneration of oil palm zygotic embryos cv. ‘Tenera’ through
somatic embryogenesis. Acta Physiol Plant. 33: 125-126.
Thuzar, M., A. Vanavichit, S. Tragnoonrung and C. Jantasuriyat. 2012. Recloning
of regenerated planlets from elite oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cv.
Tenera. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11(82): 14763-14765.
Toruan-Mathius, N., E. Yusniastuti, R. Setiamiharja dan M. H. Karmana. 2005.
Analisis genotip normal dan abnormal pada klon kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) dengan Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
(AFLP). Menara Perkebunan. 73(1): 13.
Weising, K., H. Nybom, K. Wolff and G. Kahl. 2005. DNA fingerprinting in plants.
2nd Edition. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton.
Yulianti, F., N. F. Devy dan S. Widyaningsih. 2012. Evaluasi variasi somaklonal
pada benih jeruk hasil perbanyakan melalui embriogenesis somatik. Jurnal
Hortikultura. 22(3): 210-216.
Yusnita. 2004. Cara memperbanyak tanaman secara efisien. Agromedia Pustaka.
Jakarta.
Zulkarnain. 2009. Kultur jaringan tanaman. Edisi 1. Cetakan ke-1. Bumi Aksara.
Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Al-Khayri, J. M. 2012. Determination of the date palm cell suspension growth
curve, optimum plating efficiency and influence of liquid medium on
somatic embryogenesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture. 24(5):
447-448.
Arimarsetiowati, R. 2011. Pengaruh auksin 2,4-D dan sitokinin 2-ip terhadap
pembentukan embriogenesis somatik langsung pada eksplan daun Coffea
arabica L. Pelita Perkebunan. 27(2): 68-77.
Azwin. 2007. Evaluasi stabilitas genetik tanaman gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis
Lamk.) hasil kultur in vitro. [Tesis]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor,
Program Pascasarjana.
Badan Litbang Pertanian. 2013. Suplemen sinar tani; inovasi kultur jaringan kelapa
sawit. Edisi 23-29. Kementerian Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Badrun, M. 2010. Lintasan 30 tahun pengembangan kelapa sawit. Kementerian
Pertanian Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Budiani, A dan Febrimarsa. 2010. Analisis sekuen DNA daerah 5’-EGAD1 dari
buah kelapa sawit normal dan abnormal hasil kultur jaringan. Menara
Perkebunan. 78(2): 45-46.
Chourykaew, B. and K. Kanchanapoom. 1996. In vitro culture of embryos and
callus of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Journal of The Sciences Society
of Thailand. 22: 6.
Corley, R. H. V., Lee, C. H., Law, L. H., and Wong, C. Y. 1986. Abnormal flower
development in oil palm clones. Planter. 62: 233-240.
Da Silva Guedes, R., T. L. da Silva, Z. G. Luis and J. E. Scherwinski-Pereira. 2011.
Initial requirements for embryogenic calluses initiation in thin cell layers
explants from immature female oil palm inflorescence. African Journal of
Biotechnology. 10(52): 10776-10777.
Debergh, P. 1992. Reconsideration of term ‘vitrification’ as used in
micropopagation. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture. 30: 32.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
30
Doyle, J. J. and J. L. Doyle. 1990. A rapid DNA isolation procedure for fresh plant
tissue. Focus. 12: 13-15.
Eeuwens, C. J., S. Lord, C.R. Donough, V. Rao, G. Vallejo and S. Nelson. 2002.
Effects of tissue culture condition during embryoid multiplication on the
incidence of “mantled” flowering in clonally propagated oil palm. Plant Cell
Tissue and Organ Culture. 70: 311-323.
Fki, L., R. Masmoudi, W. Kriaâ, A. Mahjoub, B. Sghaier, R. Mzid, A. Mliki, A.
Rival, and N. Drira. 2011. Date palm micropropagation via somatic
embryogenesis. Date Palm Biotechnology: 50.
Gardner, F. P., R. B. Pearce and M. Roger. 2008. Fisiologi Tanaman Budidaya. UI
Press. Jakarta.
Hartley, C. W. S. 1977. The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq). Second Edition.
Longmans. London.
Hartman, H. T., D. E. Kester, and F. T. Davis-Jr. 1990. Plant propagation: principles
and practices. Prentice-Hall International Inc. New Jersey.
Hendaryono, D. P. S. dan A. Wijayani. 1994. Teknik kultur jaringan. Kanisius.
Yogyakarta.
Hetharie, H. 2008. Abnormalitas bunga dan buah pada klon kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq) berdasarkan analisis morfologi, biokimia dan dna genom.
[Disertasi]. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor, Sekolah Pascarjana.
Hetharie, H. 2010. Deteksi perubahan genetik pada kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.) abnormal dengan teknik RAPD. Jurnal Budidaya Pertanian. 6(2): 4546.
Ikhtimami, A. 2012. pengaruh periode subkultur terhadap kadar saponin akar
rambut tanaman gingseng jawa (Talinum paniculatum Gaertn.). [Skripsi].
Surabaya: Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi. Universitas Airlangga.
Jaligot, E., T. Beule, F. C. Baurens, N. Billotte, and A. Rival. 2004. Search for
methylation-sensitive amplification polymorphisms associated with
“mantled” variant phenotype in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Genome.
47: 224.225.
Jones, L. H. 1991. Endogenous cytokinin in oil palm (Elaeis guieneensis Jacq.)
callus, embryoids and regenerant plants measured by radio immunoassay.
Plant Cell Tiss. & Org. Cult. 20: hal. 201-209.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
31
Karp, A. 1995. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement. Euphytica. 185: 295302.
Kasi, P. D. dan Sumaryono. 2008. Perkembangan kalus embriogenik sagu
(Metroxylon sagu Rottb.) pada tiga sistem kultur in vitro. Menara
Perkebunan. 76(1). 4-6.
Larkin P. J. and W. R. Scowcroft. 1981. Somaclonal variation; A novel source of
variability from cell cultures for plant improvement. Theoretical and
Applied Genetics. 60: 167-214.
Larkin, P. J., W. R. Scowcroft and W. M. Wilson. 1985. Somaclonal variation:
Impact on plant biology and breeding strategies. Di dalam: W. M. Wilson.,
editor. Biotechnology in Plant Science-Relevance to agriculture in the
eighties. California: Academic Press, Inc.
Leroy, X. J., K. Leon, and M. Branchard. 2000. Plant genomic instability detected
by microsatellite-primers. Journal of Biotechnology. 3(2): 140.
Lucia, G., M. R. Castiglione, A. Turrini, V. N. Ronchi and C. Geri. 2011.
Cytogenetic and histological approach for early detection of “mantled”
somaclonal variants of oil palm regenerated by somatic embryogenesis: first
result on the characterization of regeneration system. Caryologia . 64(2):
223-234.
Matthes, M., R. Singh, S. Cheah, and A. Karp. 2001. Variation in oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) tissue culture-derived regenerants revealed by AFLPs with
methylation –sensitive enzymes. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 102:
971-979.
Pahan, I. 2006. Panduan Lengkap Kelapa Sawit. Cetakan ke-1. Jakarta: Penebar
Swadaya. 68-69, 86-87.
Peredo, E. L., M. A. Revilla, R. Arroyo-Garcia. 2006. Assessment of genetic and
epigenetic variation in hop plants regenerated from sequential subcultures
of organogenic calli. Journal of Plant Physiology. 163: 1071
Peschke, V. M. and R. L. Philips. 1992. Genetic implication of somaclonal variation
in plants. Advances in Genetic. 29: 41-75.
Purnamaningsih, R. 2002. Regenerasi tanaman melalui embriogenesis somatik dan
beberaoa gen yang mengendalikannya. Buletin AgroBio. 5(2): 51.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
32
Rahayu, B., Solichatun. E. Anggarwulan. 2003. Pengaruh asam 2,4diklorofenoksiasetat (2,4-D) terhadap pembentukan dan pertumbuhan kalus
serta kandungan flavonoid kultur kalus Acalypha indica L. Biofarmasi. 1(1):
3-4.
Rice, R. D., Rice, R.D., Anderson, P.G., Hall J.f and Ranchod, A. 1992.
Micropropagation: Principles and Commercial Practice. Di dalam: M.
Mooyong, editor. Plant biotechnology: Comprehensive biotechnology
(Second Supplement). England: Pergamon Press.
Rival, A., E. Jaligot, T. Beulé and J. Tregear. 1998. Suitability of RAPD analysis
for the detection of somaclonal variants in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis
Jacq.). Plant Breed. 117: 73-76.
Rohlf, F. J. 2000. NTSYS-pc, Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis
system, Version 2.1. Exeter Publications. New York.
Sanputawong, S. and Te-chato, S. 2011. Analysis of Somaclonal variation of callus,
somatic embryo and plant regeneration of in vitro oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.). Journal of Agricultural Technology. 7(2): 531-533.
Santos, M. R. A. D., M. D. G. R. Ferreira and V. Sarubo. 2010. Determination of
callus growth curve in conilon coffee. Revista Caatinga. 23(1): 135.
Serra, A. G. P., R. Paiva and P. D. O. Paiva. 2000. Análises bioquímicas de calos
formados de explantes foliares de castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa
H.B.K.). Ciência e Agrotecnologia . 24(40): 833-840.
Shu, Y., Yan Ying-Cai and Lin Hong-Hui. 2005. Plant regeneration through
somatic embryogenesis from callus cultures of Dioscorea zingiberensis.
Plant Cell Tissue. and Organ Culture. 80:157-161.
Sianipar, N. F., G. A. Wattimena, H. Aswidinnoor, M. Thenawijaya, N. ToruanMathius dan G. Ginting. 2007. Karakteristik secara morfologi abnormalitas
embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) dari ekplan daun.
Jurnal AgroBiogen. 3(1): 32-39.
Skirvin, R. N., K. D. McPheeters, and M. Norton. 1994. Sources and frequency of
somaclonal variation. Hort. Sci. 29: 1232-1237.
Soehardjo, H. H. Harahap, R. Ishak, A. Purba, E. Lubis, S. Budiana, dan
Kusmahadi. 1996. Vademecum Kelapa Sawit. PT. Perkebunan Nusantara
IV. Pematang Siantar.
Street, H. E. 1973. Plant Tissue and Cell Cultures. Blackwell Scientific
Publications. London.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
33
Sumaryono, I. Riyadi, P. D. Kasi dan G. Ginting. 2007. Pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan kalus embriogenik dan embrio somatik kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) pada sistem perendaman sesaat. Menara Perkebunan.
75(1): 36-40.
Tandon, R., T. N. Manohara, B. H. M. Nijalingappa, and K. R. Shivanna. 2001.
Polination and pollen-pistil interaction in oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.).
Ann Bot. 87: 831-838.
Teixera, J.B., M.R. Söndahl, and E. G. Kirby. 1994. Somatic embryogenesis from
immature inflorescences of oil palm. Plant Cell Reports. 13: 247-250.
Thawaro, S. and S. Te-chato. 2009. Effect of genotypes and auxins on callus
formation from mature zygotic embryos of hybrid oil palms. Journal of
Agricultural Technology. 5(1): 169-170.
Thuzar, M., A. Vanavichit, S. Tragnoonrung, C. Jantasuriyat. 2011. Efficient and
rapid plant regeneration of oil palm zygotic embryos cv. ‘Tenera’ through
somatic embryogenesis. Acta Physiol Plant. 33: 125-126.
Thuzar, M., A. Vanavichit, S. Tragnoonrung and C. Jantasuriyat. 2012. Recloning
of regenerated planlets from elite oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) cv.
Tenera. African Journal of Biotechnology. 11(82): 14763-14765.
Toruan-Mathius, N., E. Yusniastuti, R. Setiamiharja dan M. H. Karmana. 2005.
Analisis genotip normal dan abnormal pada klon kelapa sawit (Elaeis
guineensis Jacq.) dengan Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
(AFLP). Menara Perkebunan. 73(1): 13.
Weising, K., H. Nybom, K. Wolff and G. Kahl. 2005. DNA fingerprinting in plants.
2nd Edition. Taylor & Francis. Boca Raton.
Yulianti, F., N. F. Devy dan S. Widyaningsih. 2012. Evaluasi variasi somaklonal
pada benih jeruk hasil perbanyakan melalui embriogenesis somatik. Jurnal
Hortikultura. 22(3): 210-216.
Yusnita. 2004. Cara memperbanyak tanaman secara efisien. Agromedia Pustaka.
Jakarta.
Zulkarnain. 2009. Kultur jaringan tanaman. Edisi 1. Cetakan ke-1. Bumi Aksara.
Jakarta.
Universitas Sumatera Utara