Laporan Praktikum Dan Organism id
RATIFICATION PAGE
Complete report of Basic Biology experiment the title “The Effect
Temperature of Organism Activity” arrenged by :
name
: Devi Putriana
ID
: 1314441006
class
: Biology ICP B
group
: VI (Six)
It has been checked and consult for an assistant and assistant coordinator then
stated acceptable.
Makassar, January
Assistant
Assistant Coordinator
Rachmayani Ardiansyah, S.Pd
Irwandi Rahmat
ID: 1114040032
Known by
Lecturer of Responsible
Dr. Muhiddin P. S.Pd, M.Pd
NIP : 19721231 19903 1 042
th
2013
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Temperature is one of factor that details in environmental and have role
important in arranging biology activity an organism like arranging speed
chemical in body living things, example breathing. In condition temperature
that different living things breathing with level different too. Like to fish that
is bloodless animal arranging process respiration in body it according with
condition environmental it for help process in body.
Like the things of factor-factor environmental which others, temperature also
have boundary for every organism, like from-until whether is temperature
organism it can defensive. This All problem studied in ecology study, namely
“Sheflord tolerance law”. So that, in this experiment we can studied more far
about relation between level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
Every organism have boundary or gyration certain to environmental it. If
over boundary or gyration it, so organism can’t defensive life or will
experiencing of die because can’t defensive life and can’t adaptation own self
with environmental it. Factor-factor of environmental often fluctuation,
seldom found condition that extreme. Fluctuation environmental factor will
influencing life organism, process of physiologies, its behavior and
mortalities.
For lessening bad effect of its environmental so fish doing
adaptation. Adaptation is a process adjustment self step by step that doing by
an organism to new condition.
Every organism requires need to survive. Organism can survive only if the
environment can provide the necessities of life. So, every organism must can
done adaption with it environment. If someday the environment condition
change, some species or plant may can survive or breed. Other species may
be die or move to new premises. All the sea organism (except mammal) has
the poikilotermic characteristic, that is can not arrange the temperature of it
body. The temperature of poikilotermic organism body hang on indeed on the
temperature of water where it life. So that the existence of the changes of
water temperature will effected to the water organism badly.
So that, in this experiment we can studied more far about relation between
level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is apprentice expected can comparing
speed using oxygen by different an organism.
C. Benefit
In this experiment apprentice more opening knowledge about how to
temperature can influencing activity respiration in body. Inclusive about
process metabolism in body a living things.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one environment physical factor that the most clear, easy
measured and has many kinds. Temperature has important function in organism to
manage the biological activity of organism, in animals and plants. This is caused
by temperature influences chemical reaction speed in the body and also determine
metabolism, like in respiration. Like in the other environmental factors,
temperature has to span which can be tolerated by each organism. This problem is
explained by ecology study in “Shelford Tolerance Law”. By using tool that
relative simple, the experiment about the effect of temperature for organism
activity is not really difficult to done, for example by using a simple respirometer
(Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum, 2013).
Acclimation: Getting used to the cold if an animal is kept for a long time
at low temperatures, it acclimates; that is , it adjusts physiologically to the new
conditions. In poikilotherms, acclimation involves actual cellular changes.
Enzyme concentrations change; different enzyme with different optimum
temperatures are induced; water concentration shift; conditions affecting enzyme
activity, like pH and ionic concentrations, are altered. As a result, the metabolic
rate at any given temperature increases.In homtherms, cells remain at the same
temperature no matter what the air temperature, and their enzyme system do not
change. Nevertheless, acclimation does occur. The fur grows thicker, circulation
shifts to reduce heat losses to the environment, and higher levels of thyroxine
flow in the blood to spur the metabolic rate.Adaptation to low temperatures:
enduring the cold. Most animals are inactive at 0 ºC. But in the deep fjords off
Newfoundland, where the water temperature all year long is almost constantly 1.7ºC, many fish swim, feed, and bread normally. These fish have enzymatic
machinery adapted to a narrow band of temperature; in water at 1 or 2ºC, they
quickly “overheat” and die (Jensen, 1979)
Physiologic response to environment change can be done and changed
according to time scale that begun from second until week. Physiologic responses
that involve change that relative small in that process speed, and biochemical
way, can happen very fast. As an example, when you walk in one day that so cold
your blood vessel will narrow in seconds, a physiologic response that minimize
lost the heat from body.Tolerance limit is who determine that important in
geographic spread an organism, although biologic interaction can prevent a
species to place a habitat where that organism has adapted by physiologic.
Physiologic response to variation of environment can consist of acclimation, that
involve a fundamental change but still can back, that shift tolerance curve an
organism according to environment change (Campbell, 2010).
Living organisms who live in an environment will adapt with conditions
that happen in all year. Some adaptations are important thing as physiologic and
maybe accompanied with characteristic change and morphologic. Living
organisms can do adaptation only in short time (minute or hour) or long time (day
or week). These adaptations have value for life performance and called as
acclimation. This process different with genetic adaptation is called adaptation in
population.Ability to protect an internal environment, that not influenced by
changes in habitat , decrease needed acclimate in many incidents. When
acclimation adaptation is happened in normally or optimal in animals, it is called
acclimation capacity. In opposite, acclimation that happened near the extreme
point in tolerance, it is called resistant acclimation (Michael, 1995).
Temperature has been found to affect the living organisms in various
ways, for example it has significant role on the cells, morphology, Physiology,
behaviour, growth, ontogenetic development and distribution of plants and
animals. Some of well-studied effects of temperature on living organisms are
following : Temperature and cell: The minimum and maximum temperatures have
lethal effects on the cells and their components. If too cold, cell proteins may be
destroyed as ice forms, or as water is lost and electrolytes become concentrated in
the cells; heat coagulates proteins. Temperature and metabolism: Most of
metabolic activities of microbes, plants and animals are regulated by varied kinds
of enzymes and enzymes in turn are influenced by temperature, consequently
increase in temperature, upto a certain limit, brings about increased enzymatic
activity, resulting in an increased rate of metabolism. For instance, the activity of
liver arginase enzyme upon arginine amino acid, is found to increase gradually
and gradually, with the simultaneous increase in the temperature from 17°C to
48°C. But an increase in temperature beyond 48″C is found to have an adverse
effect on the metabolic rate of this enzymatic activity which retards rapidly. In
plants, the absorption rate is retarded at low temperature. Photosynthesis operates
over a wide range of temperature. Most algae require lower temperature range for
photosynthesis than the higher plants. The rate of respiration in plants, however,
increase, with the rise of temperature, but beyond the optimum limit high
temperature decreases the respiration rate. The rate of respiration become doubled
(like in animals) at the increase of 10°C above the optimum temperature, provided
other factors are favourable. However, optimum temperature for photosynthesis is
lower than that for respiration. When temperature drops below the minimum for
growth, a plant becomes dormant even though respiration and photosynthesis may
continue slowly. Low temperatures further affect the plant by precipitating the
protein in leaves and tender twigs and by dehydrating the tissues (Puja, 2013).
The maturation of gonads, gametogenesis and lib.-ration of gametes takes
place at a specific temperature which varies from species to species. For example,
some species breed uniformly throughout the year, some only in summer or in
winter, while some species have two breeding periods, one in spring and other in
fall. Thus, temperature determines the breeding seasons of most organisms.
Temperature also affects fecundity of animals. Fecundity of an animal is defined
as its reproductive capacity, i.e., the total number of young ones given birth
during the life time of the animal. For example, females of the insect, acridid
Chrotogonus trachyplerus became sexually mature at 30°C and 35°C than at
25°C, and the highest number of eggs per female was laid at temperatures of
30°C. The number of eggs decreased from 243 to 190 when the temperature was
raised to 30—35°C. Likewise, in grasshopper species—Melanoplus sanguinipes
and Camnula pellucida when reared at 32°C produce 20—30 times as many eggs
than those reared at 22°C (see Ananthakrishan and Viswanathan, 1976). On the
other hand, the fecundity of certain inseets such as cotton stem weevil
(Pempherulus affinis) was found to decline with an increase in temperature
beyond 32.8°C. In certain animals the environmental temperature determines the
sex ratio of the species. For example, the sex ratio of the copepod Maerocyclops
albidu is found to be temperature dependent. As the temperature rises there is a
significant increase in number of males. Similarly in plague flea, Xenopsylla
cheopis, males outnumbered females on rats, on days when the mean temperature
remains in between 21—25°C. But the position becomes reverse on more cooler
days (Puja, 2013).
Temperature influences the speed and success of development of
poikilothermic animals. In general complete development of eggs and larvae is
more rapid in warm temperatures. Trout eggs, for example, develop four times
faster at 15°C than at 5°C. The insect, chironomid fly Metriocnemus hirticollis,
requires 26 days at 20°C for the development of a full generation, 94 days at
10°C, 153 days at 6.5°C, and 243 days at 20°C, (Andrewartha and Birch, 1954).
However, the seeds of many plants will not germinate and the eggs and
pupae of some insects will not hatch or develop normally until chilled. Brook
trout grows best at 13°C to 16°C, but the eggs develop best at 8°C. In the common
forest ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus development from egg to
mature beetle takes 82 days at 15°C, whereas at 25°C it takes only 46 days. In
pine lappet, Dendroliniuspini rate of development and mortality of various
developmental stages are effected by temperature. The growth rates of different
animals and plants is also influenced by temperature. For example, the adult trouts
do not feed much aid do not grow until the water is warmer than 10°C. Likewise,
in the oyster Ostraea virginica, the length of the body increase from 1.4 mm to
10.3 mm when temperature is increased from 10°C to 20°C. The gastropod
Urosalpinx cinerea and sea urchin Echinus esculcntus show maximum size in
warmer waters. Corals flourish well in those waters which contain water below
21°C. The size and colouration of animals are subject to influence by temperature.
In warm humid climates many animals like insects, birds and mammals bear
darker pigmentation than the races of some species found in cool and dry
climates. This phenomenon is known as Gioger rule. In the frog Hyla and the
horned toad Phrynosoma, low temperatures have been known to induce
darkening. Some prawn (crustacean invertebrates) turn light coloured with
increasing temperature. The walking stick Carausius has been known to became
black at 15 C and brown at 25°C. Temperature also affects the absolute size of an
animal and the relative properties of various body parts (Bergman’s rule). Birds
and mammals, for example attain a greater body size when they are in cold
regions than in warm regions, and colder regions harbour larger species. But
poikilotherms tend to be smaller in colder regions.
Body size has played a significant role in adaptation to low temperature because it
has influenced the rate of heat loss (Puja, 2013).
CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A.
Place and Date
Day / Date
: Wednesday/ January 8th 2013
Time
: 09.00 – 12.00 am
Place
: Green
House
Laboratory
faculty
of
mathematic and science university of Makassar.
B.
Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Thermometer 1 piece
b. Beaker glass 1000 ml 3 piece
c. Stopwatch
2. Materials
a.
2 tail goldfish ( Cyprinus carpio )
b.
Ice cube
c.
water faucets
d.
Hot water
C. Work Procedure
1.
Entered 2 goldfish are relatively similar magnitude to the
beaker glass contained tap water and acclimatization for 5 minutes.
2.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (A) of normal water
(26oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (open-closed)
operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
3.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (B) contained warm
water(38oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (openclosed) operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
4.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (C)contained cold
water (15oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (openclosed) operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
5.
Recorded observation in the table.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
Becker glass
A
Normal
B
Warm
C
Cold
Temperature
26℃
38℃ - 35℃
15℃ - 14℃
1
Time (minute to……)
2
3
4
5
89
85
84
65
76
79,8
97
107
120
122
131
116
27
13
12
10
9
14,2
Average
B. Data analyzes
Frequency Average =
1.
f 1+f 2+ f 3+ f 4 + f 5
5
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (A) during five minute.(260C)
89+85+84 +65+76
operculum
=
79,8
5
minute
2.
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (B) during five minute.(380C)
97+107+120+ 122+131
Operculum
=
116
5
minute
3.
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (C) during five minute.(150C)
27+13+12+10+9
Operculum
= 14,2 minute
5
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
140
131
120
120
100 97
89
80
122
107
85
84
76
65
60
Beaker A
Beaker B
Beaker C
40
20
27
13
0
Minute 1
Minute 2
12
Minute 3
10
Minute 4
9
Minute 5
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
C. Discussion
In beacker glass A with temperature equal to 260 C, movement frequency
operculum of fish is 79,8 operculum/minute. This is refer to movement
operculum of goldfish more fast if compared with different fish to becker glass
C. This is occur because like that we know, fish is bloodless animal where’s
temperature of body follow temperature of body. In hot water closeness
estranged water, until for boosting up temperature of body, fish have to much
doing burning, where’s in this thing will needed much oxygen. This data shows
us that the movement frequency of operculum is normal or in average. This
happen because fish usual at the running water. This temperature contains O 2
and CO2 is relative same, so the movement frequency of operculum is normal.
so that fish dont need to much longer to adjust to the environment . this is
consistent with the theory advanced Burhanuddin(2010), that the frequency of
movement opened closed operculum at the fish normal as in the normal
temperature survived it do not quick and not too slow for movement of
operculum because this condition in accordanse with the needs of requiring
oxigen.
Frequency movement operculum of goldfish in Beacker glass B with
temperature 380 C is 116 operculum/minute. This is refer to number of normal to
fish. In temperature it sum up oxygen severed in water. The temperature of body
impossible, so occur balance between sum up oxygen that needed in burning to
body with total oxygen. This data shows us that the movement frequency of
operculum is so high. In hot condition, the fish do activity that active, so
movement frequency (open-closed) of operculum is so speed. In this condition, it
contents smallest O2 and contents of CO2, this cause movement frequency of
operculum of fish is quick enough. This is consistent with the theory advanced
Burhanuddin(2010), that at hot temperature the fish seen doing the much
movement or very quickly at the water which have hot temperature which the
frequency of movement opened closed operculum relatively quickly , it caused at
the hot water, the oxygen available enough so that the gold fish should be free to
breath at it seen from the frequency of movement opened closed is little from
normally temperature.
In Beacker glass C frequency movement operculum of goldfish in
temperature 150 C is 14,2 operculum/minute. This is refer movement frequency
operculum of fish to beacker glass B more tardy if compared with fish in becker
glass A. this is because closeness oxygen ( in cold water ) more big, it means
obstetrical of oxygen big too. So that process burning in goldfish body have to
lessened, where are oxygen that needed must limited, this is aim to for degrading
body temperature. If temperature in water degraded continuous so fish can’t doing
process metabolism, until fish can be die. This data shows us that the movement
frequency of operculum is low. In cold condition, organism activity is not too
active, so make possible movement frequency of operculum is enough low. In this
condition, it contains bigger O2, this condition cause movement frequency of
operculum is low. this is according to the theory Burhanuddin(2010), that at the
cold water, the oxigen available is not enough, so that the fish can’t doing more
movement than normally temperature. The frequency average of movement
opened closed operculum sometimes slow but suddenly quick again this matter
can happened because so many the factor can influenced it.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Temperature is one of factor that sharing in arranging biologist activity
organism. In normal temperature, fish breathing with stabile, but in different
temperature respiration speed to fish not same, like in temperature cold water
and hot water. In cool water fish breathing so tardy while in temperature hot
water fish breathing with fast. This is relevant with process metabolism in fish
to a lot of or at least oxygen that consisted in water.The temperature influence
to the organism activity, especially in respiration system and chemical process
in the body of organism. In normal temperature, the movement frequency of
fish’s operculum is normal too. But in high temperature, the movement
frequency is increase, and in low temperature, the movement frequency is
decrease.
B. Suggestion
It is expected that the laboratory, so check carefully whether the goods
will be given to experiment and goods returned experiment. Expected assistant
companion kept an eye on the experiment especially during the heated of
materials, and continue to give explanations and directions to the experiment.
It is expected that all apprentice to not spell out to others in addition to this
lab, and always working with the theme of a group for the results that you
want to accomplish can be done as expected.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell. N. A., J.B. Reece and L.G. Mitchell. 2010. Biologi. 5th edition.
Jakarta:Erlangga.
Jensen, William. 1979. Biology. Wadsworth, Inc. United State of America.
Michael, P. 1995. Metode Ekologi untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratorium.
Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.
Puja, Mondal. 2013. 12 Most Important Effects of Temperature on Living
Organisms.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/12-mostimportant-effects-of-temperature-on-living-organisms/3794/. Accessed on
20.57 am
Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. .Guide Book of Basic Biology.Makassar:
Biology Department Faculty Mathematic and science state university of
Makassar.
.
Question
1.
Why there are difference in the frequency of
operculum movement of fish in different water temperature?
Answer: Because the temperature of each beaker glass different. While
temperature affects chemical reactions in an organism’s body. This causes the
organism need more oxygen. To obtain its operculum fish should move more
obten.
2.
At what temperature the frequency of movement
(opening and closing)highest operculum?
Answer : at the hot temperature
3.
At what temperature the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) lowest operculum?
Answer : at the cold temperature
4.
Why there are different in the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) based on operculum water temperature?
Answer : Because the different water temperature influence the movement of
operculum.
Complete report of Basic Biology experiment the title “The Effect
Temperature of Organism Activity” arrenged by :
name
: Devi Putriana
ID
: 1314441006
class
: Biology ICP B
group
: VI (Six)
It has been checked and consult for an assistant and assistant coordinator then
stated acceptable.
Makassar, January
Assistant
Assistant Coordinator
Rachmayani Ardiansyah, S.Pd
Irwandi Rahmat
ID: 1114040032
Known by
Lecturer of Responsible
Dr. Muhiddin P. S.Pd, M.Pd
NIP : 19721231 19903 1 042
th
2013
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
Temperature is one of factor that details in environmental and have role
important in arranging biology activity an organism like arranging speed
chemical in body living things, example breathing. In condition temperature
that different living things breathing with level different too. Like to fish that
is bloodless animal arranging process respiration in body it according with
condition environmental it for help process in body.
Like the things of factor-factor environmental which others, temperature also
have boundary for every organism, like from-until whether is temperature
organism it can defensive. This All problem studied in ecology study, namely
“Sheflord tolerance law”. So that, in this experiment we can studied more far
about relation between level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
Every organism have boundary or gyration certain to environmental it. If
over boundary or gyration it, so organism can’t defensive life or will
experiencing of die because can’t defensive life and can’t adaptation own self
with environmental it. Factor-factor of environmental often fluctuation,
seldom found condition that extreme. Fluctuation environmental factor will
influencing life organism, process of physiologies, its behavior and
mortalities.
For lessening bad effect of its environmental so fish doing
adaptation. Adaptation is a process adjustment self step by step that doing by
an organism to new condition.
Every organism requires need to survive. Organism can survive only if the
environment can provide the necessities of life. So, every organism must can
done adaption with it environment. If someday the environment condition
change, some species or plant may can survive or breed. Other species may
be die or move to new premises. All the sea organism (except mammal) has
the poikilotermic characteristic, that is can not arrange the temperature of it
body. The temperature of poikilotermic organism body hang on indeed on the
temperature of water where it life. So that the existence of the changes of
water temperature will effected to the water organism badly.
So that, in this experiment we can studied more far about relation between
level of temperature to using oxygen an organism.
B. Purpose
The purpose of this experiment is apprentice expected can comparing
speed using oxygen by different an organism.
C. Benefit
In this experiment apprentice more opening knowledge about how to
temperature can influencing activity respiration in body. Inclusive about
process metabolism in body a living things.
CHAPTER II
PREVIEW OF LITERATURE
Temperature is one environment physical factor that the most clear, easy
measured and has many kinds. Temperature has important function in organism to
manage the biological activity of organism, in animals and plants. This is caused
by temperature influences chemical reaction speed in the body and also determine
metabolism, like in respiration. Like in the other environmental factors,
temperature has to span which can be tolerated by each organism. This problem is
explained by ecology study in “Shelford Tolerance Law”. By using tool that
relative simple, the experiment about the effect of temperature for organism
activity is not really difficult to done, for example by using a simple respirometer
(Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum, 2013).
Acclimation: Getting used to the cold if an animal is kept for a long time
at low temperatures, it acclimates; that is , it adjusts physiologically to the new
conditions. In poikilotherms, acclimation involves actual cellular changes.
Enzyme concentrations change; different enzyme with different optimum
temperatures are induced; water concentration shift; conditions affecting enzyme
activity, like pH and ionic concentrations, are altered. As a result, the metabolic
rate at any given temperature increases.In homtherms, cells remain at the same
temperature no matter what the air temperature, and their enzyme system do not
change. Nevertheless, acclimation does occur. The fur grows thicker, circulation
shifts to reduce heat losses to the environment, and higher levels of thyroxine
flow in the blood to spur the metabolic rate.Adaptation to low temperatures:
enduring the cold. Most animals are inactive at 0 ºC. But in the deep fjords off
Newfoundland, where the water temperature all year long is almost constantly 1.7ºC, many fish swim, feed, and bread normally. These fish have enzymatic
machinery adapted to a narrow band of temperature; in water at 1 or 2ºC, they
quickly “overheat” and die (Jensen, 1979)
Physiologic response to environment change can be done and changed
according to time scale that begun from second until week. Physiologic responses
that involve change that relative small in that process speed, and biochemical
way, can happen very fast. As an example, when you walk in one day that so cold
your blood vessel will narrow in seconds, a physiologic response that minimize
lost the heat from body.Tolerance limit is who determine that important in
geographic spread an organism, although biologic interaction can prevent a
species to place a habitat where that organism has adapted by physiologic.
Physiologic response to variation of environment can consist of acclimation, that
involve a fundamental change but still can back, that shift tolerance curve an
organism according to environment change (Campbell, 2010).
Living organisms who live in an environment will adapt with conditions
that happen in all year. Some adaptations are important thing as physiologic and
maybe accompanied with characteristic change and morphologic. Living
organisms can do adaptation only in short time (minute or hour) or long time (day
or week). These adaptations have value for life performance and called as
acclimation. This process different with genetic adaptation is called adaptation in
population.Ability to protect an internal environment, that not influenced by
changes in habitat , decrease needed acclimate in many incidents. When
acclimation adaptation is happened in normally or optimal in animals, it is called
acclimation capacity. In opposite, acclimation that happened near the extreme
point in tolerance, it is called resistant acclimation (Michael, 1995).
Temperature has been found to affect the living organisms in various
ways, for example it has significant role on the cells, morphology, Physiology,
behaviour, growth, ontogenetic development and distribution of plants and
animals. Some of well-studied effects of temperature on living organisms are
following : Temperature and cell: The minimum and maximum temperatures have
lethal effects on the cells and their components. If too cold, cell proteins may be
destroyed as ice forms, or as water is lost and electrolytes become concentrated in
the cells; heat coagulates proteins. Temperature and metabolism: Most of
metabolic activities of microbes, plants and animals are regulated by varied kinds
of enzymes and enzymes in turn are influenced by temperature, consequently
increase in temperature, upto a certain limit, brings about increased enzymatic
activity, resulting in an increased rate of metabolism. For instance, the activity of
liver arginase enzyme upon arginine amino acid, is found to increase gradually
and gradually, with the simultaneous increase in the temperature from 17°C to
48°C. But an increase in temperature beyond 48″C is found to have an adverse
effect on the metabolic rate of this enzymatic activity which retards rapidly. In
plants, the absorption rate is retarded at low temperature. Photosynthesis operates
over a wide range of temperature. Most algae require lower temperature range for
photosynthesis than the higher plants. The rate of respiration in plants, however,
increase, with the rise of temperature, but beyond the optimum limit high
temperature decreases the respiration rate. The rate of respiration become doubled
(like in animals) at the increase of 10°C above the optimum temperature, provided
other factors are favourable. However, optimum temperature for photosynthesis is
lower than that for respiration. When temperature drops below the minimum for
growth, a plant becomes dormant even though respiration and photosynthesis may
continue slowly. Low temperatures further affect the plant by precipitating the
protein in leaves and tender twigs and by dehydrating the tissues (Puja, 2013).
The maturation of gonads, gametogenesis and lib.-ration of gametes takes
place at a specific temperature which varies from species to species. For example,
some species breed uniformly throughout the year, some only in summer or in
winter, while some species have two breeding periods, one in spring and other in
fall. Thus, temperature determines the breeding seasons of most organisms.
Temperature also affects fecundity of animals. Fecundity of an animal is defined
as its reproductive capacity, i.e., the total number of young ones given birth
during the life time of the animal. For example, females of the insect, acridid
Chrotogonus trachyplerus became sexually mature at 30°C and 35°C than at
25°C, and the highest number of eggs per female was laid at temperatures of
30°C. The number of eggs decreased from 243 to 190 when the temperature was
raised to 30—35°C. Likewise, in grasshopper species—Melanoplus sanguinipes
and Camnula pellucida when reared at 32°C produce 20—30 times as many eggs
than those reared at 22°C (see Ananthakrishan and Viswanathan, 1976). On the
other hand, the fecundity of certain inseets such as cotton stem weevil
(Pempherulus affinis) was found to decline with an increase in temperature
beyond 32.8°C. In certain animals the environmental temperature determines the
sex ratio of the species. For example, the sex ratio of the copepod Maerocyclops
albidu is found to be temperature dependent. As the temperature rises there is a
significant increase in number of males. Similarly in plague flea, Xenopsylla
cheopis, males outnumbered females on rats, on days when the mean temperature
remains in between 21—25°C. But the position becomes reverse on more cooler
days (Puja, 2013).
Temperature influences the speed and success of development of
poikilothermic animals. In general complete development of eggs and larvae is
more rapid in warm temperatures. Trout eggs, for example, develop four times
faster at 15°C than at 5°C. The insect, chironomid fly Metriocnemus hirticollis,
requires 26 days at 20°C for the development of a full generation, 94 days at
10°C, 153 days at 6.5°C, and 243 days at 20°C, (Andrewartha and Birch, 1954).
However, the seeds of many plants will not germinate and the eggs and
pupae of some insects will not hatch or develop normally until chilled. Brook
trout grows best at 13°C to 16°C, but the eggs develop best at 8°C. In the common
forest ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus development from egg to
mature beetle takes 82 days at 15°C, whereas at 25°C it takes only 46 days. In
pine lappet, Dendroliniuspini rate of development and mortality of various
developmental stages are effected by temperature. The growth rates of different
animals and plants is also influenced by temperature. For example, the adult trouts
do not feed much aid do not grow until the water is warmer than 10°C. Likewise,
in the oyster Ostraea virginica, the length of the body increase from 1.4 mm to
10.3 mm when temperature is increased from 10°C to 20°C. The gastropod
Urosalpinx cinerea and sea urchin Echinus esculcntus show maximum size in
warmer waters. Corals flourish well in those waters which contain water below
21°C. The size and colouration of animals are subject to influence by temperature.
In warm humid climates many animals like insects, birds and mammals bear
darker pigmentation than the races of some species found in cool and dry
climates. This phenomenon is known as Gioger rule. In the frog Hyla and the
horned toad Phrynosoma, low temperatures have been known to induce
darkening. Some prawn (crustacean invertebrates) turn light coloured with
increasing temperature. The walking stick Carausius has been known to became
black at 15 C and brown at 25°C. Temperature also affects the absolute size of an
animal and the relative properties of various body parts (Bergman’s rule). Birds
and mammals, for example attain a greater body size when they are in cold
regions than in warm regions, and colder regions harbour larger species. But
poikilotherms tend to be smaller in colder regions.
Body size has played a significant role in adaptation to low temperature because it
has influenced the rate of heat loss (Puja, 2013).
CHAPTER III
PRACTICUM METHOD
A.
Place and Date
Day / Date
: Wednesday/ January 8th 2013
Time
: 09.00 – 12.00 am
Place
: Green
House
Laboratory
faculty
of
mathematic and science university of Makassar.
B.
Tools and Materials
1. Tools
a. Thermometer 1 piece
b. Beaker glass 1000 ml 3 piece
c. Stopwatch
2. Materials
a.
2 tail goldfish ( Cyprinus carpio )
b.
Ice cube
c.
water faucets
d.
Hot water
C. Work Procedure
1.
Entered 2 goldfish are relatively similar magnitude to the
beaker glass contained tap water and acclimatization for 5 minutes.
2.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (A) of normal water
(26oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (open-closed)
operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
3.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (B) contained warm
water(38oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (openclosed) operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
4.
Took 1 goldfish and putted into beaker glass (C)contained cold
water (15oC). Calculated and noted the frequency of movement (openclosed) operculum in a minute for 5 minutes.
5.
Recorded observation in the table.
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
A. Result of Observation
Becker glass
A
Normal
B
Warm
C
Cold
Temperature
26℃
38℃ - 35℃
15℃ - 14℃
1
Time (minute to……)
2
3
4
5
89
85
84
65
76
79,8
97
107
120
122
131
116
27
13
12
10
9
14,2
Average
B. Data analyzes
Frequency Average =
1.
f 1+f 2+ f 3+ f 4 + f 5
5
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (A) during five minute.(260C)
89+85+84 +65+76
operculum
=
79,8
5
minute
2.
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (B) during five minute.(380C)
97+107+120+ 122+131
Operculum
=
116
5
minute
3.
Movement average operculum goldfish in
Becker glass (C) during five minute.(150C)
27+13+12+10+9
Operculum
= 14,2 minute
5
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
140
131
120
120
100 97
89
80
122
107
85
84
76
65
60
Beaker A
Beaker B
Beaker C
40
20
27
13
0
Minute 1
Minute 2
12
Minute 3
10
Minute 4
9
Minute 5
Graphic of movement Frequency operculum Cyprinus carvio
C. Discussion
In beacker glass A with temperature equal to 260 C, movement frequency
operculum of fish is 79,8 operculum/minute. This is refer to movement
operculum of goldfish more fast if compared with different fish to becker glass
C. This is occur because like that we know, fish is bloodless animal where’s
temperature of body follow temperature of body. In hot water closeness
estranged water, until for boosting up temperature of body, fish have to much
doing burning, where’s in this thing will needed much oxygen. This data shows
us that the movement frequency of operculum is normal or in average. This
happen because fish usual at the running water. This temperature contains O 2
and CO2 is relative same, so the movement frequency of operculum is normal.
so that fish dont need to much longer to adjust to the environment . this is
consistent with the theory advanced Burhanuddin(2010), that the frequency of
movement opened closed operculum at the fish normal as in the normal
temperature survived it do not quick and not too slow for movement of
operculum because this condition in accordanse with the needs of requiring
oxigen.
Frequency movement operculum of goldfish in Beacker glass B with
temperature 380 C is 116 operculum/minute. This is refer to number of normal to
fish. In temperature it sum up oxygen severed in water. The temperature of body
impossible, so occur balance between sum up oxygen that needed in burning to
body with total oxygen. This data shows us that the movement frequency of
operculum is so high. In hot condition, the fish do activity that active, so
movement frequency (open-closed) of operculum is so speed. In this condition, it
contents smallest O2 and contents of CO2, this cause movement frequency of
operculum of fish is quick enough. This is consistent with the theory advanced
Burhanuddin(2010), that at hot temperature the fish seen doing the much
movement or very quickly at the water which have hot temperature which the
frequency of movement opened closed operculum relatively quickly , it caused at
the hot water, the oxygen available enough so that the gold fish should be free to
breath at it seen from the frequency of movement opened closed is little from
normally temperature.
In Beacker glass C frequency movement operculum of goldfish in
temperature 150 C is 14,2 operculum/minute. This is refer movement frequency
operculum of fish to beacker glass B more tardy if compared with fish in becker
glass A. this is because closeness oxygen ( in cold water ) more big, it means
obstetrical of oxygen big too. So that process burning in goldfish body have to
lessened, where are oxygen that needed must limited, this is aim to for degrading
body temperature. If temperature in water degraded continuous so fish can’t doing
process metabolism, until fish can be die. This data shows us that the movement
frequency of operculum is low. In cold condition, organism activity is not too
active, so make possible movement frequency of operculum is enough low. In this
condition, it contains bigger O2, this condition cause movement frequency of
operculum is low. this is according to the theory Burhanuddin(2010), that at the
cold water, the oxigen available is not enough, so that the fish can’t doing more
movement than normally temperature. The frequency average of movement
opened closed operculum sometimes slow but suddenly quick again this matter
can happened because so many the factor can influenced it.
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
Temperature is one of factor that sharing in arranging biologist activity
organism. In normal temperature, fish breathing with stabile, but in different
temperature respiration speed to fish not same, like in temperature cold water
and hot water. In cool water fish breathing so tardy while in temperature hot
water fish breathing with fast. This is relevant with process metabolism in fish
to a lot of or at least oxygen that consisted in water.The temperature influence
to the organism activity, especially in respiration system and chemical process
in the body of organism. In normal temperature, the movement frequency of
fish’s operculum is normal too. But in high temperature, the movement
frequency is increase, and in low temperature, the movement frequency is
decrease.
B. Suggestion
It is expected that the laboratory, so check carefully whether the goods
will be given to experiment and goods returned experiment. Expected assistant
companion kept an eye on the experiment especially during the heated of
materials, and continue to give explanations and directions to the experiment.
It is expected that all apprentice to not spell out to others in addition to this
lab, and always working with the theme of a group for the results that you
want to accomplish can be done as expected.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Campbell. N. A., J.B. Reece and L.G. Mitchell. 2010. Biologi. 5th edition.
Jakarta:Erlangga.
Jensen, William. 1979. Biology. Wadsworth, Inc. United State of America.
Michael, P. 1995. Metode Ekologi untuk Penyelidikan Ladang dan Laboratorium.
Jakarta:Universitas Indonesia.
Puja, Mondal. 2013. 12 Most Important Effects of Temperature on Living
Organisms.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/environment/12-mostimportant-effects-of-temperature-on-living-organisms/3794/. Accessed on
20.57 am
Tim Penyusun Biologi Umum. 2013. .Guide Book of Basic Biology.Makassar:
Biology Department Faculty Mathematic and science state university of
Makassar.
.
Question
1.
Why there are difference in the frequency of
operculum movement of fish in different water temperature?
Answer: Because the temperature of each beaker glass different. While
temperature affects chemical reactions in an organism’s body. This causes the
organism need more oxygen. To obtain its operculum fish should move more
obten.
2.
At what temperature the frequency of movement
(opening and closing)highest operculum?
Answer : at the hot temperature
3.
At what temperature the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) lowest operculum?
Answer : at the cold temperature
4.
Why there are different in the frequency of
movement(opening and closing) based on operculum water temperature?
Answer : Because the different water temperature influence the movement of
operculum.