Perancangan Ketel Uap dengan Kapasitas 122 Ton Uap/Jam untuk Pengolahan 4000 Ton Tebu/Hari (Surve PTPN II Kwala Madu)
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- Adaptasi ke satuan SI dari E. R. G. Eckert dan R. M. Drake, “Heat and Mass Transfer” 2d ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1959.
1.000 750 0.2931 2.119 26.04 x 10
0.0422 0.573 x 10
0.986 650 0.3380 2.056 22.47 x 10
6.64 x 10
0.0464 0.666 x 10
0.995 700 0.3140 2.085 24.26 x 10
7.72 x 10
0.0505 0.772 x 10
8.88 x 10
0.991 600 0.3652 2.026 20.67 x 10
0.0549 0.883 x 10
1.005 800 0.2739 2.152 27.86 x 10
10.20 x 10
0.0592 1.001 x 10
1.010 850 0.2579 2.186 29.69 x 10
11.52 x 10
0.0637 1.130 x 10
5.66 x 10
0.0379 0.475 x 10
Lampiran 1 Sifat-sifat Uap Air Sumber : Holman. J. P. 1993.
1.060 400 0.5542 2.014 13.44 x 10
T (K)
ρ (kg/m3) c p
(kJ/kg
C) µ (kg/m s) v (m2/s) k (W/m
0C) α (m2/s) Pr 380 0.5863 2.060 12.71 x 10
2.16 x 10
0.0246 0.2036 x 10
2.42 x 10
4.70 x 10
0.0261 0.2338 x 10
1.040 450 0.4902 1.980 15.25 x 10
3.11 x 10
0.0299 0.307 x 10
1.010 500 0.4405 1.985 17.04 x 10
3.86 x 10
0.0339 0.387 x 10
0.996 550 0.4005 1.997 18.84 x 10
1.019
Lampiran 2 Harga Roughness ( ɛ) Material Sumber: Jack b. Evett. 1987.
Material (new) Roughness ( ɛ) ft m Riveted 0.003 – 0.03 0.0009 – 0.009 Concrate 0.001 – 0.01 0.0003 – 0.003 Wood Stave 0.0006 – 0.003 0.0002 – 0.0009 Cast Iron 0.00085 0.00026 Galvanized Iron 0.0005 0.00015 Asphalted Cast Iron 0.0004 0.0001 Comerrcial Stell or Wrought Iron 0.00015 0.000046 Drawn Brass or Copper Tubing 0.000005 0.0000015 Glass and Plastic smooth smooth Lampiran 3 Koefesien Kerugian Instalasi Pipa Sumber: Jack B. Evett. 1987.
Nominal Diameter Screwed Flanged ½
0.41
0.64
0.95
1.5
2.0
0.10 180 reguler
0.15
0.19
0.30
0.41
0.23
0.72
0.30
1.0
0.21 90 long radius
0.26
0.30
0.39
0.5
0.64
0.95
1.5
2.0
0.35
0.25
0.16
0.14
0.58
0.64
0.80
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.8
2.4
0.07 Branch flow
0.10
0.19
0.20 180 long radius
0.24
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.10 Tess: Line flow
0.15
0.21
0.30
40
0.14 90 reguler
0.19
1
13
0.35
0.8
0.11
0.16
0.24
0.3
5.5 Gate
5.8
6.0
8.5
5.7
0.07
6.9
8.2
14
20 Valves (fully open): Globe
8
4
2
1
4
2
0.16
0.03 Swing chek
0.20
1.0
0.21
0.29 45 long radius
0.3
0.32
0.39
2.0 Elbows: 45 reguler
2.0
2.0
2.4
4.5
2.0
5.1
4.7
9.0
2.0 Angle
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.9
0.41 Lampiran 4 Tabel Uap Panas Lanjut Sumber: Cengel. A. Yunus. 1994.
A-1
A-2 (Lanjut)
Lampiran 5 Tabel Uap Jenuh Sumber: Cengel. A. Yunus. 1994.
B-1
B-2 (lanjut)
C-1
C-2 (lanjut)
Lampiran 6 Bahan Pipa Waterwall, Superheater, dan Backpass Sumber: Croker. Sabin. 1973.
XXS JIS ANSI A
12.7
12.7
31.8 35.7 - 355.6 355.6 350
27.8
23.8
19.0
12.7
15.1
11.1
33.3 25.4 318.5 323.9 300
28.6
25.4
21.4
17.4
14.3
12.7
10.3
28.6 25.4 267.4 273.1 250
25.4
21.4
18.3
15.1
12.7
12.7
9.3
23.0 22.2 216.3 219.1 200
20.6
18.2
15.1
12.7
16.7
21.4
18.2 21.9 165.2 168.3 150
44.4 50.0 - 508.0 508.0 500
Nominal Wall Thickness Outside Diameter Nominal Pipe Size
17.5 - 12.7 - - - - - - 812.8 812.8 800 17.5 - 12.7 - - - - - - 863.6 863.6 850 19.1 - 12.7 - - - - - - 914.4 914.4 900
52.4 59.5 - 609.6 609.6 600
46.0
38.9
31.0
12.7
24.6
17.5
47.6 54.0 - 558.8 558.8 550
41.3
34.9
28.6
12.7
38.1
26.2
32.5
26.2
12.7
20.6
15.1
39.7 45.2 - 457.2 457.2 450
34.9
29.4
23.8
12.7
19.0
14.3
36.5 40.5 - 406.4 406.4 400
30.9
8.2 10.3 (12.7)
7.1 9.3 (11.0) 11.0 - 14.3 -
Lampiran 7 Dimensi Pipa menurut Standard JIS dan ANSI Sumber: http://test2.urs.com.tw/b6/diekson/e43.htm
21.3
3.6 4.5 (4.9) 4.9 - - -
25
33.5
34.0
9.1
6.4
3.4 3.9 (4.5) 4.5 - - -
20
26.7
27.2
7.8
5.5
2.9 3.4 (3.9) 3.9 - - -
15
21.7
9.7
7.5
4.7
2.8 3.2 (3.7) 3.7 - - -
10
17.1
17.3
2.3 2.8 (3.2) 3.2 - - - - -
8
13.7
13.8
2.2 2.4 (3.0) 3.0 - - - - -
80 Sch 100 Sch 120 Sch 140 Sch 160
60 XS Sch
Nominal Wall Thickness Outside Diameter Nominal Pipe Size Sch 40 Sch
6.4
42.7
15.9 19.0 139.8 141.3 125
14.0
6.6 8.1 (9.5) 9.5 - 12.7 -
13.5 17.1 114.3 114.3 100
6.0 7.1 (8.6) 8.6 - 11.1 -
90
5.7 7.0 (8.1) 8.1 - - - 12.7 - 101.6 101.6
80
88.9
89.1
15.2
11.1
5.5 6.6 (7.6) 7.6 - - -
65
73.0
76.3
9.5
42.2
5.2 6.0 (7.0) 7.0 - - -
50
60.3
60.5
11.1
8.7
3.9 4.9 (5.5) 5.5 - - -
40
48.3
48.6
10.2
7.1
3.7 4.5 (5.1) 5.1 - - -
32
- 190.7 - 175
- 241.8 - 225
- 22.2
- 12.7 - - - - - - 660.4 660.4 650
- 12.7 - - - - - - 711.2 711.2 700
- 12.7 - - - - - - 762.0 762.0 750
- 12.7 - - - - - - 965.2 965.2 950
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1016.0 1016.0 1000
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1066.8 1066.8 1050
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1117.6 1117.6 1100
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1168.4 1168.4 1150
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1219.2 1219.2 1200
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1270.0 1270.0 1250
60 XS Sch
Sch 40 Sch
XXS JIS ANSI A
80 Sch 100 Sch 120 Sch 140 Sch 160
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1320.8 1320.8 1300
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1371.6 1371.6 1350
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1422.4 1422.4 1400
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1473.2 1473.2 1450
- 12.7 - - - - - - 1524.0 1524.0 1500
Lampiran 9 Kehilangan Panas ke Udara Luar Sumber: Gaffert. Gustaf A. “Steam Power Station”. Fourth Edition.
Lampiran 10 Emisivitas dan Faktor Koreksi CO 2 dan H
Emisivitas CO
2 Emisivitas H
2 O Faktor koreksi emisivitas H
2 O Faktor koreksi gabungan CO 2 dan H
2 O Lampiran 11 Tabel Sifat-sifat Udara Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.
Lampiran 12 Faktor Koreksi Superheater Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.
Lampiran 13 Koefesien Konduktifitas Bentuk Benda Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.
- 100 C -148 F C
Baja Karbon C ≈ 0.5% C ≈ 1.0% C ≈ 1.5%
43
52
36
43
55
36 1.474 1.172 0.970
43
54
0.465 0.473 0.486
7.833 7.801 7.753
33 Baja (C maks ≈ 1,5%):
48
33
33
36
45
48
52
57
59
0.46 59 1.626
36 Besi Tempa, 0,55 C 7.849
36
42
36
28
73
0.46
0.452
≈ 20% 7.897 7.933
29 Baja Nikel Ni ≈ 0% Ni
29
31
28
28
29
29
36
31
31
33
35
33
36
42
35
40
45
35
40
Lampiran 14 Nilai Konduktivitas Logam Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.
/s x
F 400
C 572
F 300
C 392
F 200
C 212
32 F 100
)
5
10
2
F 600
(m
C) α
C) k (W/m
(kJ/kg
p
) c
3
(kg/m
C) ρ
Logam Sifat-sifat pada 20 C Konduktivitas termal k (W/m
C 752
C 1112
48
11.373 0.130 35 2.343
55
62
67
73
87
29.8 Besi: Murni 7.897 0.452 73 2.034
31.5
33.4
35.1
36.9
2.707 0.892 177 7.311 175 189 204 Timbal
F 800
2.627 0.854 161 7.172 144 157 168 175 178 Al-Mg-Si, 97% Al, 1%Mg, 1%Si, 1% Mn.
2.659 0.867 137 5.933 119 137 144 152 161 Al-Si (Alusil), 78-80% Al, 20-22% Si.
2.787 0.883 164 6.676 126 159 182 194 Al-Si(Silumin, mengandung tembaga), 86.5% Al, 1% Cu.
Murni 2.707 0.896 204 8.418 215 202 206 215 228 249 Al-Cu (Duralumin), 94- 96% Al, 3-5% Cu, runut Mg.
F Aluminum:
C 2192
F 1200
C 1832
F 1000
C 1472
19 2.026 0.526 Lampiran 15 Pendekatan Nilai Koefesien Perpindahan Panas Menyeluruh (U o ) Sumber: Holman, J.P. , 1993.
Approximate values of overall heat transfer coefficient U
Physical situation
2
2 Btu/h-ft F W/m C Brick exterior wal, plaster interior, uninstalated
0.45
2.55 Frame exterior, wall, plaster interior, uninstalated
0.25
1.42 With rock-wool insulaton
0.07
0.4 Plate-glass window
1.10
6.2 Double plate-glass window
0.40
2.3 Steam condenser 200-1000 110-5600 Feedwater heater 200-1500 1100-8500 Freon-12 condenser with water coolant 50-150 280-850 Water-to-water heat exchanger 150-300 850-1700 Finned-tube heat exchanger, water in tubes, air
5-10 25-55 accros tubes Water-to-oil heat exchanger 20-60 110-350 Gas to light fuel oil 30-60 170-340 Gas to heavy fuel oil 10-30 56-170 Gas to kerosene or gasoline 50-200 280-1140 Finned-tube heat exchanger, steam in tubes, air
5-50 28-280 over tubes Amonia condenser, water in tubes 150-250 850-1400 Alcohpl Condenser, water in tunes 45-120 255-680 Gas-to-gas heat exchanger 2-8 10-40
Jenis-jenis Bahan Isolasi dan Penerapannya
Pipa dan sambungan Selubung kaca serat
Blok serat mineral 1100 52-130 210 Ketel, tangki
230-1000 32-85 100-106 Ketel uap, drum
Selubung serat mineral 750 37-81 125 Pipa panas Blok wol mineral 450-1000 52-130 175-290 Pipa panas Papan dan blok kalsium silikat
650 33-91 125-100 Pipa panas
Pipa pendingin Kaca serat tanpa selubung uap 250 29-45 24-48 Pipa panas Papan kaca serat 20-450 33-52 25-100 Ketel uap dan tangki Papan dan blok kaca sel 20-450 29-108 110-150 Pipa panas Papan dan blok busa uretana 100-150 16-20 24-65 Pipa Bentukan pra cetak serat mineral
Drum dan alat tangki pipa Kaca serat pra cetak bentukan -50-230 32-55 10-50 Pipa Lembaran elastomer 40-100 36-39 70-100 Tangki Anyaman kaca serat 60-370 30-55 10-50 Pipa dan sambungan Elastomer pracetak bentukan -40-100 36-39 70-100 Pipa sambungan Kaca serat dengan selubung uap
32 Tangki Block kaca sel -200-200 29-108 110-150 Tangki dan pipa Selubung kaca serat sebagai pembungkus
Lampiran 16
) penerapan Superisolasi Linde hampa -240-1100 0.0015-0.72 Berbagai Banyak Busa uretana -180-150 16-20 25-48 Pipa panas dan dingin Busa uretana -170-110 16-20
3
C) Densitas (kg/m
(W/m
C) Konduktifitas termal
(
Jenis Jangkauan suhu
- 28-290 22-78 10-50
- 170-230 25-86 10-50
- 5-70 29-45 10-32
Velocities generely used in steam generating system Velocity
Nature of service (ft/min)
Air Air heater
1000-5000 Coal and air lines, pulverized coal 3000-4500 Compresed air lines 1500-2000 Forced draft ducks 1500-3600 Forced draft duct, entrance to burners 1500-2000 Register grills
300-600 Ventilating ducks 1000-3000 Crude oil lines Fuel gas
60-360 Air heater
1000-5000 Boiler gas passes 3000-6000 Induced draft flues and breeching 2000-5000
1000-1500 Natural gas lines Steam Steam lines High pressure
8000-12000 Velocities generely used in steam generating system
Velocity Nature of service
(ft/min) Low pressure 12000-15000
Vacuum 20000-40000
Superheater tubes 5000-10000 Water Boiler circulation
70-700 Economizer tubes
150-300 Pressurized water reactors Fuel assembly channels 400-1300 Reactor coolant piping 2400-3600 Water lines, general 500-750 Lampiran 18 Susunan Tabung Superheater, Backpass. Harga C dan m Sumber: Incropera Frank, 1985.
Susunan pipa Harga C dan m
Lampiran 19 Faktor Keefektifan Pipa Waterwall Sumber: Babcock and Wilcox, 1969.