04. MODIFIKASI PERILAKU [Compatibility Mode]

SUNARDI, PLB FIP UPI

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MODIFIKASI
Perubahan, merubah, memperbaiki, membuat sesuatu
yang sudah ada menjadi berbeda / lebih baik.
PERILAKU
Aktivitas, aksi, kinerja, respons, atau reaksi
Tindakan sederhana / simple action
Dapat diobservasi / can be overt (observable)
Dapat tersembunyi / can be covert (not directly observable)
Perilaku tersembunyi harus disimpulkan dari responrespon terbuka / covert behavior must be inferred from overt responses.

www.mhhe.com/mayfieldpub/sarafino/presentations/ch01.ppt

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Berbagai upaya untuk mengubah perilaku
Aplikasi prinsip-prinsip belajar yang teruji secara
sistematis untuk mengubah perilaku tidak adaptif menjadi
perilaku adaptif
Penggunaan secara empiris teknik-teknik perubahan
perilaku untuk memperbaiki perilaku melalui penguatan
positif, penguatan negatif, dan hukuman.
usaha untuk menerapkan prinsip-prinsip proses belajar
maupun prinsip-prinsip psikologi hasil eksperimen pada
manusia

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TERAPI
TINGKAH LAKU

TUJUAN
MENDORONG MUNCULNYA
PERILAKU YANG TEPAT
MELALUI BELAJAR

TRITMEN

PENGKONDISIAN
KLASIK

PENGKONDISIAN
OPERAN

TEKNIK

TEKNIK

FLOODING

AVERSI

DESENSITISASI
SISTEMATIK

IN-VIVO

IMAGINAL

EKSTINGSI

TEKNIK

PENGHUKUMAN

TOKEN
EKONOMI
IDEN TARGET PRILAKU

MODELING

OBSERVASI

BERTAHAP
LAKUKAN

LAKUKAN
SENDIRI
KETENTUAN BERI TOKEN

ATURAN PENUKARAN

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4.

Aversion therapy
Digunakan untuk menghilangkan kebiasaan buruk., dengan
meningkatkan kepekaan klien agar mengganti respond pada
stimulus yang disenanginya dengan kebalikan stimulus tersebut,
dibarengi dengan stimulus yang merugikan dirinya, mislanya
muntah. Homo sex – lihat photo pria telanjang – lantai aliri listrik –
gemetaran.

5.

Cover desensitization
Digunakan untuk merawat tingkah laku yang menyenangkan klien
tetapi menyimpang, missal homo, alcoholic. Diminta
membayangkan prilaku yang menyenangkan tersebut, tetapi pada
saat bersamaan diminta pula untuk membayangkan sesuatu yang
tidak menyenangkan. Alcoholic – diminta membayangkan minum,
saat gelas hampir di mulut – bayangkan ingin muntah.

6.

Thought Stopping
Efektif digunakan untuk klien yang sangat cemas. Caranya, missal
klien ditutup matanya sambil membayangkan dan mengatakan
sesuatu yang mengganggu dirinya, missal berkata “saya jahat” –
pada saat itu klien memberi tanda, dan terapi kemudian berteriak
atau berkata keras dan nyaring berkata “berhenti”. Jadi pikiran
yang tadi digantikan dengan teriakan terapi, berulang-ulang
sampai dirinya sendiri yang bisa menghentikan.

Guthri:
Imcopatibel method, exhaustion (meletihkan,
melelahkan), dan cange of environment#

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Behavioral Approaches
Development of Behavioral Approaches
John Locke: Blank Slate

◦ John Watson: Learned Neuroses
◦ B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
◦ Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Basic Principles
◦ Reinforcement: Rewards and Punishments.
◦ Shaping: Working with small, incremental changes.
◦ Measurement: Objective, measurable outcomes.
◦ Action: Dwells more on behaviors than thoughts.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Theoretical Constructs and Techniques
◦ Focuses on dysfunctional, irrational, unrealistic and distorted
thoughts.
◦ Feelings and behavior are also addressed.
◦ Unconditional acceptance is important.
◦ Ellis also believed in authenticity.
◦ Clients are encouraged to think rationally.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Philosophy and Beliefs
◦ Understanding belief systems is important.
◦ Belief systems are organized ways of thinking about reality.
◦ Belief systems affect one’s self-view.
◦ The language a client uses, will speak to their philosophy and belief
system.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Philosophy and Beliefs (continued)
◦ Clients create their own emotional disturbances by believing in absolute
and irrational beliefs.
◦ Clients can choose their belief system.
◦ Counselors can help clients by identifying irrational beliefs and helping
the client find meaning in their lives.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Identifying Irrational Thinking
◦ Helpless thinking is the result of irrational thinking.
◦ It usually includes “all or nothing” statements.
◦ It usually includes the words should, ought, never and must.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Identifying Irrational Thinking (continued)
Five common irrational or dysfunctional ideas:
“Life isn’t fair.”
“It’s awful.”
“I can’t stand it.”
“I must get what I want.”
“I’m incompetent.”
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Albert Ellis/Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
A-B-C-D-E-F
A = The activating event.
B = The irrational belief about the event.
C = The emotional consequence.
D = Disputing the irrational beliefs.
E = The emotional effect of disputing the belief.
F = New feelings and behavior.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy and Multiculturalism
◦ The therapy fails to address contextual-situational factors that
adversely impact client’s lives.
◦ REBT uses the ethnocentric approach to mental health care.
◦ Does not focus on the phenomenological experience of the client.
◦ Does not address the different ways irrational beliefs are manifested
by the culturally different.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
◦ Instead of seeking to change behavior, Reality Therapy works on
changing awareness of responsibility.
◦ Once responsibility is acknowledged by the client, it is then possible
to work on behavior change.
◦ The locus of the decision is placed on the client.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
◦ The Reality therapist might borrow skills, techniques or ideas from
other theories if it benefits the client.
◦ The Reality therapist will be himself or herself, use humor, sarcasm
and confrontation in personal ways to assist the client in greater
understanding.
◦ Role-playing, systematic planning, and teaching intentional living are
all important in Reality Therapy.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
◦ The client has control over his or her life, choices and personhood.
◦ There is no need to explore a client’s past because the past is over
and the client’s problems occur in the present.
◦ Reality therapy puts the power into the client’s hands and shows the
client how he or she can help himself or herself.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
◦ The client and counselor explores the client’s wants and needs.
◦ It focuses on conscious, planned behavior.
◦ The therapy focuses on responsibility and choice.
◦ Trust and the relationship between client and counselor are critical.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
The Basics
◦ Since it is often used in institutions, the counselor’s communication
of trust, warmth, respect and caring is especially important.
◦ Reality therapy helps clients look at the consequences of their own
actions.
◦ This therapy is often used in settings other than the counseling office
(e.g. playground or detention center) and is practiced by those other
than counselors (e.g. teacher and prison guard).
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

ThoughtsBehavioral

Approaches

William Glasser/Reality Therapy//Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
◦ Reality therapy aids the client in examining the types of thoughts he
or she has about himself or herself and the external world.
◦ It helps clients exert control over their own actions, lives, choices
and feelings.
◦ Clients choose misery and symptoms. This becomes a way a client
has of dealing with the world (e.g. depressing, headaching).

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive
addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
◦ We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
◦ Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that
relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those
needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps
the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
William Glasser/Reality Therapy/Choice Theory
Cognitive Aspects of Reality Therapy
◦ There are negative additions (e.g. drugs, stealing) and positive
addictions (e.g. walking, meditation).
◦ We choose our addictions and therefore our fate.
◦ Reality therapy helps clients to: Explore their wants and how that
relates to their needs; look at what they are doing to meet those
needs; evaluate behaviors in relationship to those needs and helps
the client plan to change behavior to more effectively meet needs.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Reality Therapy and Multiculturalism
◦ Many of the tenets of Reality therapy fits well with other cultures.
◦ Helping the client explore wants and needs keeps the focus on the
client’s values and concerns within the client’s cultural context.
◦ Reality therapy challenges the client to see the self in relationship to
his or her context. This includes the client’s cultural context.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy
Behavior is reciprocal between a client’s thoughts, feelings, psychological
processes and resultant consequences.
Cognitions do not cause emotional difficulty.
Counselors help clients understand how they construct and construe reality.
CBT therapists dissuade from the rationalist or objectivist position.
There is an emphasis on collaboration with the client.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Donald Meichenbaum’s Ten Central Tenets of Cognitive Behavioral
Therapy (continued)
Relapse prevention is central to cognitive behavioral therapy.
The client/therapist relationship is critical for change to occur.
Emotions play a critical role in cognitive-behavioral therapy.
CBT is used with couples and families.
CBT can be used in a variety of setting with a variety of issues.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs
◦ Client-counselor relationship is imperative and counselors exhibit high
levels of empathy, self-congruence and interpersonal contact. The
relationship is collaborative and relationship variables differ according to
client and culture.
◦ Operationalization of Behavior: Focuses on the concreteness and
specifics of behavior. Vagueness is transformed into objective, observable
actions.
◦ Functional Analysis: The ABC’s of behavior. An individual's behavior is
directly related to events and stimuli in the environment.
“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

Behavioral Approaches
Applied Behavioral Analysis: Central Constructs

◦ Reinforcement: Behavior develops and maintains itself through a
system of punishments and rewards.
◦ Goals: These are designed to make specific behavioral changes.
Goals are concrete, specific, observable and measurable.

“Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004”

.
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Functional Behavioral Assessment
(FBA)
Why do students act the way they
do?
Recall that if a pattern of behavior
difficulty develops leading to 10
days of being removed from
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