The Description Of Tenses Used In Jakarta Post Newspaper Tuesday July 9TH, 2013

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THE DESCRIPTION OF TENSES USED

IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER

TUESDAY, JULY 9

, 2013

A PAPER

WRITTEN

BY

M. Yusuf Habiebie

NIM: 102202024

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM DIPLOMA III

FACULTY OF CULTURE STUDY

UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATERA

MEDAN

2013

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Approved by Supervisor,

Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. NIM: 19581017198601001

Submitted to the Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for English Study Diploma III Program

Approved by

The chairperson of English Study Diploma III,

Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. NIP : 19521126 198112 1 001

Approved by the English Study Diploma III Program, Faculty of Culture Study,

University of North Sumatera

As a paper for the examination board November 2013

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Accepted by the examination board in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the DIII examination of the Diploma III English Study Program, Faculty of Culture Study of University of North Sumatera.

The examination is held on: Friday, November 15th, 2013

Faculty of Culture Study University of North Sumatera Dean,

Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. NIP : 19511031 197603 1 001

Board of examiners:

1. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. (English Study Prog.) ……….

2. Dra. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A (supervisor) ………..

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AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I am, M. YUSUF HABIEBIE, declare that I am the sole of author of this paper. Except where reference is made in the text of this paper, this paper contains no material published elsewhere or extracted in whole or in part from a paper by which I have qualified for or awarded another degree.

No other person’s work has been used without due acknowledgement in the main text of this paper. This paper has not been submitted for the award of another degree in any tertiary education.

Signed : ……… Date : Friday, November 15th, 2013

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COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

Name : M. YUSUF HABIEBIE

Title of paper : THE DESCRIPTION OF TENSES USED IN JAKARTA POST NEWSPAPER TUESDAY

JULY 9TH, 2013

Qualification : D-III/ Ahli Madya Study Program : English

1. I am willing that my paper should be available for reproduction at the discretion of the Liberarian of the Diploma III English Study Program Faculty of Culture Study USU on the understanding that users are made aware of their obligation under law of the Republic of Indonesia.

2. I am not willing that my papers be made available for reproduction.

Signed : ……… Date : Friday, November 15th, 2013

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ABSTRACT

This paper is entitled The Description of Tenses Used in the Jakarta Post Newspaper, Tuesday, July 9th, 2013. The writer of this paper on this circumstance is discussing about the description of English tenses used by one of the Jakarta Post journalists which was published on Tuesday, July 9th, 2013. The topic written in the news was 51 killed in Egypt. The journalist wrote twenty-four sentences which have seventy verb phrases. All the sentences are written by using seventy-six verb phrases in seventy-six different tenses. The tenses used are Simple Past Tense, Simple Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Past Continuous Tense, and Past Perfect Tense. The whole sentences are written in two kinds of sentences, they are forty-nine actives and twenty-seven passives. The frequency of the tenses used are fifty-one times Simple Past Tense, eighteen times Simple Present Tense, three times present Perfect Tense, two times Present Continuous Tense, one Past perfect, and one times Past Continuous Tense.

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ABSTRAK

Paper ini berjudul The Description of Tenses Used in Jakarta Post Newspaper, Tuesday, July 9th, 2013. Penulis dalam hal ini membicarakan tentang deskripsi tenses bahasa Inggris yang digunakan oleh salah seorang wartawan surat kabar Jakarta Post terbitan hari Selasa tanggal 9 bulan Juli tahun 2013. Judul berita yang dideskripsikan itu adalah ’51 killed in Egypt’. Wartawan tersebut menggunakan dua puluh empat kalimat yang terdiri dari tujuh puluh enam verba klausa untuk memberitakan berita tersebut. Tenses yang digunakan adalah sebanyak enam tenses. Frikwensi tenses adalah 51 past tense, 18 present tense, 3 present perfect, 2 present continuous, 1 past continuous, dan 1 past pe4fect. Berarti ada 10 tenses yang tidak tergunakan oleh wartawan tersebut.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all the writer of this paper would like to say thanks Allah SWT who has given a lot of blessing to him. Therefore he is able to finish writing this paper. The writer believes that without the blessing of Nabi Muhammad SAW he has received from Him this paper cannot be finished as it is.

I send my gratitues thanks to the dean of the faculty of culture study, Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A. for the facilities available during his studies at the faculty of culture study of USU So the same things to my supervisor, Drs. Bahagia Tarigan, M.A. for his nice advice and corrections during writing this paper. As addition my thanks to Mr. Dr. Matius C.A. Sembiring, M.A. as the chair person of the English department of D-III Programe, and so Drs. Siamir Marulafau,

M.Hum as the reviewer.

The most valuable things that the writer of this paper adores his beloved parents, H.M. Muniri, B.Sc. and Hj. Sri Suhastati who have never found it tired and boring to encourage him to finish his study, so for their tramendous supports dealing with the financial and spirits. I don’t forget to say thanks to both beloved sisters, Naumi Kharitsyah and Siti Khairani who have been given me nice and valuable encourage to finish my study from USU for my future.

On this occasion the writer of this paper also wants to say thanks to my best friends and special friend, my loved girlfriend, Amanda Yurike Putri

Nasution who owns patiences in encdouraging me to finish my study for our

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THE CONTENTS

Author’s Declaration………. i

Abstract ……….. iii

Abstrak ……….. iv

Acknowledgement ………. v

The Contents ……….. vi

1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 INTRODUCTION ……….. Background of the Study ……….. The Problem of the Study ………. The Scope of the Study ……… The Objective of the study ……….. The Method of the Study ………. 1 1 4 4 4 5 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ………….. 5

3. 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 1.15 3.16 THE SIXTEEN ENGLISH TENSES……….. Present Tense ……… Present Continuous Tense ……… Present Perfect ……….…. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ……… Past Tense ……… ……..………….. Past Continuous Tense ……….. Past Perfect Tense ………. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ……….……. Future Tense ………..……… Future Continuous Tense ………. Future Perfect Tense ……….… Future Perfect Continuous Tense ………..…….. Past Future Tense ……….…. Past Future Continuous Tense ………..…… Past Future Perfect Tense ……….. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense …………..…… 9 9 13 15 16 17 20 24 25 27 30 31 33 34 34 35 35 4. 4.1 4.2 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ……… Conclusion ……… Suggestion ……… 36 36 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….……….… 37

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ABSTRACT

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ABSTRAK

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The Background of the Study

It is language, more obviously than anything else, that it is able to distinguish man from the rest of the animal world. At one time it was common to define man as a thinking animal, but we can hardly imagine thought without words–not thought that is at all precise, anyway. More recently, man has often been described as a tool-making animal; but language itself is most remarkable tool that man has invented, and is the one that makes all the others possible. The most primitive tools, admittedly, may have come early than language: the higher apes sometimes use sticks for digging, and have even been observed to break sticks for this purpose. But tools of any greater sophistication demand the kind of human co-operation and division of labor which is hardly possible without language. Language, in fact, is the great machine or tool which is able to make human culture possible.

Other animals, it is true, communicate with one another, or at any rate stimulate one another to action, by means of cries. Many birds utter warning calls at the approach of danger, some animals have mating calls; apes utter different cries expressive of anger, fear, pleasure. But these various means of communication differ in important ways from human language. Animal’s cries are

not articulate. This means, basically, they lack structure. They lack, for example,

the kind of structure given by the contrast between vowels and consonants. They also lack the kind of structure that enables to divide a human utterance into words. We can change an utterance by replacing one word in it by another : a sentry can

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say ‘Thanks approaching from the north’, or he can change one word and say ‘Aircraft approaching from the north’; but a bird has a single indivisible alarm cry, which means ‘Danger!’ This is way the number of signals that an animal can make is very limited: the Great Tit has about twenty different calls, where as in human language the number of possible utterance is infinite. It also explains why animal cries are very general in meaning. These differences will become clearer if we consider some of the characteristics of human language.

A human language is a signaling system. As its materials, it uses vocal sounds. It is important to remember that basically a language is something which is spoken: the written language is secondary and derivative. In the history of its individual, speech is learned before writing, and there is a good reason for believing that the same was true in the history of the race. There are primitive communities that have speech without writing, but we know of no human society which has a written language without a spoken one. Such things as the sign language of deaf and dumb people are not exceptions to this rule: even if used by people who cannot speak, and have never been able to speak, these languages are derived from the spoken language of the community around them.

The vocal sounds which provide the materials for a language are produced by the various speech organs, the production of sounds requires energy, and this is usually supplied bythe diaphragm and the chest muscles, which enable us to send a flow of breath up from the lungs. Some languages use additional sources of energy : it is possible to make noises by muscular movements of the tongue, and popping noises by the movements of the cheeks and lips, and such sounds are

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found for example in some of the languages of Africa. But in English we rely on the outflow of air from the lungs, which is modified in various ways by the 'set' of the organs that is passes through before emerging at the mouth or nose.

It is clear, if we look and listen, that language is used for more than one purpose, The man who hits his thumb-nail with a hammer and utters a string of curses is using language for an expressive purpose: he is relieving his feelings, and needs no audience but himself. People can often be heard playing with language: children especially like using language as if it were toy, repeating, distorting, inventing, punning, jingling; and there is a play element in the use of language in some literature, but when the philosopher uses language to clarify his ideas on a subject, he is using it as an instrument of thought, when two women gossip over the fence, or two men exchange conventional greetings as they pass in the street, language is being used to strengthen the bonds of cohesion between the members of a society. Language, it seems, is a multi-purpose instrument.

One function, however, seems to be basic: language enables us to influence people's behavior, and to influence it in detail, and thereby makes human co-operation possible, some animals cooperate, especially the social animals like bees and ants: but human co-operation is more thorough, more detailed, more effective than that found anywhere in the animal kingdom, and no animal society has a division of labor or a system of production at all comparable to those of human societies. This human co-operation would be unthinkable without language, and it is obviously this function of language that has made it so successful and so important; other functions can be looked upon as by-products.

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A language, of course, always belongs to a group of people, not to an individual; the group that uses any given language is called the speech community. A language, then, is a signaling system which operates with symbolic vocal sounds, and which is used by some group of people for the purposes of communication and social co-operation. With this definition in mind, let us turn to the problem of the origins and early history of human language.

1.2 The Problem of the Study

a) What are the tenses used in the Jakarta Post Newspaper? b) What is the Frequency of the tenses used in the Jakarta Post?

1.3 The Scope of the Study

A limitation is very important for any kind of writing, because the writing will go so vast without having the scope to be written. Therefore, the writer of this paper on this circumstance wants to limit his description deal with the numbers of tenses used by the journalist to spread the news, and so the frequency of the tenses used. The writer believes that in giving a description to the used tenses will be so complicated as we can realize that English itself has sixteen different tenses.

1.4 The Objectives of the Study

The objectives of writing the description of the tenses used in the Jakarta Post which is published on Tuesday, July 9th, 2013 are to find out the numbers of

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the tenses used and so the frequency of the tenses applied by the journalist to send the news through the newspaper to its readers.

1.5 Method of the Study

When someone wants to write any writing he or he has his or her choice to select the methods he or she to be applied. It will be depended on the kinds of writing she or he wants to take. If the required data will not be available in written text of course he or she needs some informants to be treated as the resources of the data. The writer of this paper does not use informant to be treated as the resources of the data, because all the required data can be taken in written text, therefore he applies the library research.

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2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The writer of this writing will talk about the understanding of the tenses that the English language has. The tense means the form of a verb that shows the time of each action or state of being or set of such forms indicating a particular time. If we go back to the history of the structure the tense comes from the Latin 'tempos' which. means time. It does not matter whatever the tense means, if someone wants to talks about tense, he or she may not escape from grammar because tense is a part of structure. Grammar may be roughly defined as the way a language manipulates and combines words in order to longer units of meaning. For example, in English the present form of the verb be in the third person has two distinct forms, one is being used with a singular subject, and the other are with a plural; and if the plural are is combined with a singular subject, the result usually unacceptable or ungrammatical. Thus, a sentence like 'This is a book' is grammatical, whereas 'This a book' is not. There is a set of rules which governs how units of meaning may be constructed in any language. Or he may say that a learner who knows grammar is one who has mastered and can apply these rules to express himself or herself in what would be considered acceptable language forms.

There will be no doubt that a knowledge whether it is implicit or explicit of grammatical rules is essential for the mastery of a language. Someone will not be able to use words unless he or she knows how the words should be put together. But there has been some discussion in present years of the questions, do learners of the language have to have a grammar exercises? Isn't it better for the learners to

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absorb the rules intuitively through communicative activities than to be taught through special exercises explicitly aimed at teaching grammar?

The fact that learning process is aiming at a certain target behaviour does not necessarily mean that the process itself should be composed entirely imitations of that behavior. In other words, ability to communicate effectively is probably not attained most quickly or efficient practice in the classroom - not at least, within the framework of a formal course of study.

In natural learning such as the learning of a first language by a child, the amount of time and motivation divided to learning is so great that there is no necessity for conscious planning of the learning process, sooner or later the material is absorbed. However, in formal course of study, there is very much less motivation, which means that learning time has to be organized for optimum efficiency. This means preparing a program of study, that is called syllabus, so that bits of the total corpus of knowledge are presented one after the other for gradual, systematic acquisition, rather than or at once. And it also means preparing and organized and balanced of classroom teaching and learning procedures through which the learners will be enabled to spend some of their time concentrating on mastering one or more of the components of the target language on their way to acquiring it as a whole. These components may be things like spelling or pronunciation or vocabulary of grammar.

Grammar, then, may furnish the basis for a set of classroom activities during which it becomes temporarily the main learning objectives. The learning of grammar should be seen in along term as one of the means of acquiring a

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language through mastery of the language as a whole, not as end in itself. This, although at an early stage we ask our students to learn a certain structure through exercises that concentrate on virtually meaningless manipulation of language, should quickly progress to activities that use it meaningfully. And even these activities will be changed eventually by general fluency practice, where the emphasis is on successful communication.

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3. THE SIXTEEN TENSES

As it has been mentioned above that tense means time, English Language has 16 different tenses. These 16 tenses are different to one another. The differences happened in the forms of the used verbs and the time of verbs action takes place. In other words, we may say that an English verb will be vary to each usage's. The usages of those 16 tenses and the form of the verb can be seen in these following sentences.

3.1 Present Tense

In a particular time the Simple Present Tense shows clearly that in English tense is not the same as time. The Simple Present Tense is not usually used to describe activities and state which are generally and universally true. Simple Present Tense is the tense for a description, definition and statement of general truth. Simple Present Tense extends from past time, to the present and into the future. Durative verbs, which shows state through time, are verbs like, understand and be.

Sometimes Simple Present Tense is also called the present habitual action. These are repeated again and again through time. For example, the English teacher teaches English. Means that the English teacher does the work of teaching began in the past, in the present and in the future. These actions are called general truth. Other example for the general truth is 'The sun rises in the east.'

Adverbs of frequency are common time markers in the Simple Present Tense. They tell how often an action is repeated. Example:

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(2) A good student usually submits his or her homework on time.

(3) In Indonesia, rain often falls in September, October, November and

December.

(4) I sometimes go to school very late.

(5) My friend and I occasionally go to see movies in the town.

(6) / seldom visit the island of Ball though many people do.

(7) We rarely go to school at the beginning of fasting month.

(8) Indonesian students never go to school in the date of Idul Fitri.

Simple Present Tense is used in English to express a variety of meanings, though not so many as forms somewhat similar in other languages. Most importantly, it is seldom used in English for specific actions occurring at the present moment.

Example :

(9) The sun rises in the east and sets in the west (10) Indonesian people eat rice.

(11) Birds fly. (12) Babies cry.

(13) Western people eat bread. (14) Teachers teach.

(15) Nurses nurse.

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The activities have existed before and will probably continue to exist after, the moment of speaking, but the beginning and the ending are unknown or unimportant. Example:

(17) She teaches English.

(18) The nurses nurse.

(19) Doctors help their patients.

(20) He sells and buys books.

(21) You and I practice playing tennis every Sunday morning.

The Simple Present Tense express activities that are relatively permanent

Example:

(22) The University of North Sumatera Is in the city of Medan.

(23) The sun sets in the west

The Simple Present Tense expresses activities which will take place in future time.

Example:

(24) The entertainment begins at 10. a.m. tomorrow.

(25) The guest arrives at 3.00p.m.

(26) The driver pushes the horn on his car.

(27) The goal keeper catches the ball.

(28) The government touches all of its society.

(29) My friend studies mathematics.

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(31) She goes to school everyday.

Some examples of sentence using affixation are as follows: (32) We usually have our lunch at two p.m.

(33) The Indonesian students do not go to school every Sunday.

(34) Can a baby bird fly?

(35) Mustn’t a Moslem pray Jive times in a day.

Simple Present Tense may mean to feel something. Example:

(36) Ismell something nice. (37) Ido not like swimming.

Simple Present Tense which shows habit. Example:

(38) Dane studies English every day.

Simple Present Tense which states an event with reference to the future. Example:

(39) The plane leaves tomorrow morning.

Simple Present Tense which states a command or request. Example:

(40) Please go away.

Simple Present Tense means as a forbidden or warn. Example:

(41) Don't shout!

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Example:

(42) First of all, take a spoonful of sugar, put it in a glass, then take a glass of hot water.

The journalist of the Jakarta Post newspaper to tell the news about the fifty-one Egyptians were killed uses eighteen times of the present tense. For examples: Mursi is believed, to be held, to rise up, they accuse, coup to topple, to form, to call for Mursi, it leaves the Arab, the political divide, economic crisis deepens, Footage broadcast, to throw, to traffic, which is vital, to give the new authorities, what is known, the military can ill, and cities across the country.

3.2 Present Continuous Tense

In The Progressive Present Tense, the action which is in progress at the moment of speaking will continue into the future. However, the action is durative, that is after lasting for a period of time, sooner or later, the action will end. For instance, "Jack is playing the piano" means the verb playing is in the in the progress at the moment of speaking and be sure that the action is going to be ended although the speakers has not known the exact time of the activity lasting yet.

Example in four kinds of sentences. (+) They are watching the T. V. (-) He is not reading the magazine. (?) Is the woman playing the guitar ? (- ?) Aren't we listening to the radio ?

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Use of the Present Continuous Tense

1). To state an activity or event which is happening right now. Example :

I am drinking now.

2). To state an activity or event which is happening now when another activity or event occurred.

Example :

Jim is talking to someone when I meet him.

3). To state a plan which will be executed in the future.

In this case, adverb of time such as tonight tomorrow, next week... are obligatory. f Example:

We are leaving for Surabaya tomorrow.

4). By using be going to, the Present Continuous Tense is used to state an event which will be executed in the future. Example :

I am going to meet him next week.

Sentence Pattern

Positive Sentence : S+is/am/are+Vl-ing Example :

I am writing a letter.

1). Negative Sentence : S + is/am/are +not + Vl-ing

Example : He is not sleeping.

2). Negative Sentence : S + is/am/are + not+V1-ing

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3). Interrogative sentence : is/am/are + S -I-V1-ing Example :

4). Negative-Interrogative : is/are+not+S+V1+ing Example :

Isn’t he working?

Now we can see the frequency of the Present Continuous Tense applied by the journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper. Mursi’s supporters are throwing, some of the young men are carrying sticks, Monday is shooting, one of the roads which is leading to Cairo airport, some are firing crude.

3.3 Present Perfect Tense

The activity in the present perfect tense began sometimes in the past, but those are related in the mind of the speaker with the moment of speaking. The Present Perfect can be an action up to the present moment and uses a small and well-defined set of time signals. The duration of the verbs in the Present Perfect can be seen in the diagram below.

(+) They have come.

(-) He has not finished his work. (?) Has he finished his work'? (-?) Has not he finished his work!

The Journalist of the Jakarta Post newspaper in telling the news about the 51 Egypt were killed used the Present Perfect Tense four times. The examples are: Egypt has elected, where Islamists have camped, the military has said, which Egypt has had.

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3.4 Present Perfect Continuous Tense

If we compare the Present Perfect Tense and the Present Perfect Progressive Tense has little differences can be found. The area of ten action takes place is just the same. The differences are indicated in the nature of the action. In this Present Perfect Continuous Tense the continuous action is the focus or the subject matter of the statement. The writer means that the event has started it the moment of speaking.

Example:

(+) The team has been practicing for thirty minutes. (-) It has not been raining for a long time.

(?) Has she been waiting for a long time? (-?) Hasn't it been flying for four hours ? Use of the Present Perfect Continues Tense

To state an event which has beenstarted in the past and it is still continuing. The duration of an activity is started through a certain amount of time.

Example :

Ihave been watching television for five hours. Sentence Pattern

1. Positive Sentence : S+has/have+been+V1-ing Example:

Mother has been baking a cake for three hours. 2. Negative Sentence : S+has/have+not t-been+V1-ing

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I have not been doing my home works for hours. 3. Interrogative sentence: Has/have+S+been+V1+ing

Example:

Has the dog been barking all night?

4. Negative-Interrogative sentence: Has/have+not+S+been+V1-ing Example:

Haven’t I been giving you the help you need for all this time?

3.5 Simple Past Tense

Rebecca (1972:S1) describes that the simple Past Tense expresses activities, that existed or occurred in the past. Modifiers indicating time often specified a definite time in the past…, but in some situations the time is not specified.

It seems very clear to the writer that the simple Past Tense places the activity or event definitely in the past. Or in the other words we may say that the activity started in the past and has finished at the moment of speaking. The journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper uses fifty times the simple past tense in telling or reporting the news about the fifty-one Egyptians killed.

It seems very clear to the writer that The Simple Past Tense places the activity or event definitely in the past. Or in the other words we may say that the activity started in the past and has finished at the moment of speaking.

Example:

( + ) We had our lunch at 2.00 p.m. yesterday.

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(?) Could the clever students solve take problems! (-?) Didn't you go to the movie last night?

Use of the Simple Past Tense

(1) To state an event or activity in the past. Example:

They were unhappy

(2) To state habit in the past. Example:

I used to play play tennis when I was young.

(3) It is also used in the conditional clause to state current f event. , Example:

If I were rich, I would buy a new car. (Means: I am not rich).

(4) It is used in subjunctive which uses verbs such as if only, would rather, and

wish to state facts that contradict with the present situation. Example:

If only you would listen to me, you won't be in trouble.

Sentence Pattern

(1) Sentence with was/were

(a) Positive sentence: S+was/were+Adj/Avb/N Example: She was angry at me.

(b) Negative sentence: S+was/were+Not+Adj/Avb/N Example: The directors were not busy.

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Were you tired?

(d) Negative-interrogative sentence: Wasn't/weren't+adj/adv/n Example:

Weren't they happy?

Sentence with (verbs in the past form=VPs) (a) Positive sentence: S+VPs

Example:

She made me lose my temper.

(b) Negative sentence: S+did + not + VInf. Example:

The gardener did not cut the roses. c) Interrogative sentence: Did +S + V Inf. Example:

Did you came to my house yesterday?

(d) Negative-interrogative sentence: Didn't+S + VI Example:

Didn't you come to my house yesterday?

The sentences used in Simple past tense by the journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper are as follows: 51 people were killed, demonstrators enraged, president said, the army opened, the military said, a terrorist group tried, 40 people were wounded, soldiers returned, they were wounded, attacked, emergency services said, 430 people were wounded, brotherhood urged, medics rushed, they shot, they used, they said, a bearded was wounded, which initially backed, he

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said, Ahmed said, Nour could, what was happened, he said, the military was not, millions took, resulted in clashes, left 35 dead, the scene saw, Zazeera showed, Musi supporters attempted, seven dead bodies were lined up, covered in blankets, a man placed, Mursi was toppled, was not a coup, he said, millions people took, anti Mursi took, resulted, news footage zoomed, the city was calm, armoured, closed, were led, denounced, vowed, were in trouble, Nour Party rejected, prime minister proposed, Nour said, it called, the party decided, it said, US backed.

3.6 Past Continuous Tense

Rebecca (1972:83) describes that The Past Progressive Tense expresses temporary activities that existed or occurred at a point of time in the past. Based on the quotation above that the activity or the action of a statement in the past progressive takes place in a certain time. To make it more clearly the writer tries to draw a diagram for it seems very clear to the writer that The Simple Past Tense places the activity or event definitely in the past. Or in the other words we may say that the activity started in the past and has finished at the moment of speaking. Example:

( + ) She was playing the guitar. ( -) He was not listening to the radio. ( ? ) War he listening to the radio? (-?) Was not lie listening to the radio? Use of The Past Continuous Tense

(1) To state an event or activity in progress at one point in the past. Example:

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They were sleeping at that time.

(2) To state an event or activity or action in progress when it is suddenly interrupted by another past event.

Example:

I was reading a book when you came in. (3) Can be the speaker. Example:

She was always making a lot of noise.

(4) To change direct speech into indirect speech, only if the statement is in the present continuous tense form.

Example:

She said, "lam expecting a baby."( Direct)

She said that she was expecting a baby. (Indirect)

(5) To state an event or activity that begins before the given time. Example:

At 6.00 o 'clock I was hoeing breakfast. Sentence Pattern

(a) Positive sentence: S+was/were+V-irig Example: She was crying.

(b) Negative sentence: S+was/were+not +V-ing Example: She was not crying.

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(b) Negative-interrogative sentence: S+was/were+not +V-ing Example:

Wasn't she crying?

Rebecca (1972:83) says that the past progressive expresses temporary activities were in progress at a point of time in the past.

Based on the quotation above that the activity or action of a statement in the past progressive takes place in a certain time. To make it more clearly, the writer tries to draw a diagram for it.

Use of the Past Continues Tense

(1) To state an event, activity or action in progress at one point in the past time. Example.

I was sleeping at that tune.

(2) To state an event, activity or action in progress when it is suddenly interrupted by another past event.

Example:

Iwas reading a book when you came in,

(3) To state an event which often occurs in the past and tends to annoy the speaker.

Example:

She was always making a lot of noise.

(4) To change Direct Speech into Indirect Speech, only if the statement is in the Present Continues Tense form.

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She said, "I'm expecting a baby."(Direct) She said that she was expecting a baby.

(5) To state an event that begins before the given time word. Example:

At 6 o 'clock, I was having breakfast

Sentence Pattern

1. Positive Sentence : S+was/were+ V1-ing Example :

The baby was crying.

2. Negative Sentence : S+was/were+not+ V1-ing Example :

The postman was not feeling well

3. Interrogative sentence : Was/were + S + V1-ing Example :

Were the children playing ?

(4) Negative-interrogative sentence : Was/were + not + S + Vl-ing Example :

Weren 't the tourists upset?

The journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper which was published in July, Tuesday 9th, 2013 applied Past Continuous Tense in telling the news about the 51 were killed in Egypt. The examples: it was withdrawing, it was enforcing, two examples..

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3.7 Past Perfect Tense

As it has been mentioned in the present perfect tense that the action involves only one but here in the Past Perfect Tense the action involved are two events. Both of these events were completed in the past.

The Use of Past Perfect Tense

To state an event activity or action which is completed in the past before another event occurred.

Example :

I had eaten before you went out

To change Direct speech into Indirect Speech if the statement is in Present Perfect Tense or Simple Past Tense.

Example:

He said, "I came late" (Direct) He said that he had come late.

Sentence Pattern Sentence pattern with been 1. Positive Sentence : S+had+been+adj/adv/N

Example : Mother had been fat.

2. Negative Sentence : S+had+not + been+adj/adv/N Example : Mother had not been fat

3. Interrogative Sentence : Had +S + been+adj/adv/N Example : Had Mother been fat?

4. Negative-interrogative Sentence: Had+not+ been+adj/adv/N Example :

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Hadn't Mother been fat? Sentence pattern with V3 1. Positive Sentence : S+had+V3

Example :

Mother had become fat

2. Negative Sentence : S+had+not + V3 Example :

Mother had not become fat.

3. Interrogative Sentence: Had +S 4- V3 Example :

Had Mother become fat?

The journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper in order to tell the news about the 51 Egypt were killed used one sentence of the Past Perfect Tense. The sentence is one army officer had been killed.

3.8 Past Perfect Continuous Tense

The actions described in Past Perfect Continuous Tense is similar to the Past Perfect Continuous Tense. The only difference is in the Continuous nature of the activity. Example:

(+) The gang had been going. (-) The gang had not been going. (?) Had the gang been going? (-?) Hadn't the gang been going?

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- To state an event, activity or action which are still in a continuous progress in the past time, usually it is limited by a certain duration of time.

Example:

Shehad been working for two hours.

- To state a repetitive action which happened in the past time. Example:

He had been correcting his mistakes: but he was always wrong. Sentence Pattern

1). Positive Sentence : S+had+been + V1 -ing Example :

Ihad been working for two years,

2). Negative Sentence : S+had+not + been + V1-ing

Example :

Ihad not been working for two years.

3). Interrogative sentence : Had + S+ been + V1-ing Example :

I had been working for two years?

4) Negative-interrogative sentence : Had. + S+not + been. + VI –ing Example:

Had not I been working for two years?

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3.9 Future Tense

The Future Tense describes actions, activities, and states in the future. Generally, there are two ways in forming the Future Tense, they are by using to be goig to and will or shall. The to be going to model can express the speaker's feeling of certainty. Although the lime is not usually mentioned (though the time is indicated or not), the action or activity is expected to happen in the near future. The future of will or shall model is a common way of expressing what the speaker thinks, believes, hopes, etc., in the future. Traditionally, the will or shall were different in the usages. Will is used in the simple future construction. This is its most common use grammarians once thought that shall was used with I and we, and I will was used with he, she, it, you, and they. In certain situation, this order was reversed. In the modem usages this distinction does not exist any more (changes come down).

Example: to be going to

( +) I am going to see him tomorrow afternoon.

(-) He is not going to mar)' Susan.

(?) Are you going to continue your study next year ? (-?) Isn 't it going to rain?

will or shall

( + ) I will see him tomorrow afternoon.

(-) He will marry Susan,

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(-?) Shall not it rain?

Use of The Future Tense

(1) To state an event, activity or action that will happen in the future. Example:

Susan will many me next year.

(2) To state the terms in the conditional clause. Example:

I shall go if you invite me.

(3) To state an opinion, assumption, or estimation about an event in the future. It is usually preceded by words such as think, doubt, suppose, assume, expect, hope, be afraid, feel sure, wonder.

Example :

I hope I will get nine for my biology test.. Use of Future Tense

(1) To state an event, activity or action that happen in the future. Example:

She will go to Jakarta tomorrow morning.

(2) To state an event, and the terms in conditional clause. Example:

I shall go if you invite me.

(3) To state an opinion, assumption or estimation about an event in the future, it is usually preceded with words such as think, doubt, suppose, assume, expect, hope, be afraid, feel, sure, and wonder.

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Example :

I hope I will get nine for my biology test. Sentence Pattern

Sentence with shall/will be

1). Positive Sentence : S+shall / will + be + adj / N Example :

I shall be angry.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shall/will+not+be+adj/N Example :

I shall not be angry

3). Interrogative sentence : Shall/will+s+be+adj/N Example :

Shall I be angry?

4) Negative-interrogative sentence : Shall/will + not + S + be + adj/N. Example :

Shall not I be angry? Sentence with shall/will + V1

1). Positive Sentence : S+shall/will+V1 Example : shall get angry.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shall/wiH+not + V1 Example :

Ishall n at get angry.

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Example : Shall I get angry?

4) Negative-interrogative sentence : Shall/will + not + S + V1. Example :

Shall not I get angry ?

3.10 Future Continuous Tense

The future progressive tense is a tense in which a speaker expresses the temporary activities that will be in progress at a point of time. The event has not happened at the moment of speaking, but \ it will be expected to happen in the future of a particular time. The possible area of the action can be seen in the diagram below.

Use of the Future Continues Tense

To state an event, activity or action which begin in the past and it will end at some time in the future.

Example:

Next year, I shall be studying English for Jive years. Sentence Pattern

1). Positive Sentence : S+shall/wul+be +V-ing. Example :

I shall be going to farm tomorrow.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shall/will + not+be +V-ing.

Example :

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3). Interrogative sentence : Shall/will + S+ +be +V-ing. Example :

Shall I be going to farm tomorrow?

4) Negative-interrogative sentence : Shall/will + not + S+be +V-ing. Example :

Shall not I be going to farm, tomorrow?

The journalist of the Jakarta post in telling the news of 51 Egyptians were killed which was published on Thursday, July 9th, 2013 did not use the Future Continuous Tense.

3.11 Future Perfect Tense

The Future Perfect Tense emphasizes on the words, one future time is 'past' in relation to the second future time, it is usually accompanied by a time expression such as, at, by or before.

Use of the Future Perfect Tense

To state an event, activity or action which begin in the past and will be completed at some time in the future.

Example:

By the end of the week, I shall be rich. Sentence Pattern

1). Positive Sentence : S+shall/will+have +been+ adj/N. Example :

Ishall have been there.

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Example :

I shall not have been there.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Shall/will + S+ have +been + adj/N. Example :

Shall I have been there?

4). Negative-interrogative Sentence : Shall/will +not + S+ have +been+ adj/N. Example :

Shall not I have been there?

Sentence with S + shall/will + have + V3 1). Positive Sentence : S+shall/mU+have V3

Example : I shall have gone.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shall/will+have V3 Example :

I shall not have gone.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Shall/will +S +have V3 Example :

Shall I have gone?

4). Interrogative-negative Sentence : Shall/will +not +S +have V3 Example :

Shall not I have gone?

In Future Perfect Tense, the activities occur before another action or point of time in the future.

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Example:

(+) I/ will have been done it next week.

(-) They will not have arrived by 2.00 p.m. tomorrow. (?) Will she have gone tomorrow morning?

(-?) Won't she have answered the questions?

3.12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

When a speaker uses the Future Perfect Continues Tenseto state something, it means that the action will take place in the future and it also wall emphasize the continuous nature of the event.

Example:

(+) We will have been flying.

(-) She will not have been playing her guitar. (?) Will you have been sleeping at the time? (-?) Won't you have been reading the newspaper?

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense expresses an action that is represented as being in progress over a period of time and it will end in the future.

Use of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

To state an action, event, or activity that would have been in progress in the past.

Example

I would be working hard at 12.00 o'clock this morning. Sentence Pattern

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Example :

I should be working hard.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shonld/would+ not + be + V-ing Example :

I should not be working hard.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Should/would + S+ be + V-ing Example :

Should I be working hard?

4). Negative Interrogative Sentence : Should/would + not + S+ be + V-ing Example:

I Should not I be working hard?

There is no sentence used by the journalist of the Jakarta Post newspaper while she is reporting the news about the 51 Egypt were killed in Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

3.13 Past Future Tense

The Past Future Tense describes the activity that be taken in the future when they were talking in the past time. Actually the actions have taken in the past time, but on that time of speaking it would be applied.

Example:

All the participants would have their dinner before they left to the Mexico city. A sentence like this did not find in the news. So it means that the journalist of the Jakarta Post newspaper did not applied this tense.

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3.14 Past Future Continuous Tense

The Past future Continuous Tense is a tense which explains the action that is going to be taken place in the future and is being running on. Example:

The army would be bombing the city by two o’clock tomorrow. So from the time of speaking that the action has not taken place, but it will be being taken place in the future.

3.15 Past Future Perfect

The Past Future Perfect Tense used to tell the action that be happened in the past. The speaker used this type of tense to tell the action which has done in the past time. Example:

The Egyptian army would have bombed the city before the other city be bombed. The sentence like this is not found in the Jakarta Post Newspaper because there was no action like this happened at that time when the journalist took the news.

3.16 Past Future Perfect Continuous

This tense explains the action that taken in the past and it has already been done, but the time of speaking is going to be done in the future. Example, the victims of the mountain of Sinabung would have been being operated by the experienced doctors when the volcanologists visited the society. This tense is a little bit complicated, therefore the journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper did not use it.

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

After looking at the whole sentences written by the journalist of the Jakarta Post Newspaper dealing with the news of 51 Egypt were killed in July, Thursday 9th, 2013 the writer of this paper comes to give a conclusion on it. The journalist in telling the news used six different tenses out of 16 tenses that the English language has. The tenses used are Past Tense, Present Tense, Present Perfect Tense, Present Continuous Tense, Past Perfect Tense, and Past Continuous Tense. The kinds of sentences are active and passive. The types of sentences are used in the form of affirmative and negative. The frequency of the verb phrases used are fifty one in the past, eighteen in the present, three present perfect, two present continuous, two past continuous tense, and one past perfect.

4.2 Suggestion

The writer of this paper finds it interesting to find out the description of tenses used on this newspaper. Therefore he wants to encourages the other students to write the application of English tenses to other writings, so it can make us or the readers understand more about the usages of English tenses.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jeeersey: Prentice Hall.

Brown, Gillian. 1996. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: University Press. Candlin, Christoper N. 1986. Discourse and Learning. London: Longman.

Els, Theo Van. 1984. Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of

Foreign Languages. Brittain: Edward Arnold.

Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong: MacMillan.

Huddlestone, Rodney. 1985. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: University Press.

Langan, John. 1986. College Writing Skills. London: McGrow.

Lewis, Michael. 1990. The English Verb: an exploring of structure and meaning. London: LTP Inc.

Nasution, S. 1988. Metode Penelitian Naturalistik Kualitatif. Bandung: Tarsito. Perry, Tom. 2013. Jakarta Post: 51 were killed in Egypt. Jakarta: Newspaper. Peterson, Patricia Wilcox. 1980. Changing Times, changing Tenses. Washington:

MacMillan.

Soemanto, Wasty. 1988. Pedoman Teknik Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Muri Aksara.

Stork, E.C. 1982. Learning About Linguistics. London: Hutchinson.

(1)

Example :

I shall not have been there.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Shall/will + S+ have +been + adj/N. Example :

Shall I have been there?

4). Negative-interrogative Sentence : Shall/will +not + S+ have +been+ adj/N. Example :

Shall not I have been there?

Sentence with S + shall/will + have + V3 1). Positive Sentence : S+shall/mU+have V3

Example : I shall have gone.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shall/will+have V3 Example :

I shall not have gone.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Shall/will +S +have V3 Example :

Shall I have gone?

4). Interrogative-negative Sentence : Shall/will +not +S +have V3 Example :

Shall not I have gone?

In Future Perfect Tense, the activities occur before another action or point of time in the future.

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Example:

(+) I/ will have been done it next week.

(-) They will not have arrived by 2.00 p.m. tomorrow. (?) Will she have gone tomorrow morning?

(-?) Won't she have answered the questions? 3.12 Future Perfect Continuous Tense

When a speaker uses the Future Perfect Continues Tense to state something, it means that the action will take place in the future and it also wall emphasize the continuous nature of the event.

Example:

(+) We will have been flying.

(-) She will not have been playing her guitar. (?) Will you have been sleeping at the time? (-?) Won't you have been reading the newspaper?

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense expresses an action that is represented as being in progress over a period of time and it will end in the future.

Use of Future Perfect Continuous Tense

To state an action, event, or activity that would have been in progress in the past.

Example

I would be working hard at 12.00 o'clock this morning. Sentence Pattern

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Example :

I should be working hard.

2). Negative Sentence : S+shonld/would+ not + be + V-ing Example :

I should not be working hard.

3). Interrogative Sentence : Should/would + S+ be + V-ing Example :

Should I be working hard?

4). Negative Interrogative Sentence : Should/would + not + S+ be + V-ing Example:

I Should not I be working hard?

There is no sentence used by the journalist of the Jakarta Post newspaper while she is reporting the news about the 51 Egypt were killed in Future Perfect Continuous Tense.

3.13 Past Future Tense

Example:

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3.14 Past Future Continuous Tense

The Past future Continuous Tense is a tense which explains the action that is going to be taken place in the future and is being running on. Example:

The army would be bombing the city by two o’clock tomorrow. So from the time of speaking that the action has not taken place, but it will be being taken place in the future.

3.15 Past Future Perfect

The Past Future Perfect Tense used to tell the action that be happened in the past. The speaker used this type of tense to tell the action which has done in the past time. Example:

3.16 Past Future Perfect Continuous

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4. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

4.1 Conclusion

4.2 Suggestion

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Azar, Betty Schrampfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar. New Jeeersey: Prentice Hall.

Brown, Gillian. 1996. Discourse Analysis. Cambridge: University Press. Candlin, Christoper N. 1986. Discourse and Learning. London: Longman.

Els, Theo Van. 1984. Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages. Brittain: Edward Arnold.

Freeborn, Dennis. 1987. A Course Book in English Grammar. Hongkong: MacMillan.

Huddlestone, Rodney. 1985. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: University Press.

Langan, John. 1986. College Writing Skills. London: McGrow.

Lewis, Michael. 1990. The English Verb: an exploring of structure and meaning. London: LTP Inc.

Nasution, S. 1988. Metode Penelitian Naturalistik Kualitatif. Bandung: Tarsito. Perry, Tom. 2013. Jakarta Post: 51 were killed in Egypt. Jakarta: Newspaper. Peterson, Patricia Wilcox. 1980. Changing Times, changing Tenses. Washington:

MacMillan.

Soemanto, Wasty. 1988. Pedoman Teknik Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Muri Aksara.

Stork, E.C. 1982. Learning About Linguistics. London: Hutchinson.

The Description Of Tenses Used In Jakarta Post Newspaper Tuesday July 9TH, 2013