plural, and gender masculine, feminine, neuter except for reflexive pronoun making the same kind of changes.
According to Beaumont Granger’s book, there are some using of personal
pronoun:
25
a. Subject pronouns as the subject of verbs
For example: Where is Simon?He is in the garage. Sue did not go out last night. She stayed at home
b. Object pronoun as the objects of verb and prepositions.
1. Verb + object pronoun; help me, I like him, Can you see it?
2. Preposition + object pronoun; I have written to her, Look at them,
They’re waiting for us
7. Previous Related Study
There are some studies related with the pronouns error. Firstly, a research done by Oji Fachruroji entitle
“An Error Analysis on Students’Difficulties in Learning English Pronouns
”, the writer used qualitative descriptive method with the purpose of the research was to analyze and to find out the kind of pronouns
that most students made, where the result was the highest pronouns errors was in possessive adjective with 51,35 of error percentage.
Another study research is a research done by Restina Andriani, entitle “An
Error Analysis of Using Pronouns on Students’ Writing at SMP PGRI 1
Ciputat.” This study was carried out to identify the error of using pronouns which are commonly made by the students. The method used in this study was
descriptive analysis. With the result is the most error made by the students of
25
Digby Beaumont and Colin Granger, English Grammar with Answer Key, London: Henemann Educational Books Ltd, 1989, p. 185
SMP PGRI 1 Ciputat was in Objective pronoun which caused by intralingual transfer.
Based on the previous researchers above, it is known that the most difficult material to be
understood by the students’ is grammar. Thus, in this research, the researcher intends to analyze the kinds of personal pronouns and types of errors
that the students make in using personal pronouns.
18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. The Research Design
The method uses in this researchis qualitative method. As Bogdan and Biklen state that qualitative is descriptive that data collected take the form of
words or pictures rather than a numbers.
1
So that the researcher presented the data collected in words rather than numbers. Furthermore, this research is
designed in a case study and she only examine a single subject like Bogdan and Biklen state that a case study is a detailed examination of one setting or a
single subject.
2
To get the data the researcher uses test. The test is done twice to know whether it is a mistake or an error. Finally, the errors that have been
collected were analyzed to determine the types of errors by following Corder theory. Futhermore, to know the frequency of occurence of each error type
the researcher used descriptive analysis technique percentage.
B. The Place and Time of the Study
1. Place of The Research
The researcher conducted this researchat the first grade of SMP Yayasan Miftahul Jannah YMJ which is located on Jalan Limun Nomor
27 Ciputat.
2. Time of The Research
She conducted the research at the schoolin November 2
nd
–25
th
2013.
C. The Subject of the Study
The subjects in this research is seven VII grade students of SMP Yayasan Miftahul Jannah YMJ Ciputat. The researcher only took class VII
which contains 43 students.
1
Robert C. Bogdan and Sari Knopp Biklen, Qualitative Research for Education an Introduction to Theories and Methods, Boston: Pearson, 2007, p. 5
2
Ibid., p. 59.
D. The Instrument of the Study
The researcher takes the instruments of this research are writing test for a students. The writing test divided into two parts. At the beginning, there are
10 questions about fill in the blank with the right answers, and at the second part is 15 questions about choose the right answer between two choices.
E. The Data and Source of Data
According to Oxford dictionary “data is information and source is place, person or thing that we get something from.”
3
So, the reasercher can stated that the source of data is the information that we got from research.
F. The Technique of Data Collecting
In this technique, the researcher gives a test to the students about personal pronouns and it has a purpose to know which the students more
understand, it is subject or object pronoun. The stage of taxonomy bloom which is explained in the table below.
Table 3.1 Specification of Test Items
No. Standard of
Competence Basic
Competence Indicators
Taxonomy Bloom
Instrument
Item
1.
Reading Understanding
Meaning in
thesimple short functional
written text and essay related to
students’ immediate
Understanding accurately,
efficiently and
grammatically explicit
meaning in simple short
functional written texts
The students are expected
to be able compare
between Subject and
Object Pronoun.
Stage 2: Knowing
C1
Circle on
the right
answer
Ime am
Indonesian.
Section 2.
number 1-15
3
Oxford Learner’s Pocket Dictionary New Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 109-413
environment related to
immediate environment
2.
Writing
Expressing meaning in the
simple short
functional written text and
essay related to students
immediate environment
Understanding accurately,
efficiently and grammatically
explicit meaning in
simple short functional
written texts
related to immediate
environment The students
are expected to be ableto
know to
putthe subject
or object
Pronoun in a good
sentence. Stage
1: Understanding
C2
Fill in the blank with
the right
answer
Our mother is
very angry with
…. dialk
Section 1.
number 1-10
G. The Techniques of Data Analysis
Meanwhile, the data of the writing test, the researcher used the descriptive technique. The descriptive technique is analysis which is aimed to
describe and analyze the error that is made by the students of SMP Yayasan Miftahul Jannah YMJ Ciputat.
Tabel 3.2 Table of Errors Classification
The researcher uses the formula of frequency and percentage of errors
4
: P =
x 100 P = Percentage of error
F = Frequency of false answer N = Number of total errors occur.
4
Allan G. Bluman, Elementary Statistics: A Step by Step Approach, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004, p. 68.
LEVEL MODIFICATION
SUBSTANCE TEXT
DISCOURSE GRAMMAR
LEXIS
Graphology Spelling
RANK: Clause-Phrase-Word-
Morpheme CLASS:
Noun,Verb,Adjective, Adverb,Preposition,
Conjunction,etc. Sense
Relation Colocations
Cohesion Coherence
Gender- Fidelity
Felicity
Ommision Addition
Selection Ordering
