4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
This chapter describe about the source and history in this research which had been done by others in the work methods and time measurement and the methods use by them. It
also summarized several of work methods and time measurement and the application related to this field that can be implemented in the industry.
2.2 Productivity Improvements
Poor job match, poor work ethic, absenteeism, substance abuse, employee fraud and theft, weak managers, and employee turnover are some of the factors that contribute to
substandard productivity. Today’s global business leaders depend on significant productivity increases to maximize the bottom line. Consequently, employees are asked
to do more each day with less, resulting in a mismatch of resources and loss of productivity.
“Productivity is being better today than yesterday, and that tomorrow will be better than today…” The concept of what is better and how to become better is changing.
Tolentino A.L, 2004
5 Productivity in its broadest sense is the quantitative relationship between product that
have been produce and the resources which been use. There is a clear a distinct difference between production and productivity. It is quite possible to increase the actual
volume of production and yet decrease productivity. Productivity is an overall conception which is difficult to express or to measure. It is, however, possible to
consider productivity in terms of various basic resources used in industry. It is sometimes expressed in term of output from labour, or from services, or from the capital
invested.
Whereas traditionally, productivity is viewed mainly as an efficiency concept which is amount of outputs in relation to efforts or resources used, productivity is now viewed
increasingly as an efficiency and effectiveness concept, effectiveness being how the company meets the dynamic needs and expectations of customers. Productivity is now
seen to depend on the value of the products and services utility, uniqueness, quality, convenience, availability, etc and the efficiency with which they are produced and
delivered to the customers.
2.3 Productivity Techniques
